Moral Transformation in Greco-Roman Philosophy of Mind · Special thanks to Professor Klyne – ......

To our parents

John and Esther Lee

and Nam Soon Kwon

for their love, prayers, and unfailing support

Institue adulescentem iuxta viam suam,

etiam cum senuerit, non recedet ab ea.

Proverbs 22:6

Preface

This project has undergone several changes since its first inception as a doctoral dissertation accepted by Fuller Theological Seminary in 2002 under the title “Greco-Roman Philosophy of Mind and Paul.” When the dissertation was first accepted into the WUNT II series, Professor Jörg Frey, then and current editor, suggested saving the material on Paul for another book and expanding the remainder on Greco-Roman philosophy of mind in two ways by: 1) adding a section on the role of the divine in moral progress for each philosophy, and 2) enlarging the analysis on Diaspora Judaism into separate chapters. Little did I know that these revisions would evolve into an almost two-decades long project where sections expanded into chapters, and major parts of the book expanded into separate works. This present book, Moral Transformation in Greco-Roman Philosophy of Mind, is a stand-alone and foundational work which maps out the moral milieu of the Apostle Paul and his Diaspora Jewish contemporaries by describing the ethical systems of, and reconstructing models of moral transformation for, Platonism and Stoicism. It ends with a Retrospect and Prospect that compares the two systems as theoretical poles and outlines the spectrum they create along which other systems can be assessed. A separate companion work under a new title will be published later that reconstructs the moral transformation systems of Epicureanism and Diaspora Judaism. This second book will end with a scheme for mapping a common ancient ethical tradition across Platonism, Stoicism, and Epicureanism to which Judaism and Pauline Christianity also make conceptual contributions. These two books are the beginning segment of a career-long research agenda where I seek to publish additional works on how the Apostle Paul appropriates the language of philosophical discourse in his moral exhortations to his Gentile churches. These books also set the stage for exploring how Paul engages with competing philosophical systems that informed the ethics and behavior of his letter recipients. It is my hope that this present book on Platonism and Stoicism (along with the ensuing book on Epicureanism and Diaspora Judaism) can provide encyclopedic knowledge for the New Testament scholar unfamiliar with Greco-Roman philosophies of mind and propose ways for the expert to systematize their content into coherent models of moral transformation.

Preface VIII

I am grateful not only for the patience and support of Professor Frey over these many years to see the project to completion but also his willingness to publish a contracted single book into two separate individual works. Thanks also to the past and current staff of Mohr Siebeck for their excellent editorial help, especially Dr. Henning Ziebritzki and Ms. Elena Müller. I stand indebted to many (Rom 13:8) who have helped me directly in the writing of this book and indirectly by contributing to my life’s journey. I owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to my dissertation supervisor Professor Judith Gundry who, despite her move from Fuller to Yale Divinity School in 1998, kept me as her student and since then has been an invaluable source of counsel and support throughout my vocation as a theological educator. Words cannot express my thankfulness for Professor Seyoon Kim who has been a second Doktorvater to me and whose mentorship has formed my identity as a scholar, teacher, and minister of the church. In Dr. Kim and Dr. Gundry I could not find better mentors. Their sage advice and friendship has been, and continues to be, a gracious gift. Over the years at various conferences and universities where I conducted and presented my research, I have enjoyed both discussion and debate with leading scholars in the field of classical studies and early Christianity. I wish to thank Professor Troels Engberg-Pedersen, Professor David Sedley, Professor James Warren, and the late Professor Abraham Malherbe for their interest in my work on Stoicism and Epicureanism. Part of my research was supported by the Lilly Theological Scholars Grant administered by the Association of Theological Schools. The grant funded my post-doctoral study at Durham University, England, in October–November 2010. I wish to thank my sponsor Professor John Barclay, as well as Professor Francis Watson and Professor Walter Moberly, for their warm welcome and for inviting me to give a paper on “Ancient Ethical Theory and Paul” at the New Testament Research Seminar. Professor George Boys-Stones also attended the seminar and during my stay at Durham provided direction in my work on Middle Platonism. In my career, I have been blessed to teach at fantastic institutions of higher learning. Many thanks to the deans, faculty, and staff at Westmont College (2002–2003), Wheaton College (2003–2006), and North Park Theological Seminary (2006–present). Special thanks to Professor Klyne Snodgrass, Professor Robert Hubbard, Professor James Bruckner, and Professor Stephen Chester, all of whom during my time at North Park supported my scholarship and whose friendship I treasure to this day. At these institutions, several research assistants helped me with the book and while I cannot name them all, I thank them, and especially Ms. Megan Herrold who took on the lion’s share of the work to proof-read various

