The following 2 questions refer to the excerpt below. “Relations between the United States and England are determined by two basic circumstances. On the one hand, the United States regards England as its greatest potential competitor ; on the other hand, England constitutes a possible ally for the United States. Division of certain regions of the globe into spheres of influence of the United States and England would create the opportunity, of not for preventing competition between them, which is impossible, then at least of reducing it. At the same time, such a division facilitates the achievement of economic and political cooperation between them.... The present policy of the American government with regard to the USSR is also directed at limiting or dislodging the influence of the Soviet Union from neighboring countries. In implementing this policy in former enemy or Allied countries adjacent to the USSR, the United States attempts...to support reactionary forces with the purpose of creating obstacles to the process of democratization of these countries. In so doing, it also attempts to secure positions for the penetration of American capital into their economies. Such a policy is intended to weaken and overthrow the democratic governments in power there, which are friendly toward the USSR, and replace them in the future with new governments that would obediently carry out a policy dictated from the United States.” Nikolai Vasilevich Novikov, Report to Foreign Minister Molotov, Sept. 27, 1946. Which of the following was the most direct consequence of the attitudes expressed in the passage above? a. Revolts developed throughout Eastern Europe in response to Soviet economic policies. b. The United States began to exert a strong economic and military influence in Eastern Europe. c. Europe faced challenges in balancing national sovereignty and membership in economic unions. d. The Soviet Union and the United States began building up their nuclear arsenals.
Transcript
The following 2 questions refer to the excerpt below.
“Relations between the United States and England are determined by two basic circumstances. On the one hand, the United States regards England as its greatest potential competitor; on the other hand, England constitutes a possible ally for the United States. Division of certain regions of the globe into spheres of influence of the United States and England would create the opportunity, of not for preventing competition between them, which is impossible, then at least of reducing it. At the same time, such a division facilitates the achievement of economic and political cooperation between them....
The present policy of the American government with regard to the USSR is also directed at limiting or dislodging the influence of the Soviet Union from neighboring countries. In implementing this policy in former enemy or Allied countries adjacent to the USSR, the United States attempts...to support reactionary forces with the purpose of creating obstacles to the process of democratization of these countries. In so doing, it also attempts to secure positions for the penetration of American capital into their economies. Such a policy is intended to weaken and overthrow the democratic governments in power there, which are friendly toward the USSR, and replace them in the future with new governments that would obediently carry out a policy dictated from the United States.”
Nikolai Vasilevich Novikov, Report to Foreign Minister Molotov, Sept. 27, 1946.
Which of the following was the most direct consequence of the attitudes expressed in the passage above?
a. Revolts developed throughout Eastern Europe in response to Soviet economic policies.b. The United States began to exert a strong economic and military influence in Eastern Europe.c. Europe faced challenges in balancing national sovereignty and membership in economic unions.d. The Soviet Union and the United States began building up their nuclear arsenals.
The ideas expressed in this passage were most likely in response to the development of which of the following?
a. the Marshall Planb. the European Unionc. the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance d. the Warsaw Pact
Questions 29.1–29.3 refer to the following excerpts.
“Soviet leaders are driven…to put forward a dogma which [depicts the] outside world as evil, hostile and menacing…In addition, it has an elaborate and far flung apparatus for exertion of its
influence in other countries…managed by people whose experience and skill in underground methods are presumably without parallel in history.”
—George Kennan, Charge d’Affaires, U.S. Embassy in Moscow, telegram, 1946
“The present policy of the American government with regard to the USSR is…directed at limiting or dislodging the influence of the Soviet Union from neighboring countries…Such a policy is intended to weaken and overthrow the democratic governments in power there, which are friendly toward the USSR, and replace them in the future with new governments that would obediently carry out a policy dictated from the United States.”
—Nikolai Novikov, senior Soviet diplomat in Washington, DC, telegram, 1946
29.1. Based on his concerns, Kennan went on to propose a U.S. policy calledA. blockades.B. containment.C. confrontation.D. reactionism.
Correct Answer: BAP Key Concept: 4.1 IV.DHistorical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationTopic: The Emergence of the Cold WarChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
29.2. Novikov seemed to suggest that the United StatesA. wanted to take control of the Western European states near the USSR.B. was limiting Soviet control of post-World War II China.C. was trying to seize the Ukraine and other democracies in the USSR.D. sought to influence Eastern European countries.
Correct Answer: DAP Key Concept: 4.1 IV.DHistorical Thinking Skill: Appropriate Use of Relevant Historical EvidenceTopic: The Emergence of the Cold WarChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
29.3. Both Kennan and Novikov A. looked at the Iron Curtain as a Soviet move to control her neighbors.B. viewed each other’s state as aggressive.C. were interested in spreading the ideals of Greek democracy and Roman
republicanism.D. believed that the standards of the Warsaw Pact should be defended.
Correct Answer: BAP Key Concept: 4.1 IV.DHistorical Thinking Skill: ComparisonTopic: The Emergence of the Cold WarChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
The following 4 questions refer to the excerpt below.
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe…. All these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere….
The safety of the world…requires a unity in Europe….Surely we should work… within the structure of the United Nations….
In a great number of countries…Communist fifth columns are established and work in…absolute obedience to the directions they receive from the Communist center…. The Communist parties or fifth columns constitute a growing challenge and peril to Christian civilization….
The agreement which was made at Yalta…was extremely favorable to Soviet Russia….But what we have to consider here today while time remains is…the establishment of
conditions of freedom and democracy…in all countries. Our difficulties and dangers…will not be removed by a policy of appeasement.”
The concerns expressed by Churchill in the excerpt above were a response to which of the following historical events?
a. Countries in Eastern Europe came under the military, political, and economic domination of the Soviet Union.b. American and British industrial, scientific, and technological power and the all-out military commitment of the Soviet Union were crucial to the Allied victory in World War II.c. British fears of another war, American isolationism, and deep distrust between democratic states and the Soviet Union allowed fascist states to expand their territories.d. The newly created United Nations fostered international cooperation.
Churchill’s concerns expressed in the above excerpt contributed to what pattern in Western European relations?
a. Europe experienced increasing economic and political integration, which resulted in efforts to establish a shared European identity.b. Cradle-to-grave social welfare programs expanded in the aftermath of World War II.
c. Existentialism and post-modernism gained popularity as confidence in the ability of science and technology to address human needs waned.d. Intellectuals and youth in both Eastern and Western Europe reacted against perceived bourgeois materialism and decadence.
Which of the following best reflects the international implications of Churchill’s warning against a “policy of appeasement” in the decade following this speech?
a. Marshall Plan funds from the United States financed an extensive reconstruction of industry and infrastructure in Western and Central Europe.b. The United States exerted strong military influence in Western Europe, leading to the creation of alliances such as NATO.c. Increased imports of United States technology and popular culture after World War II generated both enthusiasm and criticism.d. American isolationism permitted the Soviet Union to expand its influence in Eastern Europe.
Which of these best illustrates the interwar circumstances that Churchill sought to avoid repeating after World War II?
a. The League of Nations was weakened by the non-participation of major powers.b. French and British fears of another war, combined with American isolationism, allowed fascist states to re-arm and expand their territory. c. Europe’s relationship to the world shifted significantly when the United States emerged as a world power. d. Nationalism, the alliance system, and imperial competition all led to war in 1914.
Questions 34.1–34.3 refer to the following image and excerpt.
British Ministry of Health, poster, 1950s
“She and her party were determined to roll back many of the socialist policies that Britain had enacted since the war. Her administration privatized many industries that [the British] government had nationalized. She also curbed the power of the trade unions in a series of bitter and often violent confrontations.”
—Donald Kagan, et al, The Western Heritage, 2011
34.1. The poster was a part of a campaign by theA. Democratic Unionist Party.B. Labour Party.C. Green Party.D. Conservative Party.
Correct Answer: BAP Key Concept: 4.2 IV.BHistorical Thinking Skill: PeriodizationTopic: Toward a Welfare State SocietyChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
34.2. The discussion in The Western Heritage refers toA. Queen Elizabeth II.B. Indira Gandhi.C. Margaret Thatcher.D. Margaret Sanger.
