Monetary History of Kiev

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The Monetary History of Kiev in the Pre-Mongol PeriodAuthor(s): THOMAS S. NOONANReviewed work(s):Source: Harvard Ukrainian Studies, Vol. 11, No. 3/4 (December 1987), pp. 384-443Published by: Harvard Ukrainian Research InstituteStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41036281 .

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TheMonetary istoryfKiev nthePre-Mongoleriod

THOMAS S. NOONAN

INTRODUCTION

The cityof Kiev was unquestionablyhemajorpolitical, conomic, nd

religiousenterfRus' duringhe ntire re-Mongolra. While here rea

numberf writtenources orKiev's historytthis ime ndarchaeologicalexcavations rovide n ever-growingnderstandingf Kiev's lifeprior o1240,we must otneglecthenumismaticvidence.Themonetaryourcesfrom his ra can helpto answermany mportantuestions bout Kiev's

earlyhistoryorwhich hewrittennd/orrchaeological ataaremeager,obscure, r acking.Thisstudyxploreswhat hesemonetaryources ug-gest boutKievduringheperiodwhen twas thegreatestown f theRus'lands.

Severalpoints houldbe made clearat the outset.First, ymonetary

sources remeant oinsas well as piecesof metal sedas money.For ourpurposes,he erm pieces of metalusedas money"referspecificallyo

ingots rmonetniryvnymonetnyerivny), any f which irculated ur-

ingthepre-Mongolra,duringwhich hey eganto replacecoins as thechief orm f metallicmoney.This definitionfmonetaryourcesmeansthatwe shallfocus n the ctual oinsandingots hat ither eachedKievfrom lsewhere rwere ssued n Kiev duringhepre-Mongolra. Ofnoconcern o us hereare the various erms ormonetarynits f accountfoundnwrittenources uch s theRus'skaiaPravda.

Applyinghe bovedefinition,ur tudywillconsider ivemain ypes fmoney:

(1) Islamic oins,primarilyhe ilver irhams ften eferredoinolderworks s kuficoins;

(2) Byzantineoinsofsilver, old, ndcopper;(3) WestEuropean ilver oins, rdeniers;(4) Rus' coinsofgold, ilver,ndbillon, sually eferredo as zolotnyky

(zlatniki)goldcoins) nd ribnykysrebreniki)silver oins);(5) ingots rmonetniryvnymonetnyerivny),rimarilyhose f silver

having hexagonal hapeand usuallydescribed s being"of theKievtype".

In order o facilitateuranalysis,we shallexamine ach typeofmoneyseparatelyndreserve eneralizationsor he onclusion.



MONETARYHISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 385

This study ssumesthat herewere no indigenousourcesof gold or

silver n Kiev or adjacentareas during hepre-Mongol ra. Such anassumptions implicitnalmost ll studies fRus' monetaryistory,ut tis best o state texplicitly. urthermore,t s assumed hat oldand silverhad a very eal valuewhichwas almost niversallyecognizedhroughoutwesternurasia.Based on these ssumptions,e must onclude hat ll the

gold or silver oins or ingots ound n Kiev or struck here temfrom

imports f preciousmetals. These coins and ingots husrepresenthetransferftangible ealth rom omewherelse to Kiev.

It is often ssumed hat he irculationfcoins andngots

nearly

Rus'was due totrade.While rade layed nimportantole nmonetaryircula-tion,twas not heonlyfactor hat ed to thetransferftangible,metallicwealth. Herewe will brieflyutline number f reasonswhymetallicwealth nded p n Kiev.

1. Trade. Tradehas twoaspects s a source fmoney.First,oinsandingots ould be used to makeup anydeficit roducedn thebarteringf

goods. Second, ince herewereno indigenousources fsilver rgold n

earlyKiev, coinsmade of thesepreciousmetalswere also considered

goodorproductobe deliberatelyoughtnanyexchange fwares. Coinsofpreciousmetalwere t timesmelted own ndused tomake ther oods.

The large quantityf silver ewelrydeposited n Kiev during hepre-Mongol rarequiredhe mportation,t somepoint, f a great ealofsilver,whichwe canpresumewas intheform f silver oinage, t least until heearly welfthentury.All in all, the volumeof Kiev's bullion radewasprobablyar reaterhan hemonetaryinds er e suggest.

2. SecularTaxes. Here taxes referso the assorted oodsthatvarioustributaryeopleswereforced o give the rulers f Kiev. Mostof these

goods, hewrittenourcesmakeclear,werefurs,wax,honey,nd slaves.1ThePrimaryhronicle lso notes, owever,hat ertain ast Slavic tribeshadpaidtributeotheKhazars n theform f coins before omingunderRus' rule.Thechroniclepecificallytates hat fterubmittingo theRus',someof theEast Slavic tribes implywitched heir aymentsf tributencoinage o theRus' rulers.2robably,hen, omeof thecoinage nd eveningots hatreached Kiev were acquiredas taxes exortedfrom ubject

1 Accordingo thePrimaryhronicle,heDerevlianiansaidtheprincesf Kiev a tributef

one black martenkinapiece: The RussianPrimary hronicle: aurentian ext hereafterRPC-L), trans,and ed. Samuel H. Cross and OlgerdP. Sherbowitz-WetzorCambridge,Mass.,1953),p.61,s.a. 883. We can also assume hatmost fthe urs, ax,honey,nd slavesreachinghe owerDanubefromRus', i.e.,from iev,were riginallybtained here s trib-ute. bid,p. 86,s.a. 969.2 RPC-L,p.61,s.a. 885, ndp. 84,s.a. 964.



386 THOMAS S. NOONAN

peoples. Preciousmetals, articularlyilver oins, irculatednsubstantial

quantitiesnvarious arts f theRus' lands, nd it is likely hat heRus'rulers elcomedhe aymentf tributensilver oins.

3. Religious axes. From he ime fVolodimer's onversiono Ortho-

doxy, herulers f Rus' endowed hurchesnd monasteries ith ermanentrevenues.Thesegrantsften ook heform f a portion, ormally tenth,of therulers'ncome r the ransferfvillageswhose nhabitantsowpaidtaxes o the hurch rmonasteryhus ndowed. ndeed,Volodimer eganthis ractice ygiving tithe f hispropertyndcities o thenewChurch fthe

HolyVirginn996,as a result f whicht becameknown s theDesia-

tynna Tithes) Church.3 ater princeswere also generouspatronsofecclesiastical stablishments.n 1158,PrinceGlëb andhis wifegave theKievMonasteryftheCaves700hryvnyfsilver, 00hryvnyfgold, nd

villages.4 considerableart f the oinsand ngots oundnpre-MongolKiev came from he andsof various hurchesnd monasteries.n anyevent, art f Kiev'smonetary ealth ame n theform f taxes s well as

offerings ade o the ity's hurchesndmonasteries.4. Loot. The manymilitaryampaigns onducted y thecity'srulers

obtainedmuchoot, ncludingmoney.

As Grand rinceVolodimer viato-slavichhimself ommented, ith good retinue e couldwingold andsilver.5 rand rince viatoslav lso commentedin 1075)thatwhile angi-ble wealth ay dormant, ith ive vassals one could gain even greaterwealth.6 he chronicles rovide ividexamples f the vast ootobtainedfrom ampaignswithin us'. In 1150,for xample, rinceVolodimer f

Halych emanded large ilver aymentromhepeopleofMyches'k orelse I willplunder our ity." Thetownspeopleook ilverjewelry) romtheir arsandnecks,meltedtdown, ndgave it tohim. Volodimer hen

extortedmoresilverfrom ther ownson his wayback to

Halychfrom

Myches'k.7A fewyears ater,during heendemic nter-princelytrife,PrinceMstislav btainedmuchgold,silver, laves,horses, nd cattlebylootinghe etinuefPrince ziaslav n Kiev tself.8

5. Gifts.Gift-giving,specially mongprinces,was responsibleor hetransferf arge uantitiesftangible ealth oKiev. Sometimesheprac-ticeresultedn a net ossforRus',as in 1075whenGrand rince viatoslav

3 RPC-L,p. 121, .a. 996.4

TheKievanChronicle,rans, ndwith ommentaryyLisa HeinrichPh.D. diss.,Vander-

biltUniversity,977),pp.230-31, s.a. 1158.5 RPC-L,p. 122, .a.996.6 RPC-L,p. 164, .a. 1075.7 KievanChronicle,. 150, .a. 1150.0 KievanChronicle,. 241 s.a. 11 >y




showed he ambassadors f theHolyRomanEmperor is vast richesof

gold,silver, nd silk, nd thengave themmanygifts or heir eturnriphome.9n 1132,GrandPrince aropolk ave another rince gold, silver,pearls,horses, nd armour. . ."10 Churchmen lso gave gifts avishly.WhenBishopElias ofNovgorod isited henewmetropolitanoan in Kievaround 166,hebroughtimgold, ilver, earls, ilks, nd furs.11 uchofthegift-givingnly xchangedwealthwithin us'. In 1132,for nstance,GrandPrince ziaslav of Kiev gave gifts btained rom heKiev area andByzantiumo Prince Rostislavof Smolenskwhile RostislavpresentedIziaslav with

goodsfromnorthern us' and the Baltic.12 owries were

another orm fgift-giving.n 1187,for xample,Grand rinceVsevolodgave muchgold and silver ogether ithothergifts s a dowry or hisdaughtererkhuslava.13

6. Bribes. Monieswere sometimes aid to Rus' andforeign ulers oleave a town npeace ortohelpa Rus' prince eize a particularown.In1144,for nstance, rinceVolodimer ad to pay PrinceVsevolod 1,400hryvnyf silver o makepeace.14 ix years ater, heKingof Hungarydemandedmuchgoldand other aluables o returnome.15n 1190 PrinceVolodimer led o the

HolyRoman

Emperornd

reportedlyromisedim

2,000silverhryvnyer year nreturn or heemperor's elp nregainingthe hronefHalych.16

This list s byno meansexhaustive; ather,t demonstrateshat hereweremany ources,mongwhich radewasunquestionablyerymportant,forthe coins and ingotsdeposited n Kiev during hepre-Mongol ra.Unfortunately,here s nowaytoapportion iev's monetary ealth mongthesenumerous actors.What s certain s thatno mono-causalpproachcanproperlyxplainmonetaryirculationnKiev nthepre-Mongolra.

It cansurely e argued, owever,hatmuch f thenetgrowthnKiev'swealth ame from rade.For most f theother actors,he nflux fmone-tarywealthntoKiev wasprobablyffsetya correspondingutlay.Gifts,as we have seen, were oftenreciprocated.While Kiev undoubtedlyamassed a sizeable amountof booty, t, too, was looted on several

9 RPC-L,p. 164, .a. 1075.lu TheNikonian hronicle,ol. 2: From heYear11 2-1240, ed., trans.,nd with ommen-tary ySergeA. andBetty ean enkovskyPrinceton,984),p. 2,s.a. 1132.11 Nikonian hronicle,. 133, .a. 1166.

12 KievanChronicle, . 98,s.a. 1148.13 KievanChronicle,p.429- 30,s.a. 11 7.1 KievanChronicle, . 38,s.a. 1144.15 KievanChronicle, . 140, .a. 1150.16 KievanChronicle, .440,s.a. 1190.




occasions. In 1169PrinceAndreiBogoliubskiiackedKiev,and thecitywasplunderedgain n1203byPrinceRiurik.On theformerccasion, hechronicles eport, iev was looted for two days, the Podil and manychurchesweresacked, nd muchwealthwas seized.17 n the atter cca-sion,theOl'govichi ndtheir olovtsian llies looted hePodil andothersectionsfKiev androbbed he hurches.18

Kiev's rulers lso paidbribes nd maderelated ayments.n 1151,for

example,GrandPrince ziaslavpaidtheHungarians andsomelyorhelp-inghimtotakeKiev.19n 1174,GrandPrince aroslavhadtopayPrinceSviatoslav f Chernihiv hugeransom oregainhiscaptured amilyndretinue.20hisransomwaspaidvia a taxon all inhabitantsfKiev,as wellas on the hurch.21hecity'sprinceswere lso forcedo make onstantndoften izeableexpenditureso secureprotectionnd to appease potentialfoes.

The taxesandofferingscquired yKiev's layandecclesiastical ords

probably ccounted or some netgain in monetary ealth. But Kiev'srulers sed a good partof their evenue o provide hegiftsneeded tocement emporaryriendshipsith ther rinces, o maintainhe retinueandTurkic uxilliarieshat onstitutedhenucleus fthe

princelyrmy,o

erectand endow new churches nd monasteries,nd even to help the

poor.22The nhabitantsfKiev,especially hegrand rinces, idacquire great

deal of tangiblewealth uringhepre-Mongolra. Already nderGrandPrinceVolodimer viatoslavich,heprince's reasury as filledwithmar-tenpelts nd his specialguestsusedsilver poons.23When thepeopleofKiev pillagedthe residence f GrandPrince ziaslav in 1068,they ook

hugequantitiesfgold, ilver,ndfurs.24 fewyears ater,when ziaslav

againfledKiev,he tookmuchtreasurewithhim.25 he German nvoyswho visitedGrand rince viatoslavn 1075 were hown n "innumerable

17 Kievan Chronicle,p. 295, s.a. 1171; NikonianChronicle,2: 142, s.a. 1170.18 NikonianChronicle,2: 216, s.a. 1202.19 Kievan Chronicle,p. 153, s.a. 1 151.20 Kievan Chronicle,p. 337, s.a. 1174.21 NikonianChronicle,2: 156-57, s.a. 1175.22 As early as 996, the PrimaryChronicle reported RPC-L, p. 121, s.a. 996) that Grand

PrinceVolodimer gave 300 hryvny o Kiev's poor and providedbeggarsand the destitutewithfood and drink.li RPC-L, pp. 1 1- 22, s.a. 996.24 RPC-L, p. 148, s.a. 1068.25 RPC-L,p. 155, s.a. 1073.



MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOLPERIOD 389

quantityfgold,silver, nd silks. . ."26 Avaricewas apparentlyo well

developed mong heRus' princes hat he hroniclersook pecialnote fthosewho did nothoardgoldandsilver n their reasuriesutdistributedsome oftheirwealth mongretainersndothers.27 f course, he monk-chroniclers ayhave had a vested nterestn'encouragingrinces osharetheir ealth.

Thepicturef Kiev's tremendous ealth ound nthewrittenources sincompleteccordwith hematerialvidence.Archaeologicaliscoveriesas well s chance inds aveuncovereduge uantitiesftangible ealthnand aroundKiev. Ithasbeenestimated,or nstance,hat oards ound nKievfromhepre-Mongolracontained ver3,000piecesof ewelrymadefrom old, ilver,ndtheirlloys.28ndividual iecesof ewelry ound ur-ing archaeologicalxcavations hould e addedto this um. Inherfunda-mentalstudyof treasurehoards frompre-MongolRus', Korzukhinadescribed hoardsfromKiev datingbetween hemid-tenthnd earlyeleventhenturies, hoards rom he leventhndearly welfthenturies,and47 hoards eposited etween he 1170s and 1240.29 hirtyercent fall treasure oards oundntheRus' lands hat atefrom etweenheninth

centurynd1240

originatednthe

ityf Kiev. To this astwealth f

Kievmust e added he oins nd ngots ot oundntreasureoards.Thestudy f Kiev's monetary istoryhouldgiveus some nsightsnto

thevitalityndprosperityhatmadepre-Mongol iev thepremierity nRus'.

** *

To facilitateuranalysis, hepertinentinds f each offive ypes f coinsandingots regiven n a separate ppendixappendixA = Islamiccoins;

appendix = Byzantineoins;appendix = WestEuropean oins;appen-dixD = monetaryngots; ppendix = Rus' coins). SinceSotnikovandSpasskiihaverecentlyompleted comprehensivetudy fRus' coinage,havereproducedheiratalogue ffinds ere, s appendix .30AppendixesA-D representmyown work. Scholarsspecializing n chronicles nd

26 RPC-L,p. 164, .a. 1075.27 KievanChronicle, . 301,s.a. 1172;p. 375,s.a. 1178;p.423,s.a. 1187;p.483,s.a. 1197.28 Novoevarkheologiiieva Kiev, 1981),p. 350.29

G. F. Korzukhina,usskie ladyX-XIII vv. MoscowandLeningrad,954),pp.83-84,no.12- 14;pp.90-91, no.29-30; pp. 105-126, no.65- 111.30 M. P. Sotnikova nd I. G. Spasski,RussianCoinsoftheX-XI Centuries .D.: RecentResearch nda Corpus nCommemorationftheMillenary ftheEarliestRussianCoinage,trans.H. B. Wells (Oxford, 982); idem,TysiacheletierevneishikhonetRossii: Svodnyikatalog usskikh onet -XI vekovLeningrad,983).




documents hoknow hemany ifficultiesf nterpretinghewritten ord

mayviewwistfullyhe certainty"farchaeologicalnd numismaticinds.Alas,no such"certainty" xists, t least not forourmonetaryvidence.Discrepanciesxist nthe ccounts f far oomany inds. t is not lwayspossible odeterminexactlywhatwas found,much ess when nd wherethediscoveries eremade.

A fewexamples an illustrateheseproblemswith ur data base. Formany earstwas believed hat wohoards ontainingerman eniers romthereign fHenryI (1002-1024) had been foundnKiev.31However,recent tudymaintains hatno such hoards verexisted: the first oardresultedrom confusion ith nearlier enier indnKiev, nd the econdwas created hrough misunderstandingf the data.32Hence two denierhoards rom iev that ad beenreferredorepeatedlyor ver centuryrenow labeledfictitious.n 1900,a coin-treasureoard ncluding old andsilverngots ecamepart fthe ollection f B. I. Khanenko.Korzukhinagavethefind-spots Divochahora,nearthevillageof Sakhnivka,n theKanivcounty.33n theother and, ne of the eading ontemporarype-cialists nearlyKiev,P. P. Tolochko,ndicateshat his ame hoardwas infact foundon the lands of the former t. Michael Golden-Domed

Monastery.34hus,we cannotbe certain xactlywhere a hoard wasunearthed. esserdifferenceslso abound.The contentsfmanyhoardsarevariously eported.t s not lear, n such ases,howmany ngotswere

part f a hoard rexactly owmany oinsof a particularypewerefound.

Many istsofparticularypes f coins or ingots mitfinds oted n otherlists,give alternativeatesof discovery orthe same find, r combine

separate indsnto larger oard.Another erioushandicap s thatmany mportantindsweredispersed

beforetheywere studied ven preliminarily.uch was the

case,for

instance, ith he arge oin-treasureoard ound longtheKhreshchatykin 1787,35s well as the argecoin hoarduncoveredn thePodil during1889.36 ventheproper ecoveryf a hoarddoes notguaranteetspreser-vation or cholarlytudy.Thehoard f almost ,400silver oinsfoundnKievduring 706 wasapparentlyispersed ithoutnyrecordwhilenomi-

31 Appendix , no. 2.

32 Novoevarkheologii,p.420-22.JJ Korzukñina,/flúTy,. ui,no. ill.^ P. P. Tolochko, revnii iev Kiev,1983),p. 173,no. 25.•" Appendix ,no. 2.36 Appendix ,no. 9.



MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 391

nallyheld n theCoin Cabinet f theAsiaticMuseum nSt. Petersburg.37Some hoardshave beenpreservednly npart, .g.,thevery argedirhamhoard oundnKiev in 185 .38 here snowaytodeterminefthe urviv-ing portions representativef the hoard s a whole. In other ases, thecontentsfmajorhoards oundongago have stillnotbeenpublishednfull, .g.,the arge1913dirham oardfromKiev39 nd thedirham oardfrom ondad nOster ounty, hernihivrovince.40he Khabrivka oardallegedly oundnear Kiev was in privatehands forover a halfcenturybefore eingdonated o museumsn Poland;thepreservedoinsclearly

suggesthat

partof theoriginalhoard was lost.41Many

descriptionsf

hoards efer aguely o "somecoins," "many oins," "Byzantine oins,""several ngots," tc. Finally, espitemybestefforts,arious inds aveprobablyeen nadvertentlymittedr naccuratelyeported. onetheless,the ppendixes ivenheredo summarize ost f whatwe nowknow boutthe ertinentinds rom iev.

