Index

Symbols# (hash sign), using database templates, 181* (asterisk), as a wildcard, 104<< (add to quiz) icons, 112[ ] (square brackets), using database templates,

181

AAAHE (American Association for Higher

Education), 213accounts, 11, 223–225

creating, 9–14, 222Acrobat Reader (Adobe), 44action after correct answer option, 145, 154Activities block, 15activity modules, 236activity names autolinking filter, 238activity reports, 21, 65activity types, 25adaptive mode, 97, 102add a block menu, 237add a cluster option, 150add a new course button, 230add a new discussion topic button, 73add a new glossary entry, 135add a new blog entry, 168add a new scale button, 198add a new topic button (News Forum), 26add a resource menu, 24, 29

directories, displaying, 37IMS Content Packages, adding, 37linking to files or web sites, 34media content, adding, 39

add an activity menu, 25, 29

assignments, creating, 124chat sessions, creating, 85choices, creating, 206databases, adding, 177glossaries, creating, 132lessons, 144quizzes, creating, 96surveys, 204wikis, 157

add an end of branch option, 150add an end of cluster option, 150add an IMS Content Package, 25, 29, 37add new role button, 225add news (forums), 79add template type (databases), 176, 183add to quiz (<<) icons, 112add/edit courses, 229administration, 221–254

notifications, 221users, 222–229

Administration block, 15add/edit courses and, 230backups, 61roles, assigning and, 50scales, creating new, 198student grade views and, 198student groups and, 57

administration drop-down menu, 163administrator role, 49Adobe, 44advanced searches (forums), 75advanced uploading of files assignment type,

124advanced uploading of files option, 127Ajax, 13

We’d like to hear your suggestions for improving our indexes. Send email to index@oreilly.com.

255

algebra notation filter, 239algebra text filter, 105allow choice to be updated option, 207allow comments on entries option, 132allow course themes option, 243allow entries to be rated option, 133allow permissions value, 54allow posts to be rated? option (databases),

177allow print view option, 132allow quick grading box, 127allow role assignments tab, 227allow student review option, 145allow user themes option, 242always see Q & A posts (forums), 79American Association for Higher Education

(AAHE), 213anti-viruses, 242Apache, 241appearance, 242–246apply penalties option, 97approved by default option, 132Arabic characters, 8archives (forums), 77–78archives (ZIP), 42

(see also ZIP files)assign roles (Administration block), 50assignment submissions page, 126assignments, 123–130

capabilities, 126capstone courses and, 219creating, 124effective practices, 128–130gathering/reviewing, 2submissions, managing, 126types, 123

asterisk (*), as a wildcard, 104asynchronous communication, 69attempts allowed option, 97ATTLS (Attitudes to Thinking and Learning

Survey), 203audio files, 44authentication, 222Authorize.net Payment Gateway, 230auto-login guest option, 228autolinking, 134, 137automatically link glossary entries option, 132availability option, 22available from/to option (databases), 177

Bbackups, 61, 232

grade, 200beeps, using chats, 86behavior issues in forums, 77Bender, Tisha, 83Blackboard format, 111blended learing, 2block contexts, 53blocks, 7, 14–16, 237

Blog Tags, 170sticky, 245

blog preferences link, 170blog visibility option, 169, 241blogs, 167–174, 241

capabilities, 171capstone courses and, 220effective practices, 172–174entries, 167tags, 170theory/discussion courses and, 218using, 167–171

bold function (HTML editor), 33brainstorming, 166branching

lessons, 143quizzes, 152–153simulations, 154tables, 147

browse tool (wiki pages), 161browsers, 7bullet list function, 33

Ccalculated questions, 101, 107calendar, 243capabilities, 52

introductory survey courses and, 216skills development courses and, 218

capitalization, importance of, 104capstone courses, 213, 219case studies, 154case-sensitivity, 104categories (course), 18, 229

setting, 195CC (Creative Commons) license, 47CDs (media content), linking to, 40center justify function, 33

