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topic: “ Monopoly market”By

Andrews

What is monopoly market?

Monopoly is simply a market with only one seller and no close substitutes for that seller’s product

The word monopoly is made up of two syllables mono and poly. Mono means single while poly implies selling….

Definitions• According to Prof. Ferguson, “A pure

monopoly exists when there is only one producer in a market. There are no direct competitors

• Mc Connell says, “Pure or absolute monopoly exists when a single firm is the sole producer for a product for which there are no close substitutes

Reasons for monopoly

A. ownership of a key resourceB. Government franchiseC. Intellectual property protection in the form

of patents and copyrightsD. Natural monopoly

Features of monopoly• A single seller has complete control over the supply of the

commodity• There are no close substitutes for the product• There is no free entry and exit because of some restrictions• There is complete negation competition• Monopolist is a price maker• Since there is a single firm , the firm and industry are one and same• Monopoly firm faces downward sloping demand curve .it means he

can sell more at lower price and vice versa.

Types of monopoly• Perfect monopoly absolutely zero level of competition Imperfect monopoly product may have a remote substitute. So there is a fear of

competition to some extent • Private monopoly production is owned, controlled, and managed by private

body

• Public monopoly production is owned, controlled, and managed by

government

• Simple monopoly single price for all customers

• Discriminating monopoly different prices for different customers for the same

product• Legal monopoly monopoly exists on account of trade marks, copyrights,

etc• Natural monopoly emerges as a result of natural advantages like good

location, abundant mineral resources etc• Technological monopoly emerges as a result of economies of large scale

production, use of capital goods, new production methods etc.

• Joint monopolymonopoly position through amalgamation, cartels, syndicates

etc

Advantages of monopoly market

• Avoids duplication and hence wastage of resources

• Enjoys economies of scale• Since monopolies make lot of profits, it can be

used for research and development and to maintain their status as monopoly

• Price discrimination may benefits the economically weaker section of the society

Disadvantages of monopoly market

• Poor level of service• No consumer sovereignty• Consumers may be charged with high price for

low quality products• Lack of competition may lead to low quality

and outdated goods and service

Demand and revenue under monopoly

Quantity of Water

Price

$1110

9876543210

–1–2–3–4

Demand(averagerevenue)

Marginalrevenue

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Total revenue

The overall measure of all sources of a company's income, including its sales, for a given period of time. This number is not the same as the profits or the earnings of the company.

TR = P Q Total costdescribes the total economic cost of production

and is made up of variable cost plus fixed cost

Marginal revenue The increase in revenue that results from the sale of one additional unit of

output. Marginal revenue is calculated by dividing the change in total revenue by the change in output quantity. While marginal revenue can remain constant over a certain level of output, it follows the law of diminishing returns and will eventually slow down, as the output level increases.

MR = DTR/D

marginal cost The increase or decrease in the total cost of a production run for making one

additional unit of an item. It is computed in situations where the breakeven point has been reached:

Determination of price and equilibrium under monopoly

A monopolist is in equilibrium when he produces that amount of output which yields him maximum total profit. A monopolist is also in equilibrium in the short period when he incurs minimum loss. Under monopoly, price & equilibrium are determined by 2 different approaches:

1. TR & TC Analysis2. MR & MC Analysis

TR & TC curve analysis

1] Monopolist can earn maximum profit when the difference between TR & TC is maximum.

2] By fixing different prices or by changing the supply of the product, a monopolist tries to find out the level of output at which the difference between TR & TC is maximum. That amount of output at which a monopolist earns maximum profit will constitute his equilibrium situation.

MR & MC analysis• According to this analysis, a monopolist will be in

equilibrium when 2 conditions are fulfilled, i.e.,1. MC=MR2. MC curve cuts MR curve from below. A

monopolist earns maximum profit when he is in equilibrium.

• Price & equilibrium determination under monopoly are studied with reference to 2 time periods:

A. Short periodB. Long period

Marginal revenue & marginal cost analysis

A Monopoly’s Total Revenue

• When a monopoly increases the amount it sells by one unit, there are two effects on total revenue P Q.– The output effect: when an additional unit of output

is sold, the monopolist charges a price for it. Therefore, total revenue increases by P, the price.

– The price effect: to sell the additional unit, the price must be reduced. Therefore, total revenue from the units that the monopolist would have decreases.

Profit Maximization for a Monopoly

QuantityQ Q0

Costs andRevenue

Demand

Average total cost

Marginal revenue

Marginalcost

Monopolyprice

QMAX

B

1. The intersection of themarginal-revenue curveand the marginal-costcurve determines theprofit-maximizingquantity . . .

A

2. . . . and then the demandcurve shows the priceconsistent with this quantity.