I was initiallynclined o imitmy nvestigationere oonly hose oinsand ngots oundnKiev tself.Thisapproach,aken nseveral ecenttud-ies, does have merit.Yet I believe such a restrictedeographical ocuswouldbe

misleading. slamic,Byzantine,ndWest

Europeanoins were

importedntoRus' frombroad.Whilewe cannot etermineith ertaintywhetherhedeposits f such coins found utside f Kiev representoinsthatwerebeingbroughto Kiev or hadbeen taken rom hecity, tseemsreasonable o connectmany f these indswithKiev. In anyevent, ertainfind-spotsutside hecitycan arguably e associatedwith hemonetarywealthof Kiev, whether s imports r exports.These regions ncludenearly ll of the current iev oblast' exceptthe town of Pereiaslav-Khmel'nyts'kyind adjacent reas,muchof theformer anivand Cher-

kasy ounties ow nCherkasyblast', nd Oster ountynChernihivro-vince. notherwords, haveexcluded romhese ppendixeshose arts fthe middleDnieper probably onnectedwith the Old Rus' towns ofLiubech, Chernihiv,nd Pereiaslav and all areas beyondthem. Myapproachmaybe overly nclusive, ut t does ensure hat hemonetarywealth f what an be be calledgreater iev sconsidered.

37 AppendixA, no. 138 AppendixA, no. 4.■" Appendix, no. io.40 Appendix ,no. 30.^ Appendix, no. i




Mostof theRus' coinsas well as mosthexagonalngots f the o-called

KievtypewerepresumablytrucknKiev,so weneedto consider hefindsofsuchcoinsand ngots egardlessf where heyweredeposited.Appen-dixesD andE list ll known inds fhexagonal ngotsndRus' coins truckinKiev whereverhey ccur. In addition,ppendix listsfinds f non-hexagonalngots f thepre-Mongolrafrom othKievandgreater iev.

IslamicCoins

Almost ll the slamic oinsbroughtnto astern urope nd theBalticdur-

ingtheVikingAge were silverdirhams. Almostno Islamicgold coins(dinars)orcopper oins fulüs, ing, ais) reached hese reas.42 irhamsfirstppearednEastern uropeduringhe ate ighthenturyollowingheestablishmentf more eaceful elationsetweenArabs nd Khazars ntheCaucasus.43 irhamsontinuedo flownto astern urope, lthoughome-what rratically,rom a. 800 until he firstuarter f theeleventh en-

tury.44uring heperiodfrom a. 905-970, theheyday f Islamic tradewithEastern urope,hundredsf thousands,fnotmillions, f dirhamsstruckn theSãmãnidmints f CentralAsia were mportedntoEastern

Europe.A substantialortionfthese irhams ere hen e-exportedo thelands around heBaltic. While a fewdirhamswere no doubt btained sthe resultof raids,bribes,payments o mercenaries,nd other non-commercialactors,he writtenources eave no doubt hatmostdirhamswerebroughto Eastern urope hroughrade.45

42 On thefulus, ee ThomasS. Noonan, Medieval IslamicCopperCoinsfrom uropeanRussiaandSurroundingegions:The Use oftheFais intheEarly slamicTradewith asternEurope,"Journalf heAmerican riental ociety 4 (1974):448-53.43

Thomas . Noonan, When nd HowDirhams irstReachedRussia: A Numismaticri-tiqueof the Pirenne heory,"Cahiersdu Monde Russe et Soviétique 1 (1980):401-469;idem,"Why DirhamsFirstReached Russia: The Role of Arab-Khazar elations n theDevelopmentftheEarliestslamicTradewith astern urope,"Archivumurasiae MediiAeviA 1984): 151-282.44 The influx fdirhamsntoEastern uropeduringhisperiod s reviewednThomasS.Noonan, Dirhams rom arlyMedievalRussia,"Journal ftheRussianNumismaticociety17 Winter984/85):- 12.45 Among hemany slamic ources hat iscuss his rade,pecialnote houldbe taken fIbnFadlãn,who described ow Rüsmerchantsrrivingn theVolga-Bulgarandsprayedhat(Islamic)merchantsithmany oinswouldbuy ll of theirlaves and furswithoutaggling(James . McKeithen,The Risãlah of bnFadlãn: An Annotatedranslation ith ntroduc-

tion"[Ph.D.diss., ndianaUniversity,979],132-33). Gardïzï nd bn Rusta lsoreporthatin theVolga-BulgarandstheRüs andSaqlãbssoldtheir eltsfordirhamsroughtrom heIslamic ands A. P. Martinez,Gardïzï's Two Chaptersf theTurks,"ArchivumurasiaeMedii Aevi2 (1982): 158-59; IbnRusteh, es Atours récieux, rans.GastonWiet Cairo,1955),p. 159.



MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV INTHE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 393

Itwasthis slamic radewith heRus',conducted cross heKhazar nd

Volga-Bulgarands, hat rovidedhedirhamshat ndedupinand aroundKiev. Themajormovementf dirhamsnEastern urope,however,wastoward heupperVolga lands,theNovgorod egion, nd the Baltic. Inotherwords, irhamsravitatedromheKhazar ndVolga-Bulgarands onorthernnd centralRus' and westwardntothe ands around heBalticSea. Kiev thus ayto the ide oftheroutes ywhichmostdirhams ircu-lated. It has beenargued hat herewas a route eadingfrom heVolga-Bulgar andstoKiev in thepre-Mongolra. Islamicsources fthetenth

centuryefer o a town ftheRüs called

Kuyãbahwhich ome

dentifys

Kiev.46 n the mid-twelfthenturyheSpanishtraveller bu Hamid al-Garnâtï eportedlyent rom heVolga-Bulgarands to thecity f Kuiav[the riginal asMan-Karmãn .P.],47which ome also identifys Kiev.48However,Korzukhina trongly hallengedboth these identifications.49Given his ontroversy,e must e cautious bout ssuminghe xistenceof a direct ulgar-Kievoute ywhich irhamseachedKiev.

Elsewhere,have rgued hat irhams id not each heUkraine ntil he820s.50My argument as based on theprinciplehat irham oards re a

farmore eliable uide o the ppearance f dirhamsna given egion hanare stray inds.All thestray inds f dirhamswerecoins that ould befound n hoards i.e., theycame fromdispersedhoards),whereastheappearance f more han few ncidentalirhamsnan area would nevi-tably aveproduced oards. stillmaintain hat oards fdirhams re thekey ndicatoror atinghe irculationf dirhamsnanyregion f EasternEurope.

History as beenvery nkind othedirham oards oundnKiev itself.The earliest ecorded oard, rom 706,was dispersedwhile nSt.Peters-

burg.It contained round ,380 silver Assyrian"coins,which cholarslater elievedwere,nfact, irhams.51he nexthoard, hronologically,asalso lostwithout trace there s no record fthe ontentsf theugfull f

46 Hudud l-Àlam, TheRegions ftheWorld": A PersianGeography,72 A.H.-982A.D.,trans,ndwith ommentaryyV. Minorsky,d ed. (London, 970),pp. 159, 34.47 See O. Pritsak, Eine altruische ezeichrungürKiev," Der Islam 32 (1955): 1-13[O.P.].48 O. G. Bol'shakov ndA. L. Mongait,ûtes estvie buKhamida l-Garnati vostochnuiui tsentral'nuiuvropu1131 1153gg.) Moscow,1971),pp.37; 74,fn.104; 108-110.49 G. F.

Korzukhina,Put'

Abu Khamid l-Garnatiz Bulgarav Vengriiu,"nProblemyarkheologii,ol. 2: Sbornik tateivpamiafprofessoraM. I. ArtamonovaLeningrad,978),pp.187-94.50 Thomas . Noonan, When Did Dirhams irstReachtheUkraine?," arvardUkrainianStudies ,no. 1 March1978):26-40.51 Appendix ,no.1




4'ancient" ilver oinsfound n 1787,most,fnot ll,of whichwereprob-ablydirhams.52 third oard, ontainingome200 Oriental opper oins,was deposited fter heMongol conquest, robably yOriental roops rtraders,o it tells us nothingboutKiev's monetary istoryn thepre-Mongolera.53Onlya smallpart f thevery argedirham oardfound n1851wasidentified;hebulk f thepreservedirhams ere ent otheHer-mitage, uthaveyet obepublishednfull.54 hedirham oard iscoveredin thePodil n 1863has beenpublishednsomedetail.55 orecharacteristi-cally, he argehoard fdirhams oundnthePodil n1889hasdisappearedwithout trace.56inally, he argehoarduncoveredn 1913hasnotbeenfully ublished,lthoughhere s a general ummaryf its contents.57nsum,of thesix hoards fdirhams nearthedn Kiev, onlyone has beenthoroughlyublished;hree avebeen ost ompletely,hile hedataavail-able about heother wo s incomplete. hus, ny ffortoanalyze hedir-hamhoards rom iev relies n a seriouslylawed ata base. The evidencethatwe do have for hehoardsdatedto 905/06 the1851hoard), 35/36(the1863hoard), nd905/06 the1913hoard) uggests hat irhams irstreachedKiev inthe arly enthenturynd that he nflux ad cometo anend

bythemid-tenth

entury. r,to

putt another

way,the

trade, axes,and/orampaigns hatbroughthesecoins to Kiev wereconfined o theperiod a. 900-950.

One test f thishypothesiss to examine irham oards oundngreaterKiev. There re three ertinentoards: 1) Thehuge1912Denysyhoard,containingver5,300dirhams nd dirham ragmentss well as 60 or soother oins, f whichmost hat ould be identifiedeemto have beenpub-lished nfull. Severaldirhamsn thishoarddate to thefirstecade of theeleventh enturynd the hoard as a whole was probably eposited a.

1020;582) The 1913-1914 hoardfrom ondari, boutwhich ittle nfor-mations available. It supposedlyontained 20 dirhams,hemost ecentof which ated o951/52;593) The 1916 hoard llegedly ound earKha-brivka, hich resents realpuzzle.60 he most ecent irhamn tdates o945/46,whereas tsmost ecentoin s a denier f 1018-1035 orpossibly

52 Appendix ,no.2.^ Appendix ,no.3.54 Appendix ,no. 4.55 Appendix ,no. 6.

JU Appendix ,no. V.D/ Appendix ,no. 16.58 Appendix ,no. 28.3y Appendix ,no. 30.60 Appendix ,no. 31




another enier fthe welfth-thirteenthenturies. n a normal oard f ca.

1020-1035 containingirhams,lmost ertainly sizeablenumber f dir-hamswouldhave been struckfter 50. The absence of such newerdir-hams n theKhabrivka oard uggestshat ither henewerdirhamswereconsciously emoved r that he deniers riginallyonstituted separatefindor finds nd were mixed with the dirhams fter heyhad beenunearthed.here sgoodreason oargue, hen,hat hedirhamsn theKha-brivka oardwere,nfact, eposited eparatelyround 50,perhapsnthevicinityfKiev.

The three irham oards romreater

ievsupport

urhypothesis

hatdirhams id notreach heKiev regionnanysignificantumbers ntil heearly enthentury. he Bondari ndKhabrivka oards ndicate hat heimportationf dirhamsnto his rea did not continue fter hemid-tenthcentury. he Denysyhoardwould seem to indicate hatdirhams truckbetween hemid-tenthndearly leventh enturies id reach he rea,butsincetheDenysyhoard s so large, tmaywellrepresenthe ccumulatedwealth f severaldecadesrather han hecirculationfdirhamsngreaterKiev ca. 1020.

The mosttartling

onclusion oemerge

rom uranalysis

fthe vail-able evidence s that irhams id notreachKiev in anyquantityntil heearly enthentury. ontraryo the views of scholars ikeKliuchevskii,who inkedKiev's emergences a major own o itsearly radewith heIslamicworld, here s no numismaticvidenceforsuch a trade n theeighthr ninthenturies.61iev didnothaveanydemonstrableiesto theinflux fdirhamsntoEastern uropeduringheninthentury. uchtiesonly egan nthe arly enthenturyndthey nly asted,with nyregular-ity, or bouthalf century.

Onestrikingeature f thedirham oards rom iev andvicinitys theirvery arge ize:

Kiev,1706 2,380Kiev,1787 '

'jugfull"Kiev,1851 2,000-3,000Kiev,1863 191Kiev,1889 "large"Kiev,1913 2,930Denysy, 912 5,400

61 V. O. Kluchevsky, History fRussia,vol. 1,trans. . J.Hogarthrpt., ewYork,1960),pp.52-53.




Bondari, 913-1914 420

Khabrivka,916 106/129

Four of the sevenhoardsfor whichsome estimate f size is availableexceed2,000dirhams;lso, fthe laypotfoundn 1851 contained everalthousandirhams,hen he jug full"ofcoinsuncoveredn1787mayhavebeen of similar ize. The "large" 1889 hoardprobably umberedtleast500 dirhams,fnotmore.Dirham oards f a thousandrmore oinsarenot unknownn EasternEurope,but a fairly argenumber f smallerhoards, a. 50-200 coins,wereusually lso found. Kiev andvicinityre

thusmarked ya high oncentrationfvery argedirham oards.Onecanargue hat hesehoards epresenthe ccumulationf wealthnanemergingcapitalrather hangroupsof dirhams akenhere and there o facilitate

everydayrade.Kievmay hushavereaped heprofitsf the slamic radewithoutaving ada major ole n t.

Usingtheabove estimates or"jug full" and "large," and assumingthat he1706 and 1787hoards id containslamic oins,we canprojecthattheninehoards romheKiev region robablyontainedntheneighbor-hood of 17,000dirhams.While thismaynotseem to be a hugesum, t

represents oredirhamshanwere found n all the ninth entury oardsfrom he ntire altic. Largenumbers f dirhams ere husmportedntoKievand tsvicinityver relativelyhortime,pecificallya. 12,000dir-hams between a. 905 and 955, or some 240 per yearon average. The

equivalentf one fair-sizedirham oard eachedKievannually uringhefirst-halffthe enthentury.

Basedon the boveanalysis, should ike toputforwardhefollowinghypothesis. iev's connection ith he slamictrade egan only a. 905,when heroute ywhich irhams eached astern urope hifted rom he

Caspian/aucasusroutes o a CentralAsian route ransversingheVolga-Bulgar ands. Whilemost f thedirhamsmportednto hemiddleVolgawerere-exportedo centralnd northernus' or to theBaltic, or roundhalf enturyrpossiblyonger, significantumber eredivertedo Kievandvicinity.t is not learwhetherhesedirhams ere heresult ffairlybrief ut ntensiveradewithVolgaBulgaria, f tributeollected rom astSlavic tribesn the form f silverdirhams,r of lootbroughtack fromvariouscampaigns.Probably ll threefactorswere operative o someextent.

The firsteal nfluxfmonetaryealthntoKiev andvicinityhus ameduringhefirstalf fthe enthentury,hen t east12,000dirhams ere

importednto he rea ofKiev. There s nomonetaryvidence orKiev'sties with heOrient efore 00, and thetiesbeginninghen eem to have

disappearedround 55, i.e.,severaldecadesbefore he ilver risis nthe



MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOLPERIOD 397

Islamicworld ut gradual nd tothe xport f dirhams oEastern urope.Theonly vidence f new slamicmoney oming o Kiev after 55 is inthehugeDenysy oard epositeda. 1020,but hat oard annot e consideredconclusivevidence hat irhams eached heKiev area after 55 with nyregularity.

Byzantineoins

In terms fKiev's monetary istory,yzantineoinspresent great on-trast o slamicdirhams. yzantineoinsmadeofcopper/bronze,old, nd

silverwere ll foundnearlyKiev,unlike heirslamic ounterparts,hichwere lmost ll silver irhams.Whileourdataabout omefinds rom ievandvicinitys incomplete,ndthenumber f coins nsomefindsmust eestimated,here re about116Byzantineoinsfrom ievwhosemetalhasbeen noted. Ofthese, 1 (or 78.4 percent)werecopper rbronze, 1 (or18.1percent)weregold, ndonly (or3.4percent)were ilver.Thispat-tern lso prevails mong heByzantine inds rom reater iev,wheretotal f around 5 coins has been found: fthese, 1 (or60 percent)werecopper rbronze, 0 (or28.6 percent)weregold, ndonly (or 11.4per-

cent)were ilvermiliaresia. o Byzantineoinsreaching ievweremostlikely o be the heaper opper r bronze oinsor,failinghat,hefarmoreexpensive old oins.

A secondmajordifferenceetween heByzantine nd Islamiccoinsfrom iev andvicinityoncernsuantity.Whereas heninedirham oardsfromKiev totaled round17,000 dirhams,hethirty-fouryzantine indsfrom iev containedround 61coins. Twenty-threeindsrom hegreaterKiev regionyielded 8 Byzantineoins. In otherwords, ifty-sevenindscontain totalof only200 or so Byzantine oins. Furthermore,mong

these ifty-sevenhere reonly hree efinite oards: hoard ontainingtleastninecopper oins was found n 1888;62 ifteenolidi werepart f acoin-treasureoarddiscoveredn 1899;63 nd a hoard f 37 copper oinswas unearthedn 1908.64No confirmed oardsof Byzantine oins ori-ginatedngreater iev. Comparedwith irhams,nly minuscule umberofByzantineoins verreached iev.

A third ndfinal omparisonftheByzantinend Islamic oinshas todo with he imespan uring hich hey eachedKiev andvicinity.slamicdirhams, e know,werebroughto Kiev primarilyuringhefirst alfof

62 AppendixB, no. 11.DJ AppendixB, no. 17.64

AppendixB., no. 19.




the enthenturyndonlyvery arelyfter hat.Thepaucity fByzantinehoards nd the differentating ystem n the coins make t difficultodeterminehetime whenByzantine oins came to Kiev. However, hehoardof 37 coppercoins from heKyselivka an be dated to ca. 970.65Thus, t thevery arliest yzantineoinsmayhavereachedKiev aroundthe mid-tenthentury. he stray inds f earlierByzantineoins are notconclusive videncethatByzantine oins first eachedKiev before hemid-tenthentury,nlessthey an be clearlyplaced in a contextwhich

unquestionablyatesfrom efore 50.Among he 200 Byzantineoinsfound nKiev andvicinityre some

definitelytruckn the leventhentury.66hese coinscome from inedif-ferent find-spots. In addition, several Byzantine coins of theeleventhtwelfth,welfth,r elevenththirteenthenturies ere found tsix sites n Kiev andvicinity.67hus we know hat omeByzantineoinswere stillreachingKiev during he eleventh nd twelfthenturies,ongafterhe nflux fdirhamsnto astern uropehadceased.

Fromthepreponderancef copper/bronzend gold issuesamongthe

ByzantineoinsfromheKiev area,their ery mallnumber,nd the ong

periodftime verwhich

heywere

broughthere,t seems evident hat

Byzantineoinsplayednoappreciableole nthe conomic rpolitical is-tory fKiev. Unlike slamicdirhamsnd WestEuropean eniers,whichwere mportedntoEastern urope nquantityo facilitateradewith slamandtheBaltic,Byzantineoinsservedno commercial unction orKiev,norwerethere nough f them o use for ributeayments,ribes, tc. Itseems, nstead,hat smallnumberf ow-value opper nd bronze oinsandan evensmaller umber fhighly aluedgoldcoins werebroughtoKiev andvicinityytravelersver he ourse fseveral enturies. yzan-

tine oinswere hus ssentiallyncidentalouvenirs rmomentos f Rus'-

ByzantinendRus'-Khersonelationsatherhan ndicatorsf Kiev's rela-tionswith hese egions.

