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Module Outline Development of Criminological Theory 2016 Module Number: 35057 LEVEL 5 SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE 1
Module Outline
Development of Criminological Theory 2016
Module Number: 35057LEVEL 5
SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
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Development of Criminological Theory 2016
Module number: 35057Credit Rating: 20Level: 5Pre-requisites: N/ACo-requisites: N/ABarred Combinations: N/ALecturer: Dr Mark Littler
Outline/Key Aims
This module aims to introduce students to the origins and development of criminological theory. This includes a range of theoretical approaches from early Classicism through to Post-modern perspectives.
Learning outcomes
On completion of the module students will be able to:
Begin to identify a diverse range of historical and theoretical perspectives that enable them to understand explanations for the causes of crime.
Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of such theories.
Assess ways of thinking about crime that will help their understanding in later criminological modules.
Begin to demonstrate their comprehension, analytical, research and academic writing skills.
Teaching and Learning Strategy/Methods
The module will be delivered by a combination of lectures, workshops and tutorials which will introduce you to different criminological theories. The lectures will provide an overview of each theory. For each workshop, reading/s and a list of questions will be available on e-bridge which must be read before you attend the lectures/workshops. In the workshops you may be required to do a presentation on your findings and/or interpretation of the reading. This could be in a group or individually. You will also be required to complete written work in some of the workshops.
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Attendance requirements
You are expected to attend all the sessions for this module. Registers may be taken at random seminars without warning and explanations for absence requested.
You are reminded that according to the University’s Undergraduate Programme Regulations:
A student who has not satisfied the attendance requirements as specified in the Module Catalogue, or the deadlines for submission of coursework as published from time to time by the Sub-Faculty Unit [department] may:
(i) Be excluded from the assessments for the Module, or
(ii) Have his/her programme of study terminated
Assessment strategy
The course is assessed by one 2,500 word essay (50%) due on the 25th February 2016, and a 2-hour written examination (50%) in May 2016. Please note that staff have access to electronic plagiarism detectors, which search both library sources and the internet. Make sure that you are not accused of plagiarism by referencing correctly in all of your modules.
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Submission of Assessed Work
Submitting Work
1. Log into e-Bridge.
2. Select the site for the module you are studying.
3. Select the Assignments tool, all of the assignments for this module will be shown.
4. Click on the assignment you are submitting.
5. Click 'Browse', locate the file you want to upload
6. Click 'Open'.
7. Complete any other steps that the tutor may have set (eg. Word count).
8. Click 'Preview & Submit'
9. Click 'Submit'.
10. You will now receive a receipt e-mail from e-Bridge to your University e-mail account. You may also receive an e-mail receipt from the TurnitinUK site.
11.You have now formally submitted your work.
If you are experiencing any difficulties in submitting your work please contact your programme administrator.
Once your essay is electronically entered onto the Student Records System you will automatically be emailed (to your student University email address) to confirm receipt of the essay.
The date/time at which you submit the digital copy of your essay will be deemed to be the formal point of submission. Penalties for late submission will be calculated from this date/time.
Deadlines
Your essay is due in at 4pm (GMT) on 25th February 2016. Unless you have filled in a Mitigating Circumstances Form with documented evidence [see section below] or have been granted a coursework extension, the following new University regulations apply to essays submitted after this deadline:
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Up to and including 24 hours after the deadline, a penalty of 10 marks
More than 24 hours and up to and including 7 days after the deadline; either a penalty of 10 marks or the mark awarded is reduced to the pass mark, whichever results in the lower mark
More than 7 days after the deadline, a mark of zero is awarded.
Please bear in mind that even one late essay might have an adverse effect on your final degree classification if a penalty is imposed. It is your responsibility to make sure you know the dates of the deadlines and other requirements for each of your modules.
Plagiarism Assessment
Your essay will be examined by TurnitinUK, which is a software system that is widely used across the higher education system in the UK. It is designed to assist with the identification of plagiarism.
TurnitinUK compares essays against a number of sources and produces a report indicating the extent to which the essay matches these sources. Markers are then required to consider the matches indicated to ensure that where the work of others has been used it has been appropriately referenced.
Work which shows evidence of plagiarism will be referred to the School for consideration at the Unfair Means committee. Students subsequently found to have committed plagiarism may be issued a formal warning, or in severe or repeat cases, may be withdrawn from the programme.
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PROGRAMME AT A GLANCE
All lectures and workshops will take place in Admiralty Centre, Room 205
Dates Lectures and Workshops
18 January Lecture 1: Introduction to the course and criminological theory (9.00-9.50)
Lecture 2: Classicism and Positivism (10.10-11.00)
Workshop I: Definitions and Theory (11.30-13.00)
19 January Lecture 3: Crime and the Individual: Biological and Psychological Theories (9.00-9.50)
Lecture 4: Crime and Society: ‘Anomie’ and Strain’ Theories (10.10-11.00)
Workshop II: The classical school and positivist school: a case study (11.30-13.00)
20 January Lecture 5: Control Theory (9.00-9.50)
Lecture 6: The Labelling Perspective (10.10-11.00)
Workshop III: ‘The Facts of Crime’ (11.30-13.00)
21 January Lecture 7: Feminist Perspectives (9.00-9.50)
Lecture 8: Rational Choice Theories and Situational Crime Prevention (10.10-11.00)
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Workshop IV: Situational Theories and the ‘Fortress LA’ Thesis (11.30-13.00)
22 January Lecture 9: Radical Criminology I (9.00-9.50)
Lecture 10: Radical Criminology II (10.10-11.00)
Workshop V: The Labelling Perspective and Radical Criminology (11.30-13.00)
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TUTORIAL QUESTIONS AND READINGS Before attending the tutorials you must read the digital readings which have been placed on e-bridge in the folder named ‘workshop readings’ and you must read and attempt to answer in advance the questions below. Please check e-bridge regularly for workshop readings, questions and announcements. Please note that there is a more extended weekly reading list on pp. 14-28 that you should also utilise for workshop preparation.
