BIOLOGY MODULE 2012 LEARNING AREA : TRANSPORT Activity 1 :The circulatory system in humans and animals 1 The circulatory system is divided into a closed circulatory system and an open circulatory system. Humans, fish, amphibians and birds have a closed circulatory system, while insects have an open circulatory system. Unlike fish which have a single circulatory system, amphibians, birds and humans have a double circulatory system. The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels and the heart. Blood is made up of blood cells and plasma. Blood cells consist of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Plasma consists of water, plasma proteins, nutrients, metabolic waste, hormones and antibodies. Blood vessels are divided into three types; arteries, veins and capillaries. The heart is the organ that pumps blood, which carries all the vital materials that
Transcript
BIOLOGY MODULE 2012
LEARNING AREA : TRANSPORT
Activity 1 :The circulatory system in humans and animals
Transfer the information from the text above into the graphic organizer below.
Circulatory system
Fish
Open
Double circulatory system
consists of
example
example
Human Birds
Heart Blood vessel
consists of
Plasma
made up of
consists of
Red blood cell
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The circulatory system is divided into a closed circulatory system and an open circulatory system. Humans, fish, amphibians and birds have a closed circulatory system, while insects have an open circulatory system. Unlike fish which have a single circulatory system, amphibians, birds and humans have a double circulatory system.
The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels and the heart. Blood is made up of blood cells and plasma. Blood cells consist of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Plasma consists of water, plasma proteins, nutrients, metabolic waste, hormones and antibodies.
Blood vessels are divided into three types; arteries, veins and capillaries.The heart is the organ that pumps blood, which carries all the vital materials that help
the body function and waste products that the body does not need.
Activity 2 : The cellular components of the blood and their functions
Write the correct cell due to its function.
Cellular component Function
Contains haemoglobin to carry oxygen and carbon
dioxide
Leucocytes
(white blood
cell)
Granular
Phagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and
dead cells
Releases enzyme that combat inflammation in
allergic reactions.
Kills parasitic worms.
Combats inflammation in allergic reactions.
Agranular
Produces the immune response against foreign
substances.
Phagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and
dead cells
Involved in the process of blood clotting.
Activity 3 : Blood vessels
Comparison between arteries, capillaries and veins. Fill in the box with correct answer.
Blood vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins
Function
Allow rapid gaseous
exchange, nutrients, waste
and hormones between the
blood and cells
Carry deoxygenated
blood (except for the
pulmonary vein)
towards the heart
The thickness of
the wallThinnest (one-cell thick)
Valves
No valves, except semi-
lunar valves in the aorta
and pulmonary artery
The size of
lumenSmall Large
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Activity 4 : The Human Heart
Complete the label of the structure of the human heart.
Activity 5 : The flow of blood in the heart
Fill in the blanks.
1. Vena cava carry d_________ __ blood right a__________ through
t______________ valve right v_____________ through s ______________
valves p_______________ arteries lungs.
2. Oxygenated blood from the lungs is carried by p_______________ veins left
a____________ through b_____________ valve left v______________
through s________________ valves aorta.
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The heart consists of four chambers: left and right atria, and left and right ventricles.The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. The bicuspid valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle. These valves prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria when the ventricles contract. Semi-lunar (mitral) valves are present at the base of the aorta and the pulmonary artery to prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricles.
The wall of left ventricleChorda tendinae
Pulmonary veinSuperior vena cava
Right atrium
Left atrium
Septum
Activity 6 : The pumping of the heart
Match the figure with the correct sequence of contraction of the heart muscles which results in
the pumping of the heart :
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2. The electrical impulses spread rapidly over the walls of both atria, causing the atria to contract simultaneously. The contraction of the atria helps push blood into the ventricles.
1. The SA node as the pacemaker generates electrical impulses.
3. The electrical impulses spread to the ventricles causing them to contact and push blood out to the lungs and body.
4. The electrical impulses reach the AV node. Bundle of His fibres, bundle branches and Purkinje fibres conduct the impulses to the apex of the heart
Activity 7 : The circulatory systems in insects, fish, amphibians and humans
Complete the table below to show the differences between the circulatory systems of insects,
fish, amphibians and humans.
Organisms Insects Fish Amphibians Humans
Type of circulatory systemOpen Closed
- Single Double
Separation of oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood- - Incomplete
Number of chambers in
the heart
(A single
blood vessel
forms the
heart)
Four
Activity 8 : The Mechanism of Blood Clotting
Complete the schematic diagram below.
Activity
9 : The Lymphatic System
A Tick ( ) if the statement
is true, cross ( X ) if the statement is
wrong.
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Damaged blood vessels
Agglutination of platelets
stimulates
T___________
T____________
Prothrombin
Liver
secretes
Ca+
F___________ (soluble protein)
F________(insoluble protein)
Blood clotting
Vitamin K
1. Lymph flows into the lymph nodes to filter out bacteria, foreign particles and
dead leucocytes. ( )
2. Interstitial fluid is the fluid that fills up the space between cells. ( )
3. Interstitial fluid and lymph are different because they arise from different source. ( )
6. Thoracic duct connects with the circulatory system at the left subclavian vein. ( )
7. Exchange of materials occurs between the body cells and interstitial fluid. ( )
8. Interstitial fluid is formed due to high pressure in the body cells. ( )
9. Fatty acids and glycerol are transported by lacteal into the right lymphatic duct
to be returned to the circulatory system. ( )
10. Interstitial fluid that fails to return to the circulatory system can cause oedema. ( )
B Fill in the blanks the correct word to explain the concepts and facts regarding the
lymphatic system.
1. The flow of lymph in the lymphatic vessels is aided by the contraction of s___________
m_____________ around it.
2. Interstitial fluid is returned to the circulatory system in two ways :
(a) by diffusing back into the t d and the r ________
l d___________
(b) through the c_______________ into the circulatory system.
Activity 10 : The Body’s Defence Mechanism
Complete the schematic diagram below.
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Activity 11 : The mechanisms used by antibodies to destroy things
Match each mechanism with the explanation on the right boxes.
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Lymphatic system
Defence mechanism
is involved in
S_________________________
First line of defence
T________________________
is divided into
consists of
Phagocytic white blood cell
Lymphocyte
S_______ M________m__________
consists of
consists of
Antibodies can clamp pathogens together. The clumping makes the pathogens easy targets for phagocytes to capture and destroy.
Opsonins are antibodies that bind with antigens to act as markers so that phagocytes can recognize the antigens and destroy them.An antibody can neutralize the toxins produced by bacteria by binding to the toxin. This prevents the toxin from attaching to cells and causing damage.
Lysins are antibodies that bind to antigens and cause the antigens to rupture or disintegrate
Activity 12 : Immunity
The schematic diagram below shows the various types of immunity. Complete the diagram.
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Types of immunity
Active immunity Passive immunity
Artificially acquiredNaturally acquired
T____________Antibodies are required from the
mother
Artificially acquiredNaturally acquired
- A v _________ stimulates the body to produce antibodies.
- The body has acquired immunity through vaccination.
- A_____________ are produced in response to the antigens.
- The person is immune after he has been infected by it.
- Permanent immunity
- A serum which contains antibodies or a____________ can be injected from the donors.
- Temporary immunity
- A foetus receives maternal antibodies through p_______.
- Babies acquire the immunity through breastfeeding.
- Temporary immunity
H____________, d____ _, p______
C__________p___
is divide into
example
characteristics
Activity 13 : The Transport of Organic Substances and Water in Plants
A. Complete the schematic diagram below.
Sample questions.
1. Figure 1 shows the human circulatory system.
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PLANTS
Xylem P______
Transport of w_______ and m____________
from roots to leaves
T____________
C________ and a_________ in the xylem
Transpiration pullRoot pressure
Transport of o________ s________
through translocation
due to
divided into types of transport
function in
via three mechanisms
Figure 1
(a) Name circulations P and Q. Describe each circulation.
( i ) P : ________________________________________________________________
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