Molly N.N. Lee Email: mlmollylee@gmail Globalizing Practices in Asi… · Mega Universities 14 A...

Molly N.N. Lee

Email: [email protected]

1APHERP Leadership Institute 2018

OUTLINEEffects of globalization on HE

l. From elite to mass HE

ll. Marketization of HE

lll. Practice of corporate managerialism

lV. Spread of CBHE

Vl. Re-emphasis on university social responsibility


HE and Society

HE

Social development

Economic growth

Political participation

Cultural transformation


Society and HE

4

Economic development

Social development

HE

Cultural development

APHERP Leadership Institute 2018

University Reforms

5

Global influences

National responses

HE


Impact of Globalization on HE Economic globalization

Global rationalization


Economic Globalization Knowledge-based economy

Universities as sources of human resources, technology and innovations

HE is central to national competitiveness in the global economy

Universities shaped by demands of the labour market and changing economy

“Economic Determinism Hypothesis”


Global Rationalization System of world culture

Similarities of educational reforms

Restructuring of HE is a worldwide phenomenon

Common trends of the restructuring process


Hybridization

Homogenization

Particularization

HYBRIDIZATION



Tertiary Gross Enrolment Ratio

Source: UNESCO-UIS (2009), Global Education Digest 2009

Tertiary Gross Enrolment Ratio by Region, 1970 to 2007

APHERP Leadership Institute 2018 11

Gross Enrolment Ratio in the world

< - 40

40 - 70

> - 70

No data available

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2009Note: Data displayed if for the latest available year


Gross Enrolment Ratios (%) in

Higher EducationCountry 1975 1985 1995 2005 2013/14

Korea, Rep. of 10 34 52 91 95 Australia 24 28 72 72 87Japan 25 29 41 54 62Thailand 4 20 20 42 53Philippines 18 38 30 28 36Malaysia 3 6 11 30 30Indonesia 2 7 11 17 31Vietnam n.a. n.a. 4 16 30China n.a. 2 5 19 39India 9 9 7 11 24Cambodia n.a. n.a. 2 3 16


Mega Universities

14

A “Mega University “ is a university with a

minimum of 100,000 actively enrolled

students

When the term was coined in 1995 by

John Daniel, 11 such institutions

Today, there are almost 50 worldwide, some with well over 1,000,000 students


Access and Equity



Commercialization of HE

o Corporatization of universities: Australia, Malaysia, Japan, Singapore

o Autonomous universities: Indonesia, Thailand

o People-founded universities: China, Vietnam

o Expansion of private higher education


Common Features of Corporatization

❑University heads as CEOs

❑Increased power of central administration

❑Pressure to generate revenues

❑Pressure for more internal and external quality control

❑Delinking from the civil service


Expansion of Private Higher Education

19

Share of Enrolment in Private Higher Education

PhilippinesSouth Korea

JapanIndonesia



Bureaucratization

Greater size and complexity of higher education institutions

Bureaucratization and standardization

Corporate managerialism and entrepreneurship

Greater concerns over quality, efficiency, productivity and accountability

Autonomy-accountability trade-off

Quality assurance mechanisms


Corporate Culture Vision and mission statements

Strategic planning

Total quality management

ISO certification

Right sizing

Benchmarking




The Definition of CBHE

Source: COL/UNESCO (2006), Higher Education Crossing Borders25

• The movement of people, knowledge, programmes, providers, and curriculum across national or regional jurisdictional borders

Cross-border education

• The process of integrating an international, intercultural, and global dimension into the purpose, functions (teaching, research, service) and delivery of higher education

Internationalization of higher education


0 0 0 0

26


Student Mobility


27


Student Mobility


Students flow in Asia-Pacific region

• Flowing out more than flowing in

• Leading destination: Australia, UK and USA

• Largest outflow: China (421K) – India (153K) – Korea (105K)

• Regional Providers: Australia and Japan

Students flow in China-Japan-Korea from 1997 to 2007

28

Source: Kazuo Kuroda (2010)

Student Mobility


Sub-regional Student Exchange Programmes

29

Student Mobility

AIMS mobility program

• Malaysia-Indonesia-Thailand-Japan

CAMPUS Asia Project

• Collective Action for the Mobility Program of University Students, China-Japan-Korea

UMAP

• For the Asia-Pacific region


Programme MobilityFranchise

An arrangement whereby a provider in the source country A authorizes a provider in country B to deliver their course/programme/service in country B or other countries.

Qualification is awarded by provider in country A

Examples: London external degree, Stanford MBA in Singapore

Twinning

A situation where a provider in source country A collaborates with a provider located in country B to develop an articulation system that allows student to take course credits in county B/and or A.

Only one qualification is awarded by provider in country A.

Examples: 2+1 and 3+0 progs in Malaysia; 2+2 progs in S. Korea


31

Programme Mobility

Double or joint degree

• An arrangement where providers in different countries collaborate to offer a programme for which a student receives a qualification from each provider, or a joint award from the collaborating partners

• Many MBA degrees in private universities in Malaysia

E-learning or distance

• Arrangements where providers deliver courses /programmeto students in different countries through distance and online modes

• “U21 Global” by Universitas 21


Nottingham University,

Ningbo, China

CBHE that works!


33

University of Nottingham –

Malaysia CampusAPHERP Leadership Institute 2018


Social Responsibilities of HE

“Faced with the complexity of current and future global challenges, institutions of higher education have the social responsibility to advance our understanding of multifaceted issues, which involve social, economic, scientific and cultural dimensions and our ability to respond to them. To do so, institutions must increase their interdisciplinary focus and promote innovative thinking which contributes to the advancement of sustainable development, peace, well being and development, and the realization of human rights, including gender equity.”

UNESCO WCHE (2009)


Forms of USR Third Mission

Community-Service Learning

University – Community Engagement

University – Industry Linkages

University as Intellectual Centres


University Reforms• Institutional change

• Programatic change


Institutional Initiatives• Policy environment, resource allocation,

personnel recruitment, role model

• Environmental sustainability

• Examples: green buildings, green campus, healthy campus


Sustainability in curricula• Post-graduate programmes

• ESD-related courses for undergraduates

• Embedded ESD curricula

• Compulsory ESD courses

• Sustainability literate graduates


Concluding Remarks 2 concurrent but opposing trends

➢Homogenization

➢Particularization

HYBRIDIZATION - local variations


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Molly N.N. Lee Email: mlmollylee@gmail Globalizing Practices in Asi… · Mega Universities 14 A...

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