99 Structure and Bonding
Editorial Board: A.J. Bard" I.G. Dance-P. Day" J.A. Ibers- T.
Kunitake T.J. Meyer" D.M.P. Mingos" H.W. Roesky J.-P. Sauvage" A.
Simon" F. Wudl
Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London
Milan Paris Singapore Tokyo
Molecular Machines and Motors
Volume Editor: J.-p. Sauvage
With contributions by V. Amendola, R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A.
Credi, L. Fabbrizzi, M.T. Gandolfi, J.K. Gimzewski, M.
G6mez-Kaifer, C. Joachim, A.E. Kaifer, E. Katz, T.R. Kelly, J. Liu,
C. Mangano, P. Pallavicini, A.R. Pease, L. Raehm, M. Sano, J.-P.
Sauvage, J.P. Sestelo, A.N. Shipway, J.-F. Stoddart, M. Venturi, I.
Willner
~ Springer
The series Structure and Bonding publishes critical reviews on
topics of research concerned with chemical structure and bonding.
The scope of the series spans the entire Periodic Table. It focuses
attention on new and developing areas of modern structural and
theoretical chemistry such as nanostructures, molecular
electronics, designed molecular solids, surfaces, metal clusters
and supramolecular structures. Physical and spectroscopic
techniques used to determine, examine and model structures fall
within the purview of Structure and Bonding to the extent that the
focus is on the scientific results obtained and not on specialist
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are also relevant.
As a rule, contributions are specially commissioned. The editors
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suggestions and supplementary information. Papers are accepted for
Structure and Bonding in English.
In references Structure and Bonding is abbreviated Struct Bond and
is cited as a journal.
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Volume Editor
P r o f e s s o r J e a n - P i e r r e S a u v a g e
Universit6 Louis Pas teur Facult6 de Chimie Laboratoire de Chimie
Organo-Min&ale 4, Rue Blaise Pascal F-67070 St rasbourg Cedex,
France E-mail:
[email protected]
Editorial Board
Prof. AUen I. Bard Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
University of Texas 24th Street and Speedway Austin, Texas 78712,
USA B-mail:
[email protected]
Prof. Peter Day, FRS Director and Fullerian Professor of Chemistry
The Royal Institution of Great Britain 21 Albemarle Street London
WIX 4BS, UK E-mail:
[email protected]
Prof. Toyohi Kunitake Faculty of Engineering: Department of Organic
Synthesis Kyushu University Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku Fukuoka
812, lapan E-maih
[email protected]
Prof. D. Michael P. Mingos Principal St. Edmund Hall Oxford OX1
4AR, UK E-mail:
[email protected]
Prof. Jean-Pierre Sauvage Facult~ de Chimie Laboratoires de Chimie
Organo-Min~rale Universit~ Louis Pasteur 4, rue Blaise Pascal 67070
Strasbourg Cedex, France E-mail:
[email protected]
Prof. Fred Wudl Department of Chemistry University of California
LosAngeles, CA 90024-1569, USA E-mail:
[email protected]
Prof. Ian G. Dance Department of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry
School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW 2052,
Australia E-mail:
[email protected]
Prof. lames A. Ibers Department of Chemistry North Western
University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
E-mail:
[email protected]
Prof. Thomas J. Meyer Department of Chemistry University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill Venable and Kenan Laboratory CB 3290 Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA E-maik
[email protected]
Prof. Herbert W. Roesky Institut fiir Anorganische Chemie der
Universit~it GBttingen Tammannstrafle 4 D-37077 GBttingen, Germany
E-mail:
[email protected]
Prof. Arndt Simon Max-Planck-Institut fiir Festktrperforschung
Heisenbergstrat~e 1 70569 Stuttgart, Germany E-mail:
[email protected]
Preface
The field of molecules in motion, for which movements and shape
changes are triggered and controlled from outside, has been
indisputably one of the most rapidly developing areas of the last
decade.
Clearly, molecular chemists in general are able to elaborate more
and more complex species, as beautifully demonstrated by the
synthesis of amazingly complicated natural products. For instance,
the total synthesis of compounds such as taxol and brevetoxin B
represents a formidable tour de force, as does that of many other
recent examples. However, most of the time, once the compound has
been made, the target has been reached.