256 | Index

“chalk and talk” method, 2change background color function, 33change font color function, 33chapter checks, 119chapter-based word lists, 140character sets, 8chats, 1, 84–89

capabilities, 87creating, 85creative practices, 88effective practices, 88using, 86

cheating, 120Chinese characters, 8choices, 206–209

administering, 209capabilities, 209theory/discussion courses and, 218using, 209

choose or upload a file button, 34, 39Choose Your Own Adventure books, 143ClamAV virus scanner, 242classes, managing, 49–67

courses, restoring and copying, 62reports, 64–67student groups and, 57–61

Clean Word HTML function, 33cleanup, 251close this window button, 9Cloze (embedded answer) questions, 101, 109CMS (Course Management System), 1–4

educational philosophy and, 4collaborative glossaries, 141collaborative quiz questions, 142collaborative research, using databases, 191COLLES (Constructivist On-Line Learning

Environment Survey), 203comments

database module, 185enabling on glossary entries, 138rating, 186

comments option (databases), 177common module settings, 32communication, 69community, 5completed option, 146compose a text page, 24, 29, 30–32compose a web page, 25, 29, 33compression, reducing file sizes, 45

Constructivist On-Line Learning EnvironmentSurvey (COLLES), 203

contacts (messages)adding, 92managing, 91

contentcreating and managing, 29–48creative, 46–48effective practices, 43–48managing/updating, 40–43media, 38multilanguage, adding, 40

content packages, 25, 29adding IMS, 37

contexts (of role assignments), 53cookie prefix option, 249cost option, 23course files backup option, 62course files setting (backup page), 232Course Management System (see CMS)course page, 14

editing mode, 23–26course request button, 232Course Test Manager format, 111courses, 14–26, 229–233

add/edit, 229Administration block, 41contexts, 53creator role, 49design patterns, 212–220formats, 16–18introductory survey, 214–216managers, 245overview, 252reports, 64–67request, 232restoring/copying, 62roles, assigning, 50–51settings, 18–23skills development, 216–218

create anchor function, 33create attachments (forums), 79create group button, 58create new blog entries, 171create new question menu, 102

calculated, 107embedded answer (Cloze), 110essay, 109matching, 106

Index | 257

numerical, 105random short-answer matching, 107short-answer, 104

Creative Commons (CC) license, 47creative content, 46–48Critical Incidents survey, 204CSS templates, 185CSS/no tables, weekly format, 17current activities, 65curve to feature, 195curves, grading on, 201custom scoring option, 145

Ddata gathering, 120

databases, quality of, 185database autolinking filter, 238databases, 175–191

adding, 176–179backups and, 232capabilities, 188creating, 175–185creative practices, 190examples, 176fields, 179introductory survey courses and, 215managing, 185–188practices, 190presets, 187quality data, 185rating, 186skills development courses and, 217templates

editing, 180–185types of, 176

theory/discussion courses and, 218date stamps, 42debates, 83debugging, 249decimal digits in grades option, 97decrease indent function, 33default language setting, 234default question grade, 102default role for all users option, 228default role setting, 21define roles page, 225–228delete any posts (forums), 79delete chat logs (chat module), 87delete own posts (forums), 79

deleting files, 41dependent on option, 146deploy button, unzipping files, 38description box (edit profile tab), 13description questions, 101design patterns (course), 212–220Diament, Andy, 82diff tool (wiki pages), 162directories, displaying, 36Discussion-Based Online Teaching (Bender),

83discussions (forums), 69display a directory, 25, 29, 37display default feedback option, 145display format option, 132display language menu setting, 234display left menu option, 146display login failures to option, 242display mode option, 207display ongoing score option, 145Docs (Moodle), 244Dougiamas, Martin, 4duplicated entries allowed option, 132

Eeach attempt builds on the last option, 97edit a lesson activity, 151edit always option, 133edit and manage entries, 172edit any post (forums), 79edit categories button, 98edit profile tab, 11edit wiki pages, 164edit words or phrases link, 234editing mode, 23–26

assignments, creating, 124editing teacher role, 49editors (HTML), 244, 248

database templates and, 182labels, creating, 30multilanguage content, 40multiple-choice questions, creating, 102using, 33web pages, composing, 32

educational philosophy, 4effective forum practices, 80–82email, 248

edit profile tab and, 11forums, subscribing, 73

258 | Index

email all graded essays link, 151email login features option, 242email protection filter, 239email-based self-registration method, 222embedded answer (Cloze) questions, 101, 109enable messaging system option, 241enable RSS feeds option, 249enable/disable editor button, 182enlarge editor, 34enrollment key option, 22, 58enrollment setting, 21enrollments, 230

management, 52entries required before viewing option

(databases), 177entries shown per page option, 132environment page, 251essay questions, 101, 108everyone can view past sessions (chat rooms),

