Installation Restoration Site 28

In Situ Biotic/Abiotic Treatability Study

Valerie Harris, U.S. NavyDan Leigh, Shaw E&I, Inc.

Restoration Advisory Board Meeting May 12 2011May 12, 2011

Former Naval Air Station Moffett Field, Moffett Field, California

Site Location

2

Pilot Test Areas and Regional Plume

Traffic Island

Well W9-18

Fmr Bld 88

3

Hypothesized Reaction Pathways

Biotic AbioticPCE PCE

TCE TCE Dichloroacetylene

Cis 1,2‐DCE   Trans 1,2‐DCE

VCChloroacetylene

1,1‐DCE,  trans 1,2‐DCE, cis1,2‐DCE

VC

Ethene

VC

Ethene Acetylene

Ethane

Ethene

Ethane C4

Hydrogenolysis

β‐eliminationα‐elimination

HydrogenationC4 compounds

Indicators of Degradation Pathway

Abiotic PathwayBiotic Pathway

• Chloroacetylene• Dichloroacetylene

yBiotic Pathway

• Primarily cis 1,2‐DCE• Chloroacetylene

• Acetylene• 1,1‐DCE

• Stoichiometric Conversion

,• Low TCE, DCE, VC / ethene ratio

6

IR Site 28 Treatability Study

Purpose of Treatability Study (TS)

Determine if in situ anaerobic biotic or combined abiotic/biotic treatment can remediate the chlorinated ethenes (CEs) at IR Site 28ethenes (CEs) at IR Site 28

Treatability Study Method

Conduct separate pilot tests in three areasConduct separate pilot tests in three areasFormer Building 88 Area

Traffic Island AreaTraffic Island Area

Well W9-18 Area

Stage 1: Hot Spot CharacterizationStage 1: Hot Spot Characterization

Stage 2: Treatment Pilot Tests

IR Site 28 TS Implementation

Field Activities (July and August 2010 )Field Activities (July and August 2010 )

Observation Well Network Installation

Baseline Groundwater Monitoring Event

Substrate Preparation Substrate Preparation

Substrate Injection

P t I j ti P f M it i Post-Injection Performance Monitoring

Pilot Tests in Three Areas

In Situ Anaerobic Biostimulation with BioaugmentationProcessProcess

Traffic Island Area

Emulsified Vegetable Oil [LactOil™] & SDC-9™

Building 88 Area S di L [Wil l ®] & D hl i i Mi bi lSodium Lactate [Wilclear®] & Dechlorinating Microbial Consortium [SDC-9™]

In Situ Anaerobic Biotic/Abiotic Degradation ProcessIn Situ Anaerobic Biotic/Abiotic Degradation Process

Well W9-18 Area

Z l t i ith t ll d l b [EHC®]Zero-valent iron with controlled-release carbon [EHC®]

Emulsified Oil & SDC-9™Emulsified Oil & SDC 9

EHC®

Lactate & SDC-9™

Observation Well Network &Observation Well Network & Injection Grid Layout

Injection Layout – Traffic Island Area

10 to 55 ft bgs interval

15 injection pointsj p

20 injection intervals(65 to 10 feet bgs)

28,000 gallons of WATSwater

3,190 gallons Lactoil

115 liters SDC-9115 liters SDC 9

Injection Layout – Traffic Island Area

55 to 65 ft bgs interval

Injection Layout – Former Bldg 88 Area

10 injection points

10 injection intervals(60 to 35 feet bgs)(60 to 35 feet bgs)

865 lbs lactate

55 lbs lactic acid

8,000 gallons of WATSwater

35 liters SDC-9

Injection Layout – Well W9-18 Area

4 injection points

8 injection intervals(30 to 10 Feet bgs)

8,000 lbs EHC

2,500 gallons hydrant water

Implementation Observations

S b I j iSubstrate Injection:

•EHC difficult to inject and distribute in low permeability j p yunits.

•Lactate and EVO easier to inject and distribute•Lactate and EVO easier to inject and distribute.

•Substrates not distributed uniformly due to heterogeneous t f b fnature of subsurface.

Pre and Post-Injection Monitoring

• 6 events: Baseline sampling - completed

August 2010 - completed

early November 2010 - completed

late January 2011 - completed

mid April 2011 – waiting for analytical results

late June 2011

•All 24 b ti ll 3 it i ll•All 24 observation wells + 3 monitoring wells

•Analytical parameters VOCs, Biogeochemical Indicators, Organic Substrate Indicators, Physical, and Biological

Geochemical Indicator Parameter Summary

T A R lTreatment Area Results

• pH and ORP are within appropriate range• pH and ORP are within appropriate range.

• Alkalinity and TOC increased indicating substrate was distributedwas distributed.