TheperipheraloleofByzantineoins nKiev's monetaryistoryaisescertainuestionsbout hefamous us-Byzantinerade. fthis radewereas importants we havebeen ed tobelieve,why re there o fewByzan-tine oins nKiev,theRus' center or his rade?Whywould he ontem-

poraneous slamic tradegenerate o muchcoinage in Rus', while the

Byzantinerade eneratedo little?Twoanswers an be offered. irst,he

Rus-Byzantinerade

mayhave been basedonthebarter f an

equalvalue

65 Appendix ,no. 19."u Appendix , nos.z, i /,Z4, 3U, D,41,44, 34,33.67 Appendix ,nos.12,23,26,32, 37,43.




ofgoods nd thus equired ocoinage omakeupdeficits ntheByzantineside orByzantiumad no coinstomakeupsuchdeficits). he number fByzantinemportsound t Rus' sites ends o supporthis nswer. On theother and, he xtent f thefabledRus-Byzantinerade, speciallyntheninthnd tenthenturies, aybe exaggerated. here s nocompellingvi-dence forthe existence f this rade n theninth entury. he so-calledRus'-Byzantinerade reaties nd thereport reservedyConstantineor-phyrogenitusayhave led us tooverestimatehe volume f this rade nthetenthentury.n anyevent,t seemsclearthatByzantineoins had a

very egligible laceinthe

monetaryndeconomic

istoryf Kiev

duringthe re-Mongolra.

West uropeanCoins

WestEuropean ilver oinsordeniers irstegantoappearwith egularityin Eastern uropeduringhe astquarterf the enthentury,ndthey on-tinued o reach heRus' landsuntil he arly welfthentury.68ne recentestimate uts the number f deniersfromRus' hoards at just under37,000.69 llowing or mall ndstray inds, e can estimatehat here s

informationn some40,000 deniersfromRus'. In otherwords,whileimportsf deniers o Rus' werefar maller han he mportfdirhams,very ignificantuantityf WestEuropean ilver oinsdidreach heRus'lands. Deniershad a keyrole nRus' tradewith heBaltic,ustas dirhamsdid n ts slamic rade.

In hisstudy fdenier inds romRus', V. M. Potingave thefollowinggeographicreakdown:

Novgorodands 45 hoards nd83 separate indsPolotskPolatsk)ands 7 hoards nd 5 separate inds

Smolenskands 6 hoards nd16separate indsRostov-Suzdal'ands 7 hoards nd44 separate indsRiazan' ands 3 hoards nd4 separate indsHalychands 1hoard nd 2 separate indsVolhynianands 7 hoards nd2 separate indsKiev andPereiaslavands 5 hoards nd4 separate indsChernihivands 4 hoards nd4 separate inds

68 Themost ecent ull tudy fthese oins s byV. M. Potin, revniaiaRus ievropeiskiegosudarstvaX-XIII vv.: storiko-numizmaticheskiicherkLeningrad,968).

õy BerndKluge,"Das angelsächsischelement ndenslawischenMünzfundenes 10. bis12. Jahrhunderts.spekte inerAnalyze," nViking-geCoinage ntheNorthernands:TheSixth xfordymposiumnCoinage ndMonetary istory,d. M. A.S. Blackburnnd D. M.MetcalfOxford,981),p. 281.




MiddleVolga 1hoard nd1separate ind

Azovsteppe 1coin.70The list of hoards nd finds oes notnecessarily orrespondo the totalnumberf coins:Potin, nfortunately,as not ncluded hesenumbers ithhisdata. Nevertheless,isfiguresivea fairlylearpicturefdenier ircu-lation npre-Mongol us'. ThevastmajorityfdeniersweredepositedntheNovgorodands,where heyntered us',or nthe urroundingolotsk,Smolensk,ndRostov-Suzdal'ands. Relatively ewdeniers verreachedthe outhernus' lands r thenon-Slavicerritorieseyond.While he ea-sonsare

beyondhe

copeof this tudy,t would ppear hat he essation

of dirhammportsed thenorthwesternus' lands o hoard he ilver oinsreaching us' via the Baltic. The pressureso hoard carce silver oins

probablyntensifieds farfewer eniers eachedRus' incomparison ithdirhamsalso, the denierusuallyweighedmuch ess than thedirham).Denierswere pparentlymportantnNovgorod's altictrade,ndNovgo-roddeliberatelyoughtokeep s many fthem s possible.

Giventhese ircumstances,t s notsurprisinghat o few deniers verreachedKiev andvicinity.Of thefivefindsnKiev,thetwo hoards on-

tainingerman oinsare

reportedlypuriousnd shouldbe discounted.71

The Venetian oins dateto thefirst art f thethirteenthenturynd aremost robablyinkedwithKiev's Black Sea commerce.72 e are eftwiththree uthenticnd relevantinds,ontainingtotal f 7 deniers,rom ievitself.Surprisingly,anymore deniershave been uncoveredn greaterKiev, n twoeleventh-centuryenier oards one from herkasy,outh fKievalong heDnieper,73ndone fromheOster rea,northeastf Kiev.74

Unfortunately,ittle nformations available bout ither oard:we do notknowhow large they re or whentheyweredeposited.We should lso

considerhe 1 deniers oundwith heDenysyhoard,75ndperhaps he23deniersllegedly art ftheKhabrivka oard.76In assessingKiev's monetaryistory,ne is temptedoplacedeniersn

the amecategorys Byzantineoins. Onemajor ifferenceust erecog-nized,however.The denier layed very ealrole n the rade fnorthernRus'. The reason o few deniers eachedKiev is preciselyhat hedenierwas highly alued n theNovgorod ands. By contrast,yzantine oins

70 Potin,Drevniaia Rus' , p. 47.71

AppendixC, no. 2.72 AppendixC, no. 3.73 AppendixC, no. 6.74 AppendixC, no. 7.75 AppendixC, no. 10.76 AppendixC, no. 11.




werea negligible actorn trade nywheren Rus': thecopper oins had

veryittle alue,whereas hegoldcoinswereboth oo few nd toovaluableto be of use in commerce.Thefewmiliaresia oreachRus' made no realdifference.

As alreadymentioned,argenumbersf silver ngots ave beenfound

throughoutheRus' lands, articularlynKiev;manywere lso cast there.The ingots oundn and aroundKiev alone aretheequivalent f tensofthousandsf dirhams r deniers.Many, fnotmost, f theseKiev-typeingotsweredeposited etween he1170s and 1240,giving s a probabledatewhenmostwerecast. Atthat ime, either irhams ordenierswere

being mportedntoRus'. Where, hen, id the silver or hesemonetaryingots omefrom?The extremeaucity f deniersnKiev and the lightlylarger umbers oundngreater ievmaywell mean thatmostdeniers oreachKiev weremelted own o make ngots r ewelry.Certainly,nyonelooking or silver o refashionnto ngotsduring hecentury efore heMongolconquestwouldhave used deniersfor raw material.Dirhams,miliaresia,nd solidiwereprobablyimilarlyndangered,utdeniersweremorevulnerable ecausetheywere farmorerecentmportshandirhamsandbecause herewere armore fthem han fmiliaresia nd solidi.

Whilefew deniers ave surfacednKiev, a varietyf writtenourceshave documented iev's livelyoverland radewith outhern ermanynthepre-Mongolra. Whydid thistradenotbring o Kiev moreCzech,Hungarian,ndespeciallyGerman eniers?The best xplanationeems obe that his verlandrade unctionedn thebasis of a balancedbarter fgoodsand thus id notrequireoinage.77 oinage s notrequisiteor rade,as themany arterrrangementsnEastern urope nourowntime emon-strate.

Rus' Coins

During he atetenthndearly leventh enturies989-1019), severalRus'princesVolodimer,viatopolk,nd aroslav) truck heir wncoins,usu-allyreferredo as eitherribnykysilver oins)or zolotnykygoldcoins).RecentlyotnikovandSpasskii tudiedll the 41examples f these oinsknown oday.Of these341 coins, leven weregoldand 330 were silver.Allthe olotnykys well as the ribnykyf VolodimerndSviatopolk erestruckn Kiev.78The sribnykyf Volodimer245) and Sviatopolk68)

77 Potin, revniaiaRus' pp.48- 52.78 Sotnikova ndSpasskii, ussianCoins,p. 7.




totaled 13 coins.79n otherwords, 24 or about95 percentf theknown

Rus' coinsof this ra were trucknKiev,and of these oins, ver96 per-centwere ribnyky.

The Rus' princes f Kiev selected very nauspicious imeto beginstrikingoins. Startinga. 970,the xport f dirhamsntoEastern uropebegan odecline harply, hile he nfluxf deniers ad ust begun.Thus,even if the Kiev princeshad had access to the available dirhams nddeniers which eemshighly roblematiconsideringhefinds rom ievand vicinity uring heperiod989-1019 theywould have been hard

pressedo obtain ufficientoreignilver oinsto melt ownfor heir rib-

nyky.80he shortage f silver n the southern us' lands at this timeexplains necharacteristicf the ribnyky. ine olotnykyested ormetal

compositionurnedutto be realgoldcoins offairly igh uality, utof183Kievansribnykyxamined, 27or almost 0 percent ad no silver tall theywere n fact opper oins. Another 4 sribnyky,r almost 9per-cent,were billoncoins of low-quality ilver.81 he decline of dirham

importsombinedwith hehoardingf deniersnnorthernnd central us-sia forced heKievprinces o strikeopper oins or coinsmadeofhighlyadulteratedilvern ieuof

high ualityilver oin.

Thesmall uantityfsribnyky,ost f which ad ittlemonetaryalue,cannothave served nycommercial urpose.Sincethese oinsappearedshortlyfter he conversionf Rus', it seemshighly ikely hat he firstChristianrinces fKiev sought o make somekind fpolitical tatement

bystrikingheir wncoins,whichwas considered ne of the ttributesf

sovereignty. heircoinswerea visibledemonstrationf theirndepen-dence s rulers.

The few oinsstruckythe arliest hristianrinces f Kievplayedno

realrole, hen,n themonetaryistoryf the ity. nfact, heywerequiteprobablynever ntended o have an economic function.Rather, hesecopperand billon coins were designed o magnifyheprestige f the

princes fKiev who truckhem.

Silverngots

The attempto use coinageas a political nstrumentuicklyflounderedbecause tclashedwith asic economic eality,.e.,the carcityfgoldandsilver.A prosperousconomy hat eeded ilverwouldhave been able to

79 SotnikovandSpasski, ussianCoins,p. 13780 SotnikovandSpasski,RussianCoins,p. 137,wheret s argued hat herawmaterial orRus' silver oins f the eriod 88- 1019couldonlyhavebeenforeignilver oins.81 SotnikovandSpasski,RussianCoins,p. 139.




find t. This s evidentna study fthe ilverngots f the o-calledKiev

type. ngots fpreciousmetalwerealready resentn Eastern uropebytheninthentury. orinstance,heUglichhoard f 1879from heupperVolga contained 05 wholedirhams,he mostrecent f whichdated to829/30, lus 909 dirham ragmentsnd five silverbars whichweighed,respectively,49g,114.6g, 11.6g, 6.5g, nd63. g.82The 1867 agoshuryhoard rom heformer iatkaguberniaomprisedbout1,500dirhams,hemostrecent f whichdatedto 842/43, nda silverbarweighing 6.8g.83Silver ngotswere lso foundnseveral enth-centuryoin-treasureoards.The

Kopiïvkahoard,

epositedn

Vinnytsiablast' of the

Ukraine,on-

tained,mong therhings,00 dirhams,hemost ecent fwhich ated o954/55,nd two ilverngots haped ike sticks.84he 1907 Tatarskii olk-ish hoard rom heformer azan' guberniaonsisted f 957 dirhamsatingbetween 75 and984/85,s well as tworound ilverngotsweighing4.6gand 88.4g.85The 1883 hoard fromBorshchivkan Volhyniagubernia,whichdates to the second halfof the tenth entury,ontained 2 silveringotsweighingrom5gto 108g.86 inally,ilverngots fvarious hapeswere found n a number f eleventh-centuryoards. The 1920 Staraia

Ladoga hoard,depositedca. 1010, contained wo long silver ingots(118.6g. and 101.6g).87The 1912 Denysyhoard,deposited a. 1020,included long ilverngot hatweighed ither 17.9gor139g.88 he 1902hoardfromVeliko-Seletskoe,eposited a. 1025,had a longsilver ngotweighing45. g.89 he 1898 Strazhevichioard, eposited a. 1040,con-tained ourongsilver ngots funknown eight.90he 1903hoardfromStrazhevichi,epositeda. 1045, ncluded wo ongsilverngotsweighing201. g and 101. g,a goldingot f78.8g,and four ound ilver ngots f37.2g, 19.5g, 12.2g, and 10. g.91 The 1903 Veliko-Seletskoe oard,

82 Thomas . Noonan, Ninth-CenturyirhamHoards romuropean ussia:A PreliminaryAnalysis,"nViking-Ageoinage ntheNorthernands,p.94,no.32;N. Bauer, Die Silber-undGoldbarren es russischenMittelalters: ine archäologischetudie,"NumismatischeZeitschrift2 (1929):81,no. 2.83 Noonan, Ninth-CenturyirhamHoards,"pp.99-101, no.40; Bauer, Die Silber-,"p.81,no.3.84 Korzukhina. lad'. d. 84. no. 16.85 Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 94, no. 26; V. V. Kropotkin,Novyenakhodkiasanidskikhkuficheskikhonet Vostochnoivrope,"Numizmatikaèpigrafika(1971):88,no. 122.80 Bauer, Die Silber-," p.85-86, no. 16;Korzukhina,lady, . 85,no. 17."'

Bauer, Uie Silber-," . 82,no.5; Korzukhina,lady, . 102,no. 60.88 Bauer, Die Silber-," . 82,no.6; Korzukhina,lady, . 85,no. 18.*y Bauer, Die Silber-," . 84,no. 7.90 Bauer, Die Silber-," . 84,no.8; Korzukhina,lady, p.95-96, no. 45.91 Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 84, no. 9; p. 90, no. 8; p. 92, no. 24. Korzukhina,lady,pp.96-97, no. 46.




deposited roundthe mid-eleventhentury, ad two long silver ngotsweighing 98.2g nd194.1g.92he 1910 hoard rom olotsk, epositeda.1060, ncluded ourong ilverngotsweighing 90.8g,173. g, 24.4g, nd? as well as three iecesof round ilver ngots.93he 1882Biliarskhoardhadone longsilver ngot f 55.5g and 17 round ilver ngotsweighingtotal f426g.94 he 1897Orlovkahoard ontained longsilver ngot f43.7g in addition o 234 whole nd4 fragmentsfround ilverngots hat

weighed total f21.7kg.95 ndthe1885hoard rom uzhisk ad fiveongsilver ngotsweighing 84g, 130.8g,97.5g,93.7g,and76.8g.96 hus,thecirculationftangiblewealth ntheform f silver ndgold ingots ad a

longhistoryn Rus'. These ngots,ike themany lank ilver lans, adarealmonetaryalue, lthought wasnot uthenticatedykuficnscriptionsorwesternegends ndpictures.

Bythe welfthentury,owever, ew circumstancesltered heplaceofthesilver ngot n themonetaryndeconomichistoryf Rus'. It was no

longer neof several ormsftangible,metallicwealth.The influx f dir-hams ntoRus' had ceasedby1025orso,and the mportf deniers ametoan endduringhe arly welfthentury rom his ime n,no appreciable

quantityf silver oinswas

importednto

pre-Mongolus'. This s often

consideredhe onsetof the coinlessperiod n medievalRus' history.nfact,what eems o havehappeneds that he carcityf silver ut n endtothe irculationf small uantitiesf themetal,.e.,silver oins. Silverhadbecometoovaluable obe usedfor malltransactions.nstead, ilverwasmelted ownand cast in the form f heavier ngots, esigned ormajortransactions. he term 'coinlessperiod" is thus somewhatmisleading.Silverngots ecame,neffect,ery igandhighly aluable oins.

The ngotstruckngrowinguantitiesromhe leventhenturynhad

variousshapes. Those with a hexagonal hape have traditionallyeencalled ingots f theKiev type.As Spasskiiremarks,The nameof the'Kievan ngots' s veryikely ssociatedwith heirmainplaceofmanufac-ture, etvariationsnshape . . enableus tosuppose hat heirasting ouldhavetaken lace at other entersn Southern ussia."97Furthermore,hecirculationf thehexagonal,Kiev-typengots s associatedparticularly

92 Bauer, Die Silber-," . 84,no.10;Korzukhina,lady, . 93,no. 38.93 Bauer, Die Silber-," . 84,no.11, ndp.92,no.25;Korzukhina,lady, .97,no.48.94 Bauer, Die Silber-," . 85,no.14, ndp.94,no.28.95 Bauer, Die Silber-," . 85,no.15, ndp.94,no. 27.96 Bauer, Die Silber-," . 86,no.17;Korzukhina,lady, . 95,no.43.97 I. G. Spassky, heRussianMonetaryystem,rans. . I. Gorishina,ev. ed. (Amsterdam,1967),p. 66; seeTolochko, revniiKiev,p. 175,fig.85,for llustrationsf ngots ftheKiev

type.




with he re-Mongolra,when hey njoyedwidecirculation.98

As usual, he ccounts f thefinds f silverngotsnKiev andelsewhereare at timesncomplete,ague, rcontradictory.herefore,ny stimate fthetotalnumberf finds nd theirweight an onlybe an approximation.We havenowayofknowing,ornstance,recisely owmanyngotswerepart fthe 'hoard" of ngots ound longtheKhreshchatykn 1888." Bymaking ducated uesses, nd after xamininghe data in appendixD, itappears hat bout 29silverngots f theKievtypewerefound nKiev. Inaddition,hree old ingots, ne piece of a gold ingot, hreengots f the

Novgorod ype,hree

ngotsf another

ype,nd four lectrum

ngotsfthe

Kiev typewere foundn Kiev. Specialists n pre-Mongol iev estimatethat 70 goldandsilverngotsweighingver45kghavebeen found n thecity,100o our estimate f 243 ingotsntotal s probablyooconservative.Silverngots ftheKievtypemost robably umber 55.

While theweight f the ngots f theKiev typevaried,155gis a fairaverage.We can estimate,hen, hatKiev's 255 ingotsweighed round39,525g.To thisfigure e can add 514gfor heNovgorod ngots101ndperhaps 00gof silver or heelectrumngots.102wo of thegold ingots

weighed 36g.103oweight

sgiven

for hegold ngot

none find.104hegold n another eighed 0g.105We can estimate hetotalgoldat around400g. Assuming hatgoldhad a value 15 times hat f silver, hegoldingots ndpieces equal around ,000gof silver.Adding ll thisup,weobtain figuref ustover 6,000g fsilver r, o round ff o a convenientfigure,0,000g f silver rom hengots oundnKiev.

The theoreticaleightfa dirham as 2.97g. However,most enth-ndeleventh-centuryoards n EasternEuropecontainednumerous irhamfragments.he Denysyhoard of ca. 1020,forexample, ontained 02

whole dirhams nd4,293dirham ragments.106ome of thedirham rag-ments oundnhoardswerevery mall, .g., 5g. Thus,50,000gof silverwouldequal around17,000whole dirhams.Usingan averagefigure f1.75gto takefragmentsntoaccount,we arrive t thefigure f almost29,000coins. However, s V. L. Ianinhas noted,manydirhams f the

98 Spassky, Monetary System,p. 65; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 101, dates the hexagonalingotsof the Kiev typeto the twelfth nd first alf of thethirteenthenturies.w

AppendixD, no. 16.inn m T f i t •• <•> ' n- wovoe var/cneoiogu, . jo /.

