Date post: | 22-Dec-2015 |
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• Building Management System captures Heat/cooling and ventilation
• Lighting systems• Miscellaneous electrical loads• Weather data, price, etc.• Integration is key
Building energy consumption highly fragmented
HVAC: 31.4%
+
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• Fault detection study[Schein2005]
• Fault: Simultaneous heating and cooling– Controllers on separate schedules
Why integrate?
Heating coil valvePosition varies
Outside-air mixerPosition varies
Cooling coil remains off
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Integration helps deduce activity
• Human-activity classification– Electrical activity [Patel2007]– HVAC air pressure [Patel2008]– Water usage[Froehlich2008]– IP traffic and circuit-level activity [Kim2010]
• SmartThermostat[Lu2010]– Combines motion sensors and contact switches to
reduce HVAC energy consumption by 28%
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Problems with BMS’s
• Not designed to collect all the data– Memory limit at control layer, application layer– Most information is lost through sense-point
“bundling” (averaging)• Burden on operator to manage
– Must decide which signals to “trend/unbundle”, monitor (set trigger)
– Leads to missing data in aggregate reports• Multi-signal fault detection done by human
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The world is a nasty place
• State-of-art not designed for data collection• 30% of sensors are broken[BEMS2000]
– Mixed air reading errors +2.8 Celsius increases cooling energy consumption by 60% [Kao1983]
– Mixed are reading errors -2.8 Celsius increases heating energy consumption by 30% [Kao1983]
• Sensor data has fundamental problems– Data missing, variable production rate, calibration
necessary, multidimensional, etc [Balazinska2007]
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What do we want to achieve?
• Generality– Supports the integration of many input/output sources
• Ease of use– Add/remove input sources, add/remove output targets– Querying/Cleaning/Sharing the data– Use the metadata to make more informed queries
• Organizing principle: Everything looks like a distributed file system– Hierarchy restricts data access through naming– Useful for accessing data according to semantic,
categorical, or physical placement9 01/13/11
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Building multiview integration
Electrical Load Tree
Environment and Activity
Climate plant
/SodaHall
/hvac
/CT /Chiller
/loadtree
/panel /xform
/spaces
/floor3/floor4
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Organizing the metadata
/SodaHall
/inventory
{“desc”:”inventory inside SDH”“timestamp”: …}
{“desc”:”Lamp”“timestamp”: …}
{“desc”:”Phone”“timestamp”: …}
{“desc”:”Outlet”“timestamp”: …}
{“desc”:”Acme”“timestamp”: …} r-node
s-node
/hvac
/CT /Chiller
/vent
/loadtree
/panel /xform
/outlet
/spaces
/floor3/floor4
/power/mote123
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Data collection and querying
/inventory/mote123
DB
PID1
PID1
PID2
PID2
PID3
PID3
PID4
PID4
Tim
e
GET?query=true&ts_timestamp=gt:now-100,ls=now
GET/SDH/spaces/*?query=true&props_metertype=powermeter
{“metertype”:”powermeter”,“desc”:”Electric power meter”,“timestamp”: 1290500046}
/power /temp/hum/par
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Data representation layer
• Narrow-waist for data representation– Simple Metering and Actuation Profile (sMAP)
sMAP
Electrical
Weather
GeographicalWater
EnvironmentalStructural Actuator
Occupancy
Phys
ical
In
form
ation
/ # list resource under URI root [GET] /data # list sense points under resource data [GET] / [sense_point] # select a sense points [GET] /meter # meters provide this service [GET] / [channel] # a particular channel [GET] /reading # meter reading [GET] /format # calibration and units [GET/POST] /parameter # sampling parameter [GET/POST] /profile # history of readings [GET] /report # create and query periodic reports [GET/POST]
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RESTful + JSONInterface
{
"operation":"create_publisher","resourceName”:”power"
}
PUT http://is4server.com/is4/devices/mote123/
{”pubid":"550e8400",
}
REPLY: 201 Created
PUT http://is4server.com/is4/devices/mote123/power
{"Reading": 120,
}
POST http://is4server.com/is4/devices/mote123/power?pubid=550e8400
{“desc”:”Temperature mote”,"Reading": 120,“timestamp”: 1290500046}
GET http://is4server.com/is4/devices/mote123/power
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Sharing real-time feeds
POST http://is4server.com/sub
{"streams":[550e8400],"url":"http://128.32.37.21:8011/
sub.php"}
{”subid":"41d4",
}
http://is4server.com/sub/41d4
REPLY: 201 Created
mote123/power
price
BMS
Zigbee
StreamFS
http://128.32.37.21:8011/sub.php
POST
550e8400
41d4
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Standard distillationelements
• Provide regression, interpolation, extrapolation functions over space and time values
• Provide join and filter functions
• Related work: MauveDB[Deshpande2006] x
y
User
x
y
Consistent uniform view
Apply regression;Compute “temp” at grid points
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Data cleaning and distillation staging
InterpolateF1(x)
ExtrapolateF2(x)
/models /inventory/mote123
/power /current/interp /filter
/inventory/mote123/power | /models/interp | /models/filter
| http://128.32.37.21:8011/sub.php
/proc_chains/983hfq
Java/Javascript
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Model resource example
18
{ winsize:10, materialize:true, timeout:2000, func:function(istream){ var ostream = new Object(); var sum =0; for(i=0; i<istream.length; i++){ var data = istream[i]; sum += data.Reading; }
ostream.points = istream.length; ostream.avg = sum/istream.length; return ostream; }}
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Putting it all together (1)
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/floor4
/room410
/therm/mote01
GET/…/floor4/room410/*/*?query=true&prop_type=temp
/temp /temp
InterpolateF1(x)
InterpolateF1(x)
/…/floor4/room410/room410/therm/temp
/…/floor4/room410/room410/mote01/temp
/…/floor4/room410/room410/mote01/temp?query=true&ts_timestamp=lte:t1,gte:t7
/…/floor4/room410/room410/therm/temp?query=true&ts_timestamp=lte:t1,lte:t7
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Putting it all together (2)
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/…/floor4/room410/*/*?query=true&type=device
| /models/ts_getall?ts_timestamp=lte:t1,gte:t7
| /models/interp_all?attr=timestamp&unit=1
| /models/join?attr=timestamp
| http://viewer.com/viewer.phpt1
t2
t3
t5
t4
t6
t7
mot
e01/
tem
p
ther
m/t
emp In-time pipe-chainContinuous pipe-chain
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Current Status
• Live instance on is4server.com– 2795 Incoming data streams– ~600 Kbps incoming data rate
• Releases available on the site– Version 2.0 with modeling to be released soon
• Documentation and tutorial available on is4server.com
• Used in various applications– Electrical load tree viewer, metadata graph viewer, SDH
Energy Audit application
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Future work
• Inter-system cross-signal correlation– Build usage/fault signatures to detect inefficient
energy-use detection• How do we expand the use of StreamFS
beyond buildings?• Energy analytics
– Building blocks available, how do we use it?
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