• Changes in electron acceptor (EA) and expressed product (EP) concentrations indicate conditionsproduct (EP) concentrations indicate conditions are appropriate.

17

Results for Traffic Island Area

18

Traffic Island Area - Total Chlorinated Ethenes, µg/L

GW flow direction

8724,1091,759

751469476

18,2453,614311

1932,9504,62336,125

VOCs & Dissolved Gasses Traffic Island

PCE TCE T t l DCE

Graph 20a 28OW-05 (Treatment Area; 12 to 17 ft bgs)

Mass ConcentrationPCE TCE Total DCE

500

600

700

800

3,0003,5004,0004,5005,000

Ace

tyle

ne (µ

g/L)

, VC

(µg/

L)

VC Ethene Ethane

100

200

300

400

5001,0001,5002,0002,500

Ethe

ne, E

than

e, A

PCE,

TC

E, D

CE,

0 0 0 1 1 1Acetylene00

500

0 50 100 150 200Days (Day 0 = August 16, 2010)

Graph 21a Graph 22a

250

300

350

1,400

1,600

1,800le

ne (µ

g/L)

µg/L

)

28OW-06 (Treatment Area; 24 to 29 ft bgs)Mass Concentration

708090100

6,000

7,000

8,000

ene

(µg/

L)

µg/L

)

p28OW-07 (Treatment Area; 40 to 50 ft bgs)

Mass Concentration

100

150

200

250

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

ne, E

than

e, A

cety

l

E, T

CE,

DC

E, V

C (µ

3040506070

2 000

3,000

4,000

5,000

ne, E

than

e, A

cety

l

E, T

CE,

DC

E, V

C (µ

200

50

0

200

400

0 50 100 150 200

Ethe

n

PCE

Days (Day 0 = August 16, 2010)

01020

0

1,000

2,000

0 50 100 150 200

Ethe

n

PCE

Days (Day 0 = August 16, 2010)

VOCs & Dissolved Gasses Traffic Island700

8004,5005,000

µg/L

)

Graph 23a28OW-08 (Treatment Area; 55 to 65 ft bgs)

Mass Concentration

PCE

Island

400

500

600

700

2 0002,5003,0003,5004,000

ane,

Ace

tyle

ne (µ

DC

E, V

C (µ

g/L)

TCE0

100

200

300

0500

1,0001,5002,000

Ethe

ne, E

tha

PCE,

TC

E,

Total DCE0 50 100 150 200

Days (Day 0 = August 16, 2010)

Graph 27a28OW-12 (Treatment Area; 55 to 65 ft bgs)

Mass ConcentrationVC

Ethene3500400045005000

35,00040,00045,00050,000

tyle

ne (µ

g/L)

C (µ

g/L)

Mass Concentration

Ethene

Ethane10001500200025003000

10 00015,00020,00025,00030,000

ne, E

than

e, A

cet

CE,

TC

E, D

CE,

VC

21

0 1 1

Acetylene05001000

05,000

10,000

0 50 100 150 200

Ethe

n

PC

Days (Day 0 = August 16, 2010)

VOCs & Dissolved Gasses Traffic IslandGraph 16a

28OW-01 (Downgradient; 12 to 17 ft bgs)Mass Concentration

Graph 18a 28OW-03 (Downgradient; 40 to 50 ft bgs)

Mass Concentration

PCE

15

20

25

400

500

600

700

cety

lene

(µg/

L)

E, V

C (

µg/L

)

Mass Concentration

200

250

300

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

Ace

tyle

ne (µ

g/L)

, VC

(µg/

L)

Mass ConcentrationTCE

Total DCE

VC

0

5

10

0

100

200

300

Ethe

ne, E

than

e, A

PCE,

TC

E, D

CE

0

50

100

150

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

Ethe

ne, E

than

e,

PCE,

TC

E, D

CE

Ethene

Ethane00

0 50 100 150 200Days (Day 0 = August 16, 2010)

Graph 17a 28OW-02 (Downgradient; 24 to 29 ft bgs)

000 50 100 150 200

Days (Day 0 = August 16, 2010)

Graph 19a28OW-04 (Downgradient; 55 to 65 ft bgs)

Acetylene

200

250

1 200

1,400

1,600

1,800en

e (µ

g/L)

C (µ

g/L)

28OW-02 (Downgradient; 24 to 29 ft bgs)Mass Concentration

100

120

140

20 000

25,000

30,000

tyle

ne (µ

g/L)

(µg/

L)

28OW 04 (Downgradient; 55 to 65 ft bgs)Mass Concentration

50

100

150

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

ne, E

than

e, A

cety

le

CE,

TC

E, D

CE,

VC

40

60

80

5 000

10,000

15,000

20,000

hene

, Eth

ane,

Ace

t

CE,

TC

E, D

CE,

VC

22

00

200

0 50 100 150 200

Ethe

nPC

Days (Day 0 = August 16, 2010)

