MOLOTOV AND SOVIET GOVERNMENT

Molotov and Soviet Government Sovnarkorn,1930-41

Derek Watson Honorary Research Fellow, Centre for Russian and East European StuGies

University of Birmingham

~ Palgrave Macmillan

in association with the CENTRE FOR RUSSIAN AND

EAST EUROPEAN STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM

MOLOTOV AND SOVIET GOVERNMENT

Copyright © 1996 by Derek Watson Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. For information, address:

St. Martin's Press, Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010

First published in the United States of America in 1996

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Watson, Derek. · Molotov and Soviet government : Sovnarkom, 1930-41 I Derek Watson. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index.

I. Soviet Union. Soviet narodnykh komissarov-History. 2. Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich, 1890- . 3. Soviet Union­-Politics and govemment-1917-1936. 4. Soviet Union-Politics and govemment-1936-1953. I. Title. JN6542.W37 1996 328.47'07-dc20 95-39112

CIP

ISBN 978-1-349-24850-6 ISBN 978-1-349-24848-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-24848-3

ISBN 978-0-312-15866-8

ISBN 978-0-312-15866-8 (cloth)

For Ruth

Contents List of Tables xi Preface and Acknowledgements xii Glossary of Russian Terms and Abbreviations Used in the Text xiv

Introduction: Government and Party before the Molotov Era 1

Sovnarkom in the Rykov Era 14 A. The Union Sovnarkom 14

Structure and Composition 14 Responsibilities and Powers 19 Republican Representation 20 Non-voting Membership and the Sovnarkom Apparatus 21 STO 22

B. Rykov and Sovnarkom, 1924-30 24 Rykov as Sovnarkom Chair, 1924-27 24 The Struggle with the Right and the Decline of Rykov,

1928-30 27

2 The Making of Molotov's Sovnarkom 35 A. The Restructuring of Sovnarkom and the Fall of Rykov 35 B. The Rise of Molotov 41

Molotov's Early Career 41 The Appointment of Molotov 43

C. Molotov's Sovnarkom in 1930 45 STO, Komispol and the Chancellery 45 Sovnarkom, the Politburo, the Central Committee

and Stalin's Secretariat 48 The Size and Authority of the Commissariats and

the Location of Government Offices 51

3 Sovnarkom at Work 54 Frequency of Meetings 54 Attendance at Meetings 57 Nature of Business 62 Cycle of Business 68 Workload 69

1931-35 69 1936-41 74

Vll

viii Contents

4 The Institutional Development of Sovnarkom 1930-34 76 A. Changes in Structure 1930-33 76

The Abolition of the Preparatory Commission and Changes in Gosplan and the Statistical Apparatus 77

The Division of NarkomPut' and the Creation of Narkom VodTrans 79

Changes in Industrial Organisation 82 Communications 87 The Division of NarkomZem and the Establishment

of NarkomSovkhoz 88 The Abolition of NarkomTrud 92

B. The XVII Party Congress - the Abolition of Rabkrin, Komlspol and the Kollegii 95 The End of Komispol and the Decline and Abolition

of Rabkrin 96 The Abolition of the Kollegii 100

c. Changes in Structure 1934-35 104 The Creation of NarkomOboron 104 The Secret Police and the Creation of the Union

NKVD 108 Internal Trade and the Food Industry 116

Appendix - Sovnarkom Committees 119

5 The Institutional Development of Sovnarkom 1935-41 120 A. Sovnarkom and the 1936 Constitution 121

Powers and Composition 121 The Commissariats 124 The New Commissariats of Health and Justice 126 Defence Industry 129 The Navy 131

B. The Abolition of STO, the Creation of the Defence Council and EkonSov 131

c. Developments in the Comissariats 1937-41 136 The Restoration of the Kollegii, Heavy Industry and

