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Plan of Management Moonee Beach Nature Reserve
Plan of Management
Moonee Beach Nature Reserve
MOONEE BEACH NATURE RESERVE
PLAN OF MANAGEMENT NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service February 2012
This plan of management was adopted by the Minister for the Environment on 7th February 2012. Acknowledgements This plan of management is based on a draft plan prepared by staff of the North Coast Region of the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS), part of the Office of Environment and Heritage, Department of Premier and Cabinet. The NPWS acknowledges that these reserves are in the traditional country of the Gumbaynggirr people. FRONT COVER: Photos of kangaroos on Look At Me Now Headland, Bare Bluff, and Zieria prostrata on Bare Bluff by Tom Denman, NPWS. For additional information or any inquiries about this reserve or this plan of management, contact the NPWS Coffs Coast Area Office, 32 Marina Drive, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450 or by telephone on (02) 6652 0900. Published by: Office of Environment and Heritage NSW 59–61 Goulburn Street PO Box A290 Sydney South 1232 © Copyright State of NSW and the Office of Environment and Heritage NSW: Use permitted with appropriate acknowledgment. ISBN 978 1 74293 551 5 OEH 2012/0196 Printed on recycled paper
FOREWORD Moonee Beach Nature Reserve is located 15 kilometres north of Coffs Harbour on the North Coast of NSW, and covers an area of 336 hectares. It consists of coastal sand plains and floodplains, dunes and four prominent headlands. Moonee Beach Nature Reserve conserves seven endangered ecological communities and six threatened plant species, including the only known wild populations of the endangered headland zieria (Zieria prostrata). Thirteen threatened animal species have been recorded in the reserve, many of which are shorebirds. The reserve is also home to a range of more common animals, including eastern grey kangaroos, red-necked wallabies and swamp wallabies. The reserve also contains many significant Aboriginal sites, including middens, axe factories, sacred sites and artefact scatters, which provide evidence of a rich history of the traditional use of the area by the Gumbaynggirr people. The New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 requires that a plan of management be prepared for each nature reserve. A draft plan of management for Moonee Beach Nature Reserve was placed on public exhibition from 30th January until 11th May 2009. The submissions received were carefully considered before adopting this plan. The plan contains a number of actions to achieve the NSW 2021 goal to “Protect our natural environment”, including the stabilisation of sand dunes and other eroded areas, the implementation of strategies to assist the recovery of threatened species and communities, and the ongoing control of weeds. The plan also “Enhances recreation opportunities” through the upgrading of walking tracks where necessary, and provision of interpretive and other information. This plan of management establishes the scheme of operations for Moonee Beach Nature Reserve. In accordance with section 73B of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, this plan of management is hereby adopted.
Robyn Parker MP Minister for the Environment
FOREWORD Broadwater National Park has an area of 4,290 hectares and is located approximately 35 kilometres south-east of Lismore on the north coast of New South Wales. The park extends from near the village of Evans Head in the south, northwards towards the village of Broadwater and includes 9 kilometres of coastline. Broadwater National Park is part of a system of coastal national parks which protect important conservation features typical of the north coast of New South Wales, including plant communities such as wet and dry heathland, eucalypt forest and woodland. The park supports more that 360 species of animals, including 48 threatened species, and is an important area for migratory shorebirds that feed and/or roost on the sandy beaches, estuaries, lagoons and rock platforms during their annual migrations. Broadwater National Park also includes sites of spiritual significance and of contemporary importance to the local Aboriginal community. The New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 requires that a plan of management be prepared for each national park. A draft plan of management for Broadwater National Park was placed on public exhibition from 16 April to 19 July 2010. The submissions received were carefully considered before adopting this plan. The plan contains a number of actions to achieve the NSW 2021 goal to protect our natural environment, such as the implementation of strategies to assist the recovery of threatened species, including for the pied oystercatcher; preparation of a pest management plan for the park; and revision of the fire management strategy for the park. The plan also provides for enhanced recreation opportunities by upgrading pedestrian access from the Broadwater Beach Day Use Area to the beach, and provision of interpretation signage at the Broadwater Lookout. This plan of management establishes the scheme of operations for Broadwater National Park. In accordance with section 73B of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, this plan of management is hereby adopted.
Robyn Parker MP Minister for the Environment
FOREWORD Currys Gap State Conservation Area, Mount Mackenzie Nature Reserve and Doctors Nose Mountain Nature Reserve are located on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, south west of Tenterfield. Currys Gap State Conservation Area covers an area of 227 hectares, Mount Mackenzie Nature Reserve is 141 hectares in size, and Doctors Nose Mountain Nature Reserve is 66 hectares. The reserves contain relatively undisturbed high elevation old growth open forest. In addition to a number of regionally uncommon flora species, an endangered species of mintbush was recently rediscovered in Mount Mackenzie Nature Reserve after 100 years of being thought extinct. The reserves also contain two endangered ecological communities, New England Peppermint Woodland and White Box Yellow Box Blakely's Red Gum Woodland, and five threatened fauna species. The New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 requires that a plan of management be prepared for each nature reserve and state conservation area. A draft plan of management for Currys Gap State Conservation Area, Mount Mackenzie Nature Reserve and Doctors Nose Mountain Nature Reserve was placed on public exhibition from 3
rd December 2010 until 14
th March 2011. The submissions
received were carefully considered before adopting this plan. The plan contains a number of actions to protect the natural values of the reserve, including research into fire ecology, the implementation of actions to assist the recovery of threatened species and communities, and the control of introduced plants and animals. The plan also provides for low impact self-reliant recreation on management trails in Mount Mackenzie Nature Reserve and Currys Gap State Conservation Area. This plan of management establishes the scheme of operations for Currys Gap State Conservation Area, Mount Mackenzie Nature Reserve and Doctors Nose Mountain Nature Reserve. In accordance with section 73B of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, this plan of management is hereby adopted.
Robyn Parker Minister for the Environment
FOREWORD
Ramornie National Park is located 40 kilometres west of Grafton on the NSW North Coast. It was reserved in 1999 and covers 3,307 hectares. The park is in two portions separated by Ramornie State Forest. Ramornie National Park contains 328 native plant species, including two vulnerable species and eleven species of significance. There is a relatively high diversity of eucalypt species with 16 species recorded. The gallery dry rainforest is considered part of an endangered ecological community. The park is also particularly significant for the conservation of woodland birds, owls, gliders, bats and small mammals. There are 22 threatened fauna species currently recorded in the park, with a further five species predicted to occur. The park also contains an Aboriginal site and a number of historic sites, including a tick quarantine fence, the stumps of a former tick inspector’s building and a stockman’s shelter. The New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 requires that a plan of management be prepared for each national park. A draft plan of management for Ramornie National Park was placed on public exhibition from 15
th May until 31
st August
2009. The submissions received were carefully considered before adopting this plan. The plan contains a number of actions to protect the natural values of the reserve, including surveys and research for threatened animal species, the implementation of actions to control erosion and to assist the recovery of threatened species and endangered ecological communities, and control of introduced plants and animals. The plan also provides for continued vehicle-based touring, bushwalking, bush camping and picnicking in the park. This plan of management establishes the scheme of operations for Ramornie National Park. In accordance with section 73B of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, this plan of management is hereby adopted.
Robyn Parker MP Minister for the Environment
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1. MOONEE BEACH NATURE RESERVE Moonee Beach Nature Reserve (referred to as ‘the reserve’ in this plan) is located between the villages of Moonee Beach and Sandy Beach, approximately 15 kilometres north of Coffs Harbour (30o18'S, 153o6.6'E). The reserve is divided into two sections (see map). The northern section is directly south of Sandy Beach, encompassing Bare Bluff Headland and Diggers Point and the land between these two headlands west to the Pacific Highway. The southern section includes Dammerels and Look At Me Now headlands and the land south to the mouth of Moonee Creek and west to the eastern bank of Moonee Creek. To the north along the coastal strip, the reserve adjoins Coffs Coast Regional Park. The northern and southern sections of the reserve between Diggers Point and Dammerels Head are also linked by a small section of the regional park, although a thin portion of Crown land separates the reserve from the regional park near Diggers Point. Part of the western boundary north of Moonee Creek also adjoins Crown land. The reserve is bounded to the east and along Moonee Creek by the Solitary Islands Marine Park, which extends to the reserve boundary at the mean high water mark. The interface between the reserve and the marine park provides important habitat for threatened shore bird species and adds to the overall protection of estuarine and inter-tidal habitats. The reserve was first gazetted in 1976, in response to growing concerns about the impacts of sandmining in the area. In 1995 approximately 100 hectares, including the four headlands, were added to the reserve resulting in its current size of 336 hectares. These headlands contain a number of significant threatened species, including the only known wild populations of headland zieria (Zieria prostrata). Following addition of the headlands, interim management guidelines for the reserve were produced (NPWS 1999) to direct the urgent program of works to limit visitor impacts on the reserve. The name of the reserve is taken from the adjoining beach, and is derived from the Gumbaynggirr name for the area, Munim-Munim. This name means ‘rocky’ and reflects the original importance of the area for axe making, with rocks collected from the area being used for axe heads (Morelli 2008). The reserve currently sits within a landscape of semi-rural lands and coastal villages. With the lifting of the moratorium on development following the completion of the Coffs Harbour northern beaches sewerage infrastructure project in 2005, there will be a significant increase in residential development adjoining the reserve, especially north west of the village of Moonee Beach (CHCC 2004), and this will lead to increased use and pressures on the reserve. The reserve is located within the Coffs Harbour City Local Government Area and the areas of the Northern Rivers Catchment Management Authority and the Coffs Harbour Local Aboriginal Land Council. This plan is consistent with the Estuary Management Plan for Moonee Creek, prepared for Coffs Harbour City Council (WBM Oceanics Australia 2006).
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2. MANAGEMENT CONTEXT
2.1 Legislative and Policy Framework The management of nature reserves in NSW is in the context of a legislative and policy framework, primarily the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (NPW Act), the NPW Regulation, the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) and the policies of the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS). The policies are based on the legislative background and internationally accepted principles of park management, and relate to nature conservation, Aboriginal and historic heritage conservation, recreation, research and communication. Other legislation, international agreements and charters also apply to management of the area. In particular, the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EPA Act) may require the assessment and mitigation of the environmental impacts of works proposed in this plan. The Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) also applies in relation to actions that may have significant impacts on migratory species and threatened species listed under that Act. A plan of management is a statutory document under the NPW Act. Once the Minister has adopted a plan, no operations may be undertaken within Moonee Beach Nature Reserve except in accordance with this plan. This plan will also apply to any future additions to Moonee Beach Nature Reserve. Should management strategies or works be proposed for the Moonee Beach Nature Reserve or any additions that are not consistent with the plan, an amendment to the plan will be required.