Workshop I (18 January): Definitions and Theory
Digital reading (on e-bridge):
Young, J. (1981), “Thinking seriously about crime: some models of criminology”, in M. Fitzgerald, G. McLennan and J. Pawson (eds.), Crime and Society: Readings in History and Theory, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Further reading:
Lanier M. and Henry S. (1998), Essential Criminology, Westview Press.
Lilly J. R. et al (1995), (2nd edition), Criminological Theory: Context and Consequences, London: Sage.
Tierney J. (1996), Criminology: Theory and Context, Prentice Hall Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Questions:
Q. What is crime? What is deviance? Once you have defined ‘crime’ and ‘deviance’, write down ten examples of criminal behaviour and ten examples of deviant behaviour.
Q. Have the examples you have chosen always been defined as ‘deviant’ or ‘criminal’? Think about how these definitions may have varied over time and in different contexts?
Q. Can you think of any activities previously considered ‘deviant’ that are now widely practiced and socially accepted? Draw up a list. Why did these changes take place?
Q. Can you think of any activities previously considered as widely acceptable which are now considered deviant? Draw up a list. Why did these changes take place?
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Q. Why are some forms of deviant behaviour criminalised while others are ignored? Choose examples to illustrate your argument.
Q. What, according to Jock Young (1981), makes a ‘good’ criminological theory? Do you agree or disagree with Young? Give reasons for your answers.
Q. Outline the key differences between the ‘positivist’ approach to theory construction and the ‘interpretative’ approach.
Workshop 2 (19 January)
The classical school and the positivist school
Readings on e-bridge:
Young, J. (1981), “Thinking seriously about crime: some models of criminology”, in M. Fitzgerald, G. McLennan and J. Pawson (eds.), Crime and Society: Readings in History and Theory, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Holdaway, S. (1988), Crime and Deviance, pp. 21-22.
Other key readings:
Roshier, B. (1989), Controlling Crime: The Classical Perspective in Criminology, Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Ch’s 1-3.
Questions:
Read pages 21-22 of Simon Holdaway’s (1988) Crime and Deviance (on e-bridge) about the case of Robert Maudsley. Then, assuming you agree with the ‘classical’ school, apply the following questions to his case:
Classical view
Understanding his mind
The reasons he committed the crime
The view of the society in which he is living
Policy implications to deal with him
Now, assuming you agree with the with the ‘positivist’ school, apply the following questions to his case:
Positivist view
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Understanding his mind
The reasons he committed the crime
The view of the society in which he is living
Policy implications to deal with him
Are these perspectives similar in any way? Write down the key similarities.
Workshop 3 (20 January) The ‘Facts of Crime’
Reading on e-bridge:
Braithwaite, J. (1989), Crime, Shame and Reintegration (pp. 44-53).
Further Reading:
Merton, R. (1938), ‘Social Structure and Anomie’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 3, pp: 672-682 which is available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2084686.pdf
Questions:
Q. Which theory or theories (e.g. biological, psychological, ‘anomie’ theory and ‘control’ theories) best account for each of Braithwaite’s ‘facts’ of crime?
Q. Go through each of the ‘facts of crime’, identify which theory best explains this fact, and write down your reasons for choosing this theory.
Q. Do these ‘facts’ of crime need up-dating? If so, which ones and why?
Q. Now construct a case to argue that Braithwaite’s so-called ‘facts’ of crime are not ‘facts’ at all but are simply a reflection of the societal reaction to crime and deviance.
Workshop 4 (21 January) Situational Theories and ‘Fortress LA’
Readings on e-bridge:
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D. B. Cornish and R. V. Clarke, ‘The Rational Choice Perspective’ in Henry, S. and Lanier, M. M. (2006), Essential Criminology Reader, Boulder: Westview Press (pp. 18-29).
Davis, M. (1990), City of Quartz, London: Vintage (chapter 4).
Other key readings:
Clarke, R. (1980), ‘Situational Crime Prevention: Theory and Practice’, in J. E. Muncie, E. McLaughlin et al. (eds.), (1996), Criminological Perspectives, London: Sage.
Hughes, G. (1998), Understanding Crime Prevention: Social Control, Risk and Late Modernity, OUP.
Pease, K. (1994), ‘Crime Prevention’, in M. Maguire, R. Morgan & R. Reiner, The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Questions:
Q. What is situational crime prevention? Write down 10 examples of ‘situational prevention’ measures that you may have seen in Hong Kong.
Q. Are these measures likely to be effective? Could these measures result in crime ‘displacement’? Try to identify and write down 5 types of ‘displacement’ that may occur when using these situational measures?
Q. What forms of surveillance and social control does Mike Davis identify in his chapter ‘Fortress LA’? Are any of these measures used in contemporary Hong Kong? Draw up a list.