The synthesis of molecules for which given functions are to be
expected and explored once sufficient amounts of the compounds are
available, requires the interaction of several fields. The
multidisciplinary aspect, involving various methodologies from
synthesis to electro- and photochemistry, from surface science to
spectroscopy and magnetic properties, allows the design and
elaboration of molecular objects displaying new functions. Amongst
the new functions that chemists want to introduce into their
systems, motion is particularly important. In addition, a
geometrical change will generally be accompanied by a modification
of one or more properties (colour, lumines- cence, catalytic
properties, etc...) which could be used as a testimony to the
motion and also be of practical interest for future
applications.
The machine-like molecular assemblies available today, in large
part from the outstanding contributions of the groups whose work is
collected in this volume, are nevertheless still primitive,
sometimes slow to move and may also lack complete reversibility.
However, new and important concepts have been proposed which
introduce a new dimension to molecular sciences. For the future, an
important step will be to transpose what has been performed on
large collections of molecules in solution to ordered 2D- and
3D-arrays and single molecules on a surface.
The first three chapters of the present volume are focused on
rotary motors. The first contribution discusses the possibility of
elaborating single-molecule rotary machines, while the other two
chapters deal with purely organic molecules or transition metal
complexes in solution. Of particular note in the second chapter is
the introduction by the authors of the important concept of
directionality in rotary machines at the molecular level. Chapters
4 and 5 discuss recent examples of molecular systems in motion,
based on transition
VIII Preface
metal complexes. Two important notions are introduced: associating
a light emission signal with a motion and performing molecular
hysteresis by electrochemical reactions. In the sixth chapter, the
authors use, in particular, rotaxanes to discuss in-depth practical
problems which could be associated with single-molecule devices and
possible ways circumventing them. Chapter 7 is related to molecular
machines which are set into motion using a photoinduced redox
process. The authors of this chapter made an important contribution
to popularising the term "molecular machine" at an early stage.
Chapter 8 describes some work done by the author's group in the
field of logic gates. It also discusses recent literature reports
in connection with futuristic "molecular computers". Finally, the
ninth and last chapter is related to potential information storage
and processing devices, either in solution or on surfaces. It will
provide the reader with a detailed discussion of possible future
applications.
Strasbourg, March 2001 Jean-Pierre Sauvage
Contents
Single Molecular Rotor at the Nanoscale C. Joachim, J.K. Gimzewski
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Rotary Motion in Single-Molecule Machines T.R. Kelly, J.P. Sestelo
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
Molecular Machines and Motors Based on Transition Metal-containing
Catenanes and Rotaxanes L. Raehm, J.-P. Sauvage . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Molecular Movements and Translocations Controlled by Transition
Metals and Signaled by Light Emission V. Amendola, L. Fabbrizzi, C.
Mangano, P. Pallavicini . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Molecular Hysteresis by Linkage Isomerizat ions Induced by
Electrochemical Processes M. Sano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Switchable Molecular Devices: From Rotaxanes to Nanopar t ides J.
Liu, M. G6mez-Kaifer, A.E. Kaifer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
Molecular-Level Artificial Machines Based on Photoinduced
Electron-Transfer Processes R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi,
M.T. Gandolfi, M. Venturi . . . . . . .
Computing at the Molecular Level A.R. Pease, J.F. Stoddart . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Molecular Memory and Processing Devices in Solution and on Surfaces
A.N. Shipway, E. Katz, I. Willner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
Author Index Volumes 1-99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
Part h Organic Assemblies
The Utilization of Persistent H-Bonding Motifs in the Self-Assembly
of Supramolecular Architectures M.J. Krische, J.-M. Lehn
Controlling Hydrogen Bonding: From Molecular Recognition to
Organogelation R.E. Mel6ndez, A.J. Carr, B.R. Linton, A.D.
Hamilton
Heteroaromatic Modules for Self-Assembly Using Multiple Hydrogen
Bonds S.C. Zimmerman, P.S. Corbin
Hydrogen-Bonded Liquid Crystals: Molecular Self-Assembly for
Dynamically Functional Materials T. Kato
Part Ih Inorganic Assemblies
Molecular Paneling Through Metal-Directed Self-Assembly M.
Fujita
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