1U1 AppendixD, no. 29.102AppendixD, no. 34.

103 AppendixD, no. 21.lü4 AppendixD, no. 27.lu:> AppendixD, no. 23.106

AppendixA, no. 28.




tenthentury ere rimmedoa standard eightf ca. Ig.107 sing g as a

norm, 0,000gof silver ngotswouldequal around 0,000dirhams.Thegoldand silver ngots ound n Kiev were thus heequivalent f between17,000 nd50,000dirhams.

Appendix shows337 normal ilverngots f theKievtype ound ut-side of Kiev. To facilitatenestimate,his igureanberounded ff o 350andmultiplied y 155g,yieldinghe sum of54,250g. To thiswe shouldadd 41 heavy ngotsof the Kiev type weighing round200g each, or8,200g. In addition,everalunidentifiedngots r ingots ftheChernihivandNovgorod ypeswerefound nthevicinityfKiev. These ngots ddanother,618gto ourfigures. inally,we can estimate65g ngold ngotsfrom hevicinityfKiev,the quvalent f5,475gof silver.Totaling his,we find73,543g,rounded ff to about80,000g,of silverdeposited n

greater iev or made ntheform fKiev-typengots utburied utside fKiev. Since some silverngots ftheKievtypemayhavebeenmadeout-sideofKiev,we can estimate hat round 5,000g re attributableo Kiev.In otherwords, he silvervalue found ngreater iev is roughly 5,000gmorethan he value found nsideKiev. Takentogether,he two values

representetween

9,000and

115,000dirhams. n terms f

deniers,with

an averageweight f ca. lg each,108 iev's monetary ealth s expressedin ngotsqualed115,000 oins.

If we considerhemonetaryalue of all the ngots ssociatedwithKiev,thats,ca. 39,000to 115,000dirhams,he otal s highly ignificant.verthe ourse f twocenturies,nly17,000 o20,000dirhamswere mportedintoKiev andvicinity. y wayofcontrast,ome twoto six timesmoresilver eachedKiev iningot orm uringhe enturynda halfbefore he

Mongol nvasion.When his ngot alue s expressedntermsf deniers

it equals ca. 115,000deniers thefigures even more

striking.As we

noted arlier, recent stimate utthetotalnumber f deniers rom us'hoards t around 0,000. 09The silvervalue of the ngots ound nKievalone exceeded he ilver alue of all deniersmportedntoRus' betweenca. 975 and1125. Furthermore,he ggregatengotwealth onnected ithKiev andvicinityxceedsthenumber f deniersmportedntoRus' byafactor f almostthree. In otherwords,giventhepost- 000 A.D. cir-cumstances,hemonetary ealth fKiev representedyingotswas trulymassive.

107 V. L. Ianin,Denezhno-vesovyeistemy usskogorednevekovia: Domongol'skii eriod(Moscow,1956),pp. 146-47.108 Ianin, enezhno-vesovyeistemy,p.146,159.1UV See above, p. 399.




Thegreatmonetaryealth f Kievfroma. 1100to 1240 raises everal

importantuestions.Notall can be explored ere, ut wo mportantssuescanbe broached. irst, owdo weexplain hehuge oncentrationf mone-tarywealth onnectedwithKiev in thecenturynd a half before heMongol onquest?Did Kiev at this imemportilver o balance tsdomes-tic and internationalrade? Or was theaccumulationfmonetary ealththeproductf Kiev's political ndreligious osition,.e.,was thiswealthproduced ytaxes, oot,gifts,herevenue rom states, ontributions,ndother ourcesnot connectedwith Kiev's trade? Were preciousmetals

importedntoKiev to satisfyhedemands f the

city's ewelersnd their

rich atrons?Second,what was the source of the silverused to cast hundreds f

ingots?One is temptedospeculate hat hepaucity f deniers rom ievanda smaller umber fdirhamshanmighteexpectedsexplained ythemeltingown fthese oins oprovidehe awmaterial orngots. naddi-tion, he asting f argenumbersf silverngotsnKiev andotheroutherncentersmight epresent,npart, n influx f new silver btained rom heNovgorodands, ilverwhichNovgorodhadoriginallybtained rom heBaltic ntheform f

ngots.110his alternative

ringss backto thetrade

issue, ndsuggestshatNovgorodnd thenorthf Rus' might avehad tobalance heir radewithKievbythepaymentfsilverngots.Specifically,silver ndfurs rom orthernus'maywellhavepaidformportsfKiev'smanufacturedoods ndBlack Sea wine hipped ia Kiev.

These nd relateduestionsndicate hat hemonetaryistoryf Kiev inthecenturynd a halfbefore heMongolconquestwas complex ndeed.Kiev at this imewas a verywealthy itywith n active xternalrade,dynamic omestic conomy,nd considerable olitical nd ecclesiastical

power. Kiev's monetary ealth eflectshisperiodofprosperity,fonlyimperfectly.

Conclusion

Theanalysis ere fthefive ypes fmonetaryealth oundnpre-MongolKiev indicates hat hree ypes fmetallicwealth Byzantineoins,WestEuropean eniers,nd Rus' coins hadonly negligibleole. Thesecoinscan thus be discounted n the examinationf Kiev's monetary istory.Consequently,herealquestions,what o thehoards fdirhams ndfinds

of ngotsellus about his istory?

110 Potin, revniaiaRus',pp.83-92.




Amongmonetaryistoriansherere several pproacheso thedeposit-ingof hoards f coins ndmetalngotss well as largenumbersfseparatefinds.Perhaps hebestknown pproach iews suchhoards s a productfactive rade: acking nythingikebanks,merchantsnd others onnectedwith rade upposedly uried heirworking apital nd/orrofitsor afe-keeping.Analternativepproacheeshoardings the onsequence f dis-turbedonditions:uringroubledimes eople llegedly idtheirwealthntheground.Finally, quitedifferentpproach oldsthathoarding as a

signof a backward r lessdeveloped conomy. n regionswith highlydeveloped conomy,metallicwealth stensiblyirculated;t was buriedonly n those reaswheretcouldnotbeemployed rofitably.

I do notbelieve nyoneapproachs validfor llparts f western urasiaat all timesduring he medieval ra. In fact, ll three pproaches anilluminatespects fKiev'smonetaryistorynthepre-Mongolra. Writ-ten vidence s well as a constantlyrowingccumulationfarchaeologi-cal data eave no doubt hatKiev had a very ctiveforeignnddomestictradeduring hecenturynd a halfbefore heMongol conquest.111hemassive mount f silver xpressedn ingots, he vastmajorityf whichwere cast

duringhetwelfthnd first alf of thethirteenth

entury,s

unquestionablyonnected ith hat rade.However, iev's craftsmenlsorequiredilver or heir ses, nd the ity's ecular ndecclesiastical ulers

soughtfterangible, orldly ealth.Thus, hemonetaryealth nearthedin Kiev andvicinitys farmore han n indicatorf the ity's ively om-merce.

At the sametime, he argenumber f rich reasure oards s well as

ingots epositedn Kiev between he1170s and 1240clearly eflectshe

impact f theMongol onquest.Were t notfor heMongols,much f this

tangiblewealthwouldhave beenburied t anotherime nd/orlace.But

therewould havebeen no concentrationf greatwealth n Kiev to hidefrom atu's forces f Kiev had notbeen a majorpolitical, conomic, nd

religiousenter.Finally,t s strikinghatKiev's craft roductionxperiencedts "take-

off"duringhe leventhentury.112he amount fmetallic,ilverwealth

1 Thiscommerce asdiscussednmypaper The FlourishingfKiev's InternationalndDomestic rade, a. 1100- 1240," presentedt theThirdConferencentheUkrainian con-omy,October 985;the onferenceapers rebeing ublishedytheUkrainianesearchnsti-

tute fHarvard niversity.1 2 Thedevelopmentf Kiev's craftroductionuringhe leventhentury asdiscussednmypaper n "The Transformationf Kiev into Major European ommercialnd ndustrialCenter uring hePre-Mongolra," presentedtthe onventionftheAmerican ssociationfor heAdvancementf SlavicStudies, ovember986.



MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV INTHE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 409

available n Kiev andvicinityhusdeclined harplyt thevery imewhen

Kiev's crafts eregrowingnnumberndtheir roduction as expandingrapidly.Kiev mightnot have required arge quantities f silverfor tsdomestic rafts,t least not in the eleventh entury.Or, what s morelikely,muchfnotmost fthe ilver eaching iev remainedncirculation,so that large partwas eventually eexportedlsewhere r was melteddown. In Kiev's developed conomy,ilverwas often nvestednd/oruttogooduse ratherhan uried.This would xplain, or nstance, hymoreingots f the Kiev typeweredeposited utside f Kiev than n thecityitself.Nevertheless,t s no coincidence hat

ery arge uantitiesf silver

reached iev andvicinity uringhevery eriodwhen he ity's rafts ereprosperingnd ts ommerce asthriving.

In sum, hen,ll threenterpretationsfhoardingontributeo an under-standingf Kiev's monetary istoryn thepre-Mongolra,although onein tselfs sufficientoexplaint dequately.

Thehoards f dirhams ndingots oundnandaroundKiev reflect hecity's entral olitical ndreligious osition,tsgrowingraft roduction,and its extensive ommerce. t wouldappearthat he initialgrowthnKiev's

political ositions well as its nternal

conomyook

placebetween

ca. 900 and955,when largenumber f dirhams ere mportedo the ity.Although e do notknow or ertain ow these irhams ere btained, ecan guessthat heywereprobablymportednitiallyntoVolga Bulgaria.GivenKiev's activeByzantinerade t this ime nd the trong ulgar iesof the Rüs merchantsf theupperVolga, tradebetweenKiev and theVolga-Bulgarss not a fully atisfactoryxplanation. n anyevent, heimportf dirhams as clearly reflectionfKiev's emergences a majorcenter.

The ingots, y wayofcomparison,eflect iev's pre-Mongolconomyandsocietyn tsmaturetage.The rulers f the ity ndother earbyreasconstitutedlargemarket or xpensiveewelry nd otheruxury roducts.Concurrently,hese ame rulers ad a varietyfobligationslsewhere.Asa result, ugequantitiesf scarce ilverwere mportednto hecitywhilelarge mounts f silverwere lso sent lsewhere. ome of this ilver ouldhave beenacquired hroughradewith henorthernnd central us' lands,while ome ilvermay lso have beenexportedoother reas for ommer-cialpurposes. nany vent,he arge uantitiesf silverwhich irculatedn

Kiev at this imereflect hecity's greatprosperity,ctiveeconomy,ndextensiveoliticalndreligious ower.

UniversityfMinnesota



410 THOMAS .NOONAN

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE APPENDIXES

Bauer, Die Silber-"= N. Bauer, Die Silber- ndGoldbarrenesrussischen it-telalters: Eine archäologischeStudie," Numismatische eitschrift 2(1929):77- 120.

Bauer, Die Silber-" 1931= N. Bauer, Die Silber- ndGoldbarrenes russischenMittelalters: ine archäologische tudie," Numismatischeeitschrift4(1931):61-100.

Irin,Topografiia A. A. Il' n,Topografiakladov erebrianykhzolotykhlitkov[Trudy umizmaticheskoiomissii ] Petersburg,921).

Karger, iev= M. K. Karger, revniiKiev: Ocherkiò istoriimaterial' oikuVtury

drevnerusskogoor da,vol. 1

Moscowand

Leningrad,958).Korzukhina,lady= G. F. Korzukhina,usskiekladyX-XIII vv. Moscow andLeningrad,954).

Kotlar, Obrót" = N. F. Kotlar M. F. Kotliar), Obrótarabskich irhemów aterytoriumkrainy,"Wiadomosci umizmatyczne4 1970): 19-29.

Kotliar, roshovyibih= M. F. Kotliar, roshovyibih na teryoriiUkrainy obyfeodalizmuKiev, 1971).

Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikhV. V. Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikhonet a ter-ritorii SSR [ArkheologiiaSSR. Svodarkheologicheskikhstochnikov,4-4](Moscow,1962).

Kropotkin,Novyenakhodki izantiiskikh V. V. Kropotkin,Novyenakhodki

vizantiiskikhmonet na territorii SSR," Vizantiiskiivremennik 6(1965): 166-89.

Kropotkin,Sasanidskikh"= V. V. Kropotkin,Novye nakhodki asanidskikhkuficheskikh onetv VostochnoiEvrope," Numizmatika èpigrafika(1971):76-97.

Markov,Topografiia A. K. Markov, omp.,Topografiia ladovvostochnykhmonetsasanidskikhkuficheskikh)St.Petersburg,910).

Motsia, "Monety" = O. P. Motsia, "Monety z davn'orus'kykh okhovan'Seredn'oho odniprov'ia," rkheolohiia5 (1984):75-80.

NovoevarkheologiiNovoevarkheologiiieva Kiev, 1981).

Potin, Topografiia"V. M.

Potin, Topografiiaakhodok

apadnoevropeiskikhmonetX-XIII vv. na territoriirevnei usi," Trudy osudarstvennogormi-tazha9 (1967): 106-188.

Sotnikova nd Spasski,Tysiacheletie M. P. Sotnikova nd I. G. Spasskii,Tysiacheletierevneishikhonet ossii:Svodnyi atalog usskikh onet -XIvekovLeningrad,983). [Theres also anEnglish ranslation:. P. Sotnikovaand . G. Spasski,RussianCoinsof heX-XI Centuries .D.: Recent esearchand a Corpus n Commemorationf theMillenary f theEarliestRussianCoinage, rans. . B. Wells BAR Internationaleries136) Oxford, 982)].

Sotnikova ndSpasskii, Russkieklady,"= M. P. Sotnikovand I. G. Spasskii,"Russkieklady litkovmonet Ermitazhe,"nRusskaianumizmatikaI-XX

vekov:MaterialyissledovaniiaLeningrad,979),48-167.Tolochko, revniiKiev= P. P. Tolochko, revniiKiev Kiev, 1983).Tolochko,"Topohrafiia"= P. P. Tolochko,"Topohrafiia karbivmonetnykh

hryven Kyievi,"Arkheolohiia0 (1966): 123-34.



MONETARY ISTORYOFKIEV N THEPRE-MONGOLERIOD 411

APPENDIX A: Finds f slamicCoins

from iev andSurroundingreas

1 Kiev.1706. A hoard fsome2,380silver oinswas found uringhe onstruc-tion fa newPêcherskfortress. etmánMazepasent he oins na sack to St.Petersburg,here heywereregistered,s Assyrianoins, ntherecords f theMalorossiiskiirikaz.After 715,no more nformationboutthese oins isrecorded. he coins were ater ransferedo theAcademy fSciences,wherethey eportedlyerved s thebasisfor heNumismaticabinet f theAsiaticMuseum.The hoard eems o havebeendispersedntheAsiaticMuseum,ndno detailed ecord f ts contents as been

preserved.. S. Savel'ev believed

that hese oinswere slamic irhams.

Karger, iev,pp. 116-17; Markov, opografia, p. 13-14, no.73; Tolochko,Drevnii iev,p. 164,no. 1.

2. Kiev.1787. InMay1787, tudentsrom heKievEcclesiastical cademy ounda jug full f "ancient" silver oins and treasure n the lopesofMykhailovahoraalongtheKhreshchatyk.he hoard was dispersed ompletelynd nodetailed ecord f ts ontentsxists. Korzukhina elieved he oins ouldhavebeen slamic ndByzantine.Korzukhina,lady, .90,no.29.

3. Kiev.1845. A hoard f around 00 Orientalopper oinsfrom arious ynastieswas foundna clay potnear heSt.CyrilMonastery. he oldest oin was an'Abbãsidfais struck n Bukhara n 765/66under l-Mansürwhile themostrecentwas a Chaghatayidais struck n Bukhara n 1253/54 nderMengiiKhan. Sincethis oardwasdepositedome250years fter irhammportsntoEastern uropeceased, t most ikelyforms art f themonetary istoryfKiev nthe arlyMongol ra, .e., twasprobablyroughto Kievbya Mongolwhohadgatheredoins nCentral sia.ThomasS. Noonan, Medieval IslamicCopperCoins from uropeanRussiaandSurroundingegions: The Use of theFais in Early slamicTradewith

EasternEurope," Journalof the AmericanOrientalSociety94 (1974):448-49; Karger, iev,p. 118; Markov, opografia, . 13,no.72; Tolochko,DrevniiKiev,p. 164,no. 2.

4. Kiev.1851. A coin-treasureoard n a clay potwas found n a hillnearthePustynno-Mykils'kyionastery,otfarfrom heDnieper, n May30,whiledigging or new fortress as underway.The monetary artof thehoardapparentlyonsisted f perhaps ,000-3,000 dirhams,most of whichweredispersednddisappeared ithout trace.However, mallparts f thehoardobtained yvariousmuseums ndprivateollectorswere dentified,hus ro-vidingome dea of the riginal ompositionf thehoard.Unfortunately,hose

dirhamshatwere reservedavenotbeen dentifiedndetail.A. Dirhamsbtainedy .S. Savel'ev60or 1)

VAbbãsid9)4 Madïnat l-Salãm, 70/71, 76/77, 00/01, 77/78 r887/881al-Muhammidiyyah,75/76?)1al-Abbãsiyyah,78/79




1Mähal-Küfah,61/62

1Bardháah,90/911 Mint nddate ndeterminableII. Tãhirid5)

2 al-Shãsh,62/63, 63/641Marw, 65/662 Samarqand,65/66, 78/79 r981/92

III. Sãmãnidpresumably6 or47)? al-Shãsh,93/94, 95/96, 96/97, 97/98, 99/900-905/06? Samarqand,97/98, 99/900, 00,900/01,02/03-905/061Balkh, 05/06

B. Dirhams onated y1. 1.Fundukleiothe t.Petersburgrchaeological

Society25)VAbbãsidS)3 Madïnat l-Salâm, 76/77, 04/05, 77/781al-Abbãsiyyah,78/791Samarqand,12/131Naysãbur,82/83IMãh al-Küfah,61/621Bardháah,90/91

II. Sãmãnid13)4? Samarqand,97/98, 99/900,00/01, 03/043? al-Shãsh,97/98, 99/900,03/041?Balkh, 05/06

1Andarãbah,05/061 Mint nddate ndeterminableIII. Tãhirid1)

1Marw, 65/66IV. Imitations3)

3 Sãmãnid rototype

C. Dirhams onated y1.1.FundukleiotheCoin Cabinet fKievUniversity25)iVAbbãsid? II. Sãmãnid? III. Umayyad?)

D. Dirhams onatedyS. P.

KryzhanovskiiotheRussianArchaeologicalociety5)

I. Sãmãnid5)5 al-Shãsh ndSamarqand,05/06

E. Acquired ytheDorpat/Tartuuseum1)I. Sãmãnid (1)

1al-Shãsh,04/05

F. In the uzefovichollection1)I. Sãmãnid')

1Andarãbah,05/06

G.Obtained ytheHermitage401)I. UmayyadI)

' 1 Mint ndeterminable,46/47iVAbbãsid(W)III. Tãhirid?)IV. Sãmãnid?)

Asidefrom heUmayyad, bbãsid, ndTãhiriddirhams,herewere"many



MONETARY ISTORYOFKIEV N THEPRE-MONGOLERIOD 4 1

other'coins nthis roup.Presumably,ost f these oinswere ãmãnid.

Karger,Kiev, pp. 118-20; Korzukhina, lady, p. 83, no. 12; Markov,Topografia, . 13,no.68, andp. 14,no.74; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 164,no. 3.

5. Kiev. 1854. During heplanning f a square n the old city now PloshchaHeroïvPerekopu), ive oinsfrom arious imeswerefound.One ofthesewasapparentlySãmãnid irham.