Q. Mike Davis talks about ‘the erosion of democratic public space’. What does he mean by this and why do you think this transformation is taking place in the US and other nations?
Q. Why did ‘situational prevention’ become so popular in the 1980s? Identify and write down what you consider to be the main social, economic, political, and cultural drivers of the emergence of situational crime prevention?
Workshop 5 (22 January) The Labelling Perspective and Radical Criminology
Reading on e-bridge:
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Becker, H. (1973), ‘On Labelling Outsiders’ in Rubington, E. and Weinberg, M. S. (eds.), Deviance: The Interactionist Perspective (2nd
Edition), New York: Macmillan (pp. 12-15).
Jock Young (2002) ‘Critical Criminology in the twenty-first century: critique, irony and the always unfinished, in Carrington, K. and Hogg, R. (eds.), Critical Criminology: Issues, Debates, Challenges, Cullompton: Willan pp. 251-274).
Other key readings:
Rock, P. & McIntosh, M (1974), Deviance and Social Control, London: Tavistock (especially chapter by Stanley Cohen).
http://web.mit.edu/gtmarx/www/ironies.html
Questions:
Labelling
Q. Why do criminologists working within the ‘labelling’ perspective think that it is important to look at the ‘societal reaction’ to deviance? How does ‘labelling’ take place?
Q. Lemert (1951) stated that instead of thinking about deviance leading to social control, we should consider the possibility of social control leading to deviance. In what ways can social control lead to deviance? Draw up a list.
Q. Draw up a list of some of the likely consequences for a person who is ‘labelled’ a criminal.
Q. What kind of criminal justice policies do you think that those working within the ‘labelling’ perspective are likely to recommend? Draw up a list.
Radical Criminology
Q. Why are ‘radical’ criminologists critical of the ‘labelling’ perspective? Do you agree with the ‘radical’ critique? If so, why? If not, why not?
Q. In his chapter Jock Young (digital reading on e-bridge) identifies some of the key themes and assumptions in the Radical Paradigm which ‘served to turn establishment criminology on its head’ (2002: 254).
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Q. Go through each of Jock Young’s statements and decide whether or not you agree or disagree with these statements? Please give reasons for your answers.
Lecturers contact numbers and e-mails:
Dr. Mark Littler (Lecturer): [email protected]
Dr. Ernest So (Tutor): [email protected]
Mr. Antony Ou: [email protected]
If you have any difficulties regarding the unit, please do not hesitate to contact staff, as we are here to help.
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SUGGESTED KEY TEXTS
This core module is intended to provide a basic overview of the development of criminological theorizing, from its emergence in the 19th century, through its period of expansion in the first half of the 20th century, up to its present state of diversification and fragmentation. The reading lists not only provide back-up to the teaching programme but should be seen as a resource for essays etc. These reading lists are by no means exhaustive and should not discourage you from browsing elsewhere! Further reading, where relevant, will be given to you in lectures.
Particularly useful/comprehensive introductory textbooks are marked with an * and can be referred to for all the lectures and tutorials throughout the course.
General Books on Criminological Theory
Adler, F. and Laufer, W. S. (1992), New Directions in Criminological Theory, Transaction
Akers, R. (1997), Criminological Theories, (2nd edition), Roxbury.
Carson W. G. & Wiles P. (1971) (eds.), Sociology of Crime and Delinquency in Britain: Vol.1 The British Tradition, Martin Robertson
Coleman, C. and Norris C. (2000), Introducing Criminology, Devon: Willan.
Conklin, J. E. (2001) Criminology (7th edition), Allyn & Bacon.
Cordella P. & Siegel L. (1996) Readings in Contemporary Criminological Theory North-eastern University Press.
Croall, H. (1998), Crime and Society in Britain, Longman (especially chapter 4).
*Downes D. and Rock P. (2003), Understanding Deviance, (4th
edition), Oxford University Press.
Einstadter W. and Henry S. (1995), Criminological Theory: An Analysis of its Underlying Assumptions, Harcourt Brace. *Fitzgerald M. et al (1981), Crime and Society: Readings in History and Theory, Routledge.
Garland D. (1985), ‘The Criminal and his Science: A Critical Account of the Formation of Criminology at the end of the Nineteenth Century’, British Jo. Criminology, 25 pp.109-137.
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Garland D. & Sparks R. (2000), Criminology and Social Theory, Oxford University Press
Garland, D. (2002), ‘Of Crime and Criminals: the development of Criminology in Britain’ in The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (3rd
edition) by M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner.
Gibbons D. C. (1978), The Criminological Enterprise: Theories and Perspectives, Prentice-Hall.
Gottfredson M. R. & Hirschi, T. (1990), A General Theory of Crime, Stanford University Press.
Heidensohn F. (1989), Crime and Society, Macmillan.
Hester S. & Eglin P. (1992), A Sociology of Crime, Routledge.
*Hopkins Burke, R. (2001), An Introduction to Criminological Theory, Willan.
Jewkes Y. & Letherby G. (2002), Criminology: A Reader, Sage.
Jones, S. (1998), Criminology, Butterworths.
*Lanier M. and Henry S. (1998), Essential Criminology, Westview Press.
*Lilly J. R. et al (1995), Criminological Theory: Context and Consequences, Sage (2nd edition).
McLaughlin, E. & Muncie, J. (2001), (eds.) Controlling Crime, Sage (2nd edition).