2.2 Management Purposes and Principles Nature reserves are reserved under the NPW Act to protect and conserve areas containing outstanding, unique or representative ecosystems, species, communities or natural phenomena. Under the Act (section 30J), nature reserves are managed to: • conserve biodiversity, maintain ecosystem functions, and protect geological and
geomorphological features and natural phenomena; • conserve places, objects, features and landscapes of cultural value; • promote public appreciation, enjoyment and understanding of the reserve’s natural and
cultural values; and • provide for appropriate research and monitoring. Nature reserves differ from national parks in that they do not have the provision of visitor use as a management principle.
2.3 Specific Management Objectives Moonee Beach Nature Reserve will be managed to achieve the following objectives: • the protection of habitat and populations of threatened species and endangered
ecological communities; • increased visitor and community appreciation of the biodiversity and heritage values of
the reserve; • involvement of the Aboriginal community in the appropriate management of their
heritage and sites of cultural importance; • management of increasing recreational pressures to limit impacts on the values of the
reserve; • rehabilitation of degraded areas; • fostering community involvement in rehabilitation and other management projects; and
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• management of the reserve in the context of its surrounding environments through working cooperatively with Coffs Harbour City Council, the Marine Parks Authority, the Crown Lands Division of the Department of Primary Industries and other reserve neighbours.
3. VALUES OF THE RESERVE
The location, landforms, and plant and animal communities of an area determine how it has been used and valued. Both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people place values on natural areas, including aesthetic, social, spiritual and recreational values. These values may be attached to the landscape as a whole or to individual components, for example to plant and animal species used by Aboriginal people. This plan of management aims to conserve both natural and cultural values. For reasons of clarity and document usefulness, natural heritage, cultural heritage, threats and on-going use are dealt with individually, but their inter-relationships are recognised.
3.1 Landform, Geology and Soils Most of the reserve is low lying, below 10 metres above sea level, comprising coastal sand plains and floodplains of flat to undulating topography and barrier dunal systems (McConchie 1997). At elevations of between 20 to 30 metres above sea level, the four headlands are prominent landmarks in the reserve and for the neighbouring villages. The underlying geology of the area consists of sedimentary rocks which have undergone low grade metamorphism, with isolated igneous intrusions. The majority of the reserve comprises undifferentiated quaternary sediments, overlying the metasedimentary rocks of the Coramba Beds. Three of the four headlands are exposed protrusions of these rocks, mostly siliceous argillite and mudstones, which have resisted erosion and share a similar geology to the Solitary Islands. The fourth, Diggers Point, is an isolated outcrop of adamellite, a granite-like igneous rock. In the 1880s a short-lived gold mine attempted to exploit this unusual geology (see section 3.5). The dunal systems adjacent to the beaches of the reserve are known as the Holocene barrier and rise up to 10 metres in height. In the 1970s, sand mining took place on many of the beaches along the north coast, including along the northern end of Moonee Beach and along sections of the dunal system adjacent to Fiddamans Beach. Soils are generally loose, medium or coarse quartz sands of low nutrient status and high permeability. On the headlands, the soils are shallower and are prone to drying out but often tend to be of higher nutrient levels (Floyd 1988). The western end of Bare Bluff contains a natural sand passage caused by wind and wave action which is maintained by the northward advance of coastal sands.
3.2 Native Plants Moonee Beach Nature Reserve contains a number of threatened species and endangered ecological communities associated with headlands, dunal systems and woodland communities adjacent to Moonee Creek. Significant species recorded from the reserve are listed in Table 1. The four headlands within the reserve support the only known wild populations of the endangered plant, headland zieria (Zieria prostrata), although part of the Diggers Point population lies on crown land adjacent to the reserve. These populations are considered of national significance (NPWS 1998). A number of other significant populations of threatened plants
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also occur on the headlands of the reserve, including the largest known coastal population of Austral toadflax (Thesium australe) and the largest population of sand spurge (Chamaesyce psammogeton) in Australia (S. Clemesha , pers. comm. 2007). The native grasslands on the headlands are dominated by kangaroo grass (Themeda australis) and are classified as an endangered ecological community under the TSC Act. Threats to this headland grass community include: compaction on informal walking tracks and subsequent erosion issues; invasive weeds; inappropriate fire regimes; and the encroachment of other native species such as banksias. Look At Me Now Headland also contains a small area of perched saline swamp and two areas of sedgeland, dominated by bare twig rush (Baumea juncea) and prickly couch (Zoysia macrantha). Native species occurring in the dunal habitats include spinifex (Spinifex sericeus), pigface (Carpobrotus glaucescens) and coastal wattle (Acacia sophorae). Scattered stands of horsetail she-oak (Casuarina equisetifolia) and coast banksia (Banksia integrifolia) occur in the hind dunes. Rainforest species, such as tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anacardioides), occur throughout much of the sclerophyll forest in the southern section of the reserve in the hind dunes. These rainforest species gradually increase in density to the south of Moonee Beach and, where the canopy closes, form a littoral rainforest community. Littoral rainforest is also classed as an endangered ecological community under the TSC Act.
Table 1. Significant plant species recorded or expected to occur in the reserve
Common name Scientific name Significance Sand spurge Chamaesyce psammogeton
(syn. Euphorbia sparrmanii) Endangered*
grass Lepturus repens Poorly known in NSW Headland plectranthus Plectranthus cremnus Poorly known^ Coast headland pea Pultenaea maritima Vulnerable* Austral toadflax Thesium australe Vulnerable* # Headland zieria Zieria prostrata Endangered* # * Status under TSC Act. # Denotes nationally threatened species listed under the EPBC Act. ^ Denotes species recognised as a rare or threatened Australian plant by Briggs and Leigh
(1996) but not included on the TSC Act.
Table 2. Significant plant communities recorded in the reserve
Name of community Location in reserve Status*Littoral Rainforest Southern part of reserve in hind dunes
behind the southern end of Moonee Beach EEC
Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest Small stands along Moonee Creek EEC Subtropical Coastal Floodplain Forest Open forest along Moonee Creek EEC Themeda grassland on seacliffs and coastal headlands
All four headlands EEC
Swamp Sclerophyll Forest on Coastal Floodplains
Western edges of the reserve EEC
Coastal Saltmarsh Southern part of reserve south of Tiki Trail adjacent to Moonee Creek
EEC
Coastal Wetlands West of Fiddamans Beach and east of Pacific Hwy behind the large dunal system.
SEPP
* Status under NSW Legislation – EEC = endangered ecological community listed under TSC Act, SEPP = mapped under State Environmental Planning Policy No. 14
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Other endangered ecological communities present in the reserve are listed in Table 2 and include the swamp forest/ woodland of broad-leaved paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) along the western edges of the reserve, a floodplain forest of large mature blackbutts (Eucalyptus pilularis) and swamp oak (Casuarina glauca) adjacent to Moonee Creek, and a saltmarsh/ mangrove vegetation complex in the southern section of the reserve. A number of other low lying wetland areas within the reserve are also considered to be significant, with the wetland behind Fiddamans Beach being listed under State Environmental Planning Policy (SEPP) 14 Coastal Wetlands before its protection in the reserve. The sandy plain between Moonee Creek and the frontal dune (surrounding Tiki Trail) is dominated by a belt of wet heathland.
3.3 Native Animals Moonee Beach Nature Reserve, as the largest undeveloped and protected section of land adjacent to the ocean on the northern beaches of the Coffs Coast, is an important refuge for many species of native fauna. Due to the diverse assemblage of plant communities found within the reserve, a wide range of fauna species are found, including 13 threatened species (listed in Table 3). In addition to these recorded threatened species a further 25 threatened species have been identified as likely to occur within the reserve, including the wallum froglet (Crinia tinnula) and common planigale (Planigale maculata), both of which are listed as vulnerable.
Table 3. Threatened animal species recorded in Moonee Beach Nature Reserve
Common name Scientific name Legal Status* Glossy black-cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami Vulnerable Black-necked stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus Endangered Sooty oystercatcher Haematopus fuliginosus Vulnerable Pied oystercatcher Haematopus longirostris Endangered Comb-crested jacana Irediparra gallinacea Vulnerable Eastern osprey Pandion cristatus Vulnerable Little tern Sternula albifrons Endangered ^ Squirrel glider Petaurus norfolcensis Vulnerable Koala Phascolarctos cinereus Vulnerable Little bent-wing bat Miniopterus australis Vulnerable Eastern bent-wing bat Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis Vulnerable Common blossom-bat Syconycteris australis Vulnerable Grey-headed flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus Vulnerable # * Status under TSC Act # Denotes nationally threatened species under the EPBC Act. ^ Denotes migratory species listed under EPBC Act.
The majority of native species found in the reserve are birds, and the reserve forms an important refuge for a number of migratory bird species, such as the wedge-tailed shearwater (Ardenna pacifica), glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) and little tern (Sternula albifrons). Resident shorebirds such as the Australian pied oystercatcher (Haematopus longirostris) are known to breed in the Moonee Creek estuary. Although there are no records or sightings of the threatened eastern ground parrot (Pezoporus wallicus wallicus),
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the wet heath community within the reserve is identified as potential habitat for this species. Native mammals recorded from the reserve include sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps), feather-tailed gliders (Acrobates pygmaeus), common brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), short-beaked echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus) and koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) (Clancy 1989, 1994). Four species of bat have been recorded in the reserve, with two species of bent-wing bats roosting in caves on the headlands over winter. Swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolor) frequent the littoral rainforests and heathlands, and a small population of red-necked wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus) resides on Dammerels Head (D. Scotts, pers. comm. 2008). The population of eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) which graze on Look At Me Now Headland is increasing in numbers and this poses a potential risk to visitors (see section 3.6).
3.4 Aboriginal Heritage The area protected in the reserve is considered to be of great spiritual significance to the Gumbaynggirr people. Aboriginal people have an association and connection to the land. The land and water within a landscape are central to Aboriginal spirituality and contribute to Aboriginal identity. Natural areas such as the reserve, and the resources contained within them, are associated with the use and enjoyment of foods and medicines, caring for the land, passing on cultural knowledge, kinship systems and strengthening social bonds. Aboriginal heritage and connection to nature are inseparable from each other and need to be managed in an integrated manner across the landscape. Moonee Beach and the surrounding area provided the Gumbaynggirr people with an abundant variety of foods, medicines, shelter and utensils. Large tool-making workplaces, camp sites, ceremonial grounds and large middens are found within the reserve and its surrounds. Several sites, including an area first described by North (1964) as an axe ‘factory’, are known to occur in the reserve. Other sites are also likely to exist in the less disturbed areas of the reserve. This evidence of connections with the landscape in Moonee Beach Nature Reserve is important for Aboriginal people today as they provide evidence of past everyday life. Look At Me Now Headland also plays an integral part in the creation story of the local Aboriginal community. This headland has additional importance because caves located on this headland are rain increase sites, where traditional ceremonies would be held to encourage rainfall in the surrounding area. A threat to the value of these sites is illegal collection of material. Extensive collecting of artefacts has occurred in the past, and at least one major collection of material taken from what is now the reserve is known to be kept in private hands. A collection of artefacts from an axe factory located in the reserve are currently housed in the Australian Museum. The Aboriginal community may seek to have some of this material repatriated to the reserve in the future. NPWS works closely with the Garlambirla Guyuu Girrwaa (Coffs Harbour Elders Group) and Garby Elders in the management of the reserve. In 2004 an informal eroding beach access track on the southern side of Look At Me Now Headland, which was impacting on a midden site, was closed and rehabilitated after consultation with the local Aboriginal community.
