Moral Development

By: Margaret Wellman & Brigid McGuire

Lawrence KohlbergBorn October 25, 1927 in Bronxville, NY

Psychologist who studied the works of Jean Piaget on the analyst of moral reasoning in children. And their reactions to moral dilemmas. He expanded on Piaget who said moral development stops at the age of 16.

For most of his life he was a professor and researcher at Harvard University

He interviewed 72 boys from Chicago and used his research to create his 6 Stage Theory of Moral Reasoning

Sadly, Kohlberg ended his life at the age of 59

Stages of Moral Development:

Level 1: Pre Conventional

Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment

Moral judgment is motivated by a need to avoid punishment

Unquestionable obedience

Stage 2: Individualism & Relativist Orientation

Moral judgment is motivated by a personal need to satisfy own desires

Level 2: Conventional

Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships

Moral judgment is motivated by fear of disapproval or rejection from others

“Good Boy” / “Nice Girl”

Stage 4: Law and Order

Moral judgment is motivated by a fear of criticism by an authority figure

Maintaining the social order

Level 3: Post Conventional

Stage 5: Social Contract & Individual Rights

Moral judgment is motivated by a respect for the community, social contract and laws

Community respect

Stage 6: Universal, Ethical Principles

Moral judgment is motivated by personal conscience

Carol Gilligan

Born November 28, 1936 in NYC

She is a feminist and a psychologist, who is well known for her critique of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning.

At Harvard, she taught alongside Erik Erikson, who greatly influenced her thinking.

Gilligan also worked as a research assistant for Lawrence Kohlberg.

Wrote a groundbreaking book in 1982 called In A Different Voice

Believed in a 3 Stage Theory

Moral DilemmaJudy was a 12 year old girl. Her mother promised her that she could go to a special rock concert coming to their town if she saved up from baby-sitting and lunch money to buy a ticket to the concert. She managed to save up $15 the ticket cost, plus another $5. But then her mother changed her mind and told Judy that she had to spend the money on new clothes for school. Judy was disappointed and decided to go to the concert anyway. She bought a ticket and told her mother that she had only been able to save $5. That Saturday she went to the performance and told her mother that she was spending the day with a friend. A week passed without her mother finding out. Judy then told her older sister, Louise, that she had gone to the performance and had lied to her mother about it. Louise wonders whether to tell their mother what Judy did.

Questions:Should Louise (the older sister) tell their mother that Judy lied about the money or should she keep quiet? Why?

In wondering whether to tell, Louise thinks of the fact that Judy is her sister. Should that make a difference in Louise’s decision? Why or why not?

Is the fact that Judy earned the money herself important in this situation? Why or why not?

Why in general should a promise be kept?

In thinking back over the dilemma, what would you say is the most responsible thing for Louise to do in this situation?

Research Study:

Are males more likely to achieve higher stages of moral reasoning than females at all age levels as evaluated using Kohlberg’s stage theory of moral development?

Are females more likely to be evaluated consistently (at all ages) at lower levels than males on Kohlberg's stage theory?

Test 3 males and 3 females at three age groups: 3rd grade, 8th grade and college freshmen in order to track moral reasoning development.

Hypothesis

Females of all ages, are more likely to perform at higher levels of moral reasoning compared to their male counterparts.

Setting

Holy Family of Nazareth School

3rd and 8th Graders

University of Dallas

College Freshmen

Example of Female Data

Gender Age

1. Should Louise (the older sister) tell their mother that Judy lied about the money or

should she keep quiet? 1a. Why or why not?

2. In wondering whether to tell, Louise thinks of the fact that

Judy is her sister. Should that make a different in Louise's

decision? 2a. Why or why not?

3. Is the fact that Judy earned the money herself

important in this situation? 3a. Why

or why not?

4. Why in general should a promise be kept?

5. In thinking back over the dilemma, what would you say is the most responsible thing for Louise to do in this situation?

Level of Development

F 8 yrs Yes. They should b/c telling lies is wrong. No. They should not. No. B/c no no no I do not know. I do not know. Stage 1.5

F 8 yrs No. B/c it was wrong to lie & disobey her mom.

No. Just b/c she is your sister, she could tell.

No. B/c she lied & disobeyed her mom.

B/c it's a secret that she went to the concert.

Is to tell her mom but ask her little sister. Stage 1.5

F 8 yrs Yes. B/c she's the older one & more responsible.

No. B/c it doesn't matter that she's her sister.

Yes. B/c she could save to buy some very

cool stuff.

B/c if you break a promise, somebody will be mad at

you. I don't know. Stage 2

F 8 yrs No. So Judy will not get in trouble. No. It does not matter. Yes. B/c she earned it.

B/c if you break a promise, that person will be mad at

you.

To tell mom, b/c it is the right thing to do. Stage 2

Stage 1Stage 2Stage 3Stage 4Stage 5Stage 6

Example of Male Data

Gender Age

1. Should Louise (the older sister) tell their mother that Judy lied about the money or

should she keep quiet? 1a. Why or

why not?

2. In wondering whether to tell,

Louise thinks of the fact that Judy is her sister. Should that make a different in Louise's decision?

2a. Why or why not?

3. Is the fact that Judy earned the money herself

important in this situation? 3a.

Why or why not?

4. Why in general should a promise

be kept?

5. In thinking back over the dilemma, what would

you say is the most responsible thing for Louise to do in this

situation?

Stage of Development

M 8 yrs Yes. B/c she really wants the ticket.

No. B/c it doesn't matter b/c she still lied.

Yes. B/c no one else has to spend it.

B/c they are friends. It's tricky.

To keep the promise to her sister.

Stage 1

M *from Thailand 8 yrs Yes. Yes. No. N/A No. Should not tell. Stage 1

M 13 yrsIf Louise feels like telling b/c it's Judy's decision to

do bad.

Yes. B/c you don't really want to get your sister into problems.

Yes. If she did that's her choice.

It shows responsibility & honor on your part.

Tell on her sister so she can learn to not lie. Stage 1.5

M 14 yrsNo. Sister's stay together

& don't rat each other out.

No. She should stick to not telling their

mother.

Yes. She deserves to do what she wants

with the money b/c it is hers.

To be protected from people who can't bear

it.Not tell b/c it was her

money & she can spend it.Stage 3

Stage 1Stage 2Stage 3Stage 4Stage 5Stage 6

Did we prove it?

Hypothesis: Females of all ages, are more likely to perform at higher levels of moral reasoning compared to their male counterparts.

For the most part, yes! In each age group that we tested, the females proved to have higher moral reasoning than the males.

However, because we were unable to conduct a very extensive test and only tested it on a few number of both males and females, it’s necessary to do more testing in order to answer definitively.