McLaughlin, E. & Muncie, J. (2001), (eds.) The Sage Dictionary of Criminology, Sage.
*Maguire, M. et al (1994, 1997, 2002), The Oxford Handbook of Criminology Clarendon Press.
Morrison W. (1995), Theoretical Criminology: From Modernity to Post-modernism, Cavendish
Muncie J. et al (2002) (eds.), Criminological Perspectives: A Reader Sage (2nd edition).
Muncie, J. & McLaughlin, E. (2001), The Problem of Crime, Sage (2nd
edition).
Rock, P. (1988) (ed.) A History of British Criminology Oxford.
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Sanderson, J. (1993), Criminology: Textbook, HLT Publications (3rd
edition).Taylor I., Walton P. & Young J. (1973), The New Criminology, Routledge.
Taylor I. (1999), Crime in Context: A Critical Criminology of Market Societies Polity.
*Tierney J. (1996), Criminology: Theory and Context Prentice Hall Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Valier, C. (2002), Theories of Crime and Punishment, Longman.
*Vold G. B. (2002), Theoretical Criminology, OUP (5th edition with Bernard and Snipes).
*Walklate S. (1998), Understanding Criminology Open University Press
White R. & Haines F. (1996), Crime and Criminology: An Introduction Oxford University Press.
Williams K. S. (1991/2002), Textbook on Criminology Blackstone, Press (4th edition).
Williams, F. P. and McShane, M.D. (1994), Criminological Theory, Prentice Hall (2nd edition).
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WEEKLY READING LISTS
Lecture 1 Introduction to Criminological Theory
See general reading list above and also those listed below.
Hopkins Burke, R. (2001), An Introduction to Criminological Theory, Willan.
Lanier M. and Henry S. (1998), Essential Criminology, Westview Press.
Lilly J. R. et al (1995), Criminological Theory: Context and Consequences, Sage (2nd edition, chapter 1).
Tierney J. (1996), Criminology: Theory and Context Prentice Hall Harvester Wheatsheaf (chapter 1).
White R. & Haines F. (1996), Crime and Criminology: An Introduction Oxford University Press (chapter 1).
Williams K. S. (1991/2002/2004), Textbook on Criminology Blackstone, Press (5th edition, chapter 2).
*Young, J. (1981), ‘Thinking seriously about crime: some models of criminology’, in M. Fitzgerald, G. McLennan and J. Pawson (eds.), Crime and Society: Readings in History and Theory, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Lecture 2 Classicism and Positivism
Beccaria, C. (1996), ‘On crimes and punishments’, in J. E. Muncie, E. McLaughlin et al. (eds.), (1996), Criminological Perspectives, London: Sage.
Beirne, P. (1993), Inventing Criminology, Albany: New York Press.
Ferri, E. Causes of criminal behaviour, in J. E. Muncie, E. McLaughlin et al. (eds.), (1996), Criminological Perspectives, London: Sage. pp: 34-39.
Garland D. (1985), ‘The Criminal and his Science: A Critical Account of the Formation of Criminology at the end of the Nineteenth Century’, British Jo. Criminology, 25 pp.109-137.
*Garland, D. (2002), ‘Of Crime and Criminals: the development of Criminology in Britain’ in The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (3rd
edition) by M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner.
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Hopkins Burke, R. (2001), An Introduction to Criminological Theory, Willan.Lanier M. and Henry S. (1998), Essential Criminology, Westview Press.
Lilly J. R. et al (1995), Criminological Theory: Context and Consequences, Sage (2nd edition, chapter 2).
*Roshier, B. (1989), Controlling Crime: The Classical Perspective in Criminology, Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Ch’s 1-3.
Taylor, I., Walton, P. et al. (1973), The New Criminology, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp: 1-10 and chapter 2.
Tierney J. (1996), Criminology: Theory and Context Prentice Hall Harvester Wheatsheaf (chapter 3).
White R. & Haines F. (1996), Crime and Criminology: An Introduction Oxford University Press (chapters 2 &3).
*Young, J. (1981), ‘Thinking seriously about crime: some models of criminology’, in M. Fitzgerald, G. McLennan and J. Pawson (eds.), Crime and Society: Readings in History and Theory, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Lecture 3 Crime and the Individual: Biological and Psychological Theories
Biological Theories
*Blackburn R, (1993), The Psychology of Criminal Conduct, Wiley (chapter 6).
Ciba Foundation (1995), Genetics of Criminal and Antisocial Behaviour, Wiley.
Cortes J B & Gatti F M, (1972), Delinquency and Crime: A Biopsychosocial Approach, Seminar Press.
Ellis, L and Hoffman H (1990) (eds.), Crime in Biological, Social and Moral Contexts, Praeger.Ellis, L. & Walsh, A. (1997), ‘Gene-based evolutionary theories in criminology’, Criminology 35, 2, pp: 229-276.
Glueck S & Glueck E, (1950), Unravelling Juvenile Delinquency, Harvard Univ. Press.
Goring C, (1913), The English Convict, HMSO.
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Hilton, N. Z. et al (1990), (eds.), Clinical Criminology, Canadian Scholars Press, pp: 38-82.
*Hollin, C. (1989), Psychology and Crime, London: Routledge (chapter 2).
Lombroso C, (1918), Crime, its Causes and Remedies, Little Brown.