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3.5 Historic Heritage From the mid 1800s, the economic development of the North Coast of New South Wales relied on the shipping of timber and other produce to Sydney. Ship wrecks along the coast were common. The graves of two un-named ship-wreck victims are located at Shelly Beach; their bodies were found following the collision of the Keilawarra and the Helen Nicholl east of Dammerels Head in 1886. None of the other 48 victims was found. The number of ship wrecks prompted the development of the ‘coastal highway of lights’ in the late 1800s. South Solitary Lighthouse is located on an island off the coast of the reserve and was part of this ‘highway’. Communication from the mainland to the lighthouse originally relied upon semaphore flags erected at a signal station near what is now known as Dammerels Head, named after George Dammerel who was the first operator of the signal station. The memorial to the Dammerels and a replica of the signal pole, which were originally located on Signal Hill, were moved to the headland to make way for the development of the village of Emerald Beach. The replica of the signal pole was cut down after being struck by lightning and was not replaced. A number of Norfolk Island pines (Araucaria heterophylla) were planted on the southern side of Dammerels Head by Joan Simms in 1965, also coinciding with the Emerald Beach development. Mining took place over parts of the reserve during the 19th and 20th centuries, including gravel extraction from Shelly Beach in 1946 and mineral sand mining for rutile in various locations from the 1950s through to the 1970s. Frederick Fiddaman, a hermit, mined the point now known as Diggers Point for gold in 1882. The locations of old filled-in shafts and mullock heaps can still be seen today. Impending mining of mineral sands at the northern end of Moonee Beach in 1971 aroused considerable concern in the local area to the point where the then Coffs Harbour Shire Council refused concurrence to mining and took out a court injunction to halt any mining work. NPWS investigated the values of the area in 1972 and sought the protection of the area as a nature reserve. Gazettal of the original part of the nature reserve occurred in 1976. The name of Look At Me Now Headland is believed to involve a picnic at Shelly Beach where an Englishman, showing off to the girls of the local Skinner family, took off on horseback with the Skinner boys through some low wetlands and upon his return to the picnic, covered in mud, said ‘Look at me now!’ (LAMN Arts Project Committee 2000). In 1963, Look At Me Now Headland was purchased from the Skinner family for development as a tourist resort featuring a golf course and tennis courts. Following objections by local community groups, the NSW Government resumed the land in 1980 and it was expected that it would be added to the nature reserve. However in 1987 Coffs Harbour City Council proposed that an ocean discharge point for treated effluent be located at Look At Me Now Headland. The local community raised strong objections. In 1988, 1500 people marched against the proposal, and the campaign was taken on by the Coalition against Ocean Outfall Inc. and the Coffs Harbour Environment Centre. By 1994, it had grown into a major community-based campaign, which prompted a national call for rethinking the desirability of effluent disposal via ocean outfalls. At the height of the controversy, large sewer pipes were laid over Look At Me Now Headland. A Commission of Inquiry was held under the EPA Act in 1993 to review the proposal, and the natural and cultural values and significance of the headland. While the Inquiry found in favour of the outfall in late 1994, the project was stopped due to a change in NSW Government in March 1995. Following lobbying by local conservationists, Diggers Point and Bare Bluff were added to an election commitment to protect Dammerels Head and Look At Me Now Headland as additions to the reserve. All four headlands were gazetted as additions in 1995. At this time, Look At Me Now Headland was in a degraded state,
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primarily as a result of the unrestricted vehicular and pedestrian access across the headland which had caused significant vegetation damage, soil compaction and erosion. There was also considerable disturbance from the heavy machinery used to lay the sewer pipes. Since 2001 NPWS has undertaken extensive rehabilitation of the headland, constructed a carpark and restricted vehicular access, and controlled pedestrian access via walking tracks around the headland and to Moonee, Shelly and Emerald beaches. Some of the scars from past works and activities on the headland can still be seen today.
3.6 Recreation and Education Values The headlands within the reserve, and the beaches which are accessed through the reserve, are used for a variety of recreational activities in a natural environment, including walking, surfing, swimming, sightseeing, whale watching, nature studies, beach and rock fishing, snorkelling and scuba diving. The local communities of Sandy Beach, Emerald Beach and Moonee Beach use the reserve on a daily basis and have a strong affiliation with the reserve. The southern side of Look At Me Now Headland is a renowned surfing location and experiences a high volume of use, particularly during summer months. The diverse nature of the natural and cultural landscape of the reserve and the adjacent Solitary Islands Marine Park means the area is well suited to environmental education. An understanding of the values of the area, particularly in the local community, is necessary to gain support for conservation initiatives. The NPWS conducts regular “Discovery” activities in the area, particularly in the school holiday periods for local communities and visitors. Interpretive display facilities within the reserve are low key and are designed to provide visitors with information on the natural and cultural values found in the reserve, recreational opportunities and NPWS’s conservation responsibilities. Trackside panels have been installed to provide information on the graves at Shelly Beach, on the memorial to the Dammerel family at Dammerels Head, and on ‘Living with Kangaroos’ to reduce potential risks associated with the public’s interaction with the population of eastern grey kangaroos on Look At Me Now Headland. Walking tracks in the reserve, particularly on the headlands, allow visitors to appreciate the scenic values of the reserve, while minimising visitor impacts on the surrounding significant natural and cultural heritage values. Part of the headland walking track on Look At Me Now Headland is wheelchair accessible. In the south of the reserve, Tiki Trail currently receives little visitor use but is maintained as a non-vehicular management trail for strategic fire control. It previously provided public access to Moonee Beach from the former Tiki Caravan Park. The Trail traverses Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest and heathland, allowing visitors to experience magnificent flora displays. A pedestrian bridge, constructed and owned by Coffs Harbour City Council, links Tiki Trail to the western bank of Moonee Creek. While there is currently no public access to the bridge from the west, it is expected that Council will establish this access within the life of the plan, leading to a significant increase in the use of the walking track. The Solitary Island Coastal Walk extends from Sawtell to Corindi within the Coffs Harbour Local Government Area. The route for this walkway traverses the reserve, mainly following beaches and existing pathways across the headlands.
9
4. THREATS TO RESERVE VALUES
4.1 Introduced Species The major weed species within the reserve are listed in Table 4. The noxious weeds, bitou bush and groundsel bush, are currently the weeds of most concern in the reserve. The Noxious Weeds Act 1993 places obligations upon public authorities and private landholders to suppress declared noxious weeds on land they control to prevent weeds spreading to adjoining lands. Invasion of native plant communities by bitou bush is listed as a key threatening process under the TSC Act. It is an introduced South African species that was widely planted for dune stabilisation following sand mining in the late 1970s. The Western Australian willow wattle was also planted at this time for dune stabilisation and is a problem in the northern part of the reserve. Other key threatening processes listed under the TSC Act that are operating in the reserve include: invasion of native plant communities by exotic perennial grasses; invasion, establishment and spread of lantana; and invasion and establishment of exotic vines and scramblers. Threat abatement plans may be prepared to address key threatening processes. As part of the threat abatement plan for bitou bush (DEC 2006), an annual aerial spraying program is carried out in the southern part of the reserve along with intensive ground control over the headlands. The encroachment of weed species, such as bitou bush, is a threat to headland zieria and a number of other threatened plants and communities within the reserve including the littoral rainforest and Themeda grassland. On the northern side of Look At Me Now Headland behind Shelly Beach, there are numerous exotic garden plants growing on the site of an old house. The dumping of household garden waste into the reserve is a major and ongoing source of weed infestation. Several locations exist where this practice has occurred for many years resulting in a proliferation of weed species.
Table 4. Major weed species of concern in Moonee Beach Nature Reserve
Common name Scientific name Status* Crofton weed Ageratina adenophora Noxious Ground Asparagus Fern Asparagus aethiopicus Noxious Groundsel bush Baccharis halimifolia Noxious
Bitou bush Chrysanthemoides monilifera spp. rotundata KTP, Noxious, WONS
Willow wattle Acacia saligna Lantana Lantana camara Noxious, KTP, WONS Easter Cassia Senna pendula var. glabrata Morning glory Ipomoea indica KTP Corky passionflower Passiflora suberosa KTP Giant paspalum Paspalum urvillei KTP Kikuyu Pennisetum clandestinum KTP Giant Parramatta grass Sporobolus fertilis KTP, Noxious
* Status is as follows: Noxious = declared noxious in Coffs Harbour Local Government Area KTP = species included as part of a key threatening process under the TSC Act WONS = weed of national significance
10
Apart from straying pets, introduced animals are not currently a major problem in the reserve. The European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is present in the reserve and poses the greatest threat to the natural state of the reserve, through direct predation or disturbance of native wildlife populations and as vectors in the spread of weeds throughout the reserve. While fox baiting is occasionally carried out in the reserve in response to fox sightings, the reserve is not currently identified as a priority site for fox control under the threat abatement plan being implemented for the fox (NPWS 2001). Feral and stray cats (Felis catus) and domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) also pose threats to the values of the reserve through predation and disturbance of wildlife. The pandanus plant hopper (Jamella australiae), which is a native to northern Australia but has been introduced to northern NSW, may become a threat in the future to the iconic coastal screw pines (Pandanus tectorius) at Shelly Beach.
4.2 Inappropriate Fire Regimes Fire is a natural feature of many environments and is essential for the survival of some plant communities. However, inappropriate fire regimes can lead to loss of particular plant and animal species and communities. High frequency fire has been listed as a key threatening process under the TSC Act. The reserve contains some vegetation communities which have evolved and adapted to fire, including headland and heathland communities, and appropriate fire regimes are considered essential for the survival of these communities (Kenny et al. 2004). In contrast, fire should be excluded from all the areas of littoral rainforest and saltmarsh. The reserve also contains some assets that are vulnerable to fire, including visitor facilities and the historic sites. A fire management strategy addressing assets at risk of fire has been developed in consultation with the Rural Fire Service and the local community (NPWS 2005). Arson has historically been the cause of most fires within the reserve. The vegetation surrounding Tiki Trail in particular is extremely fire prone and the potential for acts of arson and significant unplanned fire events is likely to increase with the anticipated increased public use of Tiki Trail.