Defence Industry 136 Other Sectors 139

D. Conclusion 141

6 Sovnarkom and Politics 1931-36 142 A. Molotov's Early Years 1931-33 142

Transport 143 Dissent and Repression 144

Contents 1x

Agriculture, Famine and Economic Crisis 147 B. The XVII Congress and After 1934-36 150

The XVII Congress 150 The Vice-chairmanship and the Death of Kuibyshev 154 Transport 155 Stakhanovism 156 Culture 158 Sovnarkom in 1936 159

7 Sovnarkom and Politics 1936-41 160 A. Sovnarkom and the Politics of Repression, 1936-38 160

Molotov in 1936 160 The Kamenev-Zinoviev Trial 162 The NKVD 163 The Beginnings of the Purge in the Economic

Commissariats 163 NarkomTP 164 The January 1937 Pyatakov Trial 165 The February-March 1937 Central Committee Plenum 165 The Purge in 1937 167 The Purge in 1938 170 The Trial of the Rights and Trotskyites 171 Bringing the Terror under Control 172

B. Sovnarkom and the Politics of High Stalinism 1939-41 17 4 The XVII/ Party Congress 1939 176 Molotov becomes Head of NarkomlnDel 180 The Sovnarkom Vice-chairmanship 181 The Position of the Commissars during the Era of

High Stalinism 182 The XVII/ Party Conference 1941 184 The Coming of War 186

Conclusion 188

Appendix- Diagrams of Sovnarkom's Changes in Structure, 1924-41 194

Notes and References 196 Bibliography 240

1. Unpublished Archives 240 A. Russian Archives 240 B. US Government Archives 240 C. Other Archives 240

X Contents

2. Newspapers and Journals 3. Russian Language Sources 4. Sources in English and other Languages

A. Books and Articles B. Theses and Other Unpublished Material

Index of Names Index of Subjects

240 241 248 248 256 258 262

List of Tables 2.1 Number of employees of union commissariats on

1 October 1929 52 3.1 Meetings of Sovnarkom, the Politburo, Orgburo and

Central Committee Secretariat, 1930-41 55 3.2 Numbers of Sovnarkom decrees promulgated annually

1931-40 56 3.3 Attendance at Sovnarkom meetings, October-December

1930 58 3.4 Sovnarkom meetings and attendance of members 1931 59 3.5 TsSU analysis of Sovnarkom business July 1923-0ctober

1924 63 3.6 Classification of Sovnarkom's business 1931-32 64

a) from plans of work August 1931-June 1932 b) actual business for the last quarter of 1931

3.7 Classification of Sovnarkom' s business for the first quarter of 1933 65

3.8 Classification of Sovnarkom's business for 1935 65 3.9 Classification of Sovnarkom's business for 1937 67 3.10 Classification of Sovnarkom's business for 1939 67 3.11 Classification of Sovnarkom's business for 1940 68 5.1 Numbers of Sovnarkom commissariats and committees

1924-38 127 7.1 Commissars and heads of Sovnarkom commissions

replaced and purged, September-December 1937 169

xi

Preface and Acknowledgements

My interest in Sovnarkom was first awakened when, during a period of sabbatical leave in the early 1980s, I began to research the career of oile of Stalin's chief lieutenants, V. M. Molotov. At that time there was little prospect of access to either the personal files of major Soviet politicians, or to key Soviet political institutions of the Stalin era. But the published decrees and press reports of meetings of the Council of People's Commissars encouraged me to research Soviet government in more depth. The difficulty of writing Soviet biography, particularly of disgraced politicians - there were then no cards even for Molotov's collected speeches in the Lenin Library catalogue - clinched my deci­sion to write about the institution before I wrote about the man.