0

20

0

5,000

0 50 100 150 200

EthPC

Days (Day 0 = August 16, 2010)

Molar Fraction of Ethenes in Traffic IslandArea

Week 12Day 0 Week 1 Week 24y

bgs

Scre

ened

12

to 1

7 ft

bgs

28O

W-0

5 PCE

TCE

Day 0

28O

W-0

1ne

d 12

to 1

7 ft

bgs

Week 24Week 1 Week 12

28O

W-0

6Sc

reen

ed 2

4 to

29

ft b

07 0 ft

bgs

nt

Are

a

c-DCE

t-DCE

eene

d 24

to 2

9 ft

bgs

2Sc

reen

28O

W-0

2

adie

nt

28O

W-0

Scre

ened

40

to 5

0

W-0

8to

65

ft b

gs

Trea

tmen 1,1-DCE

VC

Scr

28O

W-0

3Sc

reen

ed 4

0 to

50

ft b

gs

Dow

ngr

a

28O

WSc

reen

ed 5

5 t

OW

-12

d 55

to 6

5 ft

bgs

Ethene

Ethane 28O

W-0

4Sc

reen

ed 5

5 to

65

ft b

gsS

23

28O

Scre

ened Acetylene

Molar Fraction of Ethenes in Traffic IslandArea

09 ft b

gs

PCE

TCE

29 ft

bgs

W-1

028

OW

-0Sc

reen

ed 1

2 to

17

dien

t

adie

nt

W9-

29cr

eene

d 7

to 1

7 ft

bgs

c-DCE

t-DCE

Scre

ened

24

to

28O

WO

W-1

1to

50

ft b

gsUpg

rad

Cro

ss g

raW

9-42

Scre

ened

29

to 3

9 ft

bgs

S

1,1-DCE

VC

28O

Scre

ened

40

Ethene

Ethane

24

Acetylene

Building 88 Area

• Pretty picture please

25

Bldg 88 Area - Total Chlorinated Ethenes, µg/L

GW flow direction

27 279 3 002 3 04927,279 3,002 3,049

4,306 3,764 4,521

VOCs & Dissolved Gasses Building 88 AreaGraph 62a

28OW-19 (Downgradient; 35 to 40 ft bgs)Mass Concentration

Graph 64a28OW-21 (Treatment Area; 35 to 40 ft bgs)

Mass Concentration

PCE

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

cety

lene

(µg/

L)

E, V

C (

µg/L

)

400

500

600

700

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

Ace

tyle

ne (µ

g/L)

E, V

C (µ

g/L)

TCE

Total DCE

VC

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

Ethe

ne, E

than

e, A

c

PCE,

TC

E, D

CE

0

100

200

300

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

Ethe

ne, E

than

e, A

PCE,

TC

E, D

C

Ethene

Ethane

Graph 65a 28OW-22 (Treatment Area; 52 to 62 ft bgs)

M C t ti

000 50 100 150 200

Days (Day 0 = August 2, 2010)

Graph 63a28OW-20 (Downgradient; 52 to 62 ft bgs)

000 50 100 150 200

Days (Day 0 = August 2, 2010) Acetylene

0.8

1

1.2

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

etyl

ene

(µg/

L)

n (µ

g/L)

Mass Concentration

2.5

3

3.5

3,5004,0004,5005,000

ylen

e (µ

g/L)

C (µ

g/L)

Mass Concentration

0.2

0.4

0.6

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

hene

, Eth

ane,

Ace

Con

cent

ratio

0 5

1

1.5

2

1,0001,5002,0002,5003,000

ene,

Eth

ane,

Ace

ty

CE,

TC

E, D

CE,

VC

27

00

500

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Eth

Days (Day 0 = August 2, 2010)

0

0.5

0500

0 50 100 150 200

EtheP

Days (Day 0 = August 2, 2010)

Molar Fraction of Ethenes in Former Bldg 88 Areabg

s

Day 0 Week 1 Week 14 Week 26

PCE

,

gs

28O

W-2

1Sc

reen

ed 3

5 to

40

ft

men

tA

rea

PCE

TCE

DCE

VC

Ethene

28O

W-2

2Sc

reen

ed 5

2 to

62

ft b

Trea

tm c-DCE

t-DCE

Ethane

Acetylene

OW

-19

5 to

40

ft b

gs

nt -2

340

ft b

gs

1,1-DCE

W-2

0o

62 ft

bgs

28O

Scre

ened

3

wn

grad

ien

pgra

dien

t-2

462

ft b

gs

28O

WSc

reen

ed 3

5 to

4

28

28O

WSc

reen

ed 5

2 to

Dow U

p28

OW

Scre

ened

52

to 6

Well W9‐18 Area

29

Well W9-18 Area - Total Chlorinated Ethenes, µg/L

GW flow direction

3,158 6,375 3,049

2,381 2,727 7,816

30

VOCs & Dissolved Gasses W9-18 AreaGraph 102a

28OW-15 (Treatment Area; 13 to 18 ft bgs)Mass Concentration

PCE TCE Total DCE

2

2.5

3

3.5

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

cety

lene

(µg/

L)