4.3 Visitor Impacts The population of the northern beaches of the Coffs Coast area is expected to increase substantially over the coming decades (CHCC 2004). Pressures on the reserve from this increasing population and associated development adjacent to the western boundaries of the reserve will place strains on the reserve values if not managed appropriately. The headland areas are the most heavily used sections of the reserve. The shallow soils on the headlands are vulnerable to erosion from both vehicular and foot traffic, and the dwarf heath and grassland communities are particularly at risk from trampling damage by visitors walking off designated pathways. Aboriginal sites are also at risk from erosion caused by informal use patterns. As a nature reserve, dog walking within the reserve is prohibited. Occasional issues with dogs in the reserve still occur and ongoing law enforcement aims to control these activities which impact on the fauna within the reserve, including the population of eastern grey kangaroos on Look At Me Now Headland.
11
4.4 Isolation and Fragmentation Long term conservation of biodiversity depends upon the protection, enhancement and connection of remaining habitat across the landscape, incorporating vegetation remnants on both public and private lands. Along with nearby vegetated areas, the reserve forms part of a regional ecological corridor and an important link to other forested areas (Scotts 2003). Maintaining the integrity of the remaining habitat within the reserve and, where possible, linking this to adjacent areas of bushland to facilitate wildlife corridors is important in ensuring long term viability of the reserve’s biological values.
4.5 Climate Change Anthropogenic climate change has been listed as a key threatening process under the TSC Act as it has the potential to significantly affect biodiversity by changing population size and distribution of species, modifying species composition, and altering the geographical extent of habitats and ecosystems. Species most at risk are those unable to migrate or adapt, particularly those with small population sizes or with slow growth rates. Projections of future changes in climate for NSW include higher sea levels, increasing water temperatures, more intense but possibly reduced annual average rainfall, increased temperature extremes and higher evaporation rates. Across the landscape, these changes are likely to lead to greater intensity, duration and frequency of fires, more severe droughts and increased regional flooding. In coastal areas, it is anticipated that there will be increased shore erosion, impacts on coastal ecosystems (including the loss of important coastal wetlands and mangroves) and impacts on human settlements and infrastructure. The potential impact of climate change for Moonee Beach Nature Reserve is difficult to predict with any accuracy since it depends on the compounding effects of other pressures, particularly barriers to migration and changes in fire regimes. Programs to increase the connectivity of the reserve, and to reduce pressures from pest species and inappropriate fire regimes, may help reduce the severity of some of the effects of climate change. It is beyond doubt however that rising sea levels will have serious deleterious impacts on the reserve’s low-lying vegetation communities. It is anticipated that salt water inundation due to storm surges may lead to loss of freshwater wetlands, including swamp forests, fundamentally changing the reserve’s vegetation complex.
12
5. M
AN
AG
EMEN
T ST
RA
TEG
IES
AN
D A
CTI
ON
S
Cur
rent
Situ
atio
n D
esire
d O
utco
mes
M
anag
emen
t Res
pons
e Pr
iorit
y
5.1
Soil
and
Wat
er C
onse
rvat
ion
The
maj
or a
reas
of c
once
rn in
term
s of
soi
l ero
sion
exi
st o
n th
e he
adla
nd a
reas
and
are
ass
ocia
ted
with
vis
itor
use
of
(mos
tly in
form
al)
natu
ral s
urfa
ce w
alki
ng tr
acks
. Soi
ls o
n th
e he
adla
nds
are
shal
low
and
sta
bilis
ing
vege
tatio
n ca
n ta
ke a
lo
ng
time
to
reco
ver
from
di
stur
banc
e (F
loyd
19
88).
Abo
rigin
al
site
s ca
n al
so
be
expo
sed
and
impa
cted
by
er
osio
n. T
he c
onst
ruct
ion
of a
net
wor
k of
har
dene
d pa
ved
wal
king
tra
cks
and
stra
tegi
c fe
ncin
g ha
s be
en s
ucce
ssfu
l in
subs
tant
ially
red
ucin
g th
is p
ress
ure
on L
ook
At
Me
Now
H
eadl
and.
San
d er
osio
n of
dun
al a
reas
is
anot
her
area
of
conc
ern,
pa
rticu
larly
in
the
north
ern
sect
ion
of t
he r
eser
ve s
outh
of
San
dy B
each
and
on
the
wes
tern
end
of B
are
Blu
ff w
here
a
natu
ral
sand
pa
ssag
e is
m
aint
aine
d by
th
e no
rthw
ard
adva
nce
of c
oast
al s
ands
. In
199
7, s
tabi
lisat
ion
wor
ks w
ere
cond
ucte
d to
slo
w t
he s
urfa
ce e
rosi
on o
f B
are
Blu
ff an
d its
hi
nd d
unes
, w
hich
had
bee
n ex
acer
bate
d by
pas
t ve
hicl
e ac
cess
on
the
sand
pas
sage
. Fur
ther
sta
bilis
atio
n of
dun
es to
th
e w
est a
nd s
outh
-wes
t of B
are
Blu
ff m
ay a
lso
be re
quire
d.
Moo
nee
Cre
ek f
orm
s th
e w
este
rn b
ound
ary
of t
he s
outh
ern
sect
ion
of th
e re
serv
e. T
here
is s
ome
bank
ero
sion
alo
ng th
e cr
eek
caus
ed
by
boat
ing
activ
ities
co
nduc
ted
abov
e th
e sp
eed
limits
.
• Th
e im
pact
of
soil
eros
ion
and
wat
er p
ollu
tion
on th
e va
lues
of
the
rese
rve
is
min
imis
ed.
5.1.
1 C
ontro
l soi
l ero
sion
affe
ctin
g A
borig
inal
site
s in
co
nsul
tatio
n w
ith th
e lo
cal A
borig
inal
com
mun
ity.
5.1.
2 M
onito
r the
reha
bilit
atin
g sa
nd b
low
-out
at B
are
Blu
ff an
d co
ntin
ue to
sta
bilis
e ar
eas
as re
quire
d.
5.1.
3 M
onito
r th
e sa
nd d
unes
to th
e w
est a
nd s
outh
w
est
of B
are
Blu
ff an
d st
abili
se a
s re
quire
d us
ing
nativ
e sp
ecie
s.
5.1.
4 M
onito
r th
e w
alki
ng t
rack
s an
d be
ach
acce
ss
poin
ts o
n th
e he
adla
nds
and
take
app
ropr
iate
act
ion
as
need
ed,
such
as
tra
ck
re-a
lignm
ent,
track
ha
rden
ing
or f
enci
ng,
to m
inim
ise
eros
ion
and
root
ex
posu
re.
Cur
rent
ar
eas
of
conc
ern
incl
ude
Bar
e B
luff,
D
amm
erel
s H
ead,
D
igge
rs
Poi
nt,
and
the
acce
ss t
o M
oone
e B
each
fro
m L
ook
At
Me
Now
H
eadl
and.
5.
1.5
Mon
itor
bank
ero
sion
alo
ng M
oone
e C
reek
. Li
aise
w
ith
and
supp
ort
othe
r re
leva
nt
agen
cies
, in
clud
ing
Mar
ine
Par
ks A
utho
rity,
Mar
itim
e N
SW
and
C
offs
H
arbo
ur
City
C
ounc
il,
with
re
gard
to
th
e m
anag
emen
t of t
he e
stua
ry.
Hig
h M
ediu
m
Low
H
igh/
O
ngoi
ng
Low
13
Cur
rent
Situ
atio
n D
esire
d O
utco
mes
M
anag
emen
t Res
pons
e Pr
iorit
y
5.2
Nat
ive
Plan
ts a
nd A
nim
als
The
rese
rve
prot
ects
a d
iver
sity
of v
eget
atio
n ty
pes
and
is a
ke
y ha
bita
t fo
r w
ildlif
e. I
t al
so c
urre
ntly
for
ms
part
of a
re
gion
al c
orrid
or f
or w
ildlif
e m
ovem
ent
(Sco
tts 2
003)
. Fo
ur
thre
aten
ed
plan
t sp
ecie
s,
six
enda
nger
ed
ecol
ogic
al
com
mun
ities
and
13
thre
aten
ed a
nim
al s
peci
es a
re k
now
n to
oc
cur
with
in t
he r
eser
ve (
tabl
es 1
-3),
and
othe
r th
reat
ened
sp
ecie
s ar
e pr
edic
ted
to o
ccur
. A r
ecov
ery
plan
for
head
land
zi
eria
is
appr
oved
and
cur
rent
ly i
n op
erat
ion.
The
Prio
ritie
s A
ctio
n S
tate
men
t lis
ts r
ecov
ery
actio
ns fo
r ot
her
spec
ies
and
enda
nger
ed e
colo
gica
l com
mun
ities
.
Thre
ats
to th
e na
tive
plan
t spe
cies
and
com
mun
ities
incl
ude
wee
d in
fest
atio
n (s
ectio
n 4.
1),
inap
prop
riate
vis
itor
use
such
as
in
form
al
wal
king
tra
ck
deve
lopm
ent
and
asso
ciat
ed
tram
plin
g,
root
ex
posu
re
and
eros
ion
(sec
tion
4.3)
, an
d in
appr
opria
te fi
re re
gim
es (s
ectio
n 4.
2). T
hese
thre
ats
impa
ct
on t
he h
abita
t va
lue
of t
he r
eser
ve f
or w
ildlif
e. I
ntro
duce
d an
imal
s, i
nclu
ding
fox
es a
nd s
trayi
ng d
omes
tic d
ogs
and
cats
, als
o th
reat
en th
e su
rviv
al o
f nat
ive
anim
al s
peci
es.
Dam
age
from
pas
t la
nd u
ses,
inc
ludi
ng s
and
min
ing
and
vehi
cle
acce
ss o
n th
e he
adla
nds,
con
tinue
s to
impa
ct u
pon
the
plan
t com
mun
ities
foun
d in
the
rese
rve.
In th
e ar
ea s
outh
of
San
dy B
each
, th
e de
nude
d du
ne s
yste
m r
emai
ns a
n on
goin
g pr
oble
m.
Vol
unte
er g
roup
s oc
casi
onal
ly w
ork
with
in t
he r
eser
ve o
n bu
sh r
egen
erat
ion
activ
ities
. It i
s N
PW
S p
olic
y to
ens
ure
that
on
ly lo
cal n
ativ
e se
ed s
ourc
es a
re u
sed
in p
ropa
gatio
n w
orks
.
The
num
ber
of e
aste
rn g
rey
kang
aroo
s gr
azin
g on
Loo
k A
t M
e N
ow H
eadl
and
is in
crea
sing
and
the
re is
som
e po
tent
ial
risk
asso
ciat
ed w
ith th
eir i
nter
actio
n w
ith th
e pu
blic
.
• N
ativ
e sp
ecie
s an
d co
mm
u-ni
ties
are
cons
erve
d.
• U
nder
stan
ding
of
nat
ive
biod
iver
sity
, its
di
strib
utio
n an
d ec
olog
ical
re
quire
men
ts is
im
prov
ed.
• S
truct
ural
di
vers
ity a
nd
habi
tat v
alue
s ar
e re
stor
ed in
ar
eas
subj
ect t
o pa
st
dist
urba
nce.