This study is focused on the evolution of Sovnarkom and its politi­cal history when Molotov was chairman: a period which spans Stalin's economic revolution, the Great Terror and the approach of the Great Patriotic War. The early chapters discuss the position of the institution in the closing years of the chairmanship of Molotov's predecessor Rykov, his decline and replacement by Molotov. Chapter 3 provides a detailed examination of the way in which the institution operated. The follow­ing chapters are concerned with institutional history, charting the growth in number and the changes in the commissariats and standing commis­sions, the components of Sovnarkom. Chapters 6 and 7 consider Sovnarkom's role in the politics of the 1930s, the decade of collectiv­isation, industrialisation, repression and the era of High Stalinism.

A database of published Sovnarkom decrees, about 4500 in number, was compiled as a working tool for this study. It was also originally intended as a basis for a section of the work on Sovnarkom's legis­lative activity. But the opening of the Sovnarkom fond in the Russian State Archive, making possible access to about 20 000 of Sovnarkom's unpublished and secret decrees for the 1930s, indicated that this ma­terial demands a separate piece of work. This also needs to take into account material which has now become accessible in the Party Ar­chive, confirming that it was the Politburo, Orgburo and Central Com­mittee which usually took the real decisions leading to Sovnarkom legislation.

xii

Preface and Acknowledgements xiii

I am conscious of the debt of gratitude which I have incurred dur­ing the years I have been working on Sovnarkom. I owe a great deal to all the former and present members of CREES, University of Bir­mingham, its Director, Professor Julian Cooper, and scholars from other institutions and countries, particularly Russia, who attend its SIPS sem­inars. CREES has always provided a challenging background against which to work and I am especially grateful to Professor R. W. Davies and Dr. E. A. Rees for their help and encouragement at every stage. They were both kind enough to comment on, and painstakingly cor­rect drafts of the whole book, making numerous useful suggestions. Omissions, shortcomings and errors of fact and opinion remain, of course, solely my responsibility.

I would like to express my thanks to the librarians of a number of libraries who assisted me by providing materials, especially Graham Dix, the present librarian of the Baykov Library CREES, and his pre­decessors; the librarians of the University of Birmingham main library; the Lenin Library, and library of the Institute for the Scientific Study of the Social Sciences, Moscow. Madame V. Somonova, Oleg Danilov and other staff of the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF) made available much invaluable material in the Sovnarkom fond and the Russian Centre for Preservation and Research on Documents of Recent History (RTsKhiDNI) provided access to relevant materials in the Politburo files.

I acknowledge the support of my colleagues in the Faculty of Arts of the former College of St. Paul and St. Mary in the early stages of my work, of the British Academy for a grant for materials and ex­penses in 1985, and more recently for grants to support the compila­tion of the database of Sovnarkom decrees and travel to Moscow to work in the archives. A Nu:ffield Foundation Social Science Research Fellowship made it possible for me to have a sabbatical term in 1986 and I was able to spend a two-month period in Moscow under the auspices of the British Council and a shorter period there through the University of London, SSEES history exchange.

Finally I thank my family for their patience and encouragement over the years; my children, Alistair and Paul, and above all my wife Ruth, without whose understanding and assistance this book would never have been completed.

DEREK WATSON

Glossary of Russian Terms and Abbreviations Used in Text

Byuro Sovnarkoma CHEKA

dekret

duma

edinonachalie EkonSov fabrichno-zavodskoe uchenichestvo GEU

GKO

glavk (pl. glavki)

Gosplan

GPU GUAP

gubemiya GUGB

GULAG

Sovnarkom Bureau ( Chrezvychainaya Komissiya po Bor'be s Kontrrevolyutsiei i Sabotazhem) Extra­ordinary Commission for Struggle with Counter-revolution and Sabotage - the secret/political police (later GPU and OGPU) decree (of a superior level than the post­anovlenie) legislative body of the Russian Empire after the 1905 revolution one-man management (Ekonomicheskii Sovet) Economic Council factory training [schools]