85Excel, 204

encoding setting, 234expectations, managing, 76experimental page, 253export entries link, 138export pages (wiki links menu), 163exporting questions, 111external database method, 222, 230extra credit feature, 195, 200

Fface-to-face meetings, 2feedback

blogs, using, 173learning environments and, 212skills development courses and, 217voting and comments, 191

feedback (quizzes), 97fetch-back tool (wiki pages), 162fields (databases), 175

creating, 179–180file download (wiki links menu), 163Filemaker (Apple), 175files

files area tools, 41–42formats, 43–44linking to, 34–36uploading, 34

files area, 41–42

filters, 238settings, 39, 244text, 105

FirstClass server, 223Flash, 40flash cards, 153flat file, 231flow control options (lessons), 145flowcharts, 144folders, 41fonts, composing web pages and, 33force everyone to be subscribed link, 73force groups option, 22formats (course), 16forms (HTML), 183forums, 1, 69–84

archiving, 77capabilities, 78creating, 70–73edit profile tab and, 13effective practices, 80–82introductory survey courses and, 215managing, 76–78News, 26searching, 75–76skills development courses and, 217student groups and, 57theory/discussion courses and, 218using, 73–75

frames (HTML), using chats and, 86frequently asked questions, 83full justify function, 33functions (HTML editor), 33

GGD version option, 248getting started, 7–9GIF files, 44GIFT format, 110glossaries, 131–142

autolinking, 137capabilities, 139categories, 136collaborative, 141comments, 138creating, 131–134effective practices, 140–142entries, adding, 136importing/exporting entries, 138

Index | 259

introductory survey courses and, 215printing, 139using, 134–139

glossary autolinking filter, 238glossary type option, 132goals, learning, 212Google, 240grade assignment capability, 126grade better than (%) option, 146grade essays tab, 151grade options, adding forums, 71gradebook, 201grades, 193–198

advanced features, 194creative uses, 202effective practices, 200–202lesson options, 144letters, setting, 197, 201preferences, setting, 194recording, 2student view, 198

grades link (Administration block), 193grading method option, 97graphics, 45group chats, 88group lecture notes, 165group mode, 22, 98, 133

assignments, adding, 125choices, 208databases and, 178forums, 72sessions, 85wikis and, 159

group project management, 166groups, 58

introductory survey courses and, 214guest access option, 23guest roles, 49

Hhandling of re-takes option, 145, 154hash signs (#), using database templates, 181Hawkins, David, 172help system, 8hidden sections, 20hide user fields option, 229horizontal rule function, 33HTML, 12, 13, 44, 244, 248

composing web pages and, 25, 32

databases and, 181editors (see editors)multilanguage content, 40

HTTP, 250HTTP security, 241hybrid courses, 2

Iicons (course page), 24ID numbers (course), 20images, 45IMAP server, 223import entries link, 138importing questions, 111, 147Impress (OpenOffice), 44IMS content packages, 25, 29, 37IMS Enterprise file, 231include modules and module user data setting

(backup page), 232increase indent function, 33index of all help files link, 9inherit permissions value, 53initial subscriptions (forums), 79insert a label, 24, 29insert image tool (HTML editor), 33insert special character function (HTML

editor), 34insert web link function, 33inspectors, 225instant messaging, 84interface (Moodle), 7internal enrollment method, 231interviews, 82introductory survey courses, 213, 214–216is this glossary global? option, 132italic function (HTML editor), 33item analysis link, 116

JJavaScript, 13

chats, using, 86SCORM format and, 17templates, 185

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of PublicHealth, 47

JPEG files, 14, 44

260 | Index

Kkeep setting (backup page), 232

Llabels, adding, 29Lader, Art, 190LAMS (Learning Activity Management System)

format, 16languages, 7, 233

edit profile tab and, 13editing, 234multi, adding, 40packs, 235settings, 234

languages on the language menu setting, 234last-minute exam preparation, 88Latest News block, 15LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol),