•
Saf
ety
risks
due
to
inte
ract
ions
w
ith n
ativ
e fa
una
are
min
imis
ed.
5.2.
1 E
ncou
rage
ta
rget
ed
surv
eys
for
thre
aten
ed
plan
t and
ani
mal
spe
cies
that
are
pre
dict
ed to
occ
ur in
th
e re
serv
e.
5.2.
2 Im
plem
ent
rele
vant
stra
tegi
es i
n th
e re
cove
ry
plan
and
Prio
ritie
s A
ctio
n S
tate
men
t fo
r th
reat
ened
sp
ecie
s an
d co
mm
uniti
es.
5.2.
3 Li
aise
w
ith
neig
hbou
rs,
Cof
fs
Har
bour
C
ity
Cou
ncil,
the
Cro
wn
Land
s D
ivis
ion
of th
e D
epar
tmen
t of
P
rimar
y In
dust
ries,
an
d th
e R
oads
an
d Tr
affic
A
utho
rity
to e
ncou
rage
the
ret
entio
n an
d ap
prop
riate
m
anag
emen
t of k
ey h
abita
t and
cor
ridor
s ad
jace
nt to
th
e re
serv
e.
5.2.
4 E
ncou
rage
vol
unte
er s
uppo
rt in
pro
gram
s th
at
prot
ect a
nd e
nhan
ce th
e na
tura
l and
cul
tura
l val
ues
of
the
rese
rve.
5.
2.5
Initi
ate
the
reco
very
thro
ugh
bush
rege
nera
tion
tech
niqu
es o
f sm
all
sect
ions
of
the
denu
ded
duna
l sy
stem
in th
e no
rther
n se
ctio
n of
the
rese
rve
sout
h of
S
andy
Bea
ch to
est
ablis
h se
ed s
ourc
es th
at w
ill a
llow
na
tura
l reg
ener
atio
n ov
er ti
me.
5.
2.6
Pro
mot
e pu
blic
aw
aren
ess
of
mea
sure
s to
m
inim
ise
pote
ntia
l sa
fety
ris
ks
asso
ciat
ed
with
ka
ngar
oos
thro
ugh
sign
age
and
targ
eted
Dis
cove
ry
prog
ram
s.
For
man
agem
ent
resp
onse
s in
rel
atio
n to
ero
sion
, in
trodu
ced
spec
ies,
fire
and
vis
itor
man
agem
ent,
see
sect
ions
5.1
, 5.5
, 5.6
and
5.7
.
Med
ium
H
igh
Med
ium
M
ediu
m
Low
H
igh
14
Cur
rent
Situ
atio
n D
esire
d O
utco
mes
M
anag
emen
t Res
pons
e Pr
iorit
y
5.3
Abo
rigin
al H
erita
ge
The
rese
rve
lies
with
in t
he c
ount
ry o
f th
e G
umba
yngg
irr
peop
le.
The
Moo
nee
area
was
ren
owne
d as
a f
ertil
e pl
ace
with
bou
ntifu
l res
ourc
es, i
nclu
ding
sto
nes
for m
akin
g ax
es.
Ther
e ar
e nu
mer
ous
sign
ifica
nt A
borig
inal
site
s w
ithin
the
re
serv
e in
clud
ing
mid
dens
, ax
e fa
ctor
ies,
sac
red
site
s an
d ar
tefa
ct s
catte
rs,
whi
ch p
rovi
de e
vide
nce
of a
ric
h hi
stor
y of
th
e tra
ditio
nal u
se o
f the
are
a. W
hile
man
y si
tes
are
reco
rded
, th
ere
are
prob
ably
oth
er s
ites
in th
e re
serv
e.
Thre
ats
to s
ites
mai
nly
revo
lve
arou
nd i
napp
ropr
iate
vis
itor
use,
ille
gal c
olle
ctio
n of
mat
eria
l and
ero
sion
.
• A
borig
inal
cu
ltura
l fea
ture
s an
d va
lues
of
the
rese
rve
are
appr
opria
tely
id
entif
ied
and
prot
ecte
d.
• A
borig
inal
pe
ople
are
in
volv
ed in
m
anag
emen
t of
thei
r cul
ture
.
5.3.
1 C
onsu
lt an
d in
volv
e th
e C
offs
Har
bour
Loc
al
Abo
rigin
al
Land
C
ounc
il,
the
Gar
lam
birla
G
uyuu
G
irrw
aa (
Cof
fs H
arbo
ur E
lder
s G
roup
) an
d G
arby
E
lder
s G
roup
an
d ot
her
rele
vant
A
borig
inal
co
mm
unity
org
anis
atio
ns i
n th
e m
anag
emen
t of
the
re
serv
e, p
artic
ular
ly i
ts A
borig
inal
site
s, p
lace
s an
d va
lues
. 5.
3.2
Enc
oura
ge f
urth
er r
esea
rch
into
the
Abo
rigin
al
herit
age
valu
es o
f th
e re
serv
e in
con
sulta
tion
with
re
leva
nt A
borig
inal
com
mun
ity o
rgan
isat
ions
. 5.
3.3
Ens
ure
info
rmat
ion
on th
e re
serv
e’s
Abo
rigin
al
herit
age
is p
rese
nted
app
ropr
iate
ly t
o th
e pu
blic
and
on
ly w
ith th
e di
rect
invo
lvem
ent o
r end
orse
men
t of t
he
loca
l Abo
rigin
al c
omm
unity
. 5.
3.4
If su
ppor
ted
by
the
repr
esen
tativ
e or
gani
satio
ns
of
the
Abo
rigin
al
com
mun
ity,
perm
it re
patri
atio
n of
arte
fact
s or
oth
er m
ater
ial s
ourc
ed fr
om
the
rese
rve
or s
urro
undi
ng d
istri
ct t
o a
suita
ble
site
w
ithin
the
rese
rve
or o
ther
sui
tabl
e ke
epin
g pl
ace.
Hig
h M
ediu
m
Hig
h H
igh
5.4
His
toric
Her
itage
Th
ere
are
a nu
mbe
r of
impo
rtant
non
-Abo
rigin
al h
isto
ric s
ites
in
the
rese
rve,
in
clud
ing
the
Dam
mer
els’
m
emor
ial
on
Dam
mer
els
Hea
d an
d th
e gr
aves
of s
hip-
wre
ck v
ictim
s on
the
cliff
abo
ve S
helly
Bea
ch. A
repl
ica
sign
al p
ole
was
ere
cted
by
Cof
fs H
arbo
ur C
ity C
ounc
il ne
xt to
the
Dam
mer
els
mem
oria
l bu
t thi
s w
as c
ut d
own
afte
r bei
ng s
truck
by
light
ning
. The
re is
co
mm
unity
inte
rest
in r
eins
tatin
g th
is p
ole
and
impr
ovin
g th
e in
terp
reta
tion
of t
he h
isto
ric l
inka
ges
betw
een
Dam
mer
els
Hea
d an
d S
outh
Sol
itary
Isla
nd.
• H
isto
ric h
erita
ge
item
s ar
e re
cord
ed,
prot
ecte
d an
d ap
prop
riate
ly
inte
rpre
ted.
•
No
new
co
mm
emor
ativ
e pl
aque
s ar
e
5.4.
1 P
rote
ct
and
cont
inue
to
in
terp
ret
the
Dam
mer
els’
mem
oria
l and
the
ship
wre
ck g
rave
site
s.
5.4.
2 E
ncou
rage
fur
ther
res
earc
h in
to t
he h
isto
ry o
f th
e re
serv
e.
5.4.
3 W
ork
with
sta
keho
lder
s, s
uch
as th
e Fr
iend
s of
S
outh
S
olita
ry
Isla
nd,
to
inve
stig
ate
proj
ects
to
en
hanc
e hi
stor
ic h
erita
ge e
xper
ienc
es o
ffere
d w
ithin
th
e re
serv
e. T
his
may
incl
ude
a hi
stor
ic w
alk
and/
or
Hig
h Lo
w
Low
15
Cur
rent
Situ
atio
n D
esire
d O
utco
mes
M
anag
emen
t Res
pons
e Pr
iorit
y
A n
umbe
r of
una
ppro
ved
com
mem
orat
ive
plaq
ues
have
als
o be
en e
rect
ed o
n th
e he
adla
nds,
mos
t of w
hich
wer
e in
stal
led
befo
re t
hese
are
as w
ere
dedi
cate
d as
par
t of
the
res
erve
in
1995
. N
o ac
tion
has
been
tak
en t
o re
mov
e th
ese
to d
ate.
H
owev
er, t
he c
umul
ativ
e re
sult
of a
llow
ing
all f
utur
e re
ques
ts
to e
rect
pla
ques
wou
ld d
etra
ct f
rom
the
nat
ural
and
cul
tura
l va
lues
of t
he re
serv
e.
A s
tand
of N
orfo
lk Is
land
pin
es w
as p
lant
ed o
n th
e so
uthe
rn
side
of
Dam
mer
els
Hea
d in
196
5. T
hey
may
impa
ct o
n th
e na
tura
l val
ues
of th
e re
serv
e an
d pu
blic
saf
ety.
inst
alle
d w
ithin
th
e re
serv
e.
• P
lant
ed e
xotic
tre
es a
re
phas
ed o
ut fr
om
the
rese
rve.
the
rein
stat
emen
t of
a
repl
ica
sign
al
pole
an
d en
hanc
emen
t of
int
erpr
etat
ion
and
pres
enta
tion
of
hist
oric
mem
oria
ls p
rovi
ded
ther
e ar
e no
impa
cts
on
enda
nger
ed
ecol
ogic
al
com
mun
ities
or
th
reat
ened
sp
ecie
s.
5.4.
4 D
o no
t pe
rmit
any
furth
er
priv
ate
com
mem
orat
ive
plaq
ues
with
in t
he r
eser
ve o
r th
e re
plac
emen
t of
any
pla
ques
tha
t ar
e de
stro
yed
or
dam
aged
(ex
cept
tho
se a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith t
he h
isto
ric
grav
es o
r th
e D
amm
erel
s),
and
rem
ove
any
new
un
auth
oris
ed m
emor
ials
. 5.
4.5
Ass
ess
exot
ic p
lant
s at
his
toric
site
s fo
r th
eir
sign
ifica
nce,
th
eir
pote
ntia
l to
sp
read
an
d pu
blic
sa
fety
. R
emov
e an
y ex
otic
pl
ants
la
ckin
g cu
ltura
l si
gnifi
canc
e or
whi
ch p
ose
a ris
k to
pub
lic s
afet
y.
Thos
e de
term
ined
to b
e of
his
toric
sig
nific
ance
will
be
reta
ined
unt
il th
ey s
enes
ce b
ut w
ill n
ot b
e re
plac
ed o
r al
low
ed to
rege
nera
te.