Lombroso, C. & Ferrero, W. (1996), ‘The criminal type in women and its atavistic origin’, in J. E. Muncie, E. McLaughlin et al. (eds.), Criminological Perspectives, London: Sage. pp: 29-33.
Lange J, (1931), Crime as Destiny, Allen & Unwin.
Lindesmith, A & Levin Y, (1937), ‘The Lombrosian Myth in Criminology’, American Journal of Sociology Vol. 42.
Mednick, S. A. and Christiansen, K. O. (1977), (eds.), Biosocial Bases of Criminal Behaviour, Gardner.
Moir A and Jessel D, (1995), A Mind to Crime, Michael Joseph.
Raine A, (1993), The Psychopathology of Crime, Academic Press.
Rennie Y F, (1978), The Search for Criminal Man, Heath.
Sheldon W H, (1949), Varieties of Delinquent Youth, Harper.
*Wilson J Q and Herrnstein, R J (1985) Crime and Human Nature Simon and Schuster.
Psychological Theories
Ainsworth, P (2000), Psychology and Crime, Longman.
*Blackburn R, (1993), The Psychology of Criminal Conduct, Wiley.
Bowlby, J. E. R. (1946), Forty-four Juvenile Thieves, Balliers.
Bowlby, J. E. R. (1965), Child Care and the Growth of Love, Penguin.
Burgess P K, (1972), ‘Eysenck's theory of Criminality: A New Approach’, British Journal of Criminology, Vol. 12.
Eysenck, H. J. (1964), Crime and Personality, Routledge.
Eysenck, H. J. and Gudjonsson, G. H. (1989), The Causes and Cures of Criminality, Plenum Press.
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Farrington, D. (1994), ‘Human development and criminal careers’ in The Oxford Handbook of Criminology.
*Feldman, M. P, (1977), Criminal Behaviour: A Psychological Analysis, Wiley.
*Feldman P, (1993), The Psychology of Crime: A Social Science Textbook, Cambridge University Press.Hilton, N.Z. et al (1990), (eds.) Clinical Criminology, Canadian Scholars Press, (especially part one).
*Hollin, C. (1989), Psychology and Crime, Routledge.
Hollin, C. (1992), Criminal Behaviour: A Psychological Approach to Explanation and Prevention, Falmer Press.
Hollin, C. R. (2012), ‘Criminological Psychology’, in M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner (eds.),The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (fifth edition), Oxford: OUP.
McCord W & McCord J, (1964), The Psychopath, Van Nostrand.
Pallone, N. J. and Hennessy, J. J. (1992), Criminal Behaviour: A Process Psychology Analysis, Transaction Publishers.
Rutter, M, (1981), Maternal Deprivation Reassessed, Penguin (2nd edition).
Trasler G, (1962), The Explanation of Criminality, Routledge.
Wadsworth M, (1979), Roots of Delinquency, Martin Robertson.
Wilson J Q and Herrnstein R (1985) Crime and Human Nature Simon and Schuster.
Lecture 4 ‘Anomie’ and ‘Strain’ theories
Adler, F. and Laufer, W. S. (1995), The Legacy of Anomie Theory, Transaction Publishers.
Agnew, R. (1992), ‘A revised strain theory of crime and delinquency’, Criminology, Vol. 30, pp: 373-387.
Bernard, T. J. (1984), ‘Control criticisms of strain theories’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency’, Vol. 21, No. 4.
Box, S. (1983), Crime, Power and Mystification, London: Macmillan
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Brake M, (1980), The sociology of Youth Culture and Youth Subcultures (especially chapters 1 and 2).
Brezina, T. (1996), ‘Adapting to Strain: An examination of delinquent coping responses’, Criminology, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp: 39-60.
Clinard, M. B. (1964), (ed.), Anomie and Deviant Behaviour.
Cohen, A. K. (1965), ‘The Sociology of the Deviant Act: Anomie Theory and Beyond’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 30.
Cloward, R. A. and Ohlin, L. E. (1960), Delinquency and Opportunity.
Cohen A K, Delinquent Boys.
Downes and Rock, (2003), Understanding Deviance (4th edition), (Chapters 5-6).
Downes D, (1966), The Delinquent Solution: A Study in Subcultural Theory.
Durkheim, E. (1952) Suicide: A Study in Sociology, Routledge (pp: 241-76).
Farnworth, M. and Leiber, M. (1989), ‘Strain Theory Revisited’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 54.
Hilbert, R. (1989), ‘Durkheim and Merton on Anomie’, Social Problems, Vol. 36.
Matza, D. M. (1964), Delinquency and Drift (especially chapters 1-2).
*Merton, R. (1938), ‘Social Structure and Anomie’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 3, pp: 672-682.
Merton, R. (1997), ‘On the evolving synthesis of differential association and anomie theory’, Criminology, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp: 517-525.
Messner, S. F. And Rosenfeld, R. (1994), Crime and the American Dream, Wadsworth.
Miller W, (1958), ‘Lower Class Culture as a Generating Milieu of Gang Delinquency’, Journal of Social Issues.
Muncie J, (1999), Youth and Crime: A Critical Introduction, Sage (chapter 5).
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Rock, P. (2012), ‘Sociological Theories of Crime’, in M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner (eds.),The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (fifth edition), Oxford: OUP.
Taylor, I., Walton, P. et al. (1973), The New Criminology, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp: 67-110.