Karger, iev,p. 120; Markov, opografiia,. 14,no. 75; Tolochko,DrevniiKiev,pp.164-65,no. 4.

6. Kiev.1863. A coin-treasureoard n a claypotwasfoundnthePodil section f

the ity n October 7,duringhedigging f a grave n the ordanSt.Deme-ter)Church.Themonetaryart f thehoard onsisted f 191 or 192dirhamsdating etween 92/93 nd935/36.Eight r nineof thedirhams erepiercedand two had tabs. One dirhamwas sentto theHermitagend the restwerepreservedntheCoin Cabinet fKievUniversity. fter he1917revolution,the atter ere ransferredo theKiev HistoricalMuseum.

I.SãmãnidUS)*82 al-Shãsh,95/96,98/99-900,01/02-908/09,10/11-912/13,14/15,920/21924/25,27/28-933,34/35,35/36,ndeterminableears76 Samarqand,98/99, 00, 905/06-909/10,11/12, 13/14-916/17,918/19-930/31,32/33,33/34-935/36

3Naysäbür,86/87,22/23-931/32,earndeterminable4Balkh,04/05,14/15,27/28,28/29?)7Andarãbah,10/11,04/05nd 15/16?),916/17,17/18,20/211Pendjikhir(?),11/12This ppearsobe a misreadingf hemint ame yMarkov.]IMarw, 13/14

II.TãhiridI)1Faris,05/06

III. mitations12)12SãmãnidrototypefdirhamsfNasr bnAhmadtrucknSamarqand.Therehas beenno fullpublicationf thishoard. The above list s

basedprimarilyponMarkov's ccount.Thedifferencenthefiguresfor he otalnumber f coinsmay ie inthedirham f911/12 ent otheHermitage. he dirhamttributedo986/87sapparentlyntrusiveor a misreading.Karger, iev,pp. 120-21; Korzukhina,lady, . 84,no. 14, ays192coins total nd dates hemost ecent o935/36;Markov, opografiia,p. 12,no.67,says191coinstotal nddates hemost ecent o986/87;Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 165,no. 5.

7. Kiev.1879. On theformerandsof Marr nthePodilsection fthecity now55-59 Frunze treet)wasfound n'Abbasid irhamtrucknal-Küfah,59/60,with tab attached.The coin was partof a necklace from grave. The

accounts fKarger ndKotliar lso reporthat n Abbãsid irhamtrucknal-Küfah n759/60was foundnKiev during 876 ingrave125 locatedon theformerands f Marr. t s not lear f his sthe amecoin.

Markovays 78 ut nlyists 74.




Karger, iev,pp. 121,210; Kotlar, Obrót,"p. 21, fn.12,no. 2-3; Kotliar,

Hroshovyibih,pp.40-41, fn.22, no. 2-3; Markov, opografia, . 13,no.69; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 165,no. 6.

8. Kiev.1885. A dirhamwas found eyond heVozdvyzhens'ka hurch n Zam-kovaHill.

Karger, iev,p. 121;Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 165,no. 7.

9. Kiev.1889. A largehoard f dirhams as foundwhiledigging ear bath nthePodil. Most ofthe oinsdisappeared ithout trace; fewwere cquired yD. N. Chudovskii.

Karger, iev,p. 121; Markov, opografia, . 13,no. 71; Tolochko,DrevniiKiev,p. 165,no. 8.

10. Kiev.1899. On August 8, a goldcoin-treasureoard na redclay amphorawasfoundwhilediggingntheyard fL. I. Brodskii longKateryns'katreet.Of the20 goldcoins nthehoard, 6 werepreserved: 5Byzantineolidi ndone dinar truckyYahyã , theHammüdiduler fMalaga inSpain,during1033/34.The most ecentolidusdated o 1057-1059. Two gold ngots lsoformedart fthis oard.Korzukhina,lady, p.90-91, no.30; Kotliar, roshovyibih, p.43-44, fn.42,no.103;Markov, opografia, . 138,no. 11.

11. Kiev.1900. Dirhamswerefoundngrave108uncovereduringonstructionwork n the former urmanyardat the corner f Reitarska and Malo-

Volodymyrs'kanowChkalova)treets. ixdirhams ere

preserved:ne was

struckn al-Shãsh, 00; fourwere struck nder he SãmãnidAmïrNasr bnAhmad, 14-943, one nSamarqand,19; one was a barbarianmitation. hefinderslaimed hat herewereoriginallyome 40 coins n thegrave,most fwhich isappeared.Karger, iev,pp.169-72,no.108; Motsia, Monety,"p. 78,no. V.

12. Kiev.1908. Two dirhams ere upposedlyoundngrave109locatedwithinanexcavatedwooden welling djacent otheDesiatynnahurch.

Karger, iev,pp.172-74,no. 109.

13. Kiev. 1909. A dirham rom necklaceand possiblydirhams f the late

eighthearlyninth

enturyere foundn the excavationsf

grave14 in the

yard f theDesiatynna hurch.One coin was a worn ãmãniddirham truckbetween 92/93nd907/08.Karger, iev,pp.142-43,no.14.

14. Kiev.1909. Two Sãmãniddirhams,oth truckn al-Shãsh n 911/12,werefoundngrave110in theyard f theDesiatynna hurch.Onedirham ad anattachedab, ndthe ther adtwoholes s well as a crosswith hree rossbarsscratchedn t.


15. Kiev. 1911. Two Sãmãnid irhams erepart f a necklace ound uringxca-vations f grave30 in theyardof theDesiatynna hurch: 1) Samarqand,905/06, nd (2) worn,date and mint ndeterminable. oth dirhamshadattachedabs.

Karger, iev,pp.146-47,no.30.

16. Kiev.1913. A large oin-treasureoardwas foundnside copperpot n thegarden f . A. Sikors'kyi longVelykopidval'natreet.The coinpart f the



MONETARYHISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 4 1

hoard onsisted f2,930dirhams ating rom 09/10 o 905/06.Whilethis

importantoardhasyet o bepublishedndetail, akhomovrovided generalsummaryf the2,760dirhams romhishoard hatwere xamined yR. Fas-mer n theHermitage.

I. Umayyad90)Struckn al-Jazïrah,unday-Sãbõr,ãrãbjird, imashq,Sãbur, l-Sãmiyyah,Mahï, ndWãsit etween09/10 nd749/50.

iVAbbãsid artisans2)Istakhrnd l-Kufah,45/46

III. SpanishUmayyad2)al-Andalus,67/68-768/69

IV.'AbbasidiciL.,290)

Struckbetween749/50and 903/04 in: Abarshahr; dharbayjãn,54/55,785/86;Ardashïr-Khurrah;iran,769/70,800/01 2), 802/03 2), 803/04,805/063), 806/07, 22/232), 824/253), 826/27,28/29, 35 (2); Armïniyah,761/62,764/65,768/69,770, 771/72,777/78 2), 778/79 2), 783/84 2),795/96, 96/97, 97/98, 98/99, 01/02, 18/19, 66/67, 68/69, 80/81 5),889/90 2), 890/91 2); Istakhr;frîqiyah; ukhara; l-Basrah; iflïs, 62/63,900; Jayy;Dimashq;Ra's al-'Ayn; l-Rahbah; l-Rãfiqah;Rãmhurmuz;l-Rayy;Zaranj;Sijistân; amarqand; urramanra'ä; Sûq al-Ahwãz; .kzhar?);al-Shãsh; l-Abbãsiyyah;abaristãn; isr;Qasral-Salãm;Qumm;Kirmãn;l-Küfah; l-Mubãrakah;l-Muhammadiyyah;adïnat l-Salãm; Marw;MadinBãjunays, 05/062), 806/07 3), 808/09, 28/29;Madinal-Shãsh; l-Mawsil(?); Nasïbïn; Harãh;al-Hãruniyyah,86/87 2); Hãrunãbãd,85/86 2); âl-

Hãshimiyyah; ãsit; l-Yamãmah.' . Aghlabid {')

al-Abbãsiyyah,00/01VI. Idrísid8)

Tudghah,90/91Walílah, 06/07VII.KhãrijitemãmKhalafibn l-Madã' 1?)

Tudghah,91/92VIII. Tãhirid44)

Struck etween 21/22 nd867/68 nZaranj, amarqand,l-Shãsh, ãris, l-Muhammadiyyah,arw,Naysãbur,arãh

IX.Sãjid(l)Bardháah

X. Saffãrid7)Struck etween78/79 nd897/98nArrajãn,hírãz,Marw,Naysãbur

Xl.SãmãnidOW)Struck etween 79/80 nd906/07 nSamarqand,l-Shãsh,Marw,Naysãbur,etc.

XII.Bänljürid2?)Andarãbah,91/92, 04/05

XIII.Zaydid(ì)Jurjãn,81/82

Karger, iev,pp. 121-22; Korzukhina,lady, . 83,no. 13;E. A. Pakhomov,Monetnye ladyAzerbaidzhana drugikh espublik,raev oblastiKavkaza,

vol. 2 (Baku, 1938),pp.70-71, no.612;Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 165,no.9.17. Kiev. 1927. In laying ndergroundipes,four irhamswerefound. All were

ÄbbasiddirhamstrucknSamarqandn809/10.Karger,Kiev,p. 122; Kropotkin,Sasanidskikh,"p. 89, no. 140; Kotlar,"Obrót,"p.22,no. 15.




18. Kiev. 1936. Eightdirhamswerepart f a necklacefound ngrave112exca-

vated n theyardof the Art nstitute. even were Sãmãnid: al-Shãsh, 00,900/01, 22/23, 14-943; Samarqand,00, 912/13;Marw, 14/15. heeighthdirham asveryworn nd ndeterminable.


19. Kiev.1937. A highlyxidized ãmãniddirham,robablytruck etween 61and976,was foundnthe xcavations fgrave123 n theyard f theArt nsti-tute.

Karger, iev,pp.206-208, no. 123.

20. Kiev. 1939. During xcavations n theKyselivka/Zamkovaill, a Sãmãniddirham f943 was found.

Karger, iev,p. 122;Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 165,no. 10.21. Kiev.Date ?. An slamic oinwas foundn theyard fthe t.Andrew hurch.

Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 165,no.14.

22. Kiev.Date ?. An Islamiccoin was found t 9 Kateryns'ka/KarliebknechtStreet.Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 165,no.13.

23. Near thevillage fSavyn. ozelets'raion.Chernihivblast. ca. 1868. Islamiccoins ofthetenth ndeleventhenturies erefoundn sandyburialmounds.The coins ncluded bbasiddirhams f 811/12-941/42.

Markov, opografiia,. 51,no.293.24. Kievcounty. ievgubernia. efore 890. An Äbbasiddirham f799/800was

found nthe ormerands f CountDobrynskii.Kotliar, roshovyibih, .41,fn. 3,no.4; Markov, opografiia,. 14,no.76.

25. Pekari.Kanivraion.Cherkasyblast'.Before 898. An'Abbasid irhamtruckinSamarqandn 811/12was foundt Kniazhahora.

Kropotkin,Sasanidskikh," . 90,no. 152.

26. Oster.Kozelets aion.Chernihivblast9. a. 1911. An indeterminableirhamwasfound ta fortifieditenear he ity.


27. Bilohorodka. iev-Sviatoshyneaion.1909-1914. A tenth-centuryirham asfoundn one ofthegraves ear heMalyiKhram.

Motsia, Monety,"p.78,no. II.

28. Denysy. ereiaslav-Khmel'nyts'kyiaion.Kiev oblast'. 1912. A hugecoin-treasureoardwas foundna clay pot. Among he5,400silver oins, he arli-estdated opre-750 ndthemost ecento1002-1026. Given he argenumberofcoins, t s not urprisingofind ifferentiguresor ertainypes fcoins nthehoard.

A.Dirhams402whole 4,293 ragments5,325 otal)Fasmer dentifiedndpublished 71 (668) dirhams378 [376] whole+ 293

[292]fragments)rommong hose hat eached heHermitage.naddition,enoted 4 worn irhamsnd1 630fragmentshich ouldnotbe identified. n207 suchfragmentsasmerwas abletodecipheritherhedate, sually etween922/23 nd999/1000,r themint,.g.,Ämul,Andarãbah,ukhara,amarqand,al-Shãsh,Madïnat l-Salãm,ndNaysäbür.



MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOLPERIOD 4 1

I. Umay d (1

1Mint nddate ndeterminableWAbbãsidÇl)

1al-Muhammadiyyah,05/062 al-Kufah,12/13, 41/422 Madïnat l-Salãm, 30/31, 41/421al-Basrah,32/331 mintndeterminable,08-932

III. Amir l-Umara (1lal-Mawsil,940/41

IV. Sãmãnid379)75 Samarqand,00/01, 17/18, 30/31, 33, 936/37, 39/40, 40/41, 14-943(4), 943/44, 47/48, 48/49, 49/50, 50/51, 51/52, 43-954 (4), 954/55,955/56, 58/59, 60/61 2), 962/63, 64/65, 65 (2), 965/66 5), 966/67 2),968/69, 69/702), 973/74, 74/75, 76/77, 77/78, 61-976 (5), 977/78 6),979/80 2), 981/82,984/85 (3), 985/86,988/89 (4), 989/90 (2), 995/96,976-997(6)90 al-Shãsh, 01/02, 95/96 r904/05, 23/24, 25/26, 26/27, 28/29, 30/31,933,934/35 2), 935/36 2), 936/372), 940/41, 41/42, 14-943 (4), 946/47,952/532), 953/54, 43-954 (3), 954/55, 55/56, 60/614), 962/63, 65 (3),965/66 3), 966/67, 68/69 2), 970/71 (2), 971/72 2), 972/73, 73/74 2),974/75 2), 975/76 2), 961-976 (14), 977/78, 79/80 2), 981/82 2), 982/83(2),983/842),984/85,85/864), 986/87, 87/88, 90/91, 76-997 (5)1Andarãbah,15/167 Balkh, 35/36, 55/56, 54-961, 962/63,61-976 (3)24 Mint ndeterminable,97/98, 06/07, 31/32, 50/51 2), 957/58, 58/59,959/60 2), 962/63, 65, 965/66 2), 966/67, 67/68, 70/71, 74/75, 78/79,979/802), 985/86, 88/892), 1003/04.116Mint nd date ndeterminable,07-914 (2), 914-943 (10), 943-954 (15),954-961 (9),961 -976 (54),976-997 (26)42 Bukhara,47/482), 951/52,53/54, 57/58, 58/593), 959/60, 60/615),954-961 (3),962/634), 963/642), 964/652),965 (5),965/66, 6/67, 69/70,971/72, 61 976 (2),975/76-979/802), 986/873), 988/893Ämul, 66/672),967/6812

Rasht, 70/712), 971/722),974/752), 975/76, 76/773),961-976 (2)9 Naysãbur,83/84, 84/85, 85/86, 86/87, 87/88, 76-997 (4)V. Imitations6)

6 Sãmãnid rototypeVI. Símjüñd(ll)

17Naysãbur,87/886),989/90, 90/9 , 94/953), 995/96,80s-990s (5)VII.Bänijürid2)

2 Andarãbah,07/08, 09/10VIII.Amirs fAndarãbah2)

2 Andarãbah,70/7 975/76IX. ilek-Khãnid4)

2 Taraz,1003/042)

2Mint nddate ndeterminable2)X.Buwayhid159)1al-Mawsil, 44/451Rãmhurmuz,60/6113 Araajãn,977/78 2), 959/60,970/71,971/72,974/75,975/76,970s (3),978/79,81/82,a. 980




1Qumm, 70/71

2 Mähal-KDfah,65/66, 77/787 al-Muhammadiyyah,60s 970s, 980/81, 82/83, 80s 2),984/852)1Jannãbã,56/571al-STrajãn,76/778 Astarãbãdh,80/81, 80s 2), 981/82, 83/84, 88/89, 80s 2)12Ämul, 80/81, 81/823), 982/83, 83/84, 80s, 985/86, 89/902), ca. 990(2)1 al-Basrah?),980s5 Sãriyyah,79/80, 82/83, 85/86, 80s 2)4 Madïnat l-Salãm, 81/82, 80s 3)2Wasit, 79/802)14Jurjän,80/81, 81/82, 82/832), 980s 6),983/84,85/86, 87/88, 91/921Qaswin, 81/821Hamadhãn,82/831Firrïm,80s1Hausam?),985/8618 Mint ndeterminable,49/50,940s, 965 or 974/75,967/68,974/75 2),975/76,82/83, 83/843),984/85, 85/86, 86/872),989/903)61Mint nddate ndeterminable,a. 950,960s 970s (35),980s 25)2 Isbahãn,80s 2)I Süqal-Ahwãz,81/82

XLZiyãrid74)7 Astarãbãdh,72/732),973/74,75/76, 70s 3)

I 1Ämul, 68/69, 69/70, 71/722), 973/74,74/75, 75/76, 70s 3), 979/8017Jurjãn,68/692), 970/71 2), 972/73, 73/74, 74/75 2), 975/76, 76/77(3),970s 4),977/787 Sãriyyah,69/70, 72/73, 76/772),970s,977/78, 78/796 Mintndeterminable,10/11,969/10,74/75, 75/76, 78/792)26Mint nddate ndeterminable,70s 26)

XII. HamdãnidO)1Hirns,45/461al-Mawsil,49/501Nasîbïn, 58/59

XIII.Marwãnid4)1Mayyãfãriqín,008/09

3 Mint nddate ndeterminable,000s 3)XIV. Sallãrid(i)

1Ardabïl,65/66XV.Bãwandid5)

5 Firrïm,66/67, 69/70, 75/76, 79/80, 70s

XVl.Vqaylid l)1al-Mawsil, 000/01

XVII.Julandid2)Huzû, 49/50, 50/51

B. WestEuropean41)Czech, Danish, English,and Germandeniersdatingfrom919-936 to1002-1026

C. Imitationeniers15)D. Byzantine4)

3 miliaresia f John zimisces 969-976) and 1 ofBasil II and ConstantineVIII (976- 1025)

E. Imitationyzantine1 copper)F. India 2)




Tenth entury1),ca. 900 (1)

G. Rus' (6 or7)Volodimer980- 1015),5 or6Iaroslav1019- 1054),1The hoard lsocontainedne silverngot.R. Fasmer, Kuficheskiiamonety ereiaslavskogo lada," Izvestiiaarkheologicheskoiomissii 1 (1914): 17-66; Korzukhina,lady,pp.85-86, no. 18,whodates hehoard'sburial o the arly leventh en-tury;Potin,"Topografia," pp. 181-82, no. 380, who dates thehoard's urial o1010.

29. Bakhmach1aion.Chernihivblast'. 1913-1914. An imitation irham f thetenthentury ith tab ttached asfound nburialmound .

Motsia, Monety,"p. 79,no. X.30. Bondari.Oster ounty. hernihivrovince.1913-1914. A hoard f 420 dir-

hamswas found.The most ecent oin wasa Sãmãnid irhamf951/52.I. Sãmãnid323)II. Imitationirhams17)III. Others?)