Hig
h H
igh
5.5
Intr
oduc
ed P
lant
s an
d A
nim
als
The
rela
tivel
y sm
all s
ize
of th
e re
serv
e m
akes
it v
ulne
rabl
e to
th
e im
pact
s of
intro
duce
d sp
ecie
s. T
he r
eser
ve c
urre
ntly
has
sc
atte
red
infe
stat
ions
of
bito
u bu
sh,
grou
ndse
l bu
sh a
nd
exot
ic g
rass
es, a
long
with
isol
ated
infe
stat
ions
of o
ther
woo
dy
wee
ds (
such
as
the
intro
duce
d w
illow
wat
tle),
exot
ic v
ines
an
d la
ntan
a.
The
NP
WS
R
egio
nal
Pes
t M
anag
emen
t S
trate
gy id
entif
ies
prio
ritie
s fo
r co
ntro
l. C
ontro
l pro
gram
s ar
e de
sign
ed t
o av
oid
impa
cts
on n
on-ta
rget
spe
cies
. N
PW
S
effo
rts a
re a
ssis
ted
by lo
cal D
une
Car
e gr
oups
.
Inva
sion
by
bito
u bu
sh i
s th
e ke
y th
reat
to
the
thre
aten
ed
plan
ts o
ccur
ring
in th
e re
serv
e an
d is
an
imm
edia
te o
ngoi
ng
thre
at t
o th
e co
nser
vatio
n va
lues
of
the
rese
rve’
s si
gnifi
cant
• Im
pact
s on
na
tive
plan
ts
and
anim
als
from
intro
duce
d sp
ecie
s ar
e m
inim
ised
.
• P
ark
user
s an
d ne
ighb
ours
are
co
nsul
ted,
in
form
ed o
f and
en
cour
aged
to
parti
cipa
te
(whe
re
5.5.
1 M
anag
e in
trodu
ced
spec
ies
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith
the
NP
WS
R
egio
nal
Pes
t M
anag
emen
t S
trate
gy,
incl
udin
g th
e on
goin
g co
ntro
l of
bito
u bu
sh,
exot
ic
gras
ses,
gro
unds
el b
ush
and
woo
dy w
eeds
(su
ch a
s w
illow
wat
tle).
Gro
unds
el b
ush
cont
rol w
ill n
eed
to b
e do
ne
in
conj
unct
ion
with
ne
ighb
ours
an
d ot
her
agen
cies
. 5.
5.2
Wor
k cl
osel
y an
d pr
ovid
e su
ppor
t to
lo
cal
volu
ntee
r gr
oups
tha
t w
ork
in a
nd a
djac
ent
to t
he
rese
rve.
5.
5.3
Wor
k cl
osel
y w
ith C
offs
Har
bour
City
Cou
ncil,
lo
cal r
esid
ent
grou
ps a
nd lo
cal n
urse
ries
to p
rom
ote
Hig
h H
igh
Hig
h
16
Cur
rent
Situ
atio
n D
esire
d O
utco
mes
M
anag
emen
t Res
pons
e Pr
iorit
y
vege
tatio
n co
mm
uniti
es,
incl
udin
g lit
tora
l ra
info
rest
an
d gr
assy
hea
dlan
ds.
The
four
hea
dlan
ds i
n th
e re
serv
e ar
e id
entif
ied
as h
igh
prio
rity
site
s fo
r on
goin
g co
ntro
l und
er t
he
bito
u bu
sh t
hrea
t ab
atem
ent
plan
. P
rogr
ess
on c
ontro
lling
in
fest
atio
ns is
bei
ng m
ade,
with
the
heav
iest
infe
stat
ions
now
oc
curr
ing
to t
he w
est
of L
ook
At
Me
Now
Hea
dlan
d, o
n th
e du
nal s
yste
m to
the
sout
h of
San
dy B
each
and
alo
ng M
oone
e B
each
.
Con
trol
of e
xotic
gra
sses
, pa
rticu
larly
gia
nt p
aspa
lum
and
ki
kuyu
, is
und
erta
ken
as a
rec
over
y ac
tion
for
the
head
land
zi
eria
. Prio
rity
area
s fo
r con
trol o
f exo
tic g
rass
es a
re a
lso
the
litto
ral r
ainf
ores
t and
gra
ssy
head
land
s.
A la
rge
infe
stat
ion
of g
roun
dsel
bus
h oc
curs
in t
he s
outh
ern
sect
ion
of th
e re
serv
e, e
xten
ding
wes
t acr
oss
Moo
nee
Cre
ek
into
ne
ighb
ourin
g pr
ivat
e pr
oper
ties.
It
affe
cts
seve
ral
enda
nger
ed
ecol
ogic
al
com
mun
ities
, in
clud
ing
flood
plai
n fo
rest
s an
d sw
amp
fore
st. A
cces
s to
this
are
a is
diff
icul
t and
ef
fect
ive
cont
rol c
an o
nly
be a
chie
ved
thro
ugh
a co
oper
ativ
e pr
ogra
m a
cros
s al
l ten
ures
.
Wor
ks a
re c
ontin
uing
on
rem
ovin
g th
e fo
rmer
gar
den
plan
ts
at t
he o
ld h
ouse
site
on
Look
At
Me
Now
Hea
dlan
d. A
n on
goin
g so
urce
of w
eeds
in s
ever
al p
arts
of t
he re
serv
e is
the
dum
ping
of
gard
en w
aste
. Th
is p
robl
em i
s lik
ely
to w
orse
n w
ith
incr
ease
d re
side
ntia
l de
velo
pmen
t in
th
e ar
ea.
The
NP
WS
ha
s in
crea
sed
law
en
forc
emen
t an
d pr
osec
utio
n ef
forts
as
dete
rren
ce.
Dom
estic
dog
s an
d ca
ts e
nter
the
res
erve
, an
d do
g-w
alki
ng
on th
e ne
ighb
ourin
g be
ach
and
estu
ary
is a
n is
sue.
Fox
es a
re
also
pre
sent
in th
e re
serv
e an
d im
pact
on
nest
ing
shor
ebird
s.
Ther
e is
als
o th
e po
tent
ial
for
fera
l ca
ts t
o be
com
e a
larg
e th
reat
. The
pan
danu
s pl
ant h
oppe
r may
als
o be
com
e a
thre
at
in th
e fu
ture
to th
e co
asta
l scr
ew p
ines
at S
helly
Bea
ch.
appr
opria
te) i
n pe
st c
ontro
l. •
The
dum
ping
of
gard
en w
aste
in
to th
e re
serv
e is
elim
inat
ed.
• C
lear
m
easu
rabl
e da
ta is
col
lect
ed
to d
emon
stra
te
the
effe
ctiv
enes
s of
w
eed
cont
rol
prog
ram
s.
awar
enes
s of
the
im
pact
of
gard
en w
aste
dum
ping
,an
d to
enc
oura
ge t
he p
lant
ing
of n
on-in
vasi
ve ‘b
ush
frien
dly’
pla
nt s
peci
es in
gar
dens
and
new
res
iden
tial
area
s ne
ighb
ourin
g th
e re
serv
e.
5.5.
4 M
onito
r th
e pr
esen
ce o
f no
xiou
s an
d ot
her
sign
ifica
nt e
nviro
nmen
tal
wee
ds.
Era
dica
te a
ny n
ew
isol
ated
out
brea
ks w
here
pos
sibl
e.
5.5.
5 E
stab
lish
mon
itorin
g si
tes,
pa
rticu
larly
in
he
adla
nd
area
s,
to
mea
sure
th
e ef
fect
iven
ess
of
wee
d co
ntro
l pro
gram
s on
the
reco
very
of t
hrea
tene
d sp
ecie
s.
5.5.
6 M
onito
r po
pula
tions
of
in
trodu
ced
anim
als
with
in t
he r
eser
ve a
nd t
heir
impa
cts.
Con
duct
pes
t an
imal
co
ntro
l pr
ogra
ms
as
requ
ired
usin
g ap
prop
riate
met
hods
in c
olla
bora
tion
with
nei
ghbo
urs
and
coun
cil.
5.5.
7 C
ontin
ue th
e pr
ogra
m o
f mon
itorin
g sc
rew
pin
e he
alth
to
assi
st in
the
det
ectio
n an
d fu
ture
con
trol o
f pa
ndan
us p
lant
hop
per.
5.
5.8
See
k to
hav
e th
e be
ach
and
estu
ary
adja
cent
to
the
res
erve
dec
lare
d of
f lim
its f
or d
ogs.
In
the
mea
ntim
e, w
ork
with
the
Moo
nee
Bea
ch C
arav
an
Par
k an
d C
offs
H
arbo
ur
City
C
ounc
il to
pr
omot
e re
spon
sibl
e do
g ow
ners
hip
and
the
need
to
keep
do
gs o
n a
leas
h an
d ou
tsid
e th
e re
serv
e at
all
times
.
Hig
h M
ediu
m
Med
ium
Lo
w
Hig
h
17
Cur
rent
Situ
atio
n D
esire
d O
utco
mes
M
anag
emen
t Res
pons
e Pr
iorit
y
5.6
Fire
Man
agem
ent
The
prim
ary
fire
man
agem
ent o
bjec
tives
of t
he N
PW
S a
re to
pr
otec
t lif
e an
d pr
oper
ty a
nd c
omm
unity
ass
ets
from
the
ad
vers
e im
pact
s of
fir
e,
whi
le
man
agin
g fir
e re
gim
es
to
mai
ntai
n an
d pr
otec
t bio
dive
rsity
and
cul
tura
l her
itage
(NP
WS
20
07).
The
NP
WS
us
es
a zo
ning
sy
stem
fo
r bu
shfir
e m
anag
emen
t th
at is
com
patib
le w
ith t
he z
onin
g us
ed b
y th
e C
offs
Har
bour
Bus
h Fi
re M
anag
emen
t Com
mitt
ee (
BFM
C)
in
its b
ushf
ire r
isk
man
agem
ent
plan
. A
nnua
l haz
ard
redu
ctio
n pr
ogra
ms,
w
hich
m
ay
incl
ude
mec
hani
cal
fuel
re
duct
ion
tech
niqu
es, p
resc
ribed
bur
ning
and
fire
trai
l wor
ks, m
ostly
in
asse
t pro
tect
ion
zone
s (A
PZs
), ar
e su
bmitt
ed to
the
BFM
C.
A s
epar
ate
fire
man
agem
ent s
trate
gy h
as b
een
prep
ared
for
the
rese
rve
(NP
WS
200
5).
This
det
ails
the
fire
ris
ks,
asse
t pr
otec
tion
mea
sure
s an
d co
ntro
l op
tions
for
the
res
erve
. It
also
ide
ntifi
es t
he a
ppro
pria
te f
ire r
egim
es a
nd t
hres
hold
s su
itabl
e fo
r eac
h ve
geta
tion
com
mun
ity. T
he h
eadl
and
area
s,
whe
re
bank
sia
woo
dlan
d is
en
croa
chin
g on
Th
emed
a gr
assl
and,
are
iden
tifie
d as
und
erbu
rnt a
reas
.