MC

3. Note that P > MR = MC in equilibrium.

Figure 5 The Monopolist’s Profit

Monopolyprofit

Averagetotalcost

Quantity

Monopolyprice

QMAX0

Costs andRevenue

Demand

Marginal cost

Marginal revenue

Average total cost

B

C

E

D

19CHAPTER 15 MONOPOLY

Price discrimination

• One of the result of market power is price discrimination, which refers to the sale of an identical good at different prices to different consumers by a single seller.

• It allows a producer to reap the highest possible average price for the output which increases TR and profit.

• Monopoly would charge higher prices from those who have lower price elasticity of demand (more price-inelastic demand)

• It requires the firm to eliminate possible resale of its product otherwise it is ineffective. Price discrimination is limited to firms that sell products that cannot be resold

Conditions for price discrimination

• The market for different classes of consumers must be separable so that buyers of one market are not in a position to resell the commodity in the other

• The elasticity of demand must be different in different markets

• There must be imperfect competition in the market

Types of price discrimination

• First degree price discrimination here the monopolist is aware of the maximum amount of money each consumer

will pay for any quantity. he, therefore, fixes his price accordingly so as to take away the whole of the consumer’s surplus

• Second degree price discrimination occurs when the monopolist captures a part of the consumer’s surplus and not the

entire amount consumer’s surplus. This type is practiced when there are many consumers in the market with different tastes and incomes

• Third degree price discrimination takes place when the seller divides his buyers into two or more classes and treats

each of them a separate market . for each class he charges a different price

Is price discrimination beneficial to customers?

YES??? HOW??????

NO??? WHY???

Monopolistic competition?

market situation with large number of sellers selling differentiated products…

eg: soft drink market thumsup,limca,gold spotIt is closer to perfect competition since it has • Large number of sellers• Free entry and free exit• Perfect resource mobility• Complete dissemination of market information• Product differenciation

Product Differentiation

There are three important forms of product differentiation:

• Differentiation by style or type – Sedans vs. SUV’s

• Differentiation by location – Dry cleaner near home vs. Cheaper dry-cleaner far away

• Differentiation by quality – Ordinary ($) vs. gourmet chocolate ($$$)

Equilibrium position in monopolistic market in the short period

Short-run refers to that period in which time is so short that a monopolist cannot change fixed factors like: machinery, plant etc. Monopolist can increase his output in response to increase in demand by changing his variable factors. Similarly, when demand decreases, the monopolist will reduce his output by reducing variable factors & by slowing down the intensive use of fixed factors. A monopolist will face any of the 3 situations in the short period:

Super normal profit: If the price (AR) fixed by the monopolist in equilibrium is more than his AC,

then he will get super normal profits. The monopolist will produce up to the extent where MC=MR.

Normal profit: If in the short run equilibrium MC=MR, the monopolist price AR=AC, then he will earn only normal profit.

Minimum loss: In the short run, the monopolist may incur loss also. If in the short-run price falls due to depression or fall in demand, the monopolist may continue his production so long as the low price covers his AVC.

In the short run curve

Equilibrium position in monopolistic market in the long run

In the long run, the monopolist will be in equilibrium at a point where his long-run marginal cost is equal to marginal revenue. In the long run, because of sufficiently long period at the disposal of the monopoly firm, all costs can be varied & supply can be increased in response to increase in demand

Monopolist’s Output Decision

1. Profits maximized at the output level where MR = MC

2. Cost functions are the same3. At output levels below MR = MC, the decrease

in revenue is greater than the decrease in cost (MR > MC)

4.At output levels above MR = MC, the increase in cost is greater than the decrease in revenue (MR < MC)

Monopoly power

“Degree of price setting power held by a supplier on the basis of its market share..”

Measuring monopoly power• Traditional method 1] If a monopoly is faced with a perfectly elastic demand (just like a perfectly

competitive firm), the monopoly power is zero (no power). 2] The monopoly has more power if the demand is less elastic (or more

inelastic).• Lerner's measure according to this , the difference between the price charged by the monopolist ,

and his marginal cost serves as the best measure of the degree of monopoly power

For the competitive firm P=MC for the firm with monopoly power P>MC Lerner Index of Monopoly Power Measure of monopoly power calculated as

excess of price over marginal cost as a fraction of price…. Mathematically, P= (P - MC)/P

• Triffin’s measure cross elasticity of demand between products as a measure of

monopoly power eg: the cross elasticity of demand between any two goods, X

and Y, measures the effect upon the demand of X on account of a change in the price of Y. thus

exy= Qx Py Qx PyIf exy=0 other firm’s products are not substitutes for the product

of this firm..DMP= 1 = 1 = infinity exy 0This implies an absolute monopoly power

Sources of monopoly power

• Natural sources• Exclusive possession of technical knowledge• Exclusive ownership of raw materials • Legal sources• Economies of large scale• Business reputation• Business combines• Creation of artificial barriers to new

competition

Monopoly and monopoly power??

are they both same??

thank you