31. Khabrivka.Near Kiev. 1916. A hoard f IslamicandWestEuropean ilvercoinswas foundn a clay pot. In 1968,thepotalongwith106 dirhams nd 23denierswere old to museumsnWarsaw. t s believed hat hese129 coinsconsti-

tute nly art fthe riginal oard. The oldest irham ated o747/48nd themostrecentoinwasa denier f 1018-1035.I. Umayyad2)

2Wãsit, 47/482)iVAbbãsid49)

11 Madïnat l-Salãm, 65/66, 73/74, 78/79, 82/83, 86/87, 88/89, 82/83, 86/87,788/98, 86/87-795/96,07/08, 49/50, 67/68, 69/705 al-Muhammadiyyah,71/72?),798/99, 19/20, 33/34, 02/03-907/081al-Äbbasiyyah,83/841Madïnat alkh, 03/045 Samarqand,05/06, 67/683), 865/66-868/698 mint ndeterminable,87/88,823/24,848/49,854/55-863/64, 67/68 2), 893/94,933/34-940/412Madïnatsbahãn, 13/14, 16/17 r826/27IMakka,816/173 al-Shash,40/41, 59/60, 69/70-892/932Marw, 51/52 r853/54, 62/63-865/662 Surraman a'a, 859/60, 65/661Wãsit, 75/763Armïniyah,80/812), 890/914 Mint ndyearndeterminable,

III. Sãmãnid39)8 Samarqand,94/95, 95/96, 97/98, 05/06, 35/36, 13/14-942/43,45/462)

18al-Shash, 94/953), 895/963), 896/973), 897/982), 898/99, 99/900,00/012),902/03, 03/04, 04/055 Andarãbah,02/032), 903/04, 05/06, 92/93-907/083 Balkh, 05/062),929/30 r931/315 Mintndeterminable,13/14-942/433),938/39 r940/41,42/43-950/51.




IV. Safßrid 3)

1al-Banjhïr,68-878/791Shïrâz, 85/861Arrajãn,91/92

V.Banïjurid2)2 Andarãbah,04/052)

VI. Imitations11)6 Äbbäsidprototypes2 Sãmãnid rototypes2 Indeterminablerototypes1Blankflan

VII. West uropeanQ3)1 German

2 Czech4 English1Scandinavian1French

Maria Czapkiewicz nd Anna Kmietowicz,Wczesnosredniowiecznykarbsrebrny Chabrówki otoKijowa," WiadomosciNumizmatyczne7, no. 1(1973): 16-46. The authors ouldnot stablish he xact ocation f Khabrivka(Polish, habrówka).

32. Zarubyntsi. onastyryshcheaion.Cherkasy blast'. 1961. AnÄbbäsid dir-hamstruckn Madïnat l-Salãm n 814/15was found n a settlementf theninthtenth enturies.

Kropotkin,Sasanidskikh," . 89,no.139.

33. Zarubyntsi. onastyryshcheaion.Cherkasy blast'. 1974. A dirhamwasfoundnone ofthedwellingsxcavated uringrchaeological igs.Arkheologicheskietkrytiia974goda Moscow,1975),p. 291.

34. Monastyrok.anivraion.Cherkasyblast'. 1979-1980. During rchaeologi-cal excavations f themedieval ite,a dirham f 740/41 Umayyad ) wasfoundn1979, nda dirhamf 761 (Äbbäsid?) was foundn1980.

Arkheologicheskietkrytiia979 goda (Moscow, 1980),p. 299; Arkheologi-cheskie tkrytiia980goda Moscow,1981),p. 277.




APPENDIX B: Finds fByzantineoins


1. Kiev. 1824. Byzantineoins werefound n thechurchyardf theDesiatynnaChurch.

Kropotkin,Novyenakhodkiizantiiskikh,". 173,no.39 (515).

2. Kiev. 1830s. A nomisma f Theodora1055-1056) was found uringhedig-ging fcellars.

Kropotkin,Novyenakhodkiizantiiskikh,". 173,no. 40 (516).

3. Kiev. 1843. Ananonymous,ronzeByzantineoinofthe entheleventh entu-rieswas found earSt. SophiaCathedral. t is oftenttributedo John zim-isces 969-976).

Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,. 32,no. 164;Karger, iev,p. 125; Tolochko,Drevnii iev,p. 1 4,no.1

4. Kiev. 1853. A Bronze Byzantine oin (no date given) was found onVelykopidval'natreet uringhe emoval fwalls.

Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,. 32,no. 165;Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 164,no.19.

5. Kiev. 1876. A solidus f BasilII andConstantineIII (976- 1025)was found tthe ormer essarabianquare.

Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,. 32,no. 167; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 164,no. 10.

6. Kiev. 1878. Several opper yzantineoins, robablynonymous,erefound ttheKudriavets'uringxcavationsor reasure.

Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,. 32,no. 168.

7. Kiev. 1882. AnanonymousopperByzantineoin of thenintheleventh entu-rieswasfound n thePodil ection nKozhumiakytreet.

Kropotkinladyvizantiiskikh,. 32,no. 169; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 164,no.3,reportsoinsofJohn zimisces969-976) therelso.

8. Kiev. 1882. A copper oinof ConstantineII (919-921) wasfoundngrave 4in the former ardof T. V. Kybal'chych n Velyka Dorohozhyts'kanowMel'nykiv) treet, o.40.

Kropotkin,Novyenakhodki izantiiskikh,". 173,no.41 (170); Tolochko,Drevnii iev,p. 164,no. 9.

9. Kiev.Before 883. A solidus fConstantine II andRomanusI (945-959) wasfound ear t.SophiaCathedral.

Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,. 32,no. 166; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 164,no.4.

10. Kiev. 1883. A Kherson-Byzantineoin of Basil I (877-886) was found longMalo-Volodymyrs'katreetntheformerard fM. F. Biliashivs'kyi.Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,. 32,no. 171.



422 THOMAS .NOONAN

11. Kiev. Ca. 1888. A hoard of anonymous yzantine oppercoins of the

tentheleventh enturies as found n Spas'ka Street ear heformerard fIvanishevnthePodil. Nine oinswere dentified;heyreusually ttributedoJohn zimisces969-976).

Karger, iev,p. 124;Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,. 32,no. 172;Tolochko,DrevniiKiev,p. 164,no. 14, lists a hoardof Byzantineoins found longHeroïvTrypillia treet, ormerlypas'ka Street,nthePodil;he also lists, .164,no.2,9 coinsofJohn zimisces oundn1855.

12. Kiev.1889. A coin-treasureoardwas found nApril 0 alongTroitskii,owRyl'skyi rovulok,nthe formerard fHrebenovs'kyi. he coins ncludedtwobent olidiwith abs: Alexius Comnenus1081-1118) andJohnI Com-

nenus1118-1143).Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,. 32,no. 173; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 164,no.21.

13.Kiev.Early1890s. Two miliaresia fRomanus,ConstantineII, Stephen,ndConstantine931-944) werefoundnthe xcavation fgrave124on FrunzeStreet.

Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,. 32,no. 175; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 164,no. 15.

14. Kiev.1893. A coin of ConstantineII andRomanusI (945-959) was found

duringewer onstruction.Kropotkin,Novyenakhodkiizantiiskikh,"p. 173-74,no.42 (517).

15.Kiev.1894. A silver oin, pparentlyyzantine, asfound n theKyselivka.

Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,. 32,no. 174;Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 164,no.5,reportsoinsoftheninthtenth enturyromamkovahora.

16. Kiev.No later han 899. FiveByzantineoins and treasure erefoundntheformerravtsov ard longHeroïvRevoliutsii treet.


17. Kiev. 1899. (See appendixA, no. 10) Amonggoldcoins in a coin-treasurehoardwere 15 solidi: 1NicephorusI Phocas 963-969); 7 Basil II andCon-stantine III (976-1025); 2 Romanus II (1028-1034); 1 ConstantineXMonomakh1042- 1055);4 Isaac I Comnenus1057-1059).

Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,. 32,no. 176;Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 164,no.6,says12goldcoins.

18.Kiev.Before 907. A Byzantineopper oin and anunspecified yzantineoinwere ound.No dates regiven.Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,. 33,nos.185and186.

19. Kiev. 1908. A hoard of 37 Kherson-Byzantineoins was found on theKyselivka:28 Basil I (867-886); 2 Basil I and Constantine867-870); 5Romanus (919-944); 1 Romanus I (959-963); 1 NicephorusI Phocas(963-969).




Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,. 32,no. 177; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 164,

no. 7.20. Kiev. 1908. During rchaeologicalxcavations fgrave122 at theDesiatynna

Church, gilded ilver barbarian" mitationf a solidus fBasil I and Con-stantine869-879) or Basil II andConstantine III (976-1025) was found.Thecoinhad a tab.


21. Kiev.1908-1914. During rchaeologicalxcavationst the ite oftheDesia-tynna Church, several anonymousByzantine copper coins of thetentheleventh enturies ere ound.

Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,. 32,no.179.22. Kiev. 1920s. A miliaresionf John zimisces969-976) wasfound nthe eft

bank ftheDnieper.Kropotkin,Novyenakhodki izantiiskikh,". 174,no. 44 (519).

23. Kiev. 1937. During rchaeological xcavations t the St. MichaelGolden-DomedMonastery, copper oin ofAlexius Comnenus1081-1118) wasfoundndwelling .

Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,. 33,no. 180;Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 164,no.20, ists woByzantineoinsfromhe1934- 1938excavations.

24. Kiev. 1939. An unspecified umber f coppercoins were found at theLuk'ianivka.They included:Constantine II (913-959); theperiodfromJohn zimisces oRomanus II (969-1034); Theodora 1055-1056); Isaac IComnenus 1057-1059); a worn coin of eitherConstantineX Ducas(1059-1067) orMichaelVII Ducas (1071 1078). Themajorityf these oinswere videntlynonymous.Kropotkin,Novyenakhodkiizantiiskikh,". 174,no.45 (520).

25. Kiev. 1949. During rchaeologicalxcavations t the St. MichaelGolden-DomedMonastery,copper yzantineoinof the ighthentury asfound.

Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,. 33,no. 181;Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 164,no. 18.

26. Kiev. 1950. During rchaeologicalxcavations earthecorner f Volos'kaStreetnd HeroivTrypilliatreetnthePodil, copper oinofAlexius Com-nenus1081 1118)wasfound.


27.Kiev. 1955. Duringrchaeologicalxcavations t7-9 Volodymyrs'katreet,copper oinofLeo VI (886-912) wasfound.

Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,. 33,no. 183;Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 164,

no. 12.28.Kiev. 1959 (?). During hedigging f a ditchntheMykil'ska loboda, n the

left ankof theDnieper, solidusofRomanus andChristopher919-944)wasfound,robablyna burialmound.





29. Kiev. 1972. Twocopper oinswerefound uringrchaeologicalxcavationsn

Red Square in the Podil: 1 Constantine II (945-959) and one poorlypreserved,ow ttributedoRomanus (921 -944).Novoevarkheologii,p.415-16; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 164,no. 16.

30. Kiev.1972-1973. Two coins of ConstantineIII (1025-1028) werefoundnexcavationsnthePodil.

Novoevarkheologii,73.

31. Kiev. 1973. Two Byzantineopper oinswerefound uringhe xcavationsntheZhytnyi ynokn the Podil: one,poorly reserved, as probably f thetentheleventh enturies;ne was an anonymousoinof the tentheleventh

centuries.Novoevarkheologii,p.416- 17;Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 164,no. 17.

32. Kiev. 1974 or 1975. A Byzantineoin of the eleventhtwelfthentury asfoundnexcavationst 17 Volos'kaStreet,nthePodil.

Novoevarkheologii,. 371; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 164,no. 22.

33. Kiev.1981-1982. Ananonymous yzantineoin of the entheleventh entu-rieswas found ychanceduringrchaeologicalxcavationst 9-11 PolinyOsypenko treet.

la. E. Borovs'kyiBorovskii) ndM. A. Sahaidak Sagaidak), "Arkheologi-cheskie ssledovaniia erkhnego ieva v 1978-1982 gg.," in Arkheologi-cheskie ssledovaniia ieva 1978-1983 gg. Kiev,1985),p. 50.

34. Kiev.Date ? Tolochko,DrevniiKiev,p. 164,nos. 8, 11, and 13, reportsninth-centuryyzantineoinfromIaroslav'sCity,"6 Byzantineoinsoftheninthtenth enturiesromtarokyïvs'kaora, nd 6 Byzantineoinsfrom heyard ftheformerrotherhoodonastery,owRedSquare.

35. Vyshhorod.ievraion. 1824. A nomisma?) ofTheodora 1055-1056) wasfound.


36.Kaniv.Cherkasyblast'.Before 837. ManyByzantineopper oinsofvarioustypeswere ound ear he own.

Kropotkin,Novyenakhodki izantiiskikh,". 179,no. 78 (548).

37. Trylisy.astiv.Kievoblast'.1866. A goldcoin,probably Byzantineomismaof theelevenththirteenthenturies, as foundn a nomadicgrave nsideburialmound.


38. Trypillia. bukhiv aion.Kiev oblast'.1874. AlongtheDnieper ndnearthevillage Kherson-Byzantineopper oinofRomanus (919-944) was found.


39. Bezridna.Kiev county. efore1876. A Byzantine oppercoin of the latetenthearly leventhentury as found.

Kropotkin,Novyenakhodkiizantiiskikh,". 173,no.33 (509).



MONETARY ISTORYOFKIEV NTHEPRE-MONGOLERIOD 425

40. FormerKanivcounty. ow inCherkasy blast'.Before 885. A coin ofJohn

Tzimisces969-976) was found.Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,. 37,no.277.

41. Kniazhahora.Kanivraion.Cherkasyblast1. S87. A coin-treasureoardwasfound which included two gold coins of Nicephorus II Botaneiates(1078-1081).

Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,. 37,no.279.

42. Pekari.Kaniv raion.Cherkasy blast'. Before1899. A Kherson-Byzantinecopper oinof Romanus (920-944) and a copper oinof one of theComneni(twelfthentury)were foundduring rchaeological xcavations t Kniazha

hora.Kropotkin,Novyenakhodkiizantiiskikh,". 179,no.81 (551).

43. Sakhnivka. orsun Shevchenkivsyiraion.Cherkasy blast1. 900. A coin-treasure oardwas foundntwopotsnear he ite. It ncluded wogoldcoins:1Manuel Comnenus1143- 1180)and1lost.

Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,.37,no. 281.

44. Bilohorodka.Kiev-Sviatoshyneaion. 1882. A nomismaof RomanusIIIArgyrus1028- 1034)was found.


45. Hamarnia.Kaniv raion.Cherkasyblast1. 890s. A nomisma fBasil II andConstantineIII (976- 1025)was foundnthevillage.Kropotkin,Novyenakhodkiizantiiskikh,". 179,no. 77 (547).

46. Vyshhorod.iev oblast1. 906. During xcavations, copperByzantineoin ofthe ate enthearly leventhentury as foundlong he hore f theDnieper.Kropotkin,Novyenakhodkiizantiiskikh,". 173,no. 37 (513).

47. Bilohorodka.Kiev-Sviatoshyneaion. 1909. A solidus of JohnTzimisces(969-976) was foundnthe oundationsf a burntuilding.

Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,. 32,no. 162.48. Vypovziv. ozelets1 aion.Chernihiv blast1.Before1911. An anonymous

Byzantineopper oin of the atetenthearlyeleventhentury asfound earthe illage.Kropotkin,Novyenakhodki izantiiskikh,". 179,no. 87 (557).

49. Denysy. ereiaslav-KhmeVnyts'kyiaion.Kiev oblast1. 912. (See appendixA,no.28) The argehoard f some5,400silver oins ncludedhree ragmentsfmiliaresia fJohn zimisces969-976), a miliaresionfBasil II andConstan-tineVIII (976-1025), and onefragmentf a copper barbarous" mitationf

a coinofBasil I andConstantineIII (976- 1025).Korzukhina,lady,pp. 85-86, no. 18; Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,. 32,no. 163.

50.Somewherenthemiddle nieper.Before 914. A pendantmadefrom Byzan-tine opper oinwasobtained rom heKhvoika ollection.





51. Somewheren the middleDnieper.Ca. 1917. A Byzantine oppercoin wasfound.


52. Obukhiv. ievoblast'. Before 927. A coinof Basil I (867-886) was report-edlyfound.Kropotkin,owever, elieves hat he oin most ikely ame froma privateollection.


53. Vyhurivshchyna.owpartofKiev. 1934. AlongtheDnieper n anonymous

Byzantineopperoinofthe ate enth

earlyeleventh

enturyas found.


54. Vyshhorod.ievoblast'.1937. Twocopper oinswerefound:1ConstantineDucas 1059-1067) and1RomanusV Diogenes 1068-1071).


55.Andrushi.ereiaslav-Khmel'nyts'kyiaion.Kiev oblast'.1950. Duringrchaeo-logicalexcavationsn a sandy une, piercedByzantineronze oin of Con-stantine Ducas (1059-1067) was found.

Kropotkin,ladyvizantiiskikh,. 32,no. 161a.

56.Rzhyshchiv.ievoblast'.1960. During rchaeologicalxcavations Byzantinecoinwas found.

Kropotkin,Novyenakhodki izantiiskikh,". 174,no.47 (188a).




APPENDIX C: Finds fWestEuropean oins


1.Kiev.1835. A Germanoin ofHenryII (1039- 1056)was found longKozyne-Boloto treetn what snowthe reaofthe quareoftheOctober evolution.

Potin, Topografiia," . 181,no.373; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 165,no. 1,where he oin s dated o 1080.

2. Kiev.Before 895. Two hoards withGerman oinsdatingo thereign fHenryII (1002- 1024)" were ound.

Potin, Topografiia," . 181,nos.374-75; Novoe varkheologii,p.420-22,where t s argued hat hefirst oard esulted rom confusion ith he1835find ndthat he econdhoard id not xist.

3. Kiev. 1936-1939. A gildedVenetian oinofDoge Dandolo 1192-1205) wasfound uringhe xcavation f a grave ntheruins f theDesiatynna hurch.A Venetian rossoorgroat fDoge PetroZiani (1205-1229) was found ychance nStarokyivs'kaill.Novoe v arkheologii,p. 358, 422; Potin, Topografiia,"p. 181,no. 376;Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 165,no.2.

4. Kiev. 1940. Two deniers f the ate tentheleventh enturies erefoundnthe

excavationst the t. MichaelGolden-DomedMonastery: English, ethelredII (978-1016) and1German, tto ndAdelheid991- 1040).Novoevarkheologii,. 415.

5. Kiev. 1978. Fourdeniers rom hefirst alf fthe leventhentury erefoundduring rchaeologicalxcavations t 36-38 Reitarska Street: English, nutI, pointed elmetype1017-1022), from ifferentints; English,ndeter-minable, erhapsEdwardtheConfessor1042-1066); 1 poorlypreserved,perhaps erman, enryI (1014- 1024).

Borovs'kyi and Sahaidak, "Arkheologicheskiessledovaniiaverkhnego

Kieva," p. 42; Novoe v arkheologii, p. 419-20; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p.165,no. 3.

6. Cherkasy. efore 900. A hoard fdenierswasfound round herkasy.Only21vendki fthe leventhenturyreknown rom hishoard.

Potin, Topografiia," . 181,no. 379.

7. Oster ounty.hernihivubernia. efore 917. A hoard fWestEuropean oinsofthe entheleventh enturies as found.No furtheretails reavailable.

Potin, Topografiia," . 181,no.377.

8. Vyshhorod.iev oblast'.1930s. During rchaeologicalxcavations,wodeniers

were found: 1 English,Aethelred I (978-1016); 1 German,Otto andAdelheid991 1040).Potin, Topografiia," . 181,no. 372.

9. Vyshhorod.ievoblast'. 1980. An Englishdenier fAethelredI (976-1016)was found uringrchaeologicalxcavations.Novoevarkheologii,.424.




10.Denysy. ereiaslav-Khmel'nyts'kyiaion.Kiev oblast'.1912. (See appendix ,

no.28; appendix , no.49) Forty-one estEuropean eniers ating etween919-936 and 1002-1026 werepart fa hugecoin-treasureoard,ncludingsome5,400silver oins, epositeda. 1020.

11. Khabrivka. ear Kiev. 1916. (See appendixA, no. 31) Twenty-threeeniersdating etween 19-964 and 1018-1035 (oneofwhichwas tentativelyatedto the twelfththirteenthenturies)wereallegedlypartof a dirhamhoardwhosemost ecent irham ated o945/46.