223, 231Learning Activity Management System (LAMS)

format, 16learning environments, 211learning journals, 172lecture notes, uploading, 46left justify function, 33lessons, 143–155

capabilities, 151creating, 144–151creative uses, 154databases and, 175effective practices, 151–155introductory survey courses and, 216managing, 151options, 144–147skills development courses and, 217

letter grades, setting, 197, 201Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP),

223, 231LimitRequestBody setting (Apache), 241link to a file or web site, 25, 29, 34

media content, adding, 39link to an activity option, 146links, 34–36list of users page, 223list template type (databases), 176, 183live logs from the past hour link, 65locations, 233login page (Moodle), 9

logs, 253backup option, 62chat capabilities and, 87student activity, 64

MMacZip, 42mail now box, 74maintenance mode, 250manage a lesson activity, 151manage official tags, 172manage personal tags, 172manage subscriptions (forums), 79manage wiki settings, 164manual accounts method, 222manual grading link, 116match grades menu, 111matching questions, 101, 106materials, uploading and sharing, 1maximum entries option (databases), 177maximum grade option, 145, 153maximum number of attempts option, 145maximum time to edit posts option, 241maximum upload size setting, 21maximum uploaded file size option, 241media content, adding, 38–40messages

capabilities, 91searching, 91sending, 90

messaging, 89–93capstone courses and, 219introductory survey courses and, 216

meta courses, 229backup option, 61settings, 21

methods (authentication), 222mini-projects, 141mini-tests, 119minimum number of questions option, 146,

154missing-word format, 111MIT, 47

forum practices and, 80moderator groups, 78

chats and, 88module (common) settings, 32module contexts, 53modules, 235–240

Index | 261

security, 242modules and plug-ins (database), 176Moodle Buzz (database), 176Moodle Docs, 244Moodle Network authentication, 223Moodle registration button, 222Moodle XML format, 111most often changed pages (wiki links menu),

162most visited pages (wiki links menu), 162MOV files, 44move discussions (forums), 79move this discussion to menu, 77MP3 files, 40, 44multilanguage content filter, 239multilanguage content, adding, 40multimedia plug-ins, 39multimedia plug-ins filter, 239multiple-choice questions, 101, 118My Courses block, 14My Moodle, 245

Nnetworking, 252new users, adding, 224newest pages (wiki links menu), 162News Forum, 15, 26NNTP server, 223no authentication method, 223no groups mode option, 57non-editing teacher role, 49non-Latin character set, 8notifications, 221, 242number of pages (cards) to show option, 146numbered list function, 33numerical questions, 101, 105

OOCR (Optical Character Recognition), 45OCW (OpenCourseWare), 47, 80offline activity assignment type, 123offline activity option, 128OmniPage Pro, 45one-minute responses, 173online discussions, 3

behavior issues and, 77online forums, 3online office hours, 88

online text assignment type, 123online text option, 127Open Document Spreadsheet, 204open source, 4open the quiz option, 96open to Google option, 240OpenCourseWare (OCW), 47, 80OpenOffice, 44operators for calculated questions, 108Optical Character Recognition (OCR), 45orphaned pages (wiki links menu), 163override locked pages, 164overrides (roles), 54

Ppackages, installing, 221page index (wiki links menu), 162parameters area, 36participants lists, 92participation

messaging, 93reports, 66

password, 9, 11, 222, 240, 241for quiz, 97, 120reset, 224SMTP, 248

path to aspell option, 248path to zip and unzip option, 248PayPal, 230PDF (Portable Display Format), 44

file sizes and, 44peer assessment, 82People block, 15performance, 252permissions, 49, 52, 225–229

(see also roles)overriding roles, 55

personal profile, 11PHP, 241, 252

server, 223PICT files, 44pictures, uploading, 14PNG files, 14, 44Portable Display Format (PDF), 44

file sizes and, 44post_max_size setting (PHP), 241PowerPoint, 44

branch tables, importing, 147file sizes and, 44

262 | Index

lecture notes, creating, 46ppt files (PowerPoint), 44practice lesson option, 145preferences, setting, 194presets (database), 187prevent automatic linking function, 33prevent permissions value, 54privacy of results option, 207profile fields, user, 225profiles (user), 10–14progress bar option, 146progressive testing, 120prohibit permissions value, 54proprietary software, 4publish results option, 207