Young, J. (2007), The Vertigo of Late Modernity, London: Sage.
Lecture 5 Control Theories
a) Neutralization Theories
Austin, R. L. ‘Commitment, neutralization and delinquency’, Juvenile Delinquency T. N. Ferdinand (ed.).
Cressey, D. R. (1953), Other People’s Money.
Landsheer, J. A. (1994), ‘Delinquent Values and Victim Damage: Exploring the Limits of Neutralization Theory’, British Journal of Criminology, Vol. 34, No. 1.
Matza D and Sykes G, (1961), ‘Delinquency and Subterranean values’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 26.
*Matza, D. M. (1962), Delinquency and Drift.
Minor, W. W. (1981), ‘Techniques of Neutralization’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 18.
*Sykes, G and Matza, D. (1957), ‘Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency’, American Sociological Review.
Verlarde, A. J. (1978), ‘Do Delinquents really Drift?’ British Journal of Criminology, Vol. 18.
b) Control Theories and Integrated Theories
For general surveys, see Box, S. Deviance, Reality and Society (chapter 5) and Lilly, Criminological Theory (chapter 4).
Agnew R., (1991), ‘A Longitudinal Test of Social Control Theory and Delinquency’ Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 28.
Benson, M. & Moore, E. (1992), ‘Are white-collar offenders and common criminals the same?’ Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 29.
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Burton, V. S. (1998), ‘Gender, self control and crime’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35, 1, pp: 123-147.
Elliot, D. S. et al, (1979), ‘An integrated theoretical perspective on delinquent behaviour’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 16.
Elliott D S et al, (1985), Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use, Sage.
Evans, T. D. ‘The social consequences of self control: testing the general theory of crime’, Criminology, 35, 3, 1997, 475-501.
Gibbs, J. J. (1998), ‘Parental management and self control’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35, 1, 1998, 40-70
Gottfredson, M.R. & Hirschi, T. A General Theory of Crime (especially chapter 5).
Grasmick H G et al. (1993), ‘Testing the Core Empirical Implications of Gottfredson & Hirschi's General Theory of Crime’, Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 30, 1.
Hagan, J. et al. (1985), ‘Class in the Household: A Power-Control Theory of Gender & Delinquency’, American Journal of Sociology, 92.
Hagan J et al (1990), ‘Clarifying and extending power-control theory’, American Journal of Sociology 95.
Hindelang M J, (1973), ‘Causes of Delinquency: A Partial Replication & Extension’, SP 20.
*Hirschi T, (1969) Causes of Delinquency.
Hirschi T, (1979), ‘Separate and Unequal is better’, Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency 16.
Jensen, G. & Thompson, K. (1990), ‘A further examination of power-control theory’, American Journal of Sociology 95.
Johnson R E, Juvenile Delinquency and its Origins.
Junger, M. & Marshall, I. (1997), ‘The inter-ethnic generalizabilty of social control theory: an empirical test’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34, 1, 79-112.
Landsheer, J A et al (1994), ‘Delinquent Values and Victim Damage: Exploring the Limits of Neutralization Theory’, British Journal of Criminology, 34, 1.
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Liska, A E & Reed M D (1985), ‘Ties to conventional institutions and delinquency’, American Sociological Review 50.
Longshore D et al, (1996), ‘Self control in a criminal sample’ Criminology 34, 2, 209-228.
Matsueda R. and Heimer K. (1987), ‘Race, Family Structure and Delinquency’, American Sociological Review, 52.
Messner S F, et al (1989), (eds.), Theoretical Integration in the Study of Deviance and Crime, State University of New York Press.
Paternoster, R. & Brame, R. (1997), ‘Multiple routes to delinquency? A test of developmental and general theories of crime, Criminology, 35, 1, 49-84
Sampson, R. J. and Laub, J. H. (1993), Crime in the Making, Harvard University Press.
*Thomas C W & Hyman J M, ‘Compliance theory, control theory and juvenile delinquency’ in Crime, Law and Sanctions ed. Krohn M D & Akers R L.
Tittle, C. R. (1995), Control Balance: Toward a General Theory of Deviance, Westview Press.
Wiatrowski, M. D. et al, (1981), ‘Social Control Theory & Delinquency’, ASR, 46.
Warr M., (1993), ‘Parents, Peers and Delinquency’, Social Forces, 72, 1.
Wilson H, (1980), ‘Parental Supervision: a neglected aspect of delinquency’ British Journal of Criminology, Vol. 20.
Lecture 6 The Labelling Perspective
Becker, H. (1953), ‘Becoming a marihuana user’, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 59, pp: 235-242.
Becker, H. (1963), Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance, New York: Random House.
Becker, H. (1974), ‘Labelling theory reconsidered’, in D. Downes & P. Rock, Deviance and Social Control, London: Methuen.
Box, S. (1971), Deviance, Reality and Society, London: Macmillan.
Cohen, S. (1971), Images of Deviance, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
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Downes, D. & Rock, P. (eds.) (1979), Deviant Interpretations, Oxford: Blackwell.
**Downes, D. & Rock, P. (1988), Understanding Deviance, Oxford: O. U. P. Ch. 7.
Erikson, K. T. (1962), ‘Notes on the sociology of deviance’, Social Problems, Vol. 9 No. 4, pp: 307-314.
Kitsuse, J. (1962), ‘Societal reaction to deviant behaviour: problems of theory and method’, Social Problems, Vol. 9, No. 3., pp: 247-256.