Correct Answer: CAP Key Concept: 4.2 IV.BHistorical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationTopic: Toward a Welfare State SocietyChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
34.3. Both documents deal with the idea ofA. democratization.B. Euroscepticism.C. a welfare state.D. non-sectarianism.
Correct Answer: CAP Key Concept: 4.2 IV.BHistorical Thinking Skill: ComparisonTopic: Toward a Welfare State SocietyChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
Questions 35.1–35.3 refer to the following excerpts.
“We have tried by all possible means to cooperate with those countries which claim to assist smaller nations and which promised to collaborate with us…
We shall defend our freedom and independence to the last drop of our blood. This is the staunch feeling of every Egyptian. The whole Arab nation will stand by us in our common fight against aggression and domination. Free peoples, too, people who are really free will stand by us and support us against the forces of tyranny.”
—President Gamal Abdel Nasser, speech, Egypt, September 15, 1956
“After 1956, the Soviet Union began to talk about “peaceful coexistence” with the United States. With the 1957 launch of Sputnik, the first satellite to orbit the earth, the Soviet Union appeared to have achieved an enormous technological superiority over the West.”
—Donald Kagan, et al, The Western Heritage, 2011
35.1. Nasser refers to theA. British and French attempt to take over the Suez Canal.B. Soviet takeover of Egypt.C. American move to nationalize Israeli factories.D. United Nations concern about Saudi Arabian expansion.
Correct Answer: AAP Key Concept: 4.2 V.DHistorical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationTopic: The Khrushchev Era in the Soviet Union
Chapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
35.2. Another country that took a similar stand that year wasA. Germany.B. Greece.C. Hungary.D. Czechoslovakia.
Correct Answer: CAP Key Concept: 4.2 V.DHistorical Thinking Skill: ComparisonTopic: The Khrushchev Era in the Soviet UnionChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
35.3. Kagan’s statement discussed the repercussions of 1956 in exacerbating conflicts between A. the First World and the Second World.B. the Second World and the Third World.C. the Third World and the First World.D. the First and Second Worlds and the Third World.
Correct Answer: AAP Key Concept: 4.2 V.DHistorical Thinking Skill: ComparisonTopic: The Khrushchev Era in the Soviet UnionChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
Questions 22.1–22.3 refer to the following excerpt.
“[Existentialism’s] intention is not in the least that of plunging men into despair. And if by despair one means as the Christians do – any attitude of unbelief, the despair of the existentialists is something different. Existentialism is not atheist in the sense that it would exhaust itself in demonstrations of the non-existence of God. It declares, rather, that even if God existed that would make no difference from its point of view. Not that we believe God does exist, but we think that the real problem is not that of His existence; what man needs is to find himself again and to understand that nothing can save him from himself, not even a valid proof of the existence of God.”
—Jean-Paul Sartre, “Existentialism Is a Humanism,” lecture, 1946
22.1. Sartre’s beliefs are somewhat similar to all of the following exceptA. Auguste Comte.B. Simone de Beauvoir.C. Søren Kierkegaard.D. Friedrich Nietzsche.
Correct Answer: AAP Key Concept: 4.3 I.BHistorical Thinking Skill: ComparisonTopic: Transformations in Knowledge and CultureChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
22.2. Because of his beliefs, Sartre would disagree with all of the following exceptA. Catholic doctrine of papal infallibility.B. Freud’s beliefs on the id, ego, and superego.C. Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis.D. René Descartes’ statement, “I think; therefore, I am.”
Correct Answer: C
AP Key Concept: 4.3 I.BHistorical Thinking Skill: ComparisonTopic: Transformations in Knowledge and CultureChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
22.3. Sartre’s statement can best be understood in looking at it as a reflection of A. the anticipation of post-war economic growth and focus on financial gain.B. the general feeling of meaninglessness after the devastation of World War II.C. Europeans’ focus on traditional academic philosophies in explaining the violence and
chaos in life.D. a growing desire to return to tenets of medieval Europe as a guiding philosophy in
understanding death.
Correct Answer: BAP Key Concept: 4.3 I.BHistorical Thinking Skill: Historical CausationTopic: Transformations in Knowledge and CultureChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
Questions 45-47 refer to the map below depicting Cold War alliances and conflicts.
Map of Cold War alliances and conflicts
45. Based on the information shown in the map above, post-World War II Europe was a continent divided by which of the following?
(A) Economic strife
(B) Social revolutions
(C)Political ideologies
(D)Military conflicts
46. The above map best reflects the reactions of the United States and its allies to which of the following post–war developments?
(A) Aggressive Soviet military policies and tactics
(B) Economic resurgence among Western European countries
(C)Free democratic elections throughout Eastern Europe
(D)Development of global free trade agreements with non-European nations
47. The divisions depicted in the above map led most directly to
(A) a decline in the European post-war economic recovery
(B) global conflicts outside of Europe and the threat of nuclear war
(C)nationalistic movements within former European colonies
(D)the rise of radical political movements in the Middle East
The following 2 questions refer to the excerpt below.
“The truth of the matter is that Europe’s requirements for the next three or four years of foreign food and other essential products—principally from America—are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional help, or face economic, social and political deterioration of a very grave character.
The remedy lies in breaking the vicious circle and restoring the confidence of the European people in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole.”
George Marshall, An American Plan to Rebuild a Shattered Europe, June 5, 1947
Which of the following developments is most directly reflected in this excerpt?
a. Dependence on post-World War I American investments led to financial collapse when the United States cut off capital flow to Europe.b. European economic alliances developed into the Common Market, helping Europe increase economic integration. c. Funds financed an extensive reconstruction of industry and infrastructure in hopes of stimulating economic growth.d. An economic model developed based on central planning, extensive social welfare, and specialized production.
Which of the following can best be described as an immediate effect of the plan outlined above?
a. increased economic stagnationb. increased economic consumerismc. reduced international traded. reduced attainment of economic goals
Questions 35-37 refer to the passage below.
“A week before, on his sixth peacetime visit to the United States, Winston Churchill proclaimed that the Marshall Plan constituted ‘a turning point in the history of the world.’“In late June 1949, Arthur Vandenberg wrote: ‘It seems to be the rather general opinion that we are winning this ‘cold war’ through ECA [Economic Cooperation Authority]and the North Atlantic Pact. In my opinion, if it were not for these policies, Soviet Communism would today be in the substantial control of Europe and this would post the greatest threat to our own national security in the lifetime of the republic.’ ”
Greg Behrman, The Most Noble Adventure: The Marshall Plan and the Time When America Helped Save Europe, 2007
18.Based on the above passage, the U.S. and Western Europe attempted to utilize the Marshall Plan against the Communist threat by which of the following?
(A) A policy of appeasement that was patient and firm
(B) A buildup of armaments in anticipation of war
(C)A policy aimed at containing the spread of Communism
(D)A series of economic and political sanctions
36. In the above passage, Greg Behrman outlines the Western interpretation of the Marshall Plan. What historical evidence would support the argument that the Marshall Plan was the turning point in the history of the world?
(A) It provided stimulus for the war-torn economies of Europe
(B) It restored global economic markets
(C) It strengthened U.S. exports to Western Europe
(D)It helped to maintain a U.S. military presence in Europe
37. One direct long-term effect of the Marshall Plan was
(A) an increase in trade barriers between European nations
(B) a deepening rift between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
(C)a decline in the need for European social welfare programs
(D)the uncontrolled spread of Communist ideology throughout Europe
Questions 20.1–20.3 refer to the following excerpt.
“It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos…Any government that is willing to assist in the task of recovery will find full cooperation…Any government which maneuvers to block the recovery of other countries cannot expect help from us…The role of this country should consist of friendly aid in the drafting of a European program and of later support of such a program…”
—George Marshall, Marshall Plan, 1947
20.1. In creating this plan, the U.S. hoped to thwart the same type of problems that existed after A. World War I.B. the Great Depression.C. World War II.D. the Korean War.
