Mongols

1206 = Mongolian horse-tribes on edge of China

= united by Temujin (Ghengis Khan)

Khans = great Charisma = personal loyalty

Army =

1. cavalry = lancers + archers

2. discipline (generals command)

3. hired native engineers = siegecraft

Religious Certainty

= Mongols should control the world

= legitimacy = victory + $

= Pax Mongolica

(one country owns all silk road)

(= rapid trade + knowledge = )

(marco polo)

= Kill everything/everyone (steppe)

= poisoned wells, ripped up irrigation

= exported population east,

= leveled China, Islamic Asia

1240s = Russia (kiev)

1258 = Baghdad

= better to surrender/never revolt

= areas got poorer (russia, M.E, China)

Terroism

Adaption

1. religious toleration (later convert to local)

2. hired best and brightest of natives

3. urban trade + education = civilization

= became Chinese, Persian.

empire so huge it broke up into allied successor states

by 1270s they were fighting each other:

Yuan China,

Golden Horde (Russia),

White Horde in the Central Asia,

Mongolian Persia (Tamerlane).

= war = destruction of silk road = C.A. poorer

= trade must go by sea

Effect on the Middle East

- wrecks Arabic Islamic kingdoms (sacks Baghdad 1258)

= trauma = xenophobia = islam = conservative/isolated

Effect on the Middle East

- wrecks Arabic Islamic kingdoms (sacks Baghdad 1258)

= trauma = xenophobia = islam = conservative/isolated

- smashes Seljuk Turkish Kingdom in Asia Minor

= saves Byzantines, allows for rise of Ottoman

(dominate SE Europe, ME, N. Africa till 19th century)

Effect on the Middle East

- wrecks Arabic Islamic kingdoms (sacks Baghdad 1258)

= trauma = xenophobia = islam = conservative/isolated

- smashes Seljuk Turkish Kingdom in Asia Minor

= saves Byzantines, allows for rise of Ottoman

(dominate SE Europe, ME, N. Africa till 19th century)

- promotes Silk Road (Marco Polo) = $$$ + transfer of knowledge (gunpowder)

but grandson civil wars + Tamerlane = obliterate Silk Road cities

= european trade takes to the oceans (portugese 1400s, columbus)

= decline Italy, iraq/Arabia, Crusader States

Effect on China

- destruction of “jurchen” Jin Dynasty

Effect on China

- destruction of “jurchen” Jin Dynasty

- destruction of Chinese Song Dynasty

Effect on China

- destruction of “jurchen” Jin Dynasty

- destruction of Chinese Song Dynasty

- creation of Yuan Dynasty – first subservient chinese dynasty to lrger empire.

Effect on Japan

- two invasion attempts by sea

- Japan recently united under

Kamakura Shogunate 1221

(Yoritomo)

.

Effect on Japan

- two invasion attempts by sea

- Japan recently united under Kamakura Shogunate 1221

(Yoritomo)

- Kamakura beheaded mongol diplomats (always makes Mongols mad)

- in 1274, invaded from Korea with 30,000 Mongols, Koreans, Chinese

Battle of Bun’Ei – indecisive (small area, marathon)

- scattered by kamikaze (divine wind)

.

Effect on Japan

- two invasion attempts by sea

- Japan recently united under Kamakura Shogunate 1221

(Yoritomo)

- Kamakura beheaded mongol diplomats (always makes Mongols mad)

- in 1274, invaded from Korea with 30,000 Mongols, Koreans, Chinese

Battle of Bun’Ei – indecisive (small area, marathon)

- scattered by kamikaze (divine wind)

- 1281, 100,000 mongols, 50K chinese, 20k koreans invaded w/ chinese fleet

a typhoon struck while the mongols were on beachhead.

(no where large enough, near enough to land)

.

Effect on Japan

- 1281, 100,000 mongols, 50K chinese, 20k koreans invaded w/ chinese fleet

a typhoon struck while the mongols were on beachhead.

(no where large enough, near enough to land)

.- effect = - scare japan

- korea and the sea must be controlled / subdued

- Kyushu lords = won = independent

- buddhism = stronger = credit for kamikaze storms

- Yuan China clearly superior =

piracy in some parts, trade-learning from china in others.

Effect on Japan

- 1281, 100,000 mongols, 50K chinese, 20k koreans invaded w/ chinese fleet

a typhoon struck while the mongols were on beachhead.

(no where large enough, near enough to land)

.- effect = - scare japan

- korea and the sea must be controlled / subdued

- Kyushu lords = won = independent

- buddhism = stronger = credit for kamikaze storms

- Yuan China clearly superior =

piracy in some parts, trade-learning from china in others.

Effect on Korea

Koryo Korea founded in 935, independent of Tang, very chinese model

1196 Military lords in north were taking over – defend vs Jin/Manchu

(and losing)

1231 invaded by mongol horde – Ogedei

- korea conquered/occupied

- guerilla war + brutal reprisals

(until 1270s – Kublai Khan v Song)

Effect on Korea

Koryo Korea founded in 935, independent of Tang, very chinese model

1196 Military lords in north were taking over – defend vs Jin/Manchu

(and losing)

1231 invaded by mongol horde – Ogedei

- korea conquered/occupied

- guerilla war + brutal reprisals

(until 1270s – Kublai Khan v Song)

Korea paid for invasions of Japan

200,000 slaves carted off China

cities ruined by siege + guerilla war

confucianism increased

buddhism decreased

yuan elite married korean women

too far to benefit from silk road