Preface IX

drafts of the manuscript and compile the indices. I am grateful for the sabbatical leave supported by North Park, the leadership of my current deans Dr. David Kersten and Professor Dwight Perry, and for the help of the staff at Brandel Library, especially Dr. Stephen Spencer. My wife, Sukyung Lee, has carried the largest burden, spiritually, emotionally, and financially. Her prayers, love, and fortitude have seen us through some very tough years, and I could not have made it this far without her. My love and appreciation for her only grows each day. Thanks also to my sons Zachary and Jonathan who grew up with “the book,” are now in college, and whose presence in my life is a constant reminder of God’s grace. My younger brother Eugene Lee, his wife Sarah, and their daughters Ava and Alex have also waited eagerly with us for the day of the book’s completion. So have Su’s aunts Ms. Ok Soon Kwon and Ms. Kwang Ja Kwon. Thank you for standing by us. Both Su and I want to express our indebtedness to our pastors and Christian brothers and sisters from whom we received much love and prayers. While we wish we could name every person whom God has used to encourage us in our life’s journey, we instead thank our spiritual families by church name and name individually only a few. Thank you Berkland Baptist Church, Life Baptist Church, and Park Community Church for all that we received from you and the formative influence you have had in shaping our and our children’s walk with Christ. We especially thank Pastor Paul and Rebekah Kim, Pastor Andy and Grace Pak, Pastor Daniel and Sue Im, Pastor Peter and Eunice Lee, Pastor James and Soomi Suh, Pastor Stephen and Ellen Jung, Pastor Daniel and Mona Lee, Pastor Ed and Kelly Kang, Pastor Chris and Sally Pak, Pastor Brian and Brittany Park, Pastor Steve and Rachael Kim, Mr. John and Professor Loan Kim, Mr. Bert and Mrs. Anne Han, Pastor Scott and Linda Clifton, Pastor Joel and Aliza Settecase, Pastor Dan and Courtney Osborn, and Dr. Valerie Landfair. This work is dedicated to my parents: Mr. John J. Lee and Mrs. Esther Lee, and to Su’s mother, Mrs. Nam Soon Kwon. From cradle to today, they have never stopped praying, encouraging, supporting, and loving us. They have believed in my work and walked with us through every valley moment. Mom, Dad, and Omonim, we rejoice that we can also share this mountaintop experience with you. You have taught us that in all things, good and bad, to give thanks to the Lord and live according to his purpose (Rom. 8:28). We love you. Ad Dei gloriam et laudem Chicago, Illinois, Advent 2019 Max J. Lee

Table of Contents

Preface .…………………………………………………………………………………… VII

Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………...……… XI

Abbreviations and Primary Sources Table ……………………………………………… XVII

Part I: Mapping the Apostle Paul’s Moral Milieu 1 Chapter 1: An Introduction to Greco-Roman Philosophy of Mind ………. 3 1. What Is Ancient Philosophy of Mind? ………………….……………………………… 3

2. Which Moral Transformation Systems and Why .………………………......………… 5

3. Power, Human Agency, and Divine Correspondence .……………………..………….… 12 Chapter 2: Contingency, Coherence, and Philosophical Systems ...………… 17 1. Methods and Models …………………………………………….……………………… 17

1.1. A Proviso on the Use of the Term System .…………………………….………… 17 1.2. Toward an Abstracted Model of Moral Transformation ………...…….………… 23

2. Components to Moral Transformation ………………………………………………… 31

2.1. Why Begin with the Passions: Defining Their Structure and Power ……………… 31 2.2. Philosophical Reactions to Popular Views on the Passions ……………………… 33 2.3. Self-Mastery, Moral Action, Virtue, and Other Components …………………… 37

Fig. 1: Self-Mastery, Temperance, and Character Formation ……………………… 40 Summary Remarks for Part I ……………………………………………… 45

Part II: Moral Transformation in Middle Platonism 47 Chapter 3: The Body-Beating Platonist: The Non-Cognitive Structure of

the Passions and the Platonic Counter-Cycle of Virtue Against Vice …..