Correct Answer: AAP Key Concept: 4.2 IV.AHistorical Thinking Skill: Patterns of Continuity and Change over TimeTopic: The Emergence of the Cold WarChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
20.2. One of the countries that did not get help from this plan wasA. Austria.B. Greece.C. Turkey.D. the Soviet Union.
Correct Answer: DAP Key Concept: 4.2 IV.AHistorical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationTopic: The Emergence of the Cold WarChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
20.3. The Marshall Plan helped create the A. Truman Doctrine.B. financial wing of NATO.C. Economic Miracle.D. European Union.
Correct Answer: CAP Key Concept: 4.2 IV.AHistorical Thinking Skill: Historical CausationTopic: The Emergence of the Cold WarChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
The following 2 questions refer to the excerpt below.
“Two complex sets of factors have now basically altered this historical distribution of power. First, the defeat of Germany and Japan and the decline of the British and French Empires have interacted with the development of the United States and the Soviet Union in such a way that power has increasingly gravitated to these two centers. Second, the Soviet Union…is animated by a new fanatic faith…and seeks to impose its absolute authority over the rest of the world….
As for the policy of ‘containment,’ it is one which seeks by all means short of war to (1) block further expansion of Soviet power, (2) expose the falsities of Soviet pretensions, (3) induce a retraction of the Kremlin's control and influence….
In summary, we must, by means of a rapid and sustained build-up of the political, economic, and military strength of the free world…confront [the Soviet Union] with convincing evidence of the determination and ability of the free world to frustrate the Kremlin….”
United States National Security Council, Paper Number 68, 1950
The National Security Council’s excerpt above most strongly suggests which of the following?
a. The Cold War played out on a global stage and involved propaganda campaigns, covert actions, and an arms race. b. Despite efforts to maintain international cooperation after World War II, deep-seated tensions between the USSR and the West led to the division of Europe.c. Countries in the Soviet bloc followed an economic model based on central planning and specialized production among bloc members.d. In 1956, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was compelled to enact a policy of de-Stalinization to ease Cold War tensions.
Based on its concluding paragraph, the National Security Council advocates an American policy that is consistent with the advent of which of the following?
a. the Marshall Planb. the North Atlantic Treaty Organizationc. the Council for Mutual Economic Assistanced. the United Nations
The following 4 questions refer to the excerpt below.
“Perestroika is an urgent necessity arising from the profound processes of developing in our socialist society. This society is ripe for change.
In the latter half of the seventies…the country began to lose momentum. The great feeling of solidarity with each other that was forged during the heroic times of
the Revolution [1917], the first five-year plans, the Great Patriotic War [World War II]…was weakening. Alcoholism, drug addiction and crime were growing….
There are people in the West who would like to tell us that socialism is in deep crisis and has brought our society to a dead end. We have only one way out, they say: to drift toward capitalism.
[We] are looking within socialism, rather than outside it….”
Mikhail Gorbachev, Perestroika: A Soviet Leader Calls for Change, 1987.
The economic organization of the nation described in this excerpt was most impacted by
a. Lenin’s compromise with free-market principles under the New Economic Policy.b. Stalin’s centralized program of economic modernization.c. the Bolshevik Revolution.d. the expansion of cradle-to-grave social welfare programs.
How could one best characterize the relationship between the USSR and the West in the twentieth century as expressed in this document?
a. The Cold War involved propaganda campaigns in which the United States advocated for its model of capitalist democracy as a solution to economic crises.b. The Bolshevik takeover of Russia prompted a civil war, in which the Bolsheviks’ opponents were aided by foreign powers.c. The United States exerted a strong military, political, and economic influence in Western Europe, leading to geopolitical alliances such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.d. The USSR and Western countries’ militaries both opposed Fascism and their political representatives collaborated at the United Nations.
Gorbachev’s economic objective could be best characterized as
a. the pursuit of Khrushchev’s de-Stalinization policies.b. internal reforms designed to make the Soviet system more flexible.c. a strategy designed to purge political rivals. d. economic domination of satellites’ economies via COMECON.
The reforms promoted by the excerpt above resulted in
a. the establishment of capitalist economies throughout Eastern Europe.b. the establishment of economies based on central planning, extensive social welfare, and specialized production among members of the Soviet Bloc. c. a period of growth in Western and Central Europe, often referred to as an economic miracle.d. authoritarian dictatorships that took power in Central and Eastern Europe.
Questions 13-15 refer to the passage below on the roots of the collapse of communism in Europe.
“The old Soviet empire was doomed to collapse for structural reasons. In addition to the failed economic system, politically the empire simply overstepped the bounds of feasible control. Once Gorbachev unleased the forces of glasnost and demokratizatsiya it was like squeezing a tube of toothpaste—the toothpaste cannot be put back in.”
Peter J. Boettke,economist, Why Perestroika Failed, 2002
1. Based on the above passage, which of the following best reflects Gorbachev’s main goal for the Perestroika movement?
(A) Decentralization of the industrial and agricultural systems
(B) Introduce government restraints to improve productivity
(C)Discourage private enterprise
(D)Increase the government’s ability to import goods from global markets
2. Gorbachev’s policies of reform led most directly to which of the following developments within the Soviet Union?
(A) Clashes between old Soviet bureaucrats
(B) The rise of radical reform groups
(C) Liberalization of the Soviet people
(D)Economic interference from foreign firms
3. One long-term direct effect of Gorbachev’s reforms was
(A) increased tensions with the United States over nuclear arms
(B) the suppression of nationalist movements with the Soviet Union
(C)numerous coups to seize power by members of the Communist party
(D)the fall of communist regimes throughout eastern Europe
Questions 16-18 refer to the passage below.
“France is swamped by immigrants and it risks losing its soul, its culture, its heritage—simply put, its identity. It’s also a problem of security. Domestic security, because the people who come from these other countries, often African countries, come generally to find here what they can’t find at home: much more favorable working conditions, salaries which are evidently a lot higher, and the whole social welfare system.”
A Central Committee member of the French National Front party, linking immigration to France’s social problems; from DeClair, Edward G., Politics on the Fringe: The People, Policies, and Organization of the French National Front, 1999
4. The immigration issues described in the above passage were most directly the result of which of the following?
(A) Extensive economic planning and government intervention in western Europe
(B) Labor shortages during the post WWII economic boom
(C)The growth of the European welfare state
(D)Currency reform policies of post-war Europe
17. Increases in immigration to Europe were most directly influenced by which of the following?
(A) Recruitment programs aimed at foreign workers
(B) Increased applications for political asylum
(C)Economic stagnation in former European colonies
(D)Falling European populations due to a declining birth rate
19.European reactions to immigration issues, like the one described in the passage above, led most directly to
(A) acceptance of a more culturally and racially diverse society
(B) widespread ethnic and racial violence
(C) social tensions over jobs and health care
(D)creation of conservative political parties fueled by nationalism
Questions 19-21 refer to the passage below.
“On the last public session of Vatican II, on December 7, 1965, Pope Paul VI after the celebration of the Mass read his speech about the religious value of the Council that was coming to an end. The main line of thought was summed up in a thesis that today should resonate more often in the public discourse of the Church: “It must be truthfully asserted that the Catholic religion and human life are connected in a friendly alliance and that both strive for the human good. For the Catholic Church exists for the human race; it is as it were the life of the human race.”
Anthony Ciorra, Vatican II: A Universal Call to Holiness, 2012
20.In the above passage, Anthony Ciorra presents an interpretation of Christianity in the 20th century based on which of the following?
(A) A Christianity divided against itself by theological differences
(B) Christianity as a fading institution in danger of becoming irrelevant
(C)A Christianity historically separated along traditional geographic lines
(D)A Christianity finding common grounds in its struggle against secularism
21.Based on the evidence in the above passage, the main goal of Vatican II was (A) to encourage unity and dialogue between all faiths
(B) to reaffirm Catholic dogma and beliefs
(C) to warn against the evils of materialism in the modern world
(D)to reinforce the Catholic monopoly on religious truths
22.Religious tensions in 20th century Europe led most directly to which of the following movements?