Con
sist
ent w
ith th
e C
offs
Har
bour
Bus
hfire
Ris
k M
anag
emen
t P
lan
and
the
clas
sific
atio
n of
the
rese
rve
as a
nat
ure
rese
rve,
th
e m
ajor
ity o
f the
res
erve
is z
oned
as
a La
nd M
anag
emen
t Zo
ne,
the
obje
ctiv
es o
f w
hich
are
the
con
serv
atio
n of
nat
ive
biod
iver
sity
an
d cu
ltura
l he
ritag
e si
tes.
Fi
re
shou
ld
be
excl
uded
from
the
area
s of
litto
ral r
ainf
ores
t and
sal
tmar
sh in
th
e so
uth
of t
he r
eser
ve.
Pre
scrib
ed f
ires
may
be
requ
ired
else
whe
re to
ens
ure
that
fire
reg
imes
are
app
ropr
iate
for
the
cons
erva
tion
of p
lant
and
ani
mal
com
mun
ities
.
The
rese
rve
cont
ains
so
me
area
s of
hi
ghly
fir
e pr
one
vege
tatio
n su
ch a
s th
e he
ath
com
mun
ities
. A
sset
Pro
tect
ion
Zone
s ha
ve b
een
iden
tifie
d al
ong
all n
eigh
bour
ing
asse
ts a
nd
are
regu
larly
mai
ntai
ned
in a
low
fue
l co
nditi
on t
o pr
otec
t
• Li
fe, p
rope
rty
and
natu
ral a
nd
cultu
ral v
alue
s ar
e pr
otec
ted
from
the
impa
cts
of fi
re.
• Fi
re fr
eque
ncie
s ar
e ap
prop
riate
fo
r con
serv
atio
n of
nat
ive
plan
t an
d an
imal
co
mm
uniti
es.
• Fi
re is
exc
lude
d fro
m li
ttora
l ra
info
rest
and
sa
ltmar
sh
com
mun
ities
. •
Ars
on a
ttack
s ar
e re
duce
d.
5.6.
1 Im
plem
ent
the
Res
erve
Fi
re
Man
agem
ent
Stra
tegy
(R
FMS
) fo
r M
oone
e B
each
Nat
ure
Res
erve
, an
d up
date
as
requ
ired.
5.
6.2
Con
tinue
to
parti
cipa
te i
n th
e C
offs
Har
bour
B
FMC
. M
aint
ain
coop
erat
ive
arra
ngem
ents
with
the
R
ural
Fi
re
Ser
vice
, its
br
igad
es
and
fire
cont
rol
offic
ers,
ot
her
fire
auth
oriti
es
and
surr
ound
ing
land
owne
rs i
n re
gard
to
fuel
man
agem
ent
and
fire
supp
ress
ion.
5.
6.3
Man
age
the
natu
re
rese
rve
to
prot
ect
biod
iver
sity
in
ac
cord
ance
w
ith
the
fire
inte
rval
gu
idel
ines
for
vege
tatio
n co
mm
uniti
es id
entif
ied
in th
e R
FMS
. 5.
6.4
Use
pre
scrib
ed fi
re to
ach
ieve
a v
arie
ty o
f fire
re
gim
es in
app
ropr
iate
veg
etat
ion
type
s an
d m
aint
ain
habi
tat s
uita
ble
for s
peci
es w
ith s
peci
fic re
quire
men
ts.
5.6.
5 Li
aise
with
con
sent
aut
horit
ies
to e
nsur
e al
l fu
ture
de
velo
pmen
ts
that
bo
rder
th
e re
serv
e in
corp
orat
e th
e re
quire
d fir
e pr
otec
tion
mea
sure
s w
holly
with
in p
rivat
e pr
oper
ty e
xcep
t whe
re a
n ex
istin
g A
PZ
exis
ts a
nd is
iden
tifie
d in
the
RFM
S.
5.6.
6 M
aint
ain
Tiki
Tr
ail
as
a st
rate
gic
(non
-ve
hicu
lar)
fire
con
trol l
ine.
5.
6.7
Pro
mot
e th
e N
PW
S’s
fir
e m
anag
emen
t ob
ject
ives
and
act
iviti
es i
n th
e re
serv
e to
the
pub
lic
and
visi
tors
. 5.
6.8
Enc
oura
ge
rese
arch
w
hich
ad
ds
to
the
know
ledg
e of
the
resp
onse
of t
he re
serv
e’s
vege
tatio
n
Hig
h H
igh
Hig
h H
igh
Hig
h M
ediu
m
Med
ium
H
igh
18
Cur
rent
Situ
atio
n D
esire
d O
utco
mes
M
anag
emen
t Res
pons
e Pr
iorit
y
thes
e as
sets
fro
m u
npla
nned
fire
eve
nts.
Tik
i Tr
ail
in t
he
mid
dle
of t
he s
outh
ern
sect
ion
of t
he r
eser
ve a
lso
form
s a
stra
tegi
c (n
on-v
ehic
ular
) fir
e ac
cess
fo
r th
e co
ntro
l an
d m
anag
emen
t of f
ire.
Ars
on h
as b
een
the
caus
e of
mos
t fire
s in
the
rese
rve
in th
e pa
st,
and
ther
e is
the
pot
entia
l fo
r in
crea
sing
inc
iden
ce o
f ar
son
as m
ore
of th
e su
rrou
ndin
g ar
ea is
urb
anis
ed.
com
mun
ities
and
sig
nific
ant s
peci
es to
fire
.
5.7
Visi
tor U
se
Moo
nee
Bea
ch
Nat
ure
Res
erve
is
a
rela
tivel
y sm
all
cons
erva
tion
area
with
sig
nific
ant n
atur
al a
nd c
ultu
ral v
alue
s th
at c
an b
e im
pact
ed b
y vi
sito
rs. A
cces
s to
the
rese
rve
is a
lso
cons
train
ed,
mai
nly
occu
rrin
g vi
a na
rrow
res
iden
tial
stre
ets
that
are
poo
rly s
ignp
oste
d, a
nd s
o th
ere
is t
he p
oten
tial f
or
visi
tatio
n to
cau
se c
onfli
cts
with
rese
rve
neig
hbou
rs.
Wal
king
on
the
desi
gnat
ed w
alki
ng tr
acks
ove
r the
hea
dlan
ds
and
alon
g th
e be
ache
s is
the
maj
or re
crea
tiona
l act
ivity
in th
e re
serv
e. T
he p
ress
ures
on
wal
king
tra
ck s
urfa
ces
are
high
an
d ar
e lik
ely
to i
ncre
ase
with
pop
ulat
ion
incr
ease
s. A
t th
e tim
e of
its
dedi
catio
n as
par
t of t
he re
serv
e, L
ook
At M
e N
ow
Hea
dlan
d w
as
seve
rely
af
fect
ed
by
a la
rge
netw
ork
of
info
rmal
trac
ks, a
nd fe
ncin
g w
as in
trodu
ced
to k
eep
visi
tors
to
the
pave
d tra
ck,
ther
eby
prot
ectin
g th
reat
ened
spe
cies
and
al
low
ing
reco
very
of
som
e he
avily
ero
ded
area
s. S
ome
of
thes
e ar
eas
are
now
wel
l pr
otec
ted
by v
eget
atio
n an
d th
e fe
ncin
g in
the
se s
ectio
ns h
as b
ecom
e re
dund
ant.
How
ever
, in
form
al t
rack
s el
sew
here
in
the
rese
rve
are
erod
ing,
and
da
mag
e to
veg
etat
ion
and
soils
on
the
head
land
are
as i
n pa
rticu
lar
will
ne
ed
to
be
mon
itore
d an
d m
anag
ed
appr
opria
tely
. D
og
wal
king
oc
casi
onal
ly
occu
rs
in
the
rese
rve,
m
ainl
y ar
ound
the
hea
dlan
d ar
eas
adja
cent
to
the
villa
ges.
Whi
le
dog
wal
king
is
perm
itted
in
adja
cent
are
as o
f C
offs
Coa
st
• V
isito
r use
is
appr
opria
te a
nd
ecol
ogic
ally
su
stai
nabl
e, a
nd
enco
urag
es
appr
ecia
tion
of
the
rese
rve’
s va
lues
. •
The
loca
l co
mm
unity
and
vi
sito
rs to
the
rese
rve
are
awar
e of
the
rese
rve’
s si
gnifi
canc
e an
d m
anag
emen
t pr
ogra
ms.
•
Act
s of
va
ndal
ism
are
re
duce
d.
• S
pear
fish
ing
equi
pmen
t is
5.7.
1 In
lia
ison
w
ith
Cof
fs
Har
bour
C
ity
Cou
ncil,
es
tabl
ish
dire
ctio
nal
road
sig
ns t
o Lo
ok A
t M
e N
ow
Hea
dlan
d.
5.7.
2 Im
plem
ent
nece
ssar
y co
ntro
l ac
tions
on
w
alki
ng t
rack
s to
min
imis
e th
e im
pact
s of
ero
sion
or
tram
plin
g on
thr
eate
ned
spec
ies
and
com
mun
ities
. Th
is m
ay i
nclu
de f
orm
alis
ing
wal
king
tra
cks
with
a
pave
d or
har
dene
d su
rface
and
/ or
ins
talla
tion
of
step
s or
tem
pora
ry f
enci
ng,
parti
cula
rly i
n lo
catio
ns
adja
cent
to
thre
aten
ed s
peci
es.
Cur
rent
prio
ritie
s fo
r ac
tion
are
liste
d in
man
agem
ent r
espo
nse
5.1.
4.
5.7.
3 R
emov
e re
dund
ant
sect
ions
of
pr
evio
usly
in
stal
led
fenc
ing.
5.
7.4
Onc
e C
offs
H
arbo
ur
City
C
ounc
il gr
ants
ge
nera
l pub
lic a
cces
s to
Tik
i brid
ge,
mon
itor
the
use
and
cond
ition
of
Tiki
Tra
il. T
iki
Trai
l is
to
rem
ain
desi
gnat
ed a
s a
wal
king
tra
ck b
ut s
ectio
ns m
ay b
e up
grad
ed
(e.g
. by
in
stal
latio
n of
bo
ardw
alks
) to
m
inim
ise
visi
tor i
mpa
cts
on re
serv
e va
lues
. 5.
7.5
Pro
vide
inte
rpre
tive
and
othe
r us
e in
form
atio
n at
ex
istin
g lo
catio
ns
and
whe
re
sign
ifica
nt
Med
ium
O
ngoi
ng
Low
M
ediu
m
Med
ium
19
Cur
rent
Situ
atio
n D
esire
d O
utco
mes
M
anag
emen
t Res
pons
e Pr
iorit
y
Reg
iona
l Par
k, it
is p
rohi
bite
d in
nat
ure
rese
rves
. Thi
s ne
eds
to b
e pr
omot
ed in
the
neig
hbou
ring
com
mun
ity.
