Molecules of Life ( Biology )

7/28/2019 Molecules of Life ( Biology )

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Chapter 2


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Atom vs Elements

Atoms vs Ions vs Molecules

Electrons vs Neutrons vs Protons

Electrical Charge:Cation vs Anion vs Electrically neutral


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Atomic Number vs Atomic (Mass) Number

Isotopes vs Radioisotopes

Radioisotope Tracers and Decay

(12C6) : 6 electrons and 6 protons; 6neutrons(14C

6) (14N

7)

decay: 1 n 0 1 e - + 1 p+

(14N7) : 7 electrons and 7 protons; 7

neutrons


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Uptake of tracer in the lymph nodes involved with

lymphoma in the groin, both axilla, and neck (red areas)


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Intramolecular Chemical bondIonic Bond


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Intramolecular Chemical bondIonic BondCovalent Bond

, Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Compound vs Molecule


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1 1

molecular hydrogen (H 2)

Covalent BondsBondingelectrons

Nonbondingelectrons

p. 24

8 8

molecular oxygen (O 2)


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Polar vs Nonpolar molecules

Result: Partially positive and partiallynegative regions within the molecule


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Bond Type Electronegativity Difference

Nonpolar Covalent 0.4 or less

Polar Covalent Greater than 0.4 to 1.5

Polar Covalent Between 1.5 and 2.0(between nonmetals)

IonicBetween 1.5 and 2.0

(metal and nonmetal)

Ionic Greater than 2.0


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1) Ion Dipole Bond


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1) Ion Dipole Bond2) Hydrogen Bond

+ hydrogen (molecule 1) - - F,O,N,Cl (molecule 2)


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Attraction that forms between a partially

positive hydrogen atom and another atom(partially negative atom) in a separate orsame molecule


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Depiction of hydrogen bonding among the water molecules.


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Diagrams of hydrogen bonding involving selected simple molecules.


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23


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Universal solvent Universal solvent Universal solvent Universal solvent Solute andSolute andSolute andSolute and Solvent Solvent Solvent Solvent HydrophilicHydrophilicHydrophilicHydrophilic and Hydrophobicand Hydrophobicand Hydrophobicand Hydrophobic


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Universal solvent Universal solvent Universal solvent Universal solvent Solute and Solvent Solute and Solvent Solute and Solvent Solute and Solvent Hydrophilic and HydrophobicHydrophilic and HydrophobicHydrophilic and HydrophobicHydrophilic and Hydrophobic

o es ono es ono es ono es on an es onan es onan es onan es on((((surface tension)surface tension)surface tension)surface tension)


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Fig. 2-7c, p. 26


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Universal solvent Universal solvent Universal solvent Universal solvent Solute and Solvent Solute and Solvent Solute and Solvent Solute and Solvent Hydrophilic and HydrophobicHydrophilic and HydrophobicHydrophilic and HydrophobicHydrophilic and Hydrophobic

o es ono es ono es ono es on an es on sur acean es on sur acean es on su r acean es on sur acetension)tension)tension)tension) CapillarityCapillarityCapillarityCapillarity


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*Emulsifiers*Emulsifiers*Emulsifiers*Emulsifiers/ /// Emulsifying agentsEmulsifying agentsEmulsifying agentsEmulsifying agents

*Stabilizers*Stabilizers*Stabilizers*Stabilizers*Mayonnaise*Mayonnaise*Mayonnaise*Mayonnaise


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Universal solvent Universal solvent Universal solvent Universal solvent Solute and Solvent Solute and Solvent Solute and Solvent Solute and Solvent

Hydrophilic and HydrophobicHydrophilic and HydrophobicHydrophilic and HydrophobicHydrophilic and Hydrophobic

Cohesion and Adhesion (surface tension)Cohesion and Adhesion (surface tension)Cohesion and Adhesion (surface tension)Cohesion and Adhesion (surface tension)

Temperature stabilityTemperature stabilityTemperature stabilityTemperature stability(High(High(High(High specificspecificspecificspecific heat)heat)heat)heat)

Fever statesFever statesFever statesFever states


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pHpHpHpHA measure of the number of hydrogen ionsA measure of the number of hydrogen ionsA measure of the number of hydrogen ionsA measure of the number of hydrogen ions(H(H(H(H++++) in a solution) in a solution) in a solution) in a solutionThe more hydrogen ions, the lower the pHThe more hydrogen ions, the lower the pHThe more hydrogen ions, the lower the pHThe more hydrogen ions, the lower the pH

Pure water has neutral pH (pH=7)Pure water has neutral pH (pH=7)Pure water has neutral pH (pH=7)Pure water has neutral pH (pH=7)Number of HNumber of HNumber of HNumber of H ++++ ions = OHions = OHions = OHions = OH ---- ionsionsionsions

