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The Barbarian Invasions
The Migration Period in Europe, 300-700 C.E.
Content Goals and Objectives:
Goal 4 – Barbarian InvasionsThe student will evaluate the invasions of Europe as a force for change in medieval Europe.
4.01 Trace and evaluate the effects of the Germanic invasions during late antiquity including but not limited to the invasions of the Goths, Huns, Lombards, and Franks.
4.02 Outline the political achievements and developments of the Merovingians in early medieval Europe.
4.03 Evaluate the political developments and impact of the Carolingian Empire on medieval Europe.
4.04 Detail the Vikings invasions and assess their impact on the cultural and political development of medieval Europe.
4.05 Evaluate the role of the Islamic threat on the cultural and political developments of medieval Europe.
4.06 Summarize the influence of Magyar invasions on cultural and political developments of medieval Europe.
4.07 Assess the cultural and political results of the invasions of early medieval Europe.
The Fall of the Roman Empire
Beginning of the Middle Ages Invasions of Barbarian Tribes End of the Roman emperors 476 C.E. = end of the Roman Empire
“Barbarian” Germanic general Odoacer deposed the last Western Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus
Who were these barbarians who are charged with ultimately bringing down the Roman empire?
Barbarian Invasions
Areas of Settlement Angles/Saxons
Came from Continental Europe
Settled in England Magyars
Came from Central Asia
Settled in Hungary Vikings
Came from Scandinavia
Many settled in Russia
Who were the barbarians?Barbarians – term applied by the Romans to any group
they considered uncivilized From a Greek word meaning“anyone who is not Greek”
Barbarians were all of the groups/tribes living in Europe Different tribes were migrating around continent For example: “Germanic tribes” describes a lot of
different tribes who lived in the general area now called Germany, but they did not think of themselves as “Germans,” and went on to eventually found completely different countries, such as the Germanic Franks founding France
European MigrationsFirst phase of migrations (circa 300-500 CE)
Germanic peoples of northern Europe who settled throughout Europe (territory and border lands of Roman empire)
Such as the Alamanni, Alans, Angles, Burgundians, Franks, Goths (Ostrogoths and Visigoths), Jutes, Langobards, Lombards, Saxons, Suebi, Vandals
Second phase of migrations (circa 500-700 CE) Slavic tribes of eastern Europe Such as the Bulgars
Division into phases not very important These tribes took centuries to eventually settle By the time they settled, a new migratory wave—the Viking
invasions—took place starting in the 700s
This map shows the movement southward of the tribes of northern Europe. For example, the Goths originated in Scandinavia. By 150 C.E., the Goths were living on the southern shores of the Baltic Sea. By 200 C.E., the Goths were in southeastern Europe along the Black Sea. Here,
the Goths split, with those living in the east called Ostrogoths, and those in the west called Visigoths.
Germanic CultureEconomy
Hunters and farmersWar culture
Tribes always fighting one anotherReligion
Valhalla – warriors’ heaven Animal and human sacrifice Gods survive in our days of the week Gradually converted to Christianity through exposure
to the Roman empire and Christian missionaries
Germanic Justice• Trial by ordeal– Innocence proven by survival of a trial– For example, retrieving an object from boiling
water or walking over hot coals– If the person survived the ordeal, or healed
quickly, the verdict was innocent– Modern era version: Salem Witchcraft Trials
• Trial by combat– Winner of the fight is innocent of the crime, or
winner of the dispute– Modern era version: Dueling
• These trials survived through the Middle Ages in Europe
Angles, Saxons, and Jutes 400s Moved into Britannia as the Roman empire
declined Gave the area its name
England = “Angle’s land” Old English language -closely related to Frisian,
a German dialectThe BurgundiansLate 400s to 530s
Founded a kingdom in southern Gaul (modern France) in the Valley of the Rhone
The VandalsLed by Genseric (lived circa 389 CE-477 CE)
Crossed Gaul, to Spain, to north Africa Established Vandal kingdom around Carthage and on
islands such as Corsica and SardiniaFamously sacked Rome in 455 C.E.
After murder of Emperor Valentinian III Plundered city’s riches – origin of term vandalism Kidnapped emperor’s widow and daughtersFinally conquered by the Eastern Roman
empire in 533 CE
The Franks Kingdom in Gaul
Became known as “France” after the Franks
United under King Clovis (lived circa 466-511 CE) First king of France (ruled 481-511 CE) Married Christian Burgundian princes,
Clotilde Converted to Christianity
The Lombards Invaded Italy following the death of Emperor
Justinian (Eastern Roman empire) in 565 CE
568 CE Under leadership of Alboin Set up a powerful kingdom in the Italian
peninsula Modern Italian region of Lombardy Conquered by France’s King Charlemagne in
774
The Huns From Asia, east of the Volga River
Their migration pushed Goths into Roman empire, ca. 370 CE Led by Attila the Hun (lived 406-453 CE) Campaign in Gaul
Sacked various cities Finally defeated by alliance of Romans and Visigoths under
General Aetius at the Battle of Chalons (451 CE) According to legend, Pope Leo I, helped by St. Peter and St.