Und
er N
PW
S p
olic
y, b
icyc
le r
idin
g is
gen
eral
ly n
ot p
erm
itted
in
nat
ure
rese
rves
. B
icyc
le r
idin
g on
wal
king
tra
cks
is a
ha
zard
fo
r w
alke
rs,
parti
cula
rly
on
Look
A
t M
e N
ow
Hea
dlan
d. W
ithin
the
res
erve
, pu
blic
veh
icle
s an
d bi
cycl
es
are
perm
itted
onl
y on
the
seal
ed ro
ad a
nd c
ar p
ark
at L
ook
At
Me
Now
Hea
dlan
d. A
bik
e ra
ck h
as b
een
inst
alle
d at
the
car
park
, so
that
vis
itors
may
sto
re th
eir b
ikes
saf
ely.
Th
ere
will
be
a si
gnifi
cant
inc
reas
e in
dem
and
for
visi
tor
acce
ss t
o M
oone
e B
each
in
the
sout
hern
sec
tion
of t
he
rese
rve
as a
reas
adj
acen
t to
the
wes
t of M
oone
e C
reek
are
de
velo
ped.
It is
like
ly th
at p
ublic
acc
ess
to th
e co
unci
l-ow
ned
brid
ge a
cros
s th
e cr
eek
at t
he e
nd o
f Ti
ki T
rail
will
be
re-
esta
blis
hed
durin
g th
e lif
e of
this
pla
n, w
ith a
larg
e in
crea
se in
th
e us
e of
this
nat
ural
sur
face
wal
king
trac
k.
The
dive
rse
natu
re o
f th
e na
tura
l an
d cu
ltura
l la
ndsc
ape
of
the
rese
rve
incl
udin
g th
e ad
jace
nt S
olita
ry I
slan
ds M
arin
e P
ark
mea
ns t
he a
rea
is w
ell
suite
d to
loc
al e
nviro
nmen
tal
educ
atio
n. P
rom
otio
n of
an
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
valu
es o
f the
ar
ea,
parti
cula
rly i
n th
e lo
cal
com
mun
ity,
is a
mea
ns o
f ga
inin
g su
ppor
t fo
r co
nser
vatio
n in
itiat
ives
in
the
rese
rve.
N
PW
S e
ncou
rage
s an
d fo
ster
s ac
tiviti
es w
hich
pro
mot
e th
e pr
otec
tion
and
enha
ncem
ent
of
the
natu
ral
and
cultu
ral
valu
es o
f th
e re
serv
e. V
anda
lism
of
park
infra
stru
ctur
e su
ch
as s
igns
, int
erpr
etat
ion
disp
lays
and
fenc
es is
a s
pora
dic
but
ongo
ing
issu
e.
Spe
ar fi
shin
g is
per
mitt
ed a
t var
ious
loca
tions
with
in S
olita
ry
Isla
nds
Mar
ine
Par
k, s
ome
of w
hich
are
acc
esse
d th
roug
h th
e re
serv
e.
carr
ied
in a
saf
e m
anne
r in
the
rese
rve.
man
agem
ent
issu
es a
rise
that
will
ass
ist
in r
aisi
ng
visi
tor
awar
enes
s of
th
e re
serv
e’s
valu
es
and
man
agem
ent p
rogr
ams.
5.
7.6
Allo
w s
pear
fish
ers
to c
arry
equ
ipm
ent t
hrou
gh
the
rese
rve
from
the
Look
At M
e N
ow c
ar p
ark
alon
g th
e w
alki
ng t
rack
to M
oone
e B
each
pro
vide
d th
at th
e eq
uipm
ent i
s in
a d
ism
antle
d/ d
isar
med
sta
te.
5.7.
7 P
ublic
veh
icle
s an
d bi
cycl
es a
re p
erm
itted
onl
y on
the
sea
led
road
and
car
par
k at
Loo
k A
t M
e N
ow
Hea
dlan
d as
sho
wn
on th
e m
ap.
5.7.
8 P
rovi
de
and
mai
ntai
n tra
ck-s
ide
seat
ing
at
stra
tegi
c lo
catio
ns. L
ocat
ions
may
incl
ude
Look
At M
e N
ow
Hea
dlan
d,
Dam
mer
els
Hea
d,
Bar
e B
luff
and
She
lly B
each
.
Ong
oing
O
ngoi
ng
Low
20
Cur
rent
Situ
atio
n D
esire
d O
utco
mes
M
anag
emen
t Res
pons
e Pr
iorit
y
5.8
Man
agem
ent O
pera
tions
and
Oth
er U
ses
Man
agem
ent
oper
atio
ns
in
the
rese
rve
are
prim
arily
co
ncer
ned
with
w
eed
cont
rol
and
mai
nten
ance
of
vi
sito
r in
frast
ruct
ure.
Th
ere
are
no
man
agem
ent
trails
or
ot
her
faci
litie
s in
the
res
erve
. Th
e ol
d sa
nd m
inin
g tra
il sh
own
on
old
topo
grap
hic
map
s in
the
sou
ther
n se
ctio
n of
the
res
erve
ha
s re
-veg
etat
ed a
nd is
not
use
d fo
r man
agem
ent o
r acc
ess.
R
eser
ve
boun
darie
s ar
e ge
nera
lly
wel
l m
arke
d,
alth
ough
ad
ditio
nal r
egul
ator
y si
gnag
e is
requ
ired
in c
erta
in p
lace
s an
d di
rect
iona
l sig
nage
is re
quire
d at
the
east
ern
end
of T
iki T
rail.
U
nder
grou
nd
sew
erag
e an
d w
ater
re
ticul
atio
n ea
sem
ents
ex
ist w
ithin
the
rese
rve
alon
g th
e so
uthe
rn in
terfa
ce w
ith th
e vi
llage
of
Em
eral
d B
each
and
alo
ng t
he h
ighw
ay i
n th
e no
rther
n pa
rt of
the
res
erve
. Th
e ea
sem
ents
are
mai
ntai
ned
in a
low
fue
l co
nditi
on t
o pr
ovid
e A
sset
Pro
tect
ion
Zone
s un
der
the
Res
erve
Fire
Man
agem
ent
Stra
tegy
(se
e se
ctio
n 5.
6).
Som
e ne
ighb
ourin
g ar
eas
of c
row
n la
nd a
djac
ent
to t
he
rese
rve
may
be
suita
ble
as a
dditi
ons
to th
e re
serv
e.
• E
xist
ing
infra
stru
ctur
e is
m
anag
ed to
m
inim
ise
impa
cts
on
natu
ral a
nd
cultu
ral v
alue
s.
• R
eser
ve
boun
darie
s ar
e cl
early
de
sign
ated
on
grou
nd.
5.8.
1 In
stal
l and
mai
ntai
n re
gula
tory
and
dire
ctio
nal
sign
age
at a
ppro
pria
te lo
catio
ns in
the
rese
rve.
5.
8.2
Ens
ure
that
the
man
agem
ent
of e
asem
ents
do
es n
ot im
pact
on
the
valu
es o
f the
rese
rve.
5.
8.3
Initi
ate
and
com
plet
e pr
oces
ses
for
gaze
ttal o
f ad
ditio
ns o
f nei
ghbo
urin
g C
row
n la
nd to
the
rese
rve.
Hig
h H
igh
Med
ium
Hig
h pr
iorit
y ac
tiviti
es a
re th
ose
impe
rativ
e to
ach
ieve
men
t of t
he o
bjec
tives
and
des
ired
outc
omes
. The
y m
ust b
e un
derta
ken
in th
e ne
ar fu
ture
to a
void
sig
nific
ant
dete
riora
tion
in n
atur
al, c
ultu
ral o
r man
agem
ent r
esou
rces
.
Med
ium
prio
rity
activ
ities
are
thos
e th
at a
re n
eces
sary
to a
chie
ve th
e ob
ject
ives
and
des
ired
outc
omes
but
are
not
urg
ent.
Low
prio
rity
activ
ities
are
des
irabl
e to
ach
ieve
man
agem
ent o
bjec
tives
and
des
ired
outc
omes
but
can
wai
t unt
il re
sour
ces
beco
me
avai
labl
e.
21
6. REFERENCES Briggs, J.D. & Leigh, J.H. (1996) Rare or Threatened Australian Plants. Revised edition.
CSIRO, Melbourne. Clancy, G.P. (1989) Moonee Flora and Fauna Survey.,Coutts Crossings NSW Clancy, G.P. (1994) Fauna Assessment Report, Pacific Highway Moonee, Gutteridge,
Haskins and Davey, Coffs Harbour NSW Coffs Harbour City Council (2004) Moonee Development Control Plan. Coffs Harbour,
NSW DEC (2006) NSW Threat Abatement Plan – Invasion of native plant communities by
Chrysanthemoides monilifera (bitou bush and boneseed). Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), Hurstville
DECC (2008) NPWS North Coast Region Pest Management Strategy 2008-11. Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW, Sydney
Floyd, A.G. (1988) Vegetation assessment and restoration, Look At Me Now Headland. Unpublished assessment of natural vegetation and its subsequent restoration along possible route of sewerage outfall, Look At Me Now Headland.
Kenny, B., Sutherland, E., Tasker, E. & Bradstock, R. (2004) Guidelines for Ecologically Sustainable Fire Management. A project undertaken for the NSW Biodiversity Strategy by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. NSW Government, Sydney
LAMN Arts Project Committee (2000) Look At Me Now – A Community Under Siege. Coffs Harbour, NSW
McConchie D. (1997) Sand Movement and surface erosion in the neck between Sandy Beach and Fiddamans Beach, NSW. A report prepared for the NSW NPWS.
Morelli, S. (2008) Gumbaynggirr Bijaarr Jandaygam, Ngaawa Gugaarrigarm / Gumbaynggirr Dictionary and Learner’s Grammar. Muurrbay Aboriginal Language & Culture Co-operative, Nambucca Heads, NSW
North, W.I. (1964) Aboriginal factory sites at Moonee Beach, New South Wales. Records of the South Australian Museum 14(4):633-642.
NPWS (1998) Zieria prostrata Recovery Plan. Revised plan prepared under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville
NPWS (1999) Moonee Beach Nature Reserve Management Guidelines, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Dorrigo District
NPWS (2001) Threat Abatement Plan for Predation by the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes). NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville
NPWS (2005) Moonee Beach Nature Reserve Fire Management Strategy (Type 2). Prepared by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, North Coast Region. Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), Sydney
NPWS (2007) Fire Management Manual. 7th revision. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville
Scotts, D. (2003) Key Habitats and Corridors for Forest Fauna: A landscape framework for conservation in North-east New South Wales. Occasional Paper 32, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville
WBM Oceanics Australia (2006) Moonee Creek Estuary Management Study & Plan, Moonee Beach, Produced for Coffs Harbour City Council.
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