Acid and BasesAcid and BasesAcid and BasesAcid and Bases


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HHHH++++ + HCO+ HCO+ HCO+ HCO 3333 ---- HHHH2222COCOCOCO 3333 COCOCOCO 2222 + H+ H+ H+ H 2222OOOO

Acidosis and AlkalosisAcidosis and AlkalosisAcidosis and AlkalosisAcidosis and Alkalosis

Respiratory Acidosis and AlkalosisRespiratory Acidosis and AlkalosisRespiratory Acidosis and AlkalosisRespiratory Acidosis and AlkalosisMetabolic Acidosis and AlkalosisMetabolic Acidosis and AlkalosisMetabolic Acidosis and AlkalosisMetabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis


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The molecules of life:The molecules of life:The molecules of life:The molecules of life:

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydratesProteinsProteinsProteinsProteinsLi idsLi idsLi idsLi ids

Nucleic acidsNucleic acidsNucleic acidsNucleic acids

MonomersMonomersMonomersMonomers vsvsvsvs PolymersPolymersPolymersPolymersCondensationCondensationCondensationCondensation vs vsvsvs HydrolysisHydrolysisHydrolysisHydrolysis


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Unit of StructureUnit of StructureUnit of StructureUnit of Structure :::: MonosaccharidesMonosaccharidesMonosaccharidesMonosaccharidesFunctionFunctionFunctionFunction ::::

Source of energySource of energySource of energySource of energyStructural material (e.g. cell membraneStructural material (e.g. cell membraneStructural material (e.g. cell membraneStructural material (e.g. cell membrane

Functional unitsFunctional unitsFunctional unitsFunctional units ::::MonosaccharideMonosaccharideMonosaccharideMonosaccharide glucose, fructose,glucose, fructose,glucose, fructose,glucose, fructose, galactosegalactosegalactosegalactose, ,,,ribose,ribose,ribose,ribose, deoxyribosedeoxyribosedeoxyribosedeoxyriboseDisaccharidesDisaccharidesDisaccharidesDisaccharides sucrose, lactose, maltosesucrose, lactose, maltosesucrose, lactose, maltosesucrose, lactose, maltoseOligosaccharidesOligosaccharidesOligosaccharidesOligosaccharides

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharidesPolysaccharidesPolysaccharides


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OH HO OH HOOH HO


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Fig. 2-13a, p. 31

P l h idP l h idP l h idP l h id A lA lA lA l


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PolysaccharidePolysaccharidePolysaccharidePolysaccharide - --- AmyloseAmyloseAmyloseAmylose

Fig. 2-13b, p. 31

P l h idP l h idP l h idP l h id GlGlGlGl


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PolysaccharidePolysaccharidePolysaccharidePolysaccharide - --- GlycogenGlycogenGlycogenGlycogen

Fig. 2-13c, p. 31


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1)1)1)1)TriacylglycerolsTriacylglycerolsTriacylglycerolsTriacylglycerols yield 2.5 times moreyield 2.5 times moreyield 2.5 times moreyield 2.5 times moreenergy than glycogenenergy than glycogenenergy than glycogenenergy than glycogen. ...

2) Stored without water thus less bulk2) Stored without water thus less bulk2) Stored without water thus less bulk2) Stored without water thus less bulkan we g as compare o g ycogenan we g as compare o g ycogenan we g as compare o g ycogenan we g as compare o g ycogenwhich binds water double its weight which binds water double its weight which binds water double its weight which binds water double its weight. ...

3) Stored glycogen sustains 24 hours3) Stored glycogen sustains 24 hours3) Stored glycogen sustains 24 hours3) Stored glycogen sustains 24 hours fasting while stored lipids will provide fasting while stored lipids will provide fasting while stored lipids will provide fasting while stored lipids will provideenergy for several weeks.energy for several weeks.energy for several weeks.energy for several weeks.


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Saturated, unsaturated,Saturated, unsaturated,Saturated, unsaturated,Saturated, unsaturated, cis cis cis cis , and, and, and, and trans trans trans trans fatty acids fatty acids fatty acids fatty acids


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Triglycerides: 3 fatty acids attached toa glycerol molecule

Fats more saturated than unsaturatedfatty acidsOils more unsaturated than saturatedfatty acids


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Composition:Composition:Composition:Composition:GlycerolGlycerolGlycerolGlycerol2 fatty acids2 fatty acids2 fatty acids2 fatty acidsPhosphoric acidPhosphoric acidPhosphoric acidPhosphoric acid

Amino alcoholsAmino alcoholsAmino alcoholsAmino alcohols(e.g.(e.g.(e.g.(e.g. cholinecholinecholinecholine) )))