(Glavnoe Ekonomicheskoe Upravlenie) Chief Economic Administration [of VSNKh] (Gosudarstvennyi Komitet Oborony) State Defence Committee (glavnoe upravlenie) chief administration, directorate (Gosudarstvennaya Planovaya Komissiya) State Planning Commission See OGPU (Glavnoe Upravlenie Aviatsionnoi Promy­shlennosti) Chief Administration of the Aviation Industry province ( Glavnoe Upravlenie Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti) Chief Administration of State Security [of the NKVD] (Glavnoe Upravlenie Ispravitel'no-trudo-

XIV

Glossary of Russian Terms and Abbreviations Used in Text xv

GVMU

instruktsiya (pl. instruktsii) ispolkom

khozraschet

khozyaistvennyi sovet (pl. khozyaistvennye sovety)

KK

kolkhoz Kolkhoztsentr

kollegiya (pl. kollegii) KornFizKult

Kornlskusstv

Kornlspol

Komissiya po Tekushchim De lam

vykh Lagerei) Chief Administration of Corrective Labour Camps - responsible for forced labour ( Glavnoe Voenno-mobilizatsionnoe Uprav­lenie) Chief War-mobilisation Adminis­tration [of industry] instruction (ispolnitel'nyi komitet) executive com­mittee (khozyaistvennyi raschet) economic [profit­and-loss] accounting economic council

(Kontrol'naya Komissiya) Control Corn­mission (kollektivnoe khozyaistvo) collective farm (Vserossiskii [from November 1929 Vseso­yuznyi] Soyuz Sel'skokhozyaistvennykh Kollektivov) All Russian [from November 1929 All-Union] Union of Agricultural Collectives. a collegium or college (Vsesoyuznyi Komitet po Delam Fizkultury i Sparta) All-union Committee for Physi­cal Culture and Sport (Vsesoyuznyi Komitet po Delam Iskusstv) All-union Committee for the Arts (Komissiya Ispolneniya) Implementation Commission Current Business Commission

Komissiya Oborony pri SNK Defence Commission of Sovnarkorn Komitet Rezervov Committee for Reserves KornObor (Komitet Oborony) Defence Committee KornPerevoz (Komitet po Perevozkam) Committee for

Freight KomTovFond (Komitet Tovarnykh Fondov i Reguliro­

vaniya Torgovli) Committee for Com­modity Stocks and Regulation of Trade

KomVysshShkol (Vsesoyuznyi Komitet po Delam Vysshei

XVI Glossary of Russian Terms and Abbreviations Used in Text

KomZag

KPK

KPSS

krai kraikom KSK

kulak Malyi Sovet Narodnykh Komissarov militsiya MTS

NarkomA vProm

N arkomBoepripas

NarkomChernMet

NarkomElProm

NarkomElStants

NarkomElStElProm

NarkomFin

Shkoly) All-union Committee for Higher Education (Komitet po Zagotovkam Sel'skokhozya­istvennykh Produktov) Committee for Agri­cultural Procurements. (Komissiya Partiinogo Kontrolya) Com­mission of Party Control (Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza) Communist Party of the Soviet Union province provincial committee (Komissiya Sovetskogo Kontrolya) Com­mission of Soviet Control rich peasant The Little Sovnarkom (The Little Council of People's Commissars) police, militia (Mashinno-traktomaya stantsiya) Machine Tractor Station (Narodnyi Komissariat Aviatsionnoi Pro­myshlennosti) People's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry (Narodnyi Komissariat Boepripasov) People's Commissariat of Munitions (Narodnyi Komissariat Chernoi Metallur­gii) People's Commissariat of Ferrous Metallurgy (Narodnyi Komissariat Elektropromysh­lennosti) People's Commissariat of the Electrical Industry (Narodnyi Komissariat Elektrostantsii) People's Commissariat of Electric Power Stations (Narodnyi Komissariat Elektrostantsii i Elektropromyshlennosti) People's Commis­sariat of Electrical Power Stations and the Electrical Industry (Narodnyi Komissariat Finansov) People's Commissariat of Finance