Plummer, K. (1979), Misunderstanding labelling perspectives, in Downes, D. & Rock, P. (eds.) (1979), Deviant Interpretations, Oxford: Blackwell.
Pontell, H. (ed.) (2001), Social Deviance: Readings in Theory and Research (4th edition), Prentice-Hall (pp: 50-116).
Ray, M. B. (1961), ‘Abstinence Cycles and Heroin Addicts’, Social Problems, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp: 132-140.
Reiss, A. J. (1961), ‘The Social Integration of Queers and Peers’, Social Problems, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp: 102-119.
Rock, P. (1973), Deviant Behaviour, London: Hutchinson (chapters 1 and 2).
*Rubington, E. and Weinberg, M. S. (1973), Deviance: The Interactionist Perspective (2nd Edition), New York: Macmillan (Part IV).
Taylor, I., Walton, P. et al. (1973), The New Criminology, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Lecture 7 Feminist Perspectives
Brownmiller, S. (1975), Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape
Carlen, P. (1988) Women, Crime and Poverty, Open University Press
Carlen, P. (2002) (ed) Women and Punishment: the Struggle for Justice, Willan
Carlen, P. & Worrall, A. (1987) Gender, Crime and Justice, Open University Press
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Connell, R. W. (1995), Masculinities, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Downes, D. & Rock, P. (2003) Understanding Deviance (4th edition), Oxford University Press (chapter 11).
Gelsthorpe, L. (2002) ‘Feminism and criminology’ in M. Maguire et al (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology 3rd ed, Oxford University Press
Gelsthorpe, L. and Morris, A. (eds.) (1990) Feminist Perspectives in Criminology, Open University Press
Hahn Rafter, N. and Heidensohn, F. (eds.) (1995) International Feminist Perspectives in Criminology, Open University Press
Heidensohn, F. (1996 2nd edition) Women and Crime, Macmillan
Heidensohn, F. (2000) Sexual Politics and Social Control, Open University Press
Heidensohn, F. and Silvestri, M. (2012), ‘Gender and Crime’, in M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner (eds.),The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (fifth edition), Oxford: OUP.
Leonard, E. (1982) A Critique of Criminology Theory: Women, Crime and Society, London: Longman
Naffine, N. (1997) Feminism and Criminology, Polity
Scully, D. (1990), Understanding Sexual Violence
Smart, C. (1977) Women, Crime and Criminology, Routledge
Smart, C. (1990) ‘Feminist approaches to criminology or postmodern woman meets atavistic man’ in L. Gelsthorpe & A. Morris (eds.) Feminist Perspectives in Criminology, OU Press
Stanko, E. (1994), Just Boys Doing Business? Men, Masculinjites and Crime, London: Routledge.
Valier, C. (2002) Theories of Crime and Punishment, Longman
Walklate, S. (1995) Gender and Crime: An Introduction, Prentice-Hall/Harvester
Walklate S. (1998) Understanding Criminology Open University Press, Chapter 5
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Walklate, S. (2001) Gender, Crime and Criminal Justice, Willan
Lecture 8 Situational and Rational Choice Theories
*Clarke, R. (1980), ‘Situational Crime Prevention: Theory and Practice’, in J. E. Muncie, E. McLaughlin et al. (eds.), (1996), Criminological Perspectives, London: Sage.
*Clarke, R. (1980), ‘Situational Crime Prevention: Theory and Practice’, British Journal of Criminology, vol. 20, no. 2, pp: 136-147.
Clarke R. & Hough, M. (1980), The Effectiveness of Policing, Farnborough: Gower.
Clarke, R. & Hough, M. (1984), Crime and Police Effectiveness, Home Office Research Study No. 79, London: HMSO.
Clarke R V G & Mayhew P (1980), (eds.), Designing out Crime, HMSO.
Coleman, A. (1985), Utopia on Trial, Hilary Shipman.
*Cornish, D., and Clarke, R. (1986), The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending, New York: Springer-Verlag.
Cornish, D and Clarke, R. (1988), ‘Situational Crime Prevention, displacement of crime and rational choice theory’, in Situational Crime Prevention: From Theory to Practice, Heal, K, and Laycock, G. (eds.), London: Home Office.
Damer S, (1974), ‘Wine Alley: The Sociology of a Dreadful Enclosure’, Sociological Review, Vol. 22.
Davidson, R. N. (1981), Crime and Environment, Croom Helm.
Davis, M. (1990), City of Quartz, London: Vintage.
Downes, D. & Rock, P. (2003), Understanding Deviance (4th edition), Oxford: OUP (pp: 236-60).
Felson, M. (1998) Crime and Everyday Life, London: Pine Forge Press (2nd edition).
Felson, M and Clarke, R. (1993) (eds.) Routine Activity and Rational Choice, London: Transaction.
Felson, M. and Clarke, R. (1998) Opportunity Makes the Thief: Practical Theory for Crime Prevention, London: Home Office.
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Forrester, D. M., Chatterton, M. & Pease, K. (1988), The Kirkholt Burglary Project, Crime Prevention Unit Paper, London: HMSO.
Herbert, D. T. (1982), The Geography of Urban Crime, Longman.
Hope, T. & Shaw, M. (1988), Communities and Crime Reduction, HMSO.
Hughes, G. (1998), Understanding Crime Prevention: Social Control, Risk and Late Modernity, OUP.