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Function: Fat emulsification / detergent Function: Fat emulsification / detergent Function: Fat emulsification / detergent Function: Fat emulsification / detergent (surfactant)(surfactant)(surfactant)(surfactant)


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Sphingophospholipid Sphingoglycolipid(Glycosphingolipids)


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Plant Waxes


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PREEN OR

WAX GLANDS


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Interconversion of Lipoproteins


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Arteries thicken,Arteries thicken,Arteries thicken,Arteries thicken,

lose elasticity, andlose elasticity, andlose elasticity, andlose elasticity, and fill up with fill up with fill up with fill up withc o es ero , o erc o es ero , o erc o es ero , o erc o es ero , o erlipids, dead WBC,lipids, dead WBC,lipids, dead WBC,lipids, dead WBC,platelets and Caplatelets and Caplatelets and Caplatelets and Ca

High LDL increasesHigh LDL increasesHigh LDL increasesHigh LDL increasesriskriskriskrisk


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SmokingSmokingSmokingSmokingGenetic factorsGenetic factorsGenetic factorsGenetic factorsHigh cholesterolHigh cholesterolHigh cholesterolHigh cholesterolObesit Obesit Obesit Obesit Lack of exerciseLack of exerciseLack of exerciseLack of exerciseDiabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitusGender (maleness)Gender (maleness)Gender (maleness)Gender (maleness)Old ageOld ageOld ageOld age


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Unit of Structure:Unit of Structure:Unit of Structure:Unit of Structure: Amino AcidsAmino AcidsAmino AcidsAmino Acids


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Unit of Structure:Unit of Structure:Unit of Structure:Unit of Structure: Amino Acids

Peptide bondPeptide bondPeptide bondPeptide bond vs vsvsvs PolypeptidePolypeptidePolypeptidePolypeptide


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Primary Qua


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Secondary

te

rna

Tertiary

r

y


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an atom


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an atom

Fig. 2-2a, p. 21

---- KERATINKERATINKERATINKERATIN


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Unit of Structure:Unit of Structure:Unit of Structure:Unit of Structure: Amino AcidsAmino AcidsAmino AcidsAmino Acids


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Peptide bondPeptide bondPeptide bondPeptide bond vs vsvsvs PolypeptidePolypeptidePolypeptidePolypeptide

Structure:Structure:Structure:Structure:Conformation:Conformation:Conformation:Conformation: Primary structurePrimary structurePrimary structurePrimary structure

Secondary structureSecondary structureSecondary structureSecondary structure Tertiary structureTertiary structureTertiary structureTertiary structure Quaternary structureQuaternary structureQuaternary structureQuaternary structure

StructureStructureStructureStructure Function relationshipFunction relationshipFunction relationshipFunction relationship

ProteinProteinProteinProtein denaturationdenaturationdenaturationdenaturation loss of loss of loss of loss of proteinproteinproteinprotein activity.activity.activity.activity.


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pppp y yyy


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Alzheimer'sAlzheimer'sAlzheimer'sAlzheimer's diseasediseasediseasedisease - insoluble deposits in thebrain of peptides called amyloid-beta (A )


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p p y ( )derived from a mutant version their proteinprecursor.

ScrapieScra ieScra ieScra pie sheep

BovineBovineBovineBovine spongiform encephalopathyspongiform encephalopathyspongiform encephalopathyspongiform encephalopathy (BSE BSEBSEBSE) -"mad cow" disease

Creutzfeldt Creutzfeldt Creutzfeldt Creutzfeldt- ---JakobJakobJakobJakob diseasediseasediseasedisease (CJDCJDCJDCJD) humanversion


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Fig. 2-20a, p. 37

phosphategroup

adenine(A)

guanine(G)

NUCLEOTIDES IN DNANUCLEOTIDES IN DNANUCLEOTIDES IN DNANUCLEOTIDES IN DNA


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sugar (ribose)

(A)

thymine(T)

cytosine(C)


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Fig. 2-20b, p. 37

1)1)1)1) PrePrePrePre----lecture assignment of Chapter 3lecture assignment of Chapter 3lecture assignment of Chapter 3lecture assignment of Chapter 3(Cell Structure)(Cell Structure)(Cell Structure)(Cell Structure) next meeting after


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(Cell Structure)(Cell Structure)(Cell Structure)(Cell Structure) next meeting afterend of Chapter 2.

2)2)2)2) Post Post Post Post- ---Lecture Quiz on Chapters 2Lecture Quiz on Chapters 2Lecture Quiz on Chapters 2Lecture Quiz on Chapters 2

3)3)3)3) Long QuizLong QuizLong QuizLong Quiz (Chapters 1 & 2)(Chapters 1 & 2)(Chapters 1 & 2)(Chapters 1 & 2) afterpost-lecture quiz of Chapter 2. ...

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Molecules of Life ( Biology )

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