Glossary of Russian Terms and Abbreviations Used in Text xvii

NarkomGosKon

NarkomlnDel

N arkomKhimProm

NarkomLegProm

NarkomLes

NarkomMash

NarkomMMProm

NarkomMorFlot

NarkomNeftProm

NarkomObMash

N arkomOboron

N arkomOborProm

N arkomPishProm

NarkomProd

NarkomPros

(Narodnyi Komissariat Gosudarstvennogo Kontrolya) People's Commissariat of State Control (Narodnyi Komissariat lnostrannykh Del) People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs (Narodnyi Komissariat Khimicheskoi Promyshlennosti) People's Commissariat of the Chemical Industry. (Narodnyi Komissariat Legkoi Promysh­lennosti) People's Commissariat of Light Industry (Narodnyi Komissariat Lesnoi Promysh­lennosti) People's Commissariat of the Timber Industry (Narodnyi Komissariat Mashinostroeniya) People's Commissariat of Engineering (Narodnyi Komissariat Myasnoi i Moloch­noi Promyshlennosti) People's Commis­sariat of the Meat and Milk Industry. (Narodnyi Komissariat Morskogo Flota) People's Commissariat of Marine Transport (Narodnyi Komissariat Neftyanoi Promysh­lennosti) People's Commissariat of the Oil Industry (Narodnyi Komissariat Obshchego Mashi­nostroeniya) People's Commissariat of General Engineering (Narodnyi Komissariat Oborony) People's Commissariat of Defence (Narodnyi Komissariat Oboronnoi Pro­myshlennosti) People's Commissariat of the Defence Industry (Narodnyi Komissariat Pishchevoi Pro­myshlennosti) People's Commissariat of the Food Industry (Narodnyi Komissariat Prodovol'stviya) People's Commissariat of Food Supplies (Narodnyi Komissariat Prosveshcheniya) People's Commissariat of Education [of the RSFSR]

xviii Glossary of Russian Terms and Abbreviations Used in Text

NarkomPT

NarkomPut'

NarkomRechFlot

NarkomRezProm

NarkomRybProm

NarkomSnab

NarkomSovkhoz

NarkomSredMash

NarkomStank

NarkomStroiMat

NarkomStroi

NarkomSudProm

NarkomSvyaz

NarkomTeksProm

NarkomTMash

(Narodnyi Komissariat Pocht i Telegrafov) People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs (Narodnyi Komissariat Putei Soobshche­niya) People's Commissariat of Ways of Communication [i.e.of transport] (Narodnyi Komissariat Rechnogo Flota) People's Commissariat of River Transport (Narodnyi Komissariat Rezinovoi Pro­myshlennosti) People's Commissariat of the Rubber Industry (Narodnyi Komissariat Rybnoi Promysh­lennosti) People's Commissariat of the Fish Industry (Narodnyi Komissariat Snabzheniya) People's Commissariat of Supply (Narodnyi Komissariat Zernovykh i Zhivot­novodcheskikh Sovkhozov) People's Commis­sariat of Grain and Livestock State Farms (Narodnyi Komissariat Srednego Mashino­stroeniya) People's Commissariat of Me­dium Engineering (Narodnyi Komissariat Stankostroeniya) People's Commissariat of the Machine­Tool Industry (Narodnyi Komissariat Promyshlennosti Stroitel'nykh Materialov) People's Com­missariat of the Building Materials Industry (Narodnyi Komissariat Stroitel'stva) People's Commissariat of Construction (Narodnyi Komissariat Sudostroitel'noi Promyshlennosti) People's Commissariat of Shipbuilding (Narodnyi Komissariat Svyazi) People's Commissariat of Communications (Narodnyi Komissariat Tekstil'noi Pro· myshlennosti) People's Commissariat of the Textile Industry (Narodnyi Komissariat Tyazhelogo Mashi­nostroeniya) People's Commissariat of Heavy Engineering