Jacobs, J. (1961), The Life and Death of Great American Cities, New York: Penguin.
Jeffrey C R, (1977), Crime Prevention through Environmental Design, Sage.
Mayhew, P. et al. (1976), Crime as Opportunity, London: HMSO.
Mayhew P, (1979), ‘Defensible Space: the Current Status of a Crime Prevention Theory’, Howard Journal of Penology, Vol. 18, pp: 150-159.
Newman, O. (1972), Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design, New York: Macmillan.
Pease, K. (1994), ‘Crime Prevention’, in M. Maguire, R. Morgan & R. Reiner, The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Lecture 9 Radical Criminology I
**Cohen, S. (1974), ‘Criminology and the Sociology of Deviance in Britain’, in Rock, P. & McIntosh, M (1974), Deviance and Social Control.
*Cohen S, (2002), Folk Devils and Moral Panics (3rd edition).
Downes, D. & Rock, P. (1995, 2nd ed) Understanding Deviance, Oxford University Press
Feeley and Simon (2007), ‘Folk Devils and Moral Panics’, in Downes, D. et al. Crime, Social Control and Human Rights
Gelsthorpe, L. (2005), Folk Devils and Moral Panics: A Feminist Perspective’, Crime, Media, Culture, Vol. 1, No. 1.
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Goode and Ben-Yehuda (1994), Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance
Hollway, W. and Jefferson, T. (1997), ‘The Risk Society in an Age of Anxiety: Situating Fear of Crime’, British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 48, No. 2.
Innes, M. (2005), ‘A short history of the idea of moral panic’, Crime, Media, Culture, Vol. 1, No. 1.
Marx, G. T. (1981), ‘Ironies of Social Control’, Social Problems, Vol. 28, No. 3.
Ungar, S. (2001), ‘Moral panic versus the risk society: the implications of the changing sites of social anxiety’, British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 52, No. 2.
Wilkins, L. (1964) Social Deviance: Social Policy, Action and Research, Tavistock.
Young, J. (1971), The Drugtakers, London: Granada.
Young, J. (1971) ‘The role of the police as amplifiers of deviancy, negotiators of reality and translators of fantasy: some aspects of our present system of drug control as seen in Notting Hill’ in S. Cohen (ed) Images of Deviance, Penguin
Young, J. (2005), ‘Moral panics, Margate and Mary Poppins: Mysterious happenings in south coast seaside towns’, Crime, Media, Culture, Vol. 1, No. 1.
Lecture 10 Radical Criminology II
Carrington, K and Hogg, R. (2002), Critical Criminology: Issues, Debates, Challenges, Devon: Willan.
Cohen, S. (1988) Against Criminology, Transaction
Conklin, J. E. (2001, 7th ed) Criminology, Allyn & Bacon, Chapter 6Currie, E. (1985) Confronting Crime: An American Challenge, Pantheon
Downes, D. & Rock, P. (1995, 2nd ed) Understanding Deviance, Oxford University Press
*Hall, S. et al (1978) Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order, Macmillan
Hall, S. (1980) Drifting into a Law and Order Society, Tavistock
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Hall, S. & Scraton, P. (1981) ‘Law, class and control’ in M. Fitzgerald, G. McLennan & J. Pawson, Crime and Society: Readings in History and Theory, Routledge/Open University Press
Hughes, G. (1991) ‘Taking crime seriously: a critical analysis of new left realism’, Sociology Review (1) 2: 18-23
Kinsey, R., Lea, J. & Young, J. (1986) Losing the Fight Against Crime, Blackwell
Lea, J. &Young, J. (1993) What Is to be Done About Law and Order? Crisis in the Nineties, PlutoMatthews, R. & Young, J. (1992) Issues in Realist Criminology, Sage
Quinney, R. (1975), The Social Reality of Crime, Boston: Brown and Co.
Sim, J., Scraton, P. & Gordon, P. (1987) ‘Crime, the state and critical analysis’ in P. Scraton (ed) Law, Order and the Authoritarian State, Open University Press
Spitzer, S. (1975), ‘Towards a Marxian Theory of Deviance’, Social Problems, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp: 638-651.
*Taylor, I., Walton, P. & Young, J. (1973) The New Criminology, Routledge
Taylor, I. (1994), ‘The Political Economy of Crime’, in M. Maguire, R. Morgan & R. Reiner, The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Taylor, I. (1999) Crime in Context, Polity, Chapter 4
Valier, C. (2002) Theories of Crime and Punishment, Longman
Walton, P. & Young, J. (1998) (eds.) The New Criminology Revisited, Macmillan
Young, J. (1986) ‘The failure of criminology: the need for a radical realism’ in R. Matthews & J. Young (eds.) Confronting Crime, Sage
Young, J. & Matthews, R. (eds.) (1992) Rethinking Criminology: The Realist Debate, Sage
Young, J. (1997/2002) ‘Left realist criminology’ in M. Maguire et al Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Clarendon
Young, J. (1999) The Exclusive Society, Sage
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Young, J. (2007), The Vertigo of Late Modernity, London: Sage.
EXAMPLES OF PAST EXAM QUESTIONS
Q. 1 ‘Social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and labelling them as outsiders’ (Becker). Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer.
Q. 2 What is ‘Radical Criminology’? Outline the main developments in this body of work over the last three decades and assess its contribution to our understanding of crime.
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