Paul, convinced Attila at the Po River to halt his advance Attila retreated and died a year later, allegedly by choking to
death on his own blood (from a nosebleed) while in a drunken stupor following his wedding
The Goths split into the
Visigoths (West
Goths) and Ostrogoths
(East Goths) around the year 200
CE.
The Visigoths (West Goths)Led by Alaric I (lived ca. 370-410 CE)Pushed into the Roman empire by the westward
migration of the Huns 378 CE – Romans defeated by the Visigoths at the
Battle of AdrianopleSacked Rome in 410 CEEventually settled in Spain
Visigothic kingdom in Spain lasted until Arab Muslim invaders arrived in 711 CE These Muslim rulers were not expelled until completion of the
Reconquista under Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492
The Ostrogoths (East Goths) Led by Theodoric the Great (lived 454-
526) Raised at the court in Constantinople as a
traditional hostage, returning to the Ostrogoths at age 31
Kingdom in Italy Capital city – Ravenna
Center of art and learning Conquered by Emperor Justinian (Eastern
Roman empire) in 554 CE
Odoacer and the Fall of Rome476 CE – the barbarian general, Odoacer, dethroned
the last Western Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus No one even knows which tribe he belonged to, only that
he was Germanic The conquest of the Western Roman empire was a long
process, and a lot of factors contributed to Rome’s declineThis date (476 CE) is traditionally used for the end
of the Roman empire and the beginning of the Middle Ages, circa 500-1400 (or Dark Ages, circa 500-800)
The Dark Ages (500-800 CE) Universal rule under Rome collapsed
Separate barbarian kingdoms ruled in Rome’s place Economic decline
Trade Infrastructure fell apart (roads and bridges) Piracy in the seas hurt trade Few coins minted
Industry With limited trade, little demand for goods Fewer skilled workers trained Depopulation of cities (workers returned to farms)
Culture and learning Illiteracy grew Ancient wisdom of Greece and Rome largely lost
Preserved by Christian monks (Europe) and Muslim Arabs (Middle East and northern Africa)
Rise of the Germanic Peoples Ostrogoths: Italian
peninsula Visigoths: modern-
day Spain Angles and
Saxons: modern-day Britain
Franks: central Europe
“Invasion of the Goths into the Roman Empire,” a 19th-century painting
Rise of the Germanic Peoples continued
After the Germanic invasions, Roman influence merged with the Germanic culture and people in different ways. The Ostrogoths (in the Italian peninsula) preserved Roman governmental structure and traditions. The Visigoths, located in modern-day Spain, kept Roman traditions but installed Germanic leaders. In the British Isles, the Angles and Saxons each carved out portions to create their own kingdoms. The strongest of Germanic tribes was the Franks, located in central Europe, who gained much of their strength under Clovis and Charlemagne.
Invasions drastically change Europe 5 consequences
Disruption of Trade Downfall of Cities Population Shifts Decline of Learning Loss of a common language
Disruption of Trade Merchants faced
invasions from both land and sea, which led to their businesses collapsing.
The breakdown of trade destroyed Europe’s cities as economic centers.
Money became scarce.
Downfall of Cities With the fall of the
Roman Empire, cities were abandoned as centers of administration
Population Shifts As Roman centers of trade and government collapsed, nobles
retreated to the rural areas and cities were left without strong leadership.
Other city dwellers also fled to the countryside, where they grew their own food.
The population of western Europe became mostly rural.
Decline of Learning The Germanic invaders could
not read or write and only Roman church officials continued to be literate.
Knowledge of Greek was almost lost and few people could read Greek works of literature, science, and philosophy.
The Germanic tribes had a rich oral tradition of songs and legends, just no written language.
Loss of a Common Language As German-speaking peoples mixed with the Roman population,
Latin began to change and was no longer understood from region to region.
By the 800s, French, Spanish, and other Romance languages had evolved from Latin.
Germanic Kingdoms Emerge Between 400- 600 C.E.
Germanic Kingdoms replace Roman provinces Borders constantly
changing Church only source of
stability New concept of
Government Family ties and personal
loyalty most important Small communities
Governed by unwritten rules and traditions
The Franks Former Roman province of
Gaul (France) Clovis
496 C.E. led army against warring Germanic tribe Fearing defeat prayed to
the Christian God Franks won and Clovis
converted to Christianity (as well as his soldiers) The church supported
Clovis 511 C.E. Clovis united
the Franks into one kingdom
Germanic Christianity By 600 C.E. many Germanic
people Christian Rulers and missionaries helped
spread religion Spreads to England
Monasteries and Convents Built to adapt to rural
conditions Saint Benedict 520 C.E.