QQ & A forums, 70

problem solving and, 82question mark icon (help system), 8questions

collaborative quiz, 142creating, 98–110exporting, 111importing, 110, 111, 147strategies, 118types of, 100–110

questions per page option, 96Quicktime, 44quiz closes option, 96quizzes, 2, 95–122

body, creating, 96–98capabilities, 116cheating/security, 120collaborative questions, 142effective practices, 118–122introductory survey courses and, 215managing, 115–116questions

adding, 112–115creating for, 98–110

scales and, 199skills development courses and, 217strategies, 118

RRAM files, 44random questions, 114

random short-answer matching questions, 101,107

rate posts (forums), 79read all messages (messages), 92read chat logs (chat module), 87reading study groups, 84RealPlayer, 44redo action, 33remote RSS feeds, 238remove link function, 33repeat sessions (chat rooms), 85reply to news (forums), 79reply to posts (forums), 78reports, 64–67, 252reprint headers setting, 194require approval? option (databases), 177, 185require network address (quizzes) option, 98require password (quizzes) option, 97required entries option (databases), 177reset template button, 182resource names autolinking filter, 238resources

introductory survey courses and, 214skills development courses and, 217

review button, 145Rich Text Format (RTF), 43

lecture notes, creating, 46role-playing, 83roles, 49–57, 52

activities, 56assigning, 50–51, 228define roles page, 225–228editing, 225front page, 247introductory survey courses and, 216overrides, 54skills development courses and, 218theory/discussion courses and, 219

roles that are not synchronized to meta coursesoption, 229

Roots of Literacy (Hawkins), 172rough sketches, creating databases, 176RSS, 249

articles option (databases), 177feeds, 249templates, 184

RTF (Rich Text Format), 43lecture notes, creating, 46

RV files, 44

Index | 263

Ssave changes button, 34save past sessions (chat rooms), 85scales, 198–200

effective practices, 200–202practices, 202

SCORM (Sharable Content Object ReferenceModel) format, 17

screen reader, 13Search Forums block, 15, 75search spiders, 240search tab, searching messages, 91searches (forums), 75security, 240–242

anti-virus, 242HTTP, 241

security (quizzes), 120send a message to many people (messages), 92separate and connected ways of knowing scale,

198separate groups mode option, 57servers, 247

path, 247servers (Moodle), 1session handling, 249set preferences page, 194set weights page, 196settings tool, 15Sharable Content Object Reference Model

(SCORM) format, 17Shibboleth, 223short-answer questions, 101, 104show activity reports setting, 21show advanced button, 11

linking to files and web pages, 36parameters area, 36window options and, 31

show alphabet option, 133show column for unanswered option, 207show grades setting, 21show hidden items option, 194show mark details box, 115show quiz in a secure window option, 97show “ALL” link option, 133show “Special” link option, 133show/edit current subscribers link, 73shuffle questions option, 96shuffle within questions option, 96simulations, 154

single template type (databases), 176, 183Site Administration block, 221

add/edit courses, 229authentication, 223define roles, 225–227enrollments, 231filters, 239language editing, 234maintenance mode, 251roles, assigning, 227site policies, 241statistics, 250sticky blocks, 245theme selector, 243

site contexts, 53site files, 247site map tool (wiki links menu), 162site policies page, 240site-wide local setting, 234skills development courses, 213, 216–218slide show option, 146smiley tool (HTML editor), 33social constructionism, 4social format, 17social forums, 84spiders, 240split discussions (forums), 79spreadsheets, 204square brackets ([ ]), using database templates,

181standard forums, 71start new discussions (forums), 78statistics, 66, 250, 253sticky blocks, 245storytelling, 83streaming players, 40strikethrough function (HTML editor), 33student can re-take option, 145, 153student files area, 190students

demands/schedules, 3expectations, managing, 76grade view, 198groups, 57–61removing, 51roles, 49workgroups, 22

study groups, reading, 84StuffIt Expander, 42

264 | Index

style function, 33submit assignment capability, 126subscribe (forums), 73subscript function (HTML editor), 33subscriptions, 70superscript function (HTML editor), 33surveys, 2, 203–206, 209