APPENDIXD: Ingots ftheKievType

foundntheRus' Lands ndOtherngotsfoundnand around iev

1. Kiev.1787. See appendix ,no.2) Three r four ilverngots f theKievtypewere art f coin-treasureoard oundlong he lopesoftheKhreshchatyk.Korzukhina,Klady, p. 90, no. 29, where the hoard is dated to theeleventhearly twelfthenturies; olochko, Topohrafiia," . 133, no. 34;Tolochko, revnii iev,p. 174,no. 33.

2. Kiev.1826. Four ilverngots ftheKievtypeweighing 62.2g ach werefound

inthe uins ftheDesiatynnahurch.Il'in,Topografiia, . 24, no. 68; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 102,no. 42; Tolo-chko, Topohrafiia," . 130,no.1;Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 173,no. 1.

3. Kiev. 1838. Three or five)silver ngots f the Kiev typewerefoundn theformer ardof Kororov/Trubetskoi.hey weighed 164.2g, 155.7g, and153.7g.Il'in,Topografiia,. 26, no. 80; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 102,no. 43; Tolo-chko, Topohrafiia," . 130,no.3; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 173,no. 3.

4. Kiev.By1846. A. S. Annenkov onated silverngot f theKievtype, erhapspart f a chancefind rom iev. AccordingoKorzukhina,his ngot nd theonefrom Kiev. 1847" maybepart fone hoard ound n1842.

Korzukhina,lady, p. 106-107,no. 65B andp. 108,no.65,where hehoardis dated etween he1170s and 1240.

5. Kiev.1847. A silverngot ftheKievtypeweighing 53.6gwaspart f a treas-urehoard ound ytheDesiatynnahurchntheformerarden f Annenkov.

IFin,Topografiia,. 24,no.69; Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 102,no.44; Korzu-khina, lady, . 107,no.65V,where hehoard sdatedbetween he 1170s and1240;Tolochko,Topohrafiia," . 130,no.4; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 173,

no. 4.6. Kiev.1851. Six (or three)ngots f theKievtypewerefound ntheformerard

ofKorol'ov r Annenkov.

Il'in,Topografiia,. 26, no. 81; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 106,no. 65; Tolo-chko, Topohrafiia," . 130,no.5; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 173,no. 5.

7. Kiev. 1854. Two silverngots f theKiev typewerefoundwith reasurentheformerrysutstvenniistsia15 Volodymyrs'katreet).Il'in,Topografiia,. 26,no.83; Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 106,no.66; Korzu-khina, lady,p. 114,no. 88,where hehoard s datedbetween he 1170sand

1240; Tolochko, Topohrafiia," . 131,no.

18; Tolochko,Drevnii

Kiev,p.173,no. 17.

8. Kiev. 1857. Six silver ngots f the Kiev typeweighing etween160.9gand152.6gwere art fa hoard ound nthe ormerard f Klimovich.

Korzukhina,lady, . 110,no.76,where hehoards datedbetween he 1170s



430 THOMAS . NOONAN

and1240;Tolochko, Topohrafiia," . 130,no.6; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p.

173,no. 6.9. Kiev.1862. Three ngots f theKievtypewerepart f a hoardfoundnearthe

formerome f Klimovich.

Korzukhina,lady, . Ill, no.77,where hehoards datedbetween he 1170sand1240;Tolochko, Topohrafiia," . 130,no.7; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p.173,no. 7.

10.Kiev.Pre-1868.A silver ngot f the Kiev typewas part f a treasure oardfoundnexcavationsn the and of theDesiatynna hurch.Tolochko eportsthatwoor severalngots ftheKievtypewerefoundntheyard ftheDesia-

tynna hurchn1837.Korzukhina,lady, . 108,no.66,where hehoard s datedbetween he 1170sand1240;Tolochko, Topohrafiia," . 130,no.2; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p.173,no.2.

11. Kiev. 1876. Fourteenilverngots ftheKievtypewere ound longwith reas-ure na claypotbytheDesiatynnahurchnthe ormerard fLeskov.

II in,Topografia, . 24,no.71; Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 106,no.68; Korzu-khina, lady,p. 111-12, no. 80,where hehoard s datedbetween he 1170sand1240;Tolochko, Topohrafiia," . 130,no.8; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p.173,no. 8.

12.Kiev. 1880. A rich reasure oard ncluding4 silver ngots f the Kiev typewas foundwhiledigging canal in the former ardof Kuhlyn n VelykaZhytomyrs'katreet.The ingotsweighed: 164.1g, 160.4g 2), 158.5g 2),158.4g (2) 157.4g,156.7g, 156.5g, 156.4g, 156.3g, 156.1g, 156g, 155.4g,154.9g,154.3g,154.2g, 153.8g 2), 153.7g,153.5g, 153.1g, 152.8g, 151.8g,151.2g, 50.8g, 48.9g 2), 147.9g, 46.5g, 44.2g, 44.1g, nd141.8g.Il'in,Topografia, . 26,no. 84; Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 102,no. 45: Korzu-khina, lady,p. 115,no.90,where hehoard s datedbetween he 1170sand1240; Tolochko, Topohrafiia," . 131,no. 19; Tolochko,DrevniiKiev,p.173,no.18.

13. Kiev. 1882. Two silver ngots f the Kiev typeweighing 66.9gand 160.7gwere ound ytheDesiatynnahurchn the ormerard fAgeev.Il'in,Topografia, . 24, no. 72; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 102,no. 46; Tolo-chko, Topohrafiia," . 130-31,no.9; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 173,no.9.

14. Kiev. 1885. Ninesilver ngots fthe Kiev typewerepart f a treasure oardfoundn theformerard fSikors'kyi. heyweighed:162. g, 160.7g,159.2g(2), 158.2g, 56.8g, 55.7g, 53.3g, nd150.5g.Il'in,Topografiia,. 26,no. 85; Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 102,no.47; Korzu-khina, lady,p. 117-18, no.98,where hehoard s datedbetween he 1170s

and1240;Tolochko, Topohrafiia," . 131,no. 20; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 173,no. 19.

15. Kiev. 1888. Three ngots f theKiev typewere foundby the St. MichaelGolden-Domed onastery.




Il'in, Topografia, . 25, no. 76; Tolochko, Topohrafiia," . 132, no. 24;

Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 173,no. 23.16.Kiev.1888. A hoard f ngots f theKievtypewas found long heKhreshcha-

tyk avine.

Il'in, Topografia, . 26, no. 82; Tolochko, Topohrafiia," . 133, no. 35;Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 174,no. 34.

17. Kiev.Pre-1889.Several ngots f theKiev typewerefound ytheDesiatynnaChurchn the ormerard f Prince rubetskoi.

Il'in,Topografiia,. 24, no. 70; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 106,no. 69; Tolo-chko, Topohrafiia," . 131,no. 17; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 173,no. 16.

18. Kiev.1889. A silverngot f theKievtype nd silver bjectswerefound longReitarska Street.

Il'in,Topografiia,. 26,no. 86; Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 106,no.67; Korzu-khina, lady,p. 117,no.97,where hehoard s datedbetween he 1170s and1240;Tolochko, Topohrafiia," p. 131-32, no. 22; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 173,no.21.

19.Kiev. 1889. (See appendix , no. 12) Seven or nine) ilverngots ftheKievtypewere part of a coin-treasureoard foundin the formeryard ofHrebenovs'kyi.They weighed: 167.9g, 162.6g, 162.5g, 161.8g, 159.7g,

157.3g,andl56g.Il'in,Topografia, . 26,no. 87 (7 ingots); auer, Die Silber-," . 101,no.39(7 ingots);Korzukhina,lady,p. 118-19, no. 99, where he hoard s datedbetweenhe 1170s and1240; Tolochko, Topohrafiia," . 131,no.21; Sotni-kova andSpasskii, Russkieklady,"p. 55,no. 17 (6 ingots); olochko, rev-niiKiev,p. 173,no.20.

20. Kiev. 1898. One silver ngot or two)of theKiev typeweighing 63.2g and154.6g)was/were ound n theAndreevlope.Il'in,Topografia, . 20, no. 88; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 102,no. 48; Tolo-chko, Topohrafiia," . 131,no.10; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 173,no. 10.

21.Kiev.1899. (See appendix , no. 10 andappendix , no. 17) Twogold ngotsof undeterminedormweighing4. g and141.4gwerepart f a coin-treasurehoard oundn the ormerard fBrodskii.

Il'in,Topografia, . 27,no.90; Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 90,no. 19; Korzu-khina,Klady, pp. 90-91, no. 30, where the hoard is dated to theeleventhearlytwelfthenturies;otnikova ndSpasskii, Russkieklady,"p.53,no.2; Tolochko,Topohrafiia," . 133,no. 41.

22.Kiev.1899. Three ilverngots ftheKievtypewerefoundna copper esseldiscoveredomewherenthePodil.

Il'in,Topografia, . 27, no. 89; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 106,no. 70; Tolo-chko, Topohrafiia," . 133,no.36;Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 174,no. 35.

23.Kiev. 1900. (See appendix , no.43) A pieceof a gold ngot f theNovgorodtypeweighing0g andeight ilverngots f theKiev typeweighingetween




157.7g nd 143.5g werepart f a coin-treasureoard btained or he ollec-

tion f B. I. Khanenko.IF n,Topografia, . 27, no. 91; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 90, no. 20, andp.101,no. 40; Korzukhina, lady,p. 131,no. 127,givesDivochahora,nearSakhnivka,aniv ounty, ievprovince,s thefindpot nd dates hehoard obetween he1170s and 1240; Tolochko, Topohrafiia," . 132,no. 25 andDrevniiKiev,p. 173,no.25,givestheyard ftheformert. MichaelGolden-DomedMonasterys thefindpot.

24. Kiev.1900. Two silverngots f theKievtypewerepart f a hoard oundn theformerard ftheTechnical choolonMykhailivs'kaquare.

Korzukhina,lady, p. 114-15,no.

89,where hehoard s datedbetweenhe

1170s and 1240;Tolochko, Topohrafiia," . 132,no.26; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 173,no.24.

25. Kiev.1903. Two silver ngots f the Kiev typeweighing 60.5gand 157.6gwere oundwith reasureythe t. MichaelGolden-Domed onastery.Il'in,Topografiia,. 25,no.77; Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 102,no.49; Korzu-khina, lady, p.120-22, no.103,where hehoards dated etween he1170sand1240; Tolochko, Topohrafiia," . 132,no. 27; Tolochko, revniiKiev,pp.173-74,no. 26.

26. Kiev. 1903. An ingotof the Kiev type was found on the Zamkova

hora/Kyselivkalongwith oinsofVolodimer l'gerdovich.Il'in, Topografiia, . 27, no. 92; Tolochko, Topohrafiia," . 133,no. 37;Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 174,no. 36.

27. Kiev.1906. Twogold ngotsoronecut nto woparts) nd two ilverngots ftheKiev typeweighing 61.8g nd 160gwerepart f a treasure oard f thetwelfththirteenthenturies rom hecourtyardf the St. MichaelGolden-DomedMonastery.Il'in,Topografiia,. 25, no. 78; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 90, no. 21, andp.101,no.41; Korzukhina,lady, . 122,no. 105,where nly negold ngots

mentionednd the hoard s dated between he 1170s and 1240; Tolochko,"Topohrafiia," . 132,no.28; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 174,no.27,wherepiecesfromold ngotsndtwo ngots ftheKievtype rementioned.

28. Kiev. 1906. Two silver ngots ftheKiev typewerepart f a largetreasurehoard oundlongTrysviatytel's'katreet.

Korzukhina,lady, p. 124-25,no. 108,where hehoards dated etween he1170s and 1240;Tolochko, Topohrafiia," . 132,no.29; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 174,no. 28.

29. Kiev. 1907. A treasureoard ncluding3 silver ngots ftheKievtype nd 3ingots ftheNovgorodypeweighing92.9g 2) and128gwasfoundn the t.

MichaelGolden-DomedMonastery. he Kiev type ngotsweighed: 164.5g,164.2g,164. g, 163.9g,163.7g,163. g (2), 163g, 162.9g,162.8g, 162.7g,162.5g,162.4g,162.1g,162g (2), 161.9g (2), 161.7g (2), 161.6g,161.4g,161.2g 3), 161. g, 160.6g 2), 160.5g, 160.2g 2), 160.1g,160g 2), 159.9g,




159.7g 2), 159.3g, 59.2g 3), 159.1g, 58.9g, 58.8g,158.6g,158.5g,158.2g,

158.1g, 58g,157.2g, 56.7g, 54.2g, nd152.2g.Il'in,Topografiia,. 25,no. 79; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 105,no. 63 andp.119,no. 108;Bauer, Die Silber-,"1931,p. 64,no. 116;Korzukhina,lady,p. 125,no. 106,where hehoard s datedbetween he1170s and 1240;Tolo-chko, Topohrafiia," . 132,no.30; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 174,no.29.

30. Kiev.1908. An ingot f theKievtypeweighing 59.4g wasfound longwithtreasuren excavationsytheDesiatynnahurch.

Il'in,Topografiia,. 25, no. 73; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 102,no. 50; Tolo-chko, Topohrafiia," . 131,no. 11 andDrevniiKiev,p. 173,no. 11, ists ne

ingot ftheNovgorod ype ound ear hekapyshchen1908.31.Kiev. 1908. A copper ile, pparently copper ngot ftheNovgorod ype,was

foundnexcavations.n 1908 two suchcopper ngotswere lso found n theformer ardof the Frol Monasterynd a thirdwas found n a yardonKostiantynivs'katreet.Finally, n ingot ast fromead andweighing 05g.was found n thegroundsfthe t. SofiaCathedral a. 1908-1909.

Il'in,Topografiia,. 27,no.93; Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 119,no. 105;Tolo-chko, Topohrafiia," . 133,nos.38-39; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 174,nos.37-38.

32. Kiev.1909. A silverngot f theKievtypewas found ntheyard ftheDesia-tynnahurch.Tolochko,Topohrafiia," . 131,no. 12; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 173,no.12.

33. Kiev.1911. Six ingots f theKievtypewerepart f a hoard oundnexcava-tions at the DesiatynnaChurch.They weighed: 165.8g, 159.8g, 159.5g,156.5g, 55.9g,andl46.3g.Il'in,Topografiia,. 25,no.74; Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 103,no.51; Korzu-khina, lady,p. 109,no.69,where hehoard s datedbetween he 1170sand1240;Tolochko, Topohrafiia," . 131,no. 13; Tolochko,DrevniiKiev,p.

173,no.13.34. Kiev. 1914. Fourelectrumngots f theKievtypewerepart fa hoardfound

during ork t theDesiatynnahurch.

Il'in,Topografiia,. 25,no. 75; Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 106,no. 71,whereone silverngot ftheKievtype s noted;Korzukhina,lady,p. 111,no.78,wherethe hoard is dated to betweenthe 1170s and 1240; Tolochko,"Topohrafiia," . 131,no.14; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 173,no. 14.

35. Kiev.1936. A silverngot f theKievtypewaspart f a hoard ound ear heDesiatynnahurchnthe ormerard fPetrovs'kyi.

Korzukhina,lady, . 108,no.67,where hehoards datedbetweenhe1170sand1240;Tolochko, Topohrafiia," . 131,nos.15 and16,andDrevniiKiev,p. 173,no.15, ists wo ngots ftheKievtype.

36. Kiev. 1938. An ingot ftheKiev typewas part f a small hoardfound t 14Strilets'katreet.



434 THOMAS . NOONAN

Tolochko, Topohrafiia," . 132,no.23;~Tolochko,revniiKiev,p. 173,no.

22.37. Kiev. 1940. Fifteenilverngots f theKievtypeweighingetween 60gand

150gwerepart f a hoard oundntheyard f the t.MichaelGolden-DomedMonastery.Korzukhina, lady,p. 122,no. 104,where he hoard s datedbetween he1170sand 1240;Tolochko, Topohrafiia," . 132,no. 31; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 174,no. 30.

38. Kiev.1949. A silver ngot f the Kiev typewas foundntheyard f the St.MichaelGolden-Domed onastery.

Tolochko, Topohrafiia," . 132,no.32; Tolochko, revniiKiev,p. 174,no.31.

39. Kiev.1949. Three ilverngots f theKievtypeweighing 59.9g,159.7g, nd157.6gas well as three ilvermonetaryngotshaving heshapeof a smallthree-edgedtickweighing 96.3g,195.3g, nd a smallpiece)werepart f atreasure hoard found along Heroïv Revoliutsii Street, formerlyTrysviatytel's'ka.Korzukhina, lady,p. 125,no. 109,where he hoard s datedbetween he1170sand 1240; Tolochko, Topohrafiia," p. 133-34, no. 33; Tolochko,DrevniiKiev,p. 174,no. 32.

40. NearKutkova. eriaslavVRiazan county. iazarigubernia. 673. At east39silverngotswerepart f a treasureoard ound longa tributaryf theOka(?). Thedescriptionf these ngotss imprecise,utKorzukhina elieved heyweremost ikely ftheKievtype romhe welfthentury.Korzukhina,lady, p. 142-43, no. 161,where hehoard s datedbetween he1170s nd1240.

41. Staiky. akharlykaion.Kievoblast'. 1819. Twelve silver ngots ftheKievtypewere ound.

Il'in,Topografia, . 29,no.104;Bauer, Die Silber-," . 106,no.72.

42. Zhuliany formerlyheliany).Kiev-Sviatoshyneaion. Kiev oblast7.1840.Twenty eavy ngots f theKievtypewere ound.Oneweighed 06.9g.Il'in,Topografia, . 29,no. 105; Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 118,no. 99; Tolo-chko, Topohrafiia," . 133,no.40.

43. Pekari.Kanivraion.Cherkasyblast'.Pre-1840.IngotswerefoundlongwithRoman oins. The ngotsmaydate o thepre-Kievanra.

IF n,Topografia, . 30,no. 110.

44.Khotyn. ivne aion.Rivne blast'.1852. Several ilverngots ftheKievtype

were ound.Il'in,Topografia, . 16,no.20; Bauer, Die Silber-," . 108,no. 83.

45. Sofiis'ka oloniia.Rivne ounty. olhyniaubernia. 866. A hoard ontainingone silverngot f theKievtype nd twelve ilverngots f the WestRus' "

typewere ound.




Il'in,Topografia, . 16,no.22; Bauer, Die Silber-," . 105,no. 64.

46. Terekhovo.olkhovskiiounty. relgubernia.1876. A silverngot ftheKievtypeweighing59.1 waspart fa hoard ound uringhediggingf a field.

Il'in,Topografia, . 38,no. 160; Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 104,no.58; Korzu-khina, lady, p. 139-40,no. 154,where hehoard s dated etweenhe1170sand 1240.

47. Horbove.Novhorod-Sivers'yiraion. Chernihivblast'. 1878. Of 25 silveringots ound na hoard, everalwere dentified:ix wereheavy ngots f theKievtypewith naverageweightf195.9g.Il'in,Topografia, . 52,no.220;Bauer, Die Silber-," . 118,no. 101.

48. Pekaril niazhahora.Kanivraion.Cherkasyblast'. 1877. Three ilverngotsoftheKievtypewere oundweighing 66.8g, 61.4g, nd152g.Il'in,Topografia, . 30,no.111;Bauer, Die Silber-," . 103,no. 52.

49. Chernihiv.878. A hoard f 9 silverngots f theKievtypewasfound ear heSaviorCathedral.

Il'in,Topografia, . 53,no.225;Bauer, Die Silber-," . 108,no. 85.

50. Richyka. earChernihiv. re-1884. Two silver ngots fthe Kiev typewerefoundweighing 60g nd157.8g.

Bauer, Die Silber-," . 103,no.55.51. VasyVkivformerlyasyliv). ievoblast'.1885. Severalgold ngotswerepart

of treasureoard oundlong he tuhna iver.

Il'in,Topografia, . 28,no.99; Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 21,no. 23; Korzu-khina, lady, . 133,no. 134,where hehoard s datedbetween he1170sand1240.