Glossary of Russian Terms and Abbreviations Used in Text xix

NarkomTopProm

NarkomTorg

NarkomTP

NarkomTrud

NarkomTsBProm

NarkomTsvetMet

Nark om U golProm

NarkomVMD

NarkomVMFlot

Narkom VneshTorg

Narkom VnutTorg

Narkom VodTrans

NarkomVoor

Narkom VVTorg

NarkomYust

NarkomZag

(Narodnyi Komissariat Toplivnoi Promysh­lennosti) People's Commissariat of the Fuel Industry (Narodnyi Komissariat Torgovli) People's Commissariat of Trade (Narodnyi Komissariat· Tyazheloi Promysh­lennosti) People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry (Narodnyi Komissariat Truda) People's Commissariat of Labour (Narodnyi Komissariat Tsellyuloznoi i Bumazhnoi Promyshlennosti) People's Commissariat of the Cellulose and Paper Industry (Narodnyi Komissariat Tsvetnoi Metal­lurgii) People's Commissariat of Non­ferrous Metallurgy (Narodnyi Komissariat Ugol'noi Promysh­lennosti) People's Commissariat of the Coal Industry (Narodnyi Komissariat po Voennym i Morskim Delam) People's Commissariat for War and Naval Affairs. (Narodnyi Komissariat Voenno-morskogo Flota) People's Commissariat of the Navy (Narodnyi Komissariat Vneshnei Torgovli) People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade (Narodnyi Komissariat Vnutrennei Torgovli) People's Commissariat of Internal Trade (Narodnyi Komissariat Vodnogo Trans­porta) People's Commissariat of Water Transport (Narodnyi Komissariat Vooruzheniya) People's Commissariat of Armaments (Narodnyi Komissariat Vneshnei i Vnutrennei Torgovli) People's Commis­sariat of Foreign and Internal Trade. (Narodnyi Komissariat Yustitsii) People's Commissariat of Justice (Narodnyi Komissariat Zagotovok) People's Commissariat of Procurements

xx Glossary of Russian Terms and Abbreviations Used in Text

NarkomZdrav

NarkomZem

NEP

NKRKI (RKI)

NKVD

nomenklatura obnedinenie obkom oblast' OGPU (GPU)

okrug

Old Bolshevik

opros (instr. oprosom)

Orgburo

Orgraspred

osnovnoi zakon osobyi otdel pereulok PEU

ploshchad' politotdel

(Narodnyi Komissariat Zdravookhrane­niya) People's Commissariat of Health (Narodnyi Komissariat Zemledeliya) People's Commissariat of Agriculture. (Novaya ekonomicheskaya politika) New Economic Policy (Narodnyi Komissariat Raboche-Krest'yan­skoi Inspektsii) People's Commissariat of Workers' and Peasants' Inspection. Known also as Rabkrin (Narodnyi Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del) People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs list of appointments controlled by the Party combine or corporation (oblastnoi komitet) regional committee province ( Ob nedinennoe Gosudarstvennoe Politiches­koe Upravlenie) Unified State Political Administration - the secret/political police administrative unit between province/ region and district A member of the Bolshevik party prior to 1917 procedure by which members of a com­mittee were asked, either by telephone or by the circulation of papers, to indicate their approval or disagreement with a decision between meetings (Organizatsionnoe byuro) Organisation committee [of party Central Committee] ( Organizatsionno-raspredelitel'nyi otdel) Organisation-assignment department [of the Central Committee] fundamental law special department side-street, lane or alley. (Planovo-Ekonomicheskoe Upravlenie) Planning and Economic Administration [of VSNKh] Square political department