Benedictine rule Benedictines most
influential monastic order Most educated, preserved
history Preserved Greco-Roman
cultural achievements
Gregory I (The Great) Became Pope in 590 C.E. Broadened role of the
church Became secular, involved
in worldly affairs such as politics
Idea of a churchly kingdom of Europe ruled by the Pope
Made church administration more efficient
Endorsed missionaries Supported Benedictine rule
The Frankish Empire Franks controlled largest
kingdom in Europe Clovis created the Merovingian
dynasty Near Paris, defeated rival
groups 486-507 C.E. Successors weak rulers
Charles Martel 719 C.E. Mayor of the palace More power than King Battle of Tours 732 C.E.
Defeated invading Muslim army
Became Christian hero Passed power to his son
Pepin the Short Cooperated with Pope Fought for the church
and became the King Created Carolingian
Dynasty Wife “big-footed Bertha”
Charlemagne Pepin died in 768 C.E. Charlemagne (Charles the Great) Empire
Greatest since Ancient Rome Conquered lands through
military victory Spread Christianity through
conquests Reunited Western Europe Pope Leo III crowned him
Emperor in 800 C.E. He needed a strong powerful
leader for Western Europe Called himself a “Roman
Emperor” Linked Carolingian Monarchy
with Church
Charlemagne’s Rule Government
Limited authority of nobles
Strengthened central authority
Used Royal agents to report on countryside
Regularly participated in his kingdom’s affairs
Culture Roman culture was
reinterpreted Encouraged learning Opened a palace school
Built schools, churches and roads to unite the empire
Ordered monasteries to open schools to train monks and priests
Monasteries expanded their libraries
The end of an Empire Charlemagne crowned
his son Louis the Pious king in 814 C.E.
Religious man Ineffective ruler
Louis’ heirs Three sons Fought civil war Treaty of Verdun in 843
C.E. split kingdom New system of
government and landholding evolved
Unifying effect of Charlemagne never died
Clovis (466–511) Established a Frankish
kingdom in central Europe Conquered many
competing tribes and regional Roman political leaders
Converted to Christianity
Clovis continued In 486, the Franks defeated the last major Roman army
in Gaul (present-day France) then subdued other tribes and minor rulers in the area to establish the first Frankish Kingdom.
Clovis, the first Frankish king, had a brilliant military career and dramatically expanded the holdings of his empire through battles with both competing tribes and remaining regional Roman political leaders.
During his reign, he converted to Christianity—supposedly after praying to Jesus during a battle. This helped to establish bonds with Christians now under his rule through military conquest.
Frankish Kingdom continued After the death of Clovis, Charles Martel became
leader of the Franks. He continued to expand and defend the Frankish
Kingdom, including the defeat of Muslim invaders in 732. After his death, his son, Pepin, asked the head of the
church, Pope Zacharias, to recognize him as king. The pope agreed and Pepin became the first Frankish
king to rule with papal blessing. Pepin ruled until 768. His successor, Charles, continued
the relationship between the Frankish kingdom and the church and expanded it further.
Charlemagne (742–814) Pepin’s son, Charles, became leader
of the largest empire since the Romans. Known as Charlemagne (Charles the Great), he was another fierce military leader who sought to expand the Frankish empire.
Powerful leader, strong Christian Created the Carolingian Empire During his rise to power,
Charlemagne was summoned by Pope Leo III, who crowned him the Emperor of the Romans (or Holy Roman Emperor), uniting the Roman, Christian, and Germanic cultures and traditions.
Conquests of Charlemagne Charlemagne defeated the Lombards to the south, the
Saxons to the north, and the Slavs to the east. After Charlemagne’s death, his empire quickly fell apart
as his grandsons fought one another for control. Powerful local nobles came to control land interests
throughout Europe, leading to a decentralization of power.
Adding to the disorder were constant raids carried out by Scandinavian warriors known as Vikings.
The Vikings Warrior culture from Scandinavia Raided Europe Established settlements throughout Europe and even in
North America Scholars disagree about the reasons why the Vikings began
to aggressively raid other cultures and settle their lands. Overcrowding in the Viking homelands may have forced them to
seek new territory; crop failures or a desire to find new trade outlets may also have
been factors. Viking settlers ended up as far south as the Mediterranean,
as far East as modern-day Russia, and as far west as modern-day Iceland, Greenland, and even Canada. They overran a large area of northwestern France and called it Norsemanland, later known as Normandy.
A Viking longboat