administering, 204capabilities, 205creating, 204introductory courses, 214–216

system administrators, 9, 39multilanguage content, adding, 40statistics and, 66

system contexts, 53

Ttable tool (HTML editor), 33talk in a chat (chat module), 87teachers, 131

explaining tasks, 211roles, assigning, 227

templates (database), 175CSS, 185editing, 180–185JavaScript, 185RSS, 184

TeX text filter, 105, 239text, 13

filters, 105page, composing, 30–32

themes, 242database, 176

theory/discussion courses, 213, 218threads, 70threshold for email notifications option, 242throttling applies (forums), 80tidy filter, 239TIFF files, 44time delay between attempts option, 96time limit option, 96time limits for lessons, 144time spent (minutes) option, 146time zone, 13timeout option, 249toggle text function (HTML editor), 34tool-centric systems, 5topics format, 17true/false questions, 101

turn editing on tool, 15Blog Tags block and, 170chat sessions, creating, 85choices, creating, 206forums, adding, 71front page and, 246glossaries, creating, 132labels, adding, 30lessons, 144linking to files or web sites, 34messages, 90surveys, creating, 204wikis, 157

tutorial support (messaging systems), 93

UUK Open University, 47underline function (HTML editor), 33undo action, 33Uniform Resource Locator (see URL)update this glossary button, 135updated pages (wiki links menu), 163upload a single file assignment type, 123upload a single file option, 127upload_max_filesize setting (PHP), 241URL (Uniform Resource Locator), 7use advanced features button, 194use HTTP for logins option, 241use this lesson’s settings as defaults options,

147user backup option, 62user contexts, 53user files backup option, 62user files setting (backup page), 232user policies page, 228user profiles, 10–14usernames, 9users, 222–229, 224Utah State University, 47UTF-8, 8

Vversions, tracking, 42video files, 44view any ratings (forums), 79view assignment capability, 126view blog entries, 171view discussions (forums), 78

Index | 265

view grades page, 193view hidden timed posts (forums), 78view my entries link, 168view ratings (forums), 79view subscribers (forums), 79viewable from/to option (databases), 177viruses, 242visible group mode option, 57visible mode option, 98visible module option, 86, 125, 133

choices, 208databases and, 178forums, 72wikis and, 159

visible option (lessons), 147

Wwanted pages (wiki links menu), 163WAV files, 44web applications, Course Management

Systems and, 1web logs (see blogs)web pages, composing, 32web sites

external, 46web sites, linking to, 34–36WebCT format, 111weekly format, 17weekly-based word lists, 140weights, setting, 196, 201wiki links menu tools, 162wiki page autolinking filter, 239Wikibooks, 48Wikipedia, 48

wiki pages and, 165wikis, 157–166

administering, 162basics, 165capabilities, 164creating, 157–159effective practices, 164introductory survey courses and, 216managing, 159–164options, 158pages, creating, 160permissions, 163practices, creative, 165theory/discussion courses and, 219tools, 161

wildcard (*), 104window options

displaying text/web pages, 31linking to files or web pages, 36

Windows Media Player, 44WinZip, 42with chosen files menu, 41WMV file, 44word censorship filter, 239word lists, 140word processors, reading file formats and, 44workgroups (student), 22WYSIWYG mode (HTML editor), 34

XXHTML, 111XML, 111

glossaries, exporting/importing entries,138

XMLDB editor, 253

ZZIP files, 248

courses, restoring and copying, 63creating, 42databases, exporting as, 187themes and, 243using deploy button, 38

266 | Index

About the AuthorsJason Cole is a product development manager at the Open University in the UK, wherehe works on the development of the OU’s Course Management System. Prior to joiningthe OU, he was the academic technology manager at San Francisco State University,where he initiated the process of upgrading the university from Blackboard to Moodle.

A member of the Moodle community, he has developed a student data integration toolfor the system and contributed to discussions regarding a document management sys-tem and object model for Version 2.0. Jason earned a Ph.D. in educational technologyfrom the University of Northern Colorado.

Helen Foster is a Moodle administrator for the site with the most users (over 300,000at the time of this writing)—Moodle.org—and holds a key Moodle role of documen-tation steward. Helen is a facilitator for the Using Moodle course, which provides free24-hour support for Moodle users worldwide.

Prior to relocating to Belgium, Helen was the Information Learning Technology Man-ager at Alton College in the UK, where she implemented Moodle and managed thedevelopment of the third-party Object module and other Moodle code. Helen has aB.S. in Mathematics from the University of London and a Postgraduate Certificate inEducation from the University of Cambridge.