Glossary of Russian Terms and Abbreviations Used in Text xxi

Podgotovitel'naya Komissiya podzakon (pl. podzakony) polozhenie (pl. polozheniya) postanovlenie (pl. postanovleniya) prikaz (pl. prikazy) Proletkult

protokol (pl. protokoly) pud PUR

Rabkrin rasporyazhenie (pl. rasporyazheniya) Raspredotdel

RevVoenSovet

RKI RKP(b)

RSFSR

rukovodit' ryad sluzhashchie SNK sovkhoz sovnarkhoz

Sovnarkom (SNK)

Preparatory Commission sub law statute decree

order (Proletarskaya Kul'tura [ Organizatsiya Predstavitelei Proletarskogo /skusstva]) Organisation of Representatives of Pro­letarian Education and Culture Record of proceedings or minutes. measure of weight equalling 0.01638 tons (Politicheskoe Upravlenie Revvoensoveta) Political Administration of the Revolution­ary Military Council See NKRKI direction or directive

(Raspredelitel'nyi Otdel) The assignment or personnel allocation department of the Central Committee (Revolyutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet) Revolu­tionary Military Council. Body which acted as a kollegiya for NarkomVMD See NKRKI (Rossiiskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya {Bol'shevikov}) Russian Communist Party {Bolsheviks} (Rossiiskaya Sovetskaya Federativ­naya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika) Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to direct row white collar workers See Sovnarkom (sovetskoe khozyaistvo) [Soviet] state farm (sovet narodnogo khozyaistva) economic council (Sovet Narodnykh Komissarov) Council of People's Commissars

xxii Glossary of Russian Terms and Abbreviations Used in Text

spetsotdel

SR

Stakhanovism/Stakhanov movement

STO

Traktorotsentr

TsiK

TsKK

TsSU

Tsudortrans

TsUGProm

TsUNKhU

ukaz (pl. ukazy) UkSSR

ulitsa upravlenie delami vedat' Voenno-promyshlennaya Komissiya VSNKh (Vesenkha)

(spetsial'nyi otdel) special department, see also osobyi otdel (Sotsialist-revolyutsioner) Socialist Rev­olutionary The drive for higher labour productivity emulating Aleksei Stakhanov who achieved record coal output in a night-shift during August 1935 (Sovet Truda i Oborony) Council of Labour and Defence (Vsesoyuznyi Tsentr Mashinno-Traktomykh Stantsii) All-Union Centre of Machine Tractor Stations (Tsentral'nyi lspolnitel'nyi Komitet) Central Executive Committee [of the Congress of Soviets of the USSR] (Tsentral'naya Kontrol'naya Komissiya) Central Control Commission of the Party (Tsentral'noe Statisticheskoe Upravlenie) The Central Statistical Administration (Tsentral'noe upravlenie shosseinykh i gruntovykh dorog i avtomobil'nogo trans­porta) Central Administration of Road and Automobile Transport (Tsentral'noe Upravlenie Gosudarstvennoi Promyshlennosti) Central Administration of State Industry [of VSNKh] (Tsentral'noe upravlenie narodno-khozyais­tvennogo ucheta SSSR) The Central Ad­ministration of National-economic Records of the USSR edict ( Ukrainskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialistiches­kaya Respublika) The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic street chancellery or administration department to manage Military-industrial Commission

(Vysshii Sovet Narodnogo Khozyaistva)

Glossary of Russian Terms and Abbreviations Used in Text xxiii

VTsiK

VTsSPS

Vypiski [protokolov] zakon (pl. zakony) Zernotrest

ZSFSR

Supreme Council of the National Economy - the body with the status of a commis­sariat responsible for industry (Vserossiiskii Tsentral'nyi Ispolnitel'nyi Komitet) The Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets (Vsesoyuznoi Tsentral'nyi Sovet Profso­yuzov) All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions Notes of draft [minutes] law (Vsesoyuznyi Trest Zemovykh Sovkhozov) All-Union Trust of [New] Grain Sovkhozy (Zakavkazskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Federativnaya Sovetskaya Respublika) The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic