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1Module 11
Configuring and Testing Your Network
2Objectives Roles of Router and Router Components Boot-up process Cisco IOS and Configuration file Cisco IOS modes Basic configuring router Examination Commands Managing file Recovery password
3Roles of a Router and Router components
4Roles of a Router
A router connects multiple networks. This means that it has multiple interfaces that each belong to a different IP network.
Each network that a router connects to typically requires a separate interface. These interfaces are used to connect a combination of both Local Area Networks (LANs) and Wide Area Networks (WANs)
5 The primary responsibility of a router is to direct packets destined for local and remote networks by:
Determining the best path to send packets Forwarding packets toward their destination
The interface that the router uses to forward the packet may be the network of the final destination of the packet (the network with the destination IP address of this packet), or it may be a network connected to another router that is used to reach the destination network.
Roles of a Router
6What is a Router?
CPU
RAM
Flash
NVRAM
BUS
ROM
Interfaces
7Router Components - CPU Router Components - CPU
8Router Components - RAM
Stores
Routers active configuration (running-config)
Routing tables
ARP cache
Fast-switching cache
Packet buffering (shared RAM)
Packet hold queues
Content is lost when power down or restart
9Router Components - Flash Erasable, re-programmable ROM. Holds the operating system image Cisco IOS. The router normally acquires the default IOS from
flash. Allows you to update software without removing and
replacing chips on the processor. Content remains when you power down or restart. Multiple versions of IOS software can be stored in
Flash memory.
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Router Components - NVRAM Nonvolatile random-access memory (NVRAM)
Store the startup configuration.
Content remains when you power down or restart
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Router Components - ROM Read-Only Memory (ROM) is used for permanently
storing startup diagnostic code (ROM Monitor).
Main tasks for ROM are hardware diagnostics during router bootup and loading the Cisco IOS software from flash to RAM.
ROMs are not erasable. They can only be upgraded by replacing the ROM chips in the sockets.
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Router Components - Interfaces
The interfaces are the router connections to the outside.
Three types of interfaces: LANs interfaces
WANs interfaces
Management ports (Console and Auxiliary)
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Internal Components of a 2600 Router
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Access Method to Cisco DevicesAccessing the Cisco IOS on a Device
There are several ways to access the CLI environment. The most usual methods are: Console Telnet or SSH AUX port
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Console port
Is also preferred over the auxiliary port for troubleshooting. It is used to set up the initial configuration of a router and to monitor it. Displays router startup, debugging, and error messages by default. Can also be used when the networking services have not been started or have
failed. Can be used for disaster and password recovery procedures.
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Console Port Connections
A rollover cable and an RJ-45 to DB-9 adapter are used to connect a PC to the console port.
Cisco supplies the necessary adapter to connect to the console port. The PC or terminal must support VT100 terminal emulation. Terminal emulation software such as HyperTerminal is usually used
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Connecting Console Interfaces To connect the PC to a router:
1. Configure terminal emulation software on the PC for: The appropriate com port 9600 baud 8 data bits No parity 1 stop bit No flow control
2. Connect the RJ-45 connector of the rollover cable to the router console port.
3. Connect the other end of the rollover cable to the RJ-45 to DB-9 adapter.
4. Attach the female DB-9 adapter to a PC.
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Connecting Console Interfaces
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Connecting Router LAN interfaces
LAN interfaces allow the router to connect to the Local Area Network media. This is usually some form of Ethernet. It could be some other LAN technology such as Token Ring or Asynchronous
Transfer Mode (ATM). The router is a host that communicates with the LAN via a hub or a switch:
use straight-through cable The router is connected directly to the computer or to another router: a
crossover cable is required.
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Connecting WAN Interfaces
Wide Area Network connections provide connections through a service provider to a distant site or to the Internet
With some types of WAN interfaces, an external device such as a CSU is required to connect the router to the local connection of the service provider.
With other types of WAN connections, the router may be directly connected to the service provider.
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WAN Interfaces
Synch: Serial DB-60, WIC
Asynchronous: DB-68 with octal cable, RJ-45.
T1, E1: DB-15, RJ-45 with CSU/DSU built-in.
ISDN: BRI: RJ-45 , PRI: same as T1, E1 interface.
POTS: RJ-45 with Modem build-in.
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Boot-up process
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Router Boot-up Process
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Router Boot-up Process
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Router Boot-up Process
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Examining the initial router bootup
The user has the option to enter setup mode. Purpose of the setup mode is to permit to install a
minimal configuration for a router, unable to locate a configuration from another source.
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Initial startup of Cisco routers
During the setup process, Ctrl-C can be pressed at any time to terminate the process.
no
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Router Boot-up ProcessVerifying Router Bootup Process
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Cisco IOS andConfiguration File
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IOS File System Overview
Routers and switches depend on software for their operation. The two types of software required are operating systems and
configuration. The operating system used in almost all Cisco devices is the Cisco
Internetwork Operating System (IOS). The software a router or switch uses is referred to as the configuration
file or the config, running-config and startup-config.
IOS (running)running-config startup-config IOS ios
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Cisco IOS
The IOS operational details vary on different internetworking devices, depending on the device's purpose and feature set.
The IOS image file itself is several megabytes in size and is stored in a semi-permanent memory area called flash.
The services provided by the Cisco IOS are generally accessed using a command line interface (CLI).
The Cisco IOS provides devices with the following network services: Basic routing and
switching functions Reliable and secure
access to networked resources
Network scalability
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IOS Naming Conventions
Examples of feature-set categories are: Basic A basic feature set for the hardware platform, for example IP and IP/FW Plus A basic feature set plus additional features such as IP Plus, IP/FW Plus, and
Enterprise Plus Encryption The addition of the 56-bit data encryption feature sets, such as Plus 56, to
either a basic or plus feature set. Examples include IP/ATM PLUS IPSEC 56 or Enterprise Plus 56. From Cisco IOS Release 12.2 onwards, the encryption designators are k8/k9:
k8 Less than or equal to 64-bit encryption in IOS version 12.2 and up k9 Greater than 64-bit encryption (on 12.2 and up)
A relocatable image is copied from flash into RAM to run. A non-relocatable image is run directly from flash.
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Configuration Files
Configuration Files
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Cisco IOS Mode
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Cisco IOS Modes
IOS Primary Modes
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IOS Configuration ModesIOS Configuration Modes
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Logging into the router
User EXEC mode Typical tasks include those that check the router status. In this mode, router configuration changes are not allowed.
Privileged EXEC mode Typical tasks include those that change the router configuration.
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IOS Command Structure
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Help in the router CLI
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Help in the router CLI
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Command Syntax Check
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CLI Hot Keys
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Editing and History Functions
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Router Command History
terminal history size: maximum number of commands is 256
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Basic ConfigurationUsing Cisco IOS
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Enter Global Configuration mode
Router#configure terminal Router(config)#
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Configuring a router name
A router should be given a unique name as one of the first configuration tasks.
This task is accomplished in Global Configuration Mode.
Router#config tRouter(config)#hostname TokyoTokyo(config)#
Mistake
Should be
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Configuring Router Passwords
Not recommended, clear text
Router(config)#enable secret Use this command instead, password is encryped
Encrypts the passwords above, but
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exitend
Using exit, end and Control-Z
Login Banners
A login banner is a message that is displayed at login and is useful for conveying messages that affect all network users.
A login banner should be a warning not to attempt login unless authorized.
Configuring Message-Of-The-Day (MOTD)
Host Name Resolution
Host name resolution is the process that a computer system uses to associate a host name with an IP address
Host names, unlike DNS names, are significant only on the router on which they are configured.
Router# ping 172.16.32.1Router# ping AucklandRouter# telnet 192.168.53.1Router# telnet Beirut Router# traceroute 192.168.89.1Router# traceroute Capetown
Host Name Resolution
Router(config)# ip domain-lookupRouter#vdc3Translating vdc3"...domain server (255.255.255.255) (Takes a few seconds) Translating vdc3"...domain server (255.255.255.255) (Takes a few seconds) Router(config)# no ip domain-lookupRouter#wreh Translating wreh"% Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer address
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Configuring Router Interfaces
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Configuring an Ethernet Interface
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Configuring a Serial Interface
PPP, HDLC, Frame relay
Real
LabDCE cable
DTE cable
DTE Cable DCE Cable
Configuring a Serial Interface
On serial links that are directly interconnected, as in a lab environment, one side must be considered a DCE and provide a clocking signal.
The clock is enabled and speed is specified with the clock rate command. How can you tell which end is the DTE and which end is the DCE?
Look at the label on the cable. Look at the connecter between the two cables - The DTE cable will
always be male and the DCE cable will always be female. Use the show controllers command!
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Router Interface Description
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Examination Command
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IOS Examination Commands
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IOS Examination CommandsExample of IOS Output
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IOS Examination Commands
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IOS Examination Commands
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IOS Examination Commands
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IOS Examination Commands
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Managing Cisco File
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Saving running to NVRAM
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Export file running to a .txt file
When using Windows, the TFTP server software must be running.
The copy can be performed from the console port or from a telnet session.
The telnet session can be performed on the same computer where the TFTP server is running (or to a different computer).
Router# copy flash tftp
Backup IOS with TFTP Server
Copying Configuration file to TFTP Server
A TFTP server will allow image and configuration uploads and downloads over the network.
The TFTP server can be another router, or it can be a host system.
Troubleshooting: Be sure you can ping the TFTP server.
Copying Configuration file to TFTP Server
Just double click on the shortcut Remember, TFTP is Trivial FTP:
No authentication No login No choice for directory Uses UDP and verified via a TFTP checksum (not TCP ACKs)
Cisco TFTP Server.lnk
TFTP Software and Servers
RAMIOS (running)running-config startup-
configIOS
copy startup-config tftpcopy tftp startup-config
copy running-config tftpcopy tftp running-config
copy flash tftpcopy tftp flash
Copying, Editing, and Pasting Configurations
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Password Recorvery
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Password Recovery(1)
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Password Recovery(2)
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Password Recovery(3)
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Good luck with this module!