(A) Modernism
(B) Fundamentalism
(C)Evangelicalism
(D)Secularism
Questions 28-30 refer to the passage below.
“Concerns about the birth-rate had long exercised public officials; with increased use of contraceptives across the social spectrum helping to lower the birth-rate to the levels of the hard-bitten 1930s, government agencies placed great stress on family life with an eye toward encouraging women to bear more children. Indeed, the welfare state as envisaged by William Beveridge, himself an eager imperialist, had been designed to “ensur[e] the adequate continuance of the British Race and of the British Ideal in the world,” and family allowances gained acceptance from as many quarters as it did because it was sold as an inducement to more childbearing. Stimulated by many diverse concerns, not least of them a fear about what effects separation from their mothers might have had on children evacuated during the war, a pro-natalist discourse emerged in the 1940s, urging women to recognize and act upon their maternal functions – to have babies – and counseling them on the dangers of going out to work and leaving young children in the care of others.”
Historian Susan Kingsley Kent on the changing gender roles for women and the impact of the welfare state in post-World War II Britain from Gender and Power in Britain, 1640-1990, 1999
23.The concerns regarding birth rates and motherhood described in the above passage were most directly a result of
(A) declining moral values in European society
(B) increase in women’s roles within the public sphere during wartime
(C) the declining number of women entering into marriage
(D)the decimation of the male population during world wars
24.In the passage above, Kingsley Kent argues that the British government created policies to encourage childbearing? Which of the following policies enacted by the British government would support that argument?
(A) Limiting public access to contraception and abortion
(B) Reducing women’s roles in the workforce
(C)Social programs designed to stimulate women’s maternal instincts
(D)Economic incentives and dependency upon a welfare state
25.One direct long-term effect of the trends described in the above passage was that (A) women returned to more traditional gender roles.
(B) women became less politically active.
(C)women sought more economic opportunities outside the home.
(D)women in large numbers turned to militant feminism.
Questions 7.1–7.3 refer to the following excerpt.
“2 –…Regroupment in regions is in no way a partition of our country, neither is it an administrative division. During the armistice, our army is regrouped in the North; the French troops are regrouped in the South…
3 –…We are resolved to abide by the agreements entered into with the French Government. At the same time we demand that the French Government should correctly implement the agreements they have signed with us…We strengthen the great friendship between us and the Soviet Union, China and other brother countries. To maintain peace, we enhance our solidarity with the French people, the Asian people and people all over the world.
4 – I call on all our compatriots, armymen and cadres to strictly follow the lines and policies laid down by the Party and Government…”
—Ho Chi Minh, Appeal Made After the Successful Conclusion of the Geneva Agreements, July, 1954
7.1. Ho Chi Minh was referencing the accords between France andA. Cambodia.B. Laos.C. Vietnam.D. Burma.
Correct Answer: CAP Key Concept: 4.1 IV.BHistorical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationTopic: The Turmoil of French DecolonizationChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
7.2. This excerpt shows Ho’s beliefs in all of the following exceptA. communism.B. nationalism.C. liberalism.D. militarism.
Correct Answer: CAP Key Concept: 4.1 IV.BHistorical Thinking Skill: Historical CausationTopic: The Turmoil of French DecolonizationChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
7.3. What was the setting of the Geneva Agreements?A. Cold WarB. World War IIC. Marshall PlanD. globalization
Correct Answer: AAP Key Concept: 4.1 IV.BHistorical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationTopic: The Turmoil of French DecolonizationChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
8. Questions 8.1–8.3 refer to the following excerpt and image.
“Mankind must put an end to war - or war will put an end to mankind.
…This will require new strength and new roles for the United Nations. For disarmament without checks is but a shadow…
In 1945, this nation proposed…to internationalize the atom before other nations even possessed the bomb…
We proposed with our allies the disarmament plan of 1951 while still at war in Korea.
And we make our proposals today, while building up our defenses over Berlin, not because we are inconsistent or insincere or intimidated, but because we know the rights of free men will prevail…
I therefore propose…that disarmament negotiations resume promptly…But this year, while we were negotiating in good faith in Geneva, others were secretly preparing new experiments in destruction…”
—John F. Kennedy, Address Before the General Assembly of the United Nations, September 25, 1961
John F. Kennedy, photograph, West Berlin, June, 1963
8.1. In 1961, Kennedy made his proposal to the UN because of A. his fear of a Soviet takeover of Eastern European states.B. the Soviet build-up of nuclear weapons.C. the U.S. representative to the UN was unable to present the proposal.D. Americans whole-heartedly supported the work of the UN.
Correct Answer: BAP Key Concept: 4.1 IV.AHistorical Thinking Skill: InterpretationTopic: Later Cold War ConfrontationsChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
8.2. At this time Kennedy was also concerned about what other area of conflict in which the U.S. lagged behind?A. African decolonizationB. sports, such as soccerC. space explorationD. drug enforcement
Correct Answer: CAP Key Concept: 4.1 IV.AHistorical Thinking Skill: InterpretationTopic: Later Cold War ConfrontationsChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
8.3. Kennedy made the trip shown in the photograph partly in response toA. the government of East Berlin stopping the free movement between East and West
Berlin.B. German forces taking control of Berlin as a focal point of the Cold War.C. over three hundred people being killed as they tried to move from Berlin into East
Germany.D. the Iron Curtain being built across Germany.
Correct Answer: AAP Key Concept: 4.1 IV.AHistorical Thinking Skill: Historical CausationTopic: Later Cold War ConfrontationsChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
9. Questions 9.1–9.3 refer to the following excerpts.
“The movement of coal and steel between member countries will immediately be freed from all customs duty…Conditions will gradually be created which will spontaneously provide for the more rational distribution of production at the highest level of productivity.”
—Robert Schuman, Schuman Declaration, May 9, 1950
“British citizens are able to travel, study, work, retire, get fairer legal redress and obtain free medical help anywhere in Europe, without restrictions. We work together better to stop international gangs bringing drugs, terrorism and illegal immigrants into our country. It provides a network of trade, aid and cooperation that covers most of the world, giving us greater influence, stability and prosperity.”
—British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw, message to House of Commons, June 16, 2004
9.1. The organization discussed in these documents was formed because of a desire toA. prevent France and Germany from going to war.B. stop the trading of goods such as drugs across the European continent.C. offer a viable alternative to the United Nations.D. provide a venue for countries across Europe to discuss the post-WWII rise of the
Soviet Union.
Correct Answer: AAP Key Concept: 4.1 VHistorical Thinking Skill: Historical CausationTopic: The Challenges of European UnificationChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
9.2. As this organization evolved during those 54 years, one of its most significant changes in focus wasA. creating an active military force that fought in such areas as Bosnia.B. reaching out to Eastern European countries, such as the Czech Republic.C. demanding that the United Kingdom end its use of the pound.D. aligning itself with NATO against the Warsaw Pact.
Correct Answer: BAP Key Concept: 4.1 VHistorical Thinking Skill: Patterns of Continuity and Change over TimeTopic: The Challenges of European UnificationChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
9.3. All of the following countries currently belong to the organization exceptA. Italy.B. Spain.C. Austria.D. Russia.
Correct Answer: DAP Key Concept: 4.1 IV.AHistorical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationTopic: The Challenges of European UnificationChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
Questions 11.1–11.3 refer to the following excerpt.
“[T]hose who want to divide India into possibly warring groups are enemies alike of India and Islam…Every Moslem will have a Hindu name if he goes back far enough in his family history. Every Moslem is merely a Hindu who has accepted Islam. That does not create nationality…We in India have a common culture. In the North, Hindi and Urdu are understood by both Hindus and Moslems. In Madras, Hindus and Moslems speak Tamil, and in Bengal, they both speak Bengali and neither Hindi nor Urdu. When communal riots take place, they are always provoked by incidents over cows and by religious processions. That means that it is our superstitions that create the trouble and not our separate nationalities.”