52. Vilkhovets'Zvenyhorodkaaion.Cherkasyblast'.1888. Four ilverngots ftheNovgorod ype ndone silverngot ftheKievtypewerefoundwith ilverjewelry.

Il'in,Topografia, . 28,no. 101;Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 106,no.77; Korzu-khina, lady, p. 132-33,no. 133,where hehoard sdated etweenhe1170sand1240.

53.Trypilla. bukhivaion.Kiev oblast'.Pre-1889.Several ngots ftheKievtypewere oundogetherith therhings.Il'in,Topografia, . 29,no. 106;Bauer, Die Silber-," . 106,no.74.

54. Vasyl'kivformerlyasyliv). ievoblast'.1889. Three ilverngots ftheKievtypewere ound.

Il'in,Topografia, . 28,no.95; Bauer, Die Silber-," . 106,no.73.

55. Pekaril niazhahora. Kanivraion.Cherkasyblast'.1889. Foursilver ngotsoftheKievtypeweighing59g,158.5g, 57.5g, nd156.6gwerefound.Il'in,Topografia, . 30,no. 112;Bauer, Die Silber-," . 103,no.53.

56.Horodok. ivne aion.Rivne blast'.1890. A silverngot ftheKievtypewasfoundwithewelry.



436 THOMAS . NOONAN

Irin,Topografia, . 16,no.24; Bauer, Qie Silber-,"p. 108,no.84; Korzu-

khina, lady, . 135,no. 141,where hehoard s datedbetween he 1170s and1240.

57. Pivtsi. ormerKanivcounty. ievgubernia. 891. An ingot f theKiev typemadeofpoor ualityilverwasfoundwithewelry.Il'in,Topografia, . 28,no.102;Korzukhina,lady, . 132,no.130,wherehehoard sdated etweenhe1170s nd1240.

58. PekarilKniazhahora.Kaniv raion.Cherkasy blast'. 1891. Three treasurehoardswerefound uringxcavations.One hoard ontained ive ilverngotsoftheKievtypeweighingetween 64.7g nd161.5g longwith reasure.

Il'in,Topografia, . 30,no. 114; Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 106,no.78; Korzu-khina, lady, . 127,no. 115,where hehoard s datedbetweenhe1170s and1240.

59. Pekaril niazhahora. Kanivraion.Cherkasy blast'.1892. Two silver ngotsoftheKievtypewere ound.

Il'in,Topografia, . 130,no.113;Bauer, Die Silber-," . 106,no. 79.

60. Diagunino. ubtsov ounty. vergubernia. 893. Threeheavy ilver ngots ftheKievtypeweighinground 95geachwerepart f a treasureoard oundalong heVolga.

Il'in,Topografia, . 47,no.205; Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 108,no.86; Korzu-khina, lady, p. 148-49,no.172,where hehoard sdated etweenhe1170sand1240.

61. Zadrutsie. ukaüvolosf Rahachoü ounty.Mahiloügubernia.1893. Twenty-oneof92 silverngotsftheKievtypewerepreserved. auergives heweightof 87: 164.8g,163.7g, 63.3g,163.2g,162.6g,162.2g,162.1g,161.9g,161.8g(2), 161.6g,161.4g 3), 161.2g,161. g, 161g (2), 160.8g, 160.7g,160.5g,160.2g,160g, 159.8g (3), 159.3g, 159.2g (2), 158.9g (2), 158.8g, 158.7g158.6g,158.4g,158.2g,158.1g,157.8g (3), 157.7g, 157.3g (3), 157g (3),156.9g 2), 156.8g 3), 156.6g,156.4g,156.1g,156g, 155.9g.155.8g,155.7g

155.3g (2), 155.2g,155g, 154.9g (2), 154.8g (2), 154.7g (2), 154.6g (2),154.5g,154.2g,153.6g,153.1g (2), 153g, 152.9g, 152.5g,152.2g,151.2g,150.5g, 47.7g 2), 146.5g, 46.1g, nd135.4g.Fourdamagedngotsweighed:153g(2), 152.2g,andl45.5g.Il'in,Topografia, . 36,no. 149; Bauer, Die Silber-,"pp. 103-104,no.57;SotnikovandSpasskii, Russkieklady,"p. 55,no. 18.

62. Smila.Kievgubernia. re-1894.A silverngot ftheKievtypewas found.

Bauer, Die Silber-," . 106,no. 81.

63.Pyliava.Kanivcounty. ievgubernia. 895. Six silverngotswerefound long

with everal ilver racelets.Korzukhina,Klady, p. 92, no. 34, where the hoard is dated to theeleventhearlytwelfthenturies.

64. ViVshanytsia.asyVkivounty. ievgubernia. 895. A silverngot ftheKievtypewas found.




Il'in,Topografia, . 28,no.96; Bauer, Die Silber-," . 106,no. 76.

65. Pekaril niazhahora.Kanivraion.Cherkasyblast'. 1896. A silverngot ftheKievtypewaspart f a treasure oard ound n a claypot.Korzukhina, lady,p. 129,no. 120,where he hoard s datedbetween he1170s nd1240.

66.Mysholovka.ievcounty.896. Eleven ngots, videntlyf theChernihivype,werefound longwith ilverewelry. Theyweighed: 00.4g,199.8g,199.6g,199.3g, 99.2g, 98.6g, 98.4g, 98.1g, 97.3g, 96.2g, nd194.1g.Il'in,Topografia, . 29,no. 108;Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 114,no.93; Korzu-khina, lady, . 133,no. 136,where hehoard s datedbetweenhe 1170sand

1240.67. Zhadkiva. orets'raion.Rivnaoblast'. 1896. Fifteenilverngots f theKiev

typewere found. The weights f ninewere: 165.8g, 165g,164.1g,159.6g,159.2g, 58.5g 2), 155.6g, nd154.4g.Il'in,Topografiia,. 16,no.17;Bauer, Die Silber-," . 103,no.54.

68. Viitivtsi.ereiaslav ounty. oltavagubernia. 898. Twenty-nineilverngotsof the Kiev typewerepartof a hoardwhich lso included old and silverjewelry.The ngotsweighed:200.5g 2), 198.4g 2), 162.1g, 60g 3), 157.8g(11), 156.7g 7), 153.6g 2), and108.6g.

Il'in,Topografia, . 42,no. 179; Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 104,no.59, andp.116,no.97,andp. 119,no. 103;Korzukhina,lady, . 136,no. 145,where hehoard s dated etween he1170s and 1240.

69.Pekari/ niazhahora.Kanivraion.Cherkasyblast'. 1899. Several ngotswerefound mostwereofvery oodsilver utone,oftheKievtype ndweighing179.2g,was of owquality. everalwere f theKievtype ndone was a heavyingot ftheKievtype.Il'in,Topografia, . 30,no. 115;Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 106,no. 80,andp.118,no. 100.

70. Sakhnivka. orsun'Shevchenkivs'yiraion.Cherkasy blast'. 1899. Silveringotswere ound.

Il'in,Topografia, . 30,no. 117.

71. Velykanitynka.astivraion.Kievoblast'.1900. Fivesilverngots ftheKievtype ?) weighing 02.9g, 200.9g,197. g, 169.8g, nd a cut ngot f 123.7gwere ound.

Il'in,Topografia, . 28,no.98; Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 104,no. 60, andp.116,no.96.

72. Sharky. okytneaion.Kievoblast'.1901. A silverngot ftheKievtypewas

found.Il'in,Topografia, . 28,no.97; Bauer, Die Silber-," . 106,no. 75.

73. Pyshka.Korsun'Shevchenkivs'yiraion.Cherkasy blast'. 1901. A goldbarweighinga. 64g, perhaps art f aningot,wasfound na burialmound longwith therbjects.



438 THOMAS .NOONAN

II in,Topografiia,. 29,no. 103.

74. Kamianyi rid. Baranivka aion.Zhytomyrblast'. 1903. Four silver ngotsincludingne oftheKievtypeweighing 69.8g nd 3 long ngots f the ameweight ere oundlongwithewelry fthe leventhtwelfthenturies.

Il'in,Topografiia,. 30,no. 109; Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 104,no.61; Korzu-khina, lady, p.134-35,no.138,where hehoards dated etweenhe1170sand 1240.

75. Tver' 1906. Ninety-fiveor 96) regular ilver ngots f theKiev typewerefound s partof a treasure oard. They weighed: 167.4g, 166.5g,166. g,165.4g, 65.1g, 65g,164.8g, 64.7g, 64.6g, 64.4g, 64.2g 2), 164g,163.9g

(3), 163.7g 2), 163.6g 2), 163.5g, 163.4g,163.3g, 163.2g 3), 163.1g 2),163g,162.8g,162.6g 3), 162.5g 3), 162.4g,162.2g,162. g (3), 162g 2),161.9g 4), 161.8g 3), 161.7g 3), 161.6g,161.5g 2), 161.4g,161.3g,161.2g,161. g (2), 160.9g,160.8g 2), 160.7g, 160.6g,160.5g, 160.3g, 160.2g 2),160g 2), 159.8g, 59.6g,159.5g, 59.4g, 59.2g,159.1g 2), 159g 2), 158.8g,158.7g,158.5g, 158.2g,157.9g,157.6g, 157.5g, 157.4g (2), 156.4g,156g,155.9g 2), 155.3g, nd154.9g.The hoard lso included ight eavy ngots ftheKiev type weighing:215.7g, 201.1g, 199.8g, 198.9g, 198.8g, 193.2g,192.8g,andl91.8g.Il'in,Topografiia,p.47-49, no. 206,mentions 06 ingots fthe Kiev type:98

weighedetween

68gand

154.9g,7

weighedetween

15.6gand

189g,and1weighed 7.6g;Bauer, Die Silber-,"pp. 104-105,no.62,andp. 118,no. 102,andp. 119,no. 104;Korzukhina,lady,pp. 147-48, no. 170,says138 total ngots ivided s follows:96 of the Kiev typeweighing etween167.4g nd154.9g;1 ingotweighing54.6g;8 ingots f theKievtypeweigh-ingbetween 15.7gand 191. g; 1 light ngot f theKievtypeweighing 7.7g;12ingots ftheNovgorodype; ingot f theNovgorodype; 4ingots fthe"West Russian"type; unidentifiedngots; nd1 bar. Korzukhina ates hehoard etweenhe 1170sand1240;SotnikovandSpasskii, Russkieklady,"pp.55-56, no. 19.

76.Denysy. ereiaslav-Khmel'nyts'kyi

aion.Kiev oblast'.1912. (See appendixA,no.28; appendix ,no.49; appendix ,no. 10) A silverngot f undeterminedform eighing17.9gwaspart fa coin-treasureoard.

Il'in,Topografiia,. 42,no. 180; Bauer, Die Silber-,"p. 82,no.6; SotnikovaandSpasskii, Russkieklady,"p. 54,no. 9.

77. Pekari.Kaniv raion.Cherkasyblast'.Pre-1917. An ingot f theNovgorodtypewasfound.

Il'in,Topografiia,. 30,no.116.

78.Zhytomyr.re-1921.Twoingots ftheKievtypewerefound.

Il'in,Topografiia,. 15,no.

14;Bauer,Die

Silber-," . 106,no. 82.

79. Chernihiv.923. A silverngot ftheKiev typeweighing 60gwas part fahoard oundnexcavationsround he aviorCathedral.

Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 103, no. 56; Korzukhina, lady,p. 138, no. 150,where hehoard s dated etween he1170s and1240.




80. MyropiV. hytomyrblast'. 1938. A silver ngot f the Kiev typeweighing

149.8gwaspart f a hoard.Korzukhina,lady,p. 134,no. 137,where he hoard s dated between he1170s nd1240.

81. Find spotsand datesunknown. he Hermitageollection ncludes14 silveringots f theKiev typeweighing etween168.7gand 152.4gof unknownorigin.Sotnikova ndSpasskii, Russkieklady,"p.63.




APPENDIX E: Finds fRus' Coins

1. Boryspil.Kiev oblasf (formerlyoltavagubernia).Pre-1815. A sribnykfVolodimer,ype was found ya peasant.SotnikovandSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 55,no.1.

2. Vyshhorod.iev-Sviatoshyneaion.Kievoblasf 1935. A sribnykfVolodimer,type was found uringrchaeologicalxcavations.

Sotnikova ndSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 55,no. 2.

3. Zarichchia.VasyVkivaion.Kievoblast'.1963-1964.. Two sribnykyf Volodi-

mer,ne

typeand the ther

ype ,were ound

uring rchaeologicalxcava-

tions.SotnikovandSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 55,no. 3.

4. Kiev.Ca. 1850. A sribnykfVolodimer,ype ,wasacquired.SotnikovandSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 55,no. 4.

5. Kiev.1876. A hoard f about 120sribnykyfVolodimer,ype1,was found nthe ourtyardfL. N. Kushnerev.

SotnikovandSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 55,no. 5.

6. Kiev. 1894. K. A. Stavronski ound sribnykf Volodimer,ype2, on the

Kyselivka ill nthePodil.SotnikovandSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 55,no. 6.

7. Denysy.Pereiaslav-KhmeVnyts'kyiaion. Kiev oblasf (formerlyereiaslavcounty.oltavagubernia). 912. (See appendix ,no.28; appendix , no.49;appendixC, no. 10; appendixD, no. 76) Six sribnykyfVolodimer,ypes2-6, and onesribnyk ith hename Petor" werepart f a large oin-treasurehoard.

SotnikovandSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 55,no.7.

8. Lipliave.Kanivraion.Cherkasyblasf (formerlyanivcounty. oltavaguber-nia). 1913-1914. A sribnykf Volodimer, ype3, was found n duringarchaeologicalxcavations.Sotnikova ndSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 55,no. 8.

9. Pekari.Kanivraion.Cherkasyblasf (formerlyherkasyounty.Kievguber-nia). 1914. A sribnykfVolodimer,ype3, was found t the Kniazhahoratownsite.Sotnikova ndSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 55,no. 9.

10. VelykyiystvenHorodnia aion.Chernihivblast'. 1892. A sribnykf Volo-dimer,ype was unearthed.

SotnikovandSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 55,no. 10.11. Vyshen'ky.ozelets'raion.Chernihivblast'. Ca. 1882.. A sribnykf Volodi-

mer, ype ,was foundlong hebanks ftheDnieper.SotnikovandSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 55,no.11.




12. Nizhyn. hernihivblast' 1852. A hoard f around 00 sribnykyas found,

including olodimertypes -4), Sviatopolk,ndboth ypeswith henameofPeter.

SotnikovandSpasskii, ysiacheletie,p.55-56, no. 12.

13. ShoresoftheDnieper agoon.Fortyversts romKinburn. herson blast'.Pre-1863. Shepherdsound hoard ontaining3 Byzantineoldcoins and3zolotnykyfVolodimer.


14. Radens'k.Tsiurupyns'raion.Kherson blast'. 1956. A sribnykfVolodimer,type ,was found y nanthropologicalxpedition.


15. Pinsk. rest blast'.Belorussian SR. 1804. A noblemanaveTsarAlexander20 goldByzantineoinsfrom is ands. Thishoard?) apparentlyncludedzolotnykyfVolodimers well.


16. Parechye.Talochyn aion.Vitsiebsk blast' (formerlytarotalochynolost'Mahiloügubernia). elorussian SR. 1886. A fragmentf a sribnykf Volo-dimer,ype ,waspart f a coin-treasureoard.Sotnikova ndSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 56,no. 16.

17. Votnia. ykhaü aion.Mahiloüoblast'.Belorussian SR. 1873. Four ribnykyofVolodimer,ype were ound uringhe xcavations fburialmounds.Sotnikova ndSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 56,no. 17.

18. Mitkovka. limovo aion.Briask blast'.Russian FSR.Early1950s. Thirteensribnykyf Volodimertypes1 and2), Sviatopolk,nd with henamePeterwere ound uringnauthorizedrchaeologicalxcavations fburialmounds.SotnikovandSpasskii, ysiacheletie,p.56-57, no. 18.

19. Lipino.Kursk aion nd oblast'.Russian FSR. 1948. A fragmentf a sribnyk

of Volodimer, ype1, was foundduring hearchaeologicalxcavations fburialmounds.


20. Naginshchina.lantsy aion.Leningrad blast' {formerlydov county.St.Petersburgubernia). ussian FSR.1895. Included na hoard f1,018 ilvercoinsdeposited a. 1055 was a sribnykf Iaroslavwith Latin ettern thelegenda so-called candinavianmitationf aroslav' silver oins).SotnikovandSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 57,no. 20.

21. Molodi.Pskov aion nd oblast'.Russian FSR. 1878. A fragmentf a sribnyk

ofVolodimer,ype was foundna hoard f3kgofcoinfragments.Sotnikova ndSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 57,no. 21.

22. Former ostov ounty. ussian FSR. 1823. A sribnykfVolodimer,ype ,was found.Sotnikova ndSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 57,no. 22.




23. TsimliansLTsimliansk aion. Rostovoblast'. Russian SFSR. 1887. During

archaeologicalxcavations badlybroken ribnykfVolodimer,ype , wasobtainedrom local nhabitant.


24. Raadi. Tarturaion theformer illage of Rasthof ear thecityofDorpat).Estonian SR.1838. A sribnykf aroslavwas found.


25. IslandofSaaremaa Oesel). Estonian SR.After893. A sribnykf Iaroslavfound n the slandwasgiven o1. 1. Tolstoi.

SotnikovandSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 57,no.25.

26. Dobra.Nowograd owiat. omerania. oland.Pre-1894).A sribnykf aros-lavwas includedn a hoard f WestEuropean eniers eposited o earlier han1030.Sotnikova ndSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 57,no. 26.

27. GoszczynorSierpów. eczycapowiat.Kaliszwojewództwo.oland.1850 or1855. A sribnykfVolodimer,ype2, was included n a largecoin hoarddepositeda. 1020-1025.SotnikovandSpasskii, ysiacheletie,p.57-58, no. 27.

28. Rawicz.Poznanwojewództwo.oland.1880. A fragmentf a sribnykf aros-lav wasfoundn a large enier oard epositeda. 1040.


29. Schwaan.City fRostock.Germany.859. A sribnykfVolodimer,ype2,wasfoundna very arge oinhoard epositedround 025.


30. Romsdal.Nasboparish.NearMolde.Norway. 891. A sribnykf aroslavwiththeLatin etterR" in the egendwasfoundna coin hoard epositedround1025.

SotnikovandSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 58,no. 30.31. Exact ind iteunknown.weden. 858. A sribnykf aroslavwith Latin etter

"R" in the egendwas foundn theholdings f theRoyalCoin Cabinet nStockholm.Sotnikova ndSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 58,no. 31.

32. Visby.slandofGotland. weden. 938. A sribnykf aroslavwas foundnadenier oard reservednthe ocalmuseum.


33. Grötlingbo.slandofGotland. weden.Pre-1935.A sribnykf aroslavwith

the etterR" in the egendwasfoundna hoard epositedround 025.SotnikovandSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 58,no.33.

34. Sigsarve.Heideparish. slandofGotland. weden. 918. A sribnykf Volodi-mer, ype ,wasfoundna denier oard epositedround 055-1060.





35. Unknownrovenance.796. A zolotnykf Volodimer aspurchasednKiev.Sotnikova ndSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 58,no. 35.

36. Unknownrovenance. re-1797.A sribnykf aroslavwasacquired.Sotnikova ndSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 58,no.36.

37. Unknownrovenance.860. A sribnykfVolodimer,ype ,waspart f a coincollectionurchasedy u. B. Iversen.Sotnikova ndSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 58,no.37.

38. Unknownrovenance.878. A zolotnykf Volodimer aspurchased.Sotnikova ndSpasskii, ysiacheletie,. 58,no.38.

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Monetary History of Kiev

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