VC (µ

g/L)

Mass Concentration

VC Ethene Ethane

0.5

1

1.5

2

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

Ethe

ne, E

than

e, A

c

PCE,

TC

E, D

CE,

V

0 0 0 1 1 1Acetylene

Graph 106a

00

1,000

0 50 100 150 200

E

Days (Day 0 = August 24, 2010)

Graph 103a

140

160

180

6,000

7,000

8,000

ene

(µg/

L)

g/L)

Graph 106aW9-18 (Treatment Area; 14 to 24 ft bgs)

Mass Concentration

5

6

7

2 500

3,000

3,500en

e (µ

g/L)

g/L)

Graph 103a28OW-16 (Treatment Area; 22 to 32 ft bgs)

Mass Concentration

40

60

80

100

120

2 000

3,000

4,000

5,000

,

e, E

than

e, A

cety

le

, TC

E, D

CE,

VC

(µ

2

3

4

5

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

e, E

than

e, A

cety

le

TC

E, D

CE,

VC

(µ

310

20

40

0

1,000

2,000

0 50 100 150 200

Ethe

ne

PCE,

Days (Day 0 = August 24, 2010)

0

1

0

500

0 50 100 150 200

Ethe

ne

PCE,

Days (Day 0 = August 24, 2010)

Graph 100a28OW-13 (Downgradient; 13 to 18 ft bgs)

Mass Concentration

VOCs & Dissolved Gasses W9-18 Area

400

500

600

2,500

3,000

3,500

tyle

ne (µ

g/L)

C (

µg/L

)

Mass Concentration PCE TCE Total DCE

100

200

300

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

ene,

Eth

ane,

Ace

t

PCE,

TC

E, D

CE,

VC

VC Ethene Ethane

000 50 100 150 200

EtheP

Days (Day 0 = August 24, 2010)

Graph 101a

0 0 0 1 1 1Acetylene

20

25

6,000

7,000

8,000en

e (µ

g/L)

g/L)

28OW-14 (Downgradient; 22 to 32 ft bgs)Mass Concentration

10

15

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

e, E

than

e, A

cety

l

TCE,

DC

E, V

C (µ

320

5

0

1,000

2,000

0 50 100 150 200

Ethe

n

PCE,

Days (Day 0 = August 24, 2010)

Well W9-18 Areabg

s

Day 0 Week 1 Week 11 Week 22

PCE

,

nt

Are

a 28O

W-1

5Sc

reen

ed 1

3 to

18

ft b

6 ft b

gs

PCE

TCE

DCE

VC

Ethene

Trea

tmen

18 o 24

ft b

gs

28O

W-1

Scre

ened

22

to 3

2 c-DCE

t-DCE

Ethane

Acetylene

W9-

1Sc

reen

ed 1

4 to

gs 7 bgs

1,1-DCE

ngr

adie

nt

28O

W-1

3Sc

reen

ed 1

3 to

18

ft b

g

4 ft b

gs grad

ien

t

28O

W-1

7Sc

reen

ed 3

5 to

40

ft

18 2 ft

bgs

3333

Dow

n

28O

W-1

4Sc

reen

ed 2

2 to

32

f

Up

28O

W-

Scre

ened

52

to 6

2

Analytical Results Summary

• Some intrinsic abiotic degradation was occurring prior to substrate injection

DHC (“b ”) i i• DHC (“bugs”) present in some areas prior to bioaugmentation

• Complete dechlorination to ethene observed in some• Complete dechlorination to ethene observed in some wells

• Degradation not observed in some treatment area wellsDegradation not observed in some treatment area wells

• Hydrogeology substantially affects substrate distribution and therefore degradation

34

Analytical Results Summary (cont.)

• Lactate rapidly enhances degradation but is not• Lactate rapidly enhances degradation, but is not persistent

• Emulsified oils with lactate rapidly enhances degradation• Emulsified oils with lactate rapidly enhances degradation and lasts longer

• EHC is effective at the high concentration that was• EHC is effective at the high concentration that was injected

• Injecting substrate and bioaugmentation culture• Injecting substrate and bioaugmentation culture simultaneously is effective

35

Questions?

36