—Mohandas Gandhi, speech, India, October 1946
11.1. The issues addressed by Gandhi had begun as early as theA. 7th century.B. 6th century.C. 5th century.D. 4th century.
Correct Answer: AAP Key Concept: 4.1 VII.CHistorical Thinking Skill: Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time; PeriodizationTopic: Decolonization: The European Retreat from EmpireChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
11.2. The setting of this document wasA. Indian independence from Britain.B. Indian unification from 3 fractured states: India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.C. a Muslim push for a unified India.D. Gandhi’s concern that the British push for separating the Muslims and Hindus was
hurting them both.
Correct Answer: AAP Key Concept: 4.1 VII.CHistorical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationTopic: Decolonization: The European Retreat from EmpireChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
11.3. Gandhi was addressing the Muslim League’s desire forA. Muslim freedom of worship.B. the creation of an independent Muslim state.C. common rituals.D. Muslim control of the new Indian government.
Correct Answer: BAP Key Concept: 4.1 VII.CHistorical Thinking Skill: Historical ArgumentationTopic: Decolonization: The European Retreat from EmpireChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
Questions 23.1–23.3 refer to the following image.
Papal public mass, Poland, June, 1979
23.1. The pope shown here isA. Benedict II.B. Paul II.C. Pius X.D. John Paul II.
Correct Answer: DAP Key Concept: 4.3 III.AHistorical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationTopic: The Christian HeritageChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
23.2. This image shows this pope’sA. popularity with the people.B. lack of support from within the Roman Catholic Church.C. fear of the Polish Communist government.D. only mass held in Communist Poland because of governmental restrictions.
Correct Answer: AAP Key Concept: 4.3 III.A
Historical Thinking Skill: InterpretationTopic: The Christian HeritageChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
23.3. This pope’s work could best be compared to the anti-totalitarian work of all of the following exceptA. Solidarity.B. Franz Kafka.C. Dietrich Bonhoeffer.D. Martin Neimoller.
Correct Answer: BAP Key Concept: 4.3 III.AHistorical Thinking Skill: ComparisonTopic: The Christian HeritageChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
The following 2 questions refer to the excerpt below.
“(Women) have gained only what men have been willing to grant; they have taken nothing, they have only received.
The reason for this is that women lack concrete means for organizing themselves into a unit which can stand face-to-face with the correlative unit. They have no past, no history, no religion of their own; and they have no such solidarity of work and interest as that of the proletariat. They are not even promiscuously herded together in the way that creates community feeling among the American Negroes, the ghetto Jews, the workers of Saint-Denis, or the factory hands at Renault. They live dispersed among the males, attached through residence, housework, economic condition, and social standing to certain men—fathers or husbands—more firmly than they are to other women.”
Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 1949
Which of the following historical developments most directly supports the argument expressed in the excerpt?
a. World War I created a “lost generation,” fostered cynicism, and transformed the lives of women.b. With economic recovery after World War II, the birth rate increased dramatically, often promoted by government policies. c. While women gained the right to vote after World War I, they continued to face social inequalities. d. During World War I and World War II, many Western European women served their armed forces in non-combat roles.
Simone de Beauvoir’s view as expressed in the passage above best reflects which of the following twentieth-century cultural trends?
a. Feminists pressed for legal, economic, and political rights for women, as well as improved working conditions.
b. Bourgeois families became focused on the “cult of domesticity,” embracing distinct gender roles for men and womenc. The middle-class notion of compassionate marriage began to be adopted by the working classes.d. Throughout the century, a number of writers questioned Western values and addressed controversial social issues.
Questions 26.1–26.3 refer to the following excerpts.
“According to French law, obedience is no longer included among the duties of a wife, and each woman citizen has the right to vote…A woman…is not emancipated from the male because she has a ballot in her hand…It is through gainful employment that woman has traversed most of the distance that separated her from the male…”
—Simone De Beauvoir, The Second Sex: Existential Feminism, 1949
“WE ORGANIZE…to break through the silken curtain of prejudice and discrimination against women in government, industry, the professions, the churches, the political parties, the judiciary, the labor unions, in education, science, medicine, law, religion, and every other field…
We believe that a true partnership between the sexes demands…equitable sharing of the responsibilities of home and children and of the economic burdens of their support…”
—National Organization for Women, Statement of Purpose, 1966
26.1. Simone De Beauvoir acknowledged gains made by women in France in all of the following exceptA. suffrage.B. job opportunities.C. marriage relationships.D. freedom from slavery.
Correct Answer: DAP Key Concept: 4.4 II.BHistorical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationTopic: New Patterns in Work and Expectations of WomenChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
26.2. De Beauvoir was responding to advances made by women duringA. in World War I.B. in World War II.C. during DeGaulle’s presidency.D. during Mitterand’s presidency.
Correct Answer: BAP Key Concept: 4.4 II.BHistorical Thinking Skill: Historical CausationTopic: New Patterns in Work and Expectations of WomenChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
26.3. NOW, although voicing some of the same concerns as De Beauvoir, was set in a time that provided a slightly different impetus, during theA. Civil Rights movement.B. time of atomic weaponry with its attendant fear of imminent death.C. beginning of the gay rights movement.D. end of European Communism.
Correct Answer: AAP Key Concept: 4.4 II.BHistorical Thinking Skill: PeriodizationTopic: New Patterns in Work and Expectations of WomenChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
The following 2 questions refer to the excerpts below. All excerpts from Ronald Fraser et al., 1968: A Student Generation in Revolt, 1988.
“People were building up the cobblestones because they wanted...to throw themselves into a collective spontaneous activity. People were releasing all their repressed feelings, expressing them in a festive spirit….”
Dany Cohn-Bendit, student leader at Nanterre University, on the night of the Paris barricades, 10-11 May 1968
“People were saying, f*** hierarchy, authority, this society with its cold rational elitist logic!.... F*** this immutable society that refuses to consider the misery, poverty, inequality and injustice it creates, that divides people according to their origins and skills!...”
Nelly Finkielsztejn, student at Nanterre University, Paris
“I was outraged, what shocked me most was that a highly developed country, the super-modern American army, should fall on these Vietnamese peasants….”
Michael von Engelhardt, German student
“Everybody was terribly young and didn't know what was going on. One had a sort of megalomaniac attitude that by sheer protest and revolt things would be changed….”
Anthony Barnett, sociology student, Leicester University, England
the following historical trends?
a. Youth reacted against perceived bourgeois materialism and decadence.b. The expansion of cradle-to-grave social welfare programs, accompanied by high taxes, became a contentious political issue. c. Postwar ideologies of existentialism motivated student protesters. d. The Cold War played out with limited “hot wars” in Asia.
Which of the following was a major effect of the student protests of 1968?
a. Green parties in Western and Central Europe challenged consumerism and urged sustainable development. b. Women attained high political office and increased their representation in legislative bodies in many nations. c. Mass production, new food technologies, and industrial efficiency increased disposable income and created a consumer culture in which greater domestic comforts became available. d. Writers questioned Western values and addressed controversial social and political issues.
27. Questions 27.1–27.3 refer to the following excerpt.
“The first duty of any Government is to safeguard its people against external aggression. To guarantee the survival of our way of life…the forces of Russia and her allies—in Central Europe outnumber NATOs by 150,000 men nearly 10,000 tanks and 2,600 aircraft…The rise of Russia as a world-wide naval power, threatens our oil rigs and our traditional life-lines, the sea routes…Under the last defence review, the Government said it would cut defence spending by £4,700 million over the next nine years. Then they said they would cut a further £110 million…If there are further cuts, perhaps the Defence Secretary should change his title, for the sake of accuracy, to the Secretary for Insecurity.”
—Margaret Thatcher, Speech in Chelsea, January, 1976
27.1. Margaret Thatcher was addressing all these post-World War II concerns exceptA. containment.B. the Warsaw Pact.C. the United Nations.D. national defense.
Correct Answer: CAP Key Concept: 4.4 II.EHistorical Thinking Skill: PeriodizationTopic: Toward a Welfare StateChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
27.2. Her beliefs were echoed by other politicians of the time, includingA. Mikhail Gorbachev.B. Ronald Reagan.C. François Mitterrand.D. Neville Chamberlain.
Correct Answer: BAP Key Concept: 4.4 II.EHistorical Thinking Skill: ComparisonTopic: Toward a Welfare StateChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
27.3. With speeches like this to open doors for her, Margaret Thatcher became most well-known as Britain’sA. first female prime minister.B. most noted feminist of the late 20th century.C. Secretary of War.D. first female representative to the European Union.
Correct Answer: AAP Key Concept: 4.4 II.EHistorical Thinking Skill: ComparisonTopic: Toward a Welfare StateChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
28. Questions 28.1–28.3 refer to the following excerpt.
“Green parties and movements who must work in countries belonging to military alliances must keep nonalignment clearly and courageously in their political program and should act accordingly in political practice…
Our aim is radical, nonviolent change of a patriarchal society which has been militarized and which has been so much accustomed to the use of force…
Unfortunately, at this congress of Green parties, our friends working in the independent Green initiatives in East Germany, Hungary, Poland, the Soviet Union, and Czechoslovakia are missing, unable to join us. “Glasnost” must also include them and their right, as well as ours, to travel and consult one another…There can be no peace if there is social injustice, if there is suppression of human rights. Internal and external peace are inseparable!”
—Petra K. Kelly, “Towards a Green Europe, Towards a Green World,” 1987
28.1. The Green movement most closely aligned itself with all of the following exceptA. the feminist movement.B. the anti-war movement.C. the Communist Party in Eastern Europe.D. Amnesty International.
Correct Answer: CAP Key Concept: 4.4 III.AHistorical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationTopic: Transformations in Knowledge and CultureChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
28.2. Greens would tend to agree withA. NATO.B. the Warsaw Pact.C. the People Party.D. the British Conservative Party.
Correct Answer: CAP Key Concept: 4.4 III.AHistorical Thinking Skill: ComparisonTopic: Transformations in Knowledge and CultureChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
28.3. The Green movement in Europe gained more traction than it had since its beginnings in 1980s Germany when an event happenedA. at Chernobyl.B. on Three-Mile Island.C. at the Aral Sea.D. in the Gulf of Kuwait.
Correct Answer: AAP Key Concept: 4.4 III.AHistorical Thinking Skill: Historical CausationTopic: Transformations in Knowledge and CultureChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
. Questions 30.1–30.3 refer to the following excerpts.
“The nation-state is the basic component of the old world order. The old world order is also called the Westphalian System…The era of the Europeanization of the globe has now ended… Nation-states are having to share their power with three groups of global actors: transnational corporations; international [organizations]…and nongovernmental organizations.”
—Keith Suter, Global Order and Global Disorder: Globalization and the Nation-State, 2003
“Having ‘won’ the Cold War and watched the collapse of the Soviet Union, having witnessed the collapse of communism across Eastern Europe and its slow but apparently inexorable metamorphosis within ‘Red China’, the United States was left as the sole superpower…[t]he United States as a very large yet functionally effective polity and economy [whose] mass was mobilized globally through the unprecedentedly large multiplier effect of modern technologies. The twentieth century was neither the end of history nor the beginning of globalization.”
—David Reynolds, American Globalism: Mass, Motion, and the Multiplier Effect, 2002
30.1. In his discussion of the old world order, Suter makes reference to the changes in the world afterA. the Thirty Years’ War.B. the Hundred Years’ War.C. the Seven Years’ War.D. the Six Years’ War.
Correct Answer: AAP Key Concept: 4.1 IV.CHistorical Thinking Skill: Historical CausationTopic: Transformations in Knowledge and CultureChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
30.2. In his discussion of the Cold War, Reynolds talks about the changes that occurred aroundA. 1956.B. 1968.C. 1972.D. 1990.
Correct Answer: D
AP Key Concept: 4.1 IV.CHistorical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationTopic: The Collapse of European CommunismChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
30.3. These two authors would tend to agree thatA. the United States was a hegemon in the twentieth century.B. modern technologies were more important in having global power than transnational
corporations.C. the UN has risen in importance in the world.D. the WTO had much more economic influence in the twentieth century than the U.S.
Correct Answer: AAP Key Concept: 4.1 IV.CHistorical Thinking Skill: Appropriate Use of Relevant Historical EvidenceTopic: Transformations in Knowledge and CultureChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
Questions 37.1–37.3 refer to the following excerpt.
“Europe’s ascendant political right is unapologetically xenophobic. It caricatures the religion that I practice and uses those distortions to fan Islamophobia. But ultra-conservative strains of Islam, such as Salafism and Wahhabism, also caricature our religion and use that Islamophobia to silence opposition.”
—Mona Eltahawy, The Washington Post, July, 2010
“[This] is not a religious constraint since it is not laid down in Islam or the Qur’an…It is my personal choice…When President Sarkozy said, ‘The burqa is not welcome’…[he] opened the door for racism aggression, and attacks on Islam…[I]t has created enormous racism and Islamophobia that wasn’t there before…I will go all the way to the European court of human rights and I will fight for my liberty.”
—Kenza Drider, The Observer, April 2011
37.1. The country whose legislation led to these concerns wasA. France.B. Germany.C. the United Kingdom.D. Spain.
Correct Answer: AAP Key Concept: 4.3 III.A, CHistorical Thinking Skill: PeriodizationTopic: The Twentieth Century Movement of PeoplesChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
37.2. Which of these quotes would have been mostly like come from Sarkozy?A. “We must ban this xenophobia from our country…We are much better than that.”B. “We cannot accept to have in our country women…who are prisoners.”C. “Europeans will eventually accept Islam, but it is too hard for us to currently accept.”D. “Our pope, John Paul II, leads us so admirably…We must follow his call to stop
Islam.”
Correct Answer: BAP Key Concept: 4.3 III.A, CHistorical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationTopic: The Twentieth Century Movement of PeoplesChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
37.3. One thing that can be inferred from these two quotes is that A. the only way to end Islamophobia was action by the European court of human rights. B. xenophobia was a natural human response to attacks on Islam after the 9/11 attacks in
New York City.C. prejudice was directed to Islam in the racist mindset of Europe as a result of
decolonization.D. religion was more important than personal choice as Europeans clung to their post-
modern Catholicism.
Correct Answer: CAP Key Concept: 4.3 III.A, CHistorical Thinking Skill: InterpretationTopic: The Twentieth Century Movement of PeoplesChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
Questions 39.1–39.3 refer to the following images.
Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers, Georges PompidouNational Center for Arts and Culture, Paris, 1977
Walter Gropius, Workshop Wing, Bauhau, Dessau, Germany, 1925–26
39.1. The Pompidou is designed to reflect its collection of the art of its time,A. Postmodernism.B. Impressionism.C. Cubism.D. Dadaism.
Correct Answer: AAP Key Concept: 4.3 IV.A
Historical Thinking Skill: PeriodizationTopic: Art Since World War IIChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
39.2. Gropius created this Bauhaus building, subordinatingA. function to beauty.B. beauty to view.C. view to form.D. form to function.
Correct Answer: DAP Key Concept: 4.3 IV.AHistorical Thinking Skill: PeriodizationTopic: German Democracy and DictatorshipChapter 19: The Interwar Years: The Challenge of Dictators and Depression
39.3. Both the Pompidou and the Bauhaus building show a 20th century interest inA. showing the structural materials.B. artistic conformity to totalitarianism.C. rectangular buildings rather than circular ones.D. reflecting political leaders, such as Pompidou in France.
Correct Answer: AAP Key Concept: 4.3 IV.AHistorical Thinking Skill: Historical ArgumentationTopic: Art Since World War IIChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
Questions 41.1–41.3 refer to the following excerpt and image.
“Access to divorce increased, which many observers viewed as particularly important to women…Development of new birth control methods, such as the contraceptive pill introduced in 1960, as well as growing knowledge and acceptability of birth control, decreased unwanted pregnancies. Sex and procreation became increasingly separate considerations. Although women continued to differ from men in sexual outlook and behavior—more than twice as many French women as men, for example, hoped to link sex, marriage, and romantic love, according to 1960s polls—more women than before tended to define sex in terms of pleasure.”
—Peter Stearns, et al, World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 2011
Women’s liberation protest, London, 1971
41.1. The developments mentioned by Stearns came about as a direct outgrowth ofA. women gaining the right to vote in the mid-20th century.
B. the British movement led by Emmaline Pankhurst.C. women gaining more rights in the workplace.D. the concern with the rising mortality rate of children.
Correct Answer: CAP Key Concept: 4.4 II.DHistorical Thinking Skill: Historical CausationTopic: New Patterns in Work and Expectations of WomenChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
41.2. One of the main countries to welcome more methods of contraception was A. Italy.B. France.C. Spain.D. the United Kingdom.
Correct Answer: DAP Key Concept: 4.4 II.DHistorical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationTopic: New Patterns in Work and Expectations of WomenChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
41.3. What faith was particularly influential in the pushback against the movement dealt with in the documents?A. Roman CatholicismB. AnglicanismC. LutheranismD. Calvinism
Correct Answer: AAP Key Concept: 4.4 II.DHistorical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationTopic: The Christian HeritageChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
Questions 42.1–42.3 refer to the following map and excerpt.
“THERE ARE those who maintain that Africa cannot unite because we lack the three necessary ingredients for unity, a common race, culture and language. It is true that we have for centuries been divided. The territorial boundaries dividing us were fixed long ago, often quite arbitrarily, by the colonial powers…At present most of the independent African States are moving in directions which expose us to the dangers of imperialism and neo-colonialism…
In my view, therefore, a united Africa…should seek three objectives:
Firstly, we should have an over-all economic planning on a continental basis…
Secondly, we should aim at the establishment of a unified military and defence strategy…
The third objective [is] for us to adopt a unified foreign policy and diplomacy…
—Kwame Nkrumah, Africa Must Unite, 1970
42.1. The period in history dealt with in these documents was calledA. decolonization.B. de-Europeanization.C. deimperialism.D. deunification.
Correct Answer: AAP Key Concept: 4.4 III.DHistorical Thinking Skill: PeriodizationTopic: Decolonization: The European Retreat from EmpireChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
42.2. Ghana took the lead in creating a union of African states becauseA. it was one of the first countries to become independent.B. France encouraged its past colony to take that role.C. Great Britain was concerned about regaining all of her old territories.D. its Muslim traditions were ended by Germany.
Correct Answer: AAP Key Concept: 4.4 III.DHistorical Thinking Skill: Historical CausationTopic: Decolonization: The European Retreat from EmpireChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
42.3. In Africa Must Unite, Nkrumah wrote of his desire forA. neocolonialism in dealing with Europe.B. Pan-Africanism to protect newly independent countries.C. a union of African states with their mother countries.D. the end of anti-immigration policies in Europe.
Correct Answer: BAP Key Concept: 4.4 III.DHistorical Thinking Skill: InterpretationTopic: Decolonization: The European Retreat from EmpireChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
The following 3 questions refer to the map below.
The Breakup of Yugoslavia, 1991-2006
Found on p. 1014 of A History of Western Society, 11th Edition, since 1300, for AP*
The map best reflects which of the following historical events?
a. nationalist conflicts in the Balkans that drew in European alliancesb. the collapse of communist control in the regionc. nationalist uprisings inspired by Romantic poetryd. revolutions challenging conservatism and political order
The events illustrated in the map resulted in
a. ethnic cleansing and conflict in the region.b. peaceful nationalist revolutions in the region.c. religious and cultural unity in the region.d. an influx of “guest workers” in the region.
Which organization most directly intervened in the region’s developments during the time described on the map?
a. The European Union (EU)b. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)c. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)d. The United Nations (UN)
The following 2 questions refer to the excerpt below.
“Religion is important…in the French ghetto, it…protects against the France that excludes Muslims. To the European Muslim, it seems that all of the powerful in the world are in collusion to exclude Muslims—or are at war with them. The war in Iraq, on television, is the constant backdrop to Muslim life in Europe.”
William Pfaff, “The French Riots: Will They Change Anything?” The New York Review of Books, vol. 52, no. 20, December 15, 2005. Found on p. 1030 of A History of Western Society, 11th Edition, since 1300, for AP*
The excerpt above best reflects which of the following historical trends?
a. Increased immigration into Europe altered its religious makeup, causing debate and conflict over the role of religion.b. Conservatives developed a new ideology, based on the idea that human nature was not perfectible, in support of traditional political and religious authorities.c. As non-Europeans became familiar with Western values, they began to challenge European imperialism through nationalist movements.d. Governments used Christianity as a motivation to counter Islam and as justification to subjugate non-Christian populations.
Which of the following best reflects a reaction to the presence of Muslims in twenty-first century France?
a. war and genocide throughout the Middle Eastb. the emergence of extreme nationalist partiesc. the development of the concept of Social Darwinismd. nongovernmental reform movements designed to uplift the poor
This question asks students to reflect on the relationship between the Soviet Union and her post-World War II Eastern European satellites, using information from the relevant learning objectives States and Other Institutions of Power (SP–5, 17) and Poverty and Prosperity (PP–3, 12) by giving appropriate examples discussed in their course.
Answer parts A), B), and C).
A) Briefly explain the relationship that the Soviet Union had with ONE of its Eastern European satellites in the 1940s and 1950s, using a specific Eastern European country in your explanation.
B) Briefly explain the relationship that the Soviet Union had with another ONE of its Eastern European satellites in the 1940s and 1950s, using a specific Eastern European country in your explanation.
C) Briefly analyze ONE factor that led to the Soviet Union creating the relationships that you discussed in part A) and part B).
Information that could be used in a correct answer:
Parts A) and B): Relationships between the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellites
General
Impose Stalinist policies One-party political systems, including local communist parties controlled from Moscow Close military cooperation with the Soviet Union, including presence of Red Army and
Warsaw Pact in 1955 (Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania)
Collectivization of agriculture Communist Party domination of education Attacks on churches
Czechoslovakia
February 1948—removed democratic members of coalition government and forced President Edvard Beneš to resign
Germany
Stalin wanted to prevent other Eastern European states from following the Yugoslav example.
Sealed off Berlin by closing all railroads and highways that led from Berlin to West Germany October, 1949, created German Democratic Republic
Poland
1956: Wladyslaw Gomulka became new prime minister as choice of the Poles Soviets accepted him because he promised continued economic and military cooperation,
including membership in the Warsaw Pact Gomulka halted collectivization of Polish agriculture and improved relations with Polish
Catholic Church
Hungary
October, 1956 Demonstrations of sympathy for the Poles in Budapest led to street fighting Hungarian communists installed new ministry headed by former premier Imre Nagy, a
Communist who wanted more independent position for Hungary, appealing for political support from noncommunist groups in Hungary
Nagy called for removal of Soviet troops, making Hungary neutral, and withdrawing from Warsaw Pact
November, 1956 Soviet troops invaded Hungary; deposed Nagy, who was later executed; and imposed Janos Kadar (1912–1989) as premier.
Yugoslavia
Free of Soviet domination so should not be included in answers to the question
AP Key Concept: 4.2.VHistorical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationTopic: The Emergence of the Cold War and The Khrushchev Era in the Soviet UnionChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
Part C): Factor leading to relationships
Fear of a renewed Western attempt to isolate and encircle the USSR Right-wing movements in satellites Desire to spread revolutionary communism throughout the world Creation of West Germany (German Federal Republic) Concern that other Eastern European states would follow Yugoslav example
AP Key Concept: 4.2.VHistorical Thinking Skill: Historical CausationTopic: The Emergence of the Cold War and The Khrushchev Era in the Soviet UnionChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
4.45. This photograph is of Czechs riding in a truck, showing their defiance toward a Soviet tank in the street, shortly after the 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. Students are asked to reflect on 1968 protests, using information both from the photograph and from the relevant learning objectives Interaction of Europe and the World (INT–8), Poverty and Prosperity (PP 15, 16), and States and Other Institutions of Power (SP–9) by giving appropriate examples discussed in their course.
This photograph shows an urban street scene in 1968. Using this image and your knowledge of European history, answer parts A), B), and C).
A) Briefly explain ONE major cause of the action taking place in the photograph, including the country or city in which it took place.
B) Briefly explain ONE other protest that took place in Europe that year, including the country or city in which it took place.
C) Briefly explain ONE protest that took place that year in the United States that contributed to the protests that you discussed in parts A) and B), including the city in which it took place.
Information that could be used in a correct answer:
Part A) Major cause of protest in Prague
Alexander Dubcek came to power in the spring of 1968, bringing a more liberal communism (Prague Spring).
Soviet Union wanted to suppress freedom of speech and other intellectual rights (ideological beginnings of the Brezhnev Doctrine, so they felt they had the right to go in and stop the liberal movement)
AP Key Concept: 4.4 III.C
Historical Thinking Skill: Historical CausationTopic: The Brezhnev EraChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
Part B) Other protests in 1968
Belgrade, Yugoslavia: Youth protest about social justice and economic reforms Warsaw, Poland: Students protest the banning of a play West Berlin, West Germany: Students protesting the War in Vietnam Madrid, Spain: Students protest Franco’s fascist policies Paris, France: Students protest university policies at the Sorbonne, workers join them
AP Key Concept: 4.4 III.CHistorical Thinking Skill: Historical CausationTopic: The Brezhnev EraChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
Part C) Protests in the United States
Boston: Students hunger-strike to protest Vietnam War New York: Students protest against U.S. company that made napalm (used in Vietnam War) New York: Students protest over civil rights issues and university policies Chicago: General demonstrations during the Democratic National Convention
AP Key Concept: 4.4 III.CHistorical Thinking Skill: Historical CausationTopic: The Brezhnev EraChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
4.46. This document is an excerpt from a published diary of a young girl who lived through the attacks on Sarajevo in the 1990s. Students are asked to reflect on the issues surrounding this example of ethnic cleaning using information both from the map and from the relevant learning objectives Interaction of Europe and the World (INT–8), States and Other Institutions of Power (SP–9, 14, 17) and Individual and Society (IS–8) by giving appropriate examples discussed in their course.
“The shooting seems to be dying down. I guess they’ve caused enough misery, although I don’t know why. It has something to do with politics. I just hope the “kids” come to some agreement. Oh, if only they would, so we could live and breathe as human beings again. The things that have happened here these past few days are terrible. I want it to stop forever. PEACE! PEACE!Ciao!”
—Zlata’s Diary: A Child’s Life in Sarajevo (1994), Zlata Filipoviic
The passage above is an excerpt from a published diary, Zlata’s Diary. Using the document and your knowledge of European history, answer parts A), B) and C) of the question below.
A) Briefly explain what political changes led to the attack on Sarajevo.
B) Briefly explain the religious divisions involved in this conflict.
C) Briefly explain the role of the United States in this conflict.
Information that could be used in a correct answer:
Part A) Political changes led to attack on Sarajevo
A general discussion of these issues would deserve credit:
Yugoslavia was created at the end of World War I. The regions in Yugoslavia—Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Kosovo—were technically separate republics within Yugoslavia.
Josif Tito used cult of personality to hold Yugoslavia together, while remaining free of Soviet control. When he died in 1980, without his personal control Yugoslavia gradually fell apart through civil war into its nationalistic regions.
Slobodan Milosevic came to power and increased the tension by siding with Serbs, no matter what region they lived in.
Ethnic violence erupted as Serbs and those against Serb control fought for a return to a unified Yugoslav government. This tension was especially strong between the Serbs and Croats.
The U.S. and Western Europe generally sided with the anti-Serb peoples, as they struggled to become and remain independent.
In 1992, when the Serbs and Croats tried to divide Bosnia-Herzegovina, Sarajevo (the capital of Bosnia) was caught in the middle of the Serbian “ethnic cleansing.”
AP Key Concept: 4.2 V.DHistorical Thinking Skill: Historical CausationTopic: The Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil WarChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
Part B) Religious differences in the region
A general discussion of these issues would deserve credit:
Croats and Slovenes are Roman Catholic Serbs, Montenegrins, and Macedonians are Eastern Orthodox Bosnians and Albanians are mostly Muslims
AP Key Concept: 4.2 V.DHistorical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationTopic: The Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil WarChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
Part C) United States involvement in the region
A general discussion of these issues would deserve credit:
The U.S. had very little direct, singular involvement in the conflicts around Sarajevo. It supported actions taken by the United Nations and NATO, including negotiations and
airstrikes. However, the U.S. later hosted the peace negotiations in Dayton, Ohio, recognizing Bosnia as
independent. The U.S., as a part of NATO forces, has worked to maintain peace in the region, including
the supporting the independence and recognition of Kosovo.
AP Key Concept: 4.2 V.DHistorical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationTopic: The Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil WarChapter 21: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
4.47. This question asks students to reflect on the facets of the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), both liberal and conservative, and the papacy of John Paul II, using information from the relevant learning objectives Poverty and Prosperity (PP 15) and Objective Knowledge and Subjective Visions (OS–11) by giving appropriate examples discussed in their course.
Answer parts A), B), and C).
A) Briefly explain ONE liberal decision made at the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965).
B) Briefly explain ONE conservative belief upheld at the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965).
C) Briefly explain ONE change brought about as the Catholic Church continued to take a more dynamic role 25 years later.
Information that could be used in a correct answer:
Part A) Liberal decisions made
Use of vernacular in Mass instead of Latin Less ornate clerical clothing Mass celebrated with the priest facing the congregation More contemporary service, including more modern music Statement that Jews were not to be blamed for the death of Jesus
AP Key Concept: 4.3 III.BHistorical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationTopic: The Christian HeritageChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
Part B) Conservative beliefs upheld
Celibacy of the clergy Prohibition on contraception, including abortion No women in the priesthood
AP Key Concept: 4.3 III.BHistorical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationTopic: The Christian HeritageChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
Part C) Role in 25 years
John Paul II led the Catholic Church to have a major role in the world. First, simply his papacy was a change in that he was the first non-Italian pope since the
1500s. Second, he took a stand against communism, from his cardinalship in Poland to his papacy in
Rome. As pope, he visited Poland, supporting the Solidarity movement, thus encouraging people to stand up against Soviet control in Eastern Europe.
Third, he visited with world leaders, becoming a close friend of many. He took an especially strong stand when he met and talked with Mikhail Gorbachev.
Fourth, he helped the church encourage social justice around the world, creating many cardinals from developing nations.
AP Key Concept: 4.3 III.BHistorical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationTopic: The Christian HeritageChapter 22: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
The following 2 questions refer to the map below.
The European Union, 2013
Found on p. 1017 of A History of Western Society, 11th Edition, since 1300, for AP*
Original members, 1951 (orange) Netherlands, (formerly) West Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Italy
France, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Malta, Greece, Slovenia, Austria, Finland, Estonia, Slovakia, Cyprus
Which of the following delayed Eastern European countries’ integration into the European Union?
a. Nations within the Soviet Bloc followed an economic model based on central planning and specialized production.b. Nikita Khrushchev’s de-Stalinization policies prompted revolts in Eastern Europe.c. The rise of new nationalisms in Central and Eastern Europe brought peaceful revolutions.d. The challenges of communism brought mixed responses from Christian churches.
Which of the following best characterizes the patterns represented on this map?
a. Europe experienced increasing economic and political integration as several countries made efforts to establish a shared European identity.b. The economic and political responsibilities of membership in the European Union created a challenge to individual countries’ national sovereignty. c. The rise of new nationalisms in Central and Eastern Europe culminated in the birth of new states. d. The influence of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) spread across Europe over six decades.
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