49 1. Introducing Middle Platonism .………………………………………………………… 49

1.1. The Founder and His Followers: Plato, Plutarch, Alcinous, and Galen .………… 50 1.2. Unifying Doctrines and Common Commitments .………………………………… 51

Table of Contents XII

2. Self-Mastery as Moderation of the Passions …………………………………………… 56

2.1. The Platonic Non-Cognitive Theory of Emotions ………………………………… 57 2.2. The Platonic View of Self-Mastery ……………………………………………… 66

3. Vice, Virtue, and Character Formation .………………………………………………… 73

3.1. The Cycle of Error and Vice ……………………………………………………… 75 3.2. The Counter-Cycle of Virtuous Action, Habit, and Character Formation ………… 78

Fig. 2: The Middle Platonic Program of Behavior Modification ………………… 85 3.3. Debilitating Desire and Exercising Reason’s Power ……………………………… 88

Fig. 3: Plato’s Anthropology ……………………………………………………… 98 Fig. 4: Middle Platonic Anthropology ……………………………………………… 99

Chapter 4: “Becoming like God” and Nurturing Moral Progress in Middle Platonism .………………………………………………………

103

1. The Goal to “Become like God” .……………………………………………………… 103

1.1. Plato’s Tension between the Virtuous Life and a Life of Contemplation .……… 103 1.2. Assimilation through Contemplation …………………………………………… 105 1.3. Assimilation through the Moral Life …………………………………………… 112

2. Diverse Ways of Imitating the Divine: How the Middle Platonists Resolved

Plato’s Tension …………………………………………………………………………

119

2.1. Moral Likeness to a Lesser, Demiurgic God according to Alcinous …………… 123 Excursus: Plato’s Theology ……………………………………………………… 129 Table 1: Plato’s Metaphysical Framework ………………………………………… 130 Table 2: Plato’s Religious / Mythic Framework ………………………………… 131 Table 3: Alcinous’ Theology .……………………………………………………… 134

2.2. Moral Likeness to the Thoughts of the First God according to Alcinous ……… 136 2.3. Moral Likeness to the Divine Attributes of God according to Plutarch .………… 139

Table 4: Plutarch’s Theology … 147 2.4. A Non-Platonist Account of Assimilation to God according to Galen ………… 148

3. Nature versus Nurture: Mentors, Friends, and the Hard-Wired Limitations to

Moral Progress …………………………………………………………………………

155

3.1. “To Know Thyself” Requires the Help of Others .……………………………… 156 3.2. Moral Mentors and Frank Friends .……………………………………………… 158 3.3. Nature’s Limits on Moral Progress ……………………………………………… 162

Summary Remarks for Part II .…………………………………………… 171

Table of Contents XIII

Part III: Moral Transformation in Stoicism 173 Chapter 5: The Superhuman Stoic: The Cognitive Structure of the Passions and the Perfection of Moral Judgment ………………………

175

1. Introducing the Roman Stoa of the Early Imperial Period …………………………… 175

1.1. The Founders and Their Followers: The Old Stoa, Seneca, Musonius Rufus, Epictetus, and Other Greco-Roman Stoics …………………………………………

177

1.2. Neostoic Orthodoxy and Innovations .…………………………………………… 179 2. The Stoic Cognitive Theory of Emotions .……………………………………………… 183

2.1. The Taxonomy of Emotions ……………………………………………………… 184 2.2. The Mind Experiences an Appearance (Stage 1) ………………………………… 188 2.3. The Mind Judges the Impression (Stage 2) ……………………………………… 190 2.4. The Judgment Produces an Impulse (Stage 3) …………………………………… 193 2.5. The Impulse Moves the Human Agent toward Action (Stage 4) ………………… 195 2.6. A Stoic Example from Euripides on the Cognitive Origin of Emotion ………… 202

3. The Stoic View of Self-Mastery .………………………………………………………… 207

3.1. Aiming for Stoic ’Apa,qeia ……………………………………………………… 207 3.2. Extirpating the Passions ………………………………………………………… 213 3.3. Self-Mastery and Temperance as the Consistent Exercise of Knowledge ……… 219

Chapter 6: The Good, the Bad, and the Indifferent: Stoic Moral

Psychology of Action and Character Formation .………………………

221 1. The Cognitive Formation of Virtue versus Vice ……………………………………… 221

1.1. Virtues as Types of Knowledge and Virtue as a Stable State …………………… 222 1.2. Vices as Types of Ignorance and Viciousness as an Unstable State …………… 226

2. The Instantaneous and Comprehensive Character of Stoic Perfection ……………… 228

2.1. The Taxonomies and Unity of the Virtues ……………………………………… 228 2.2. Transformation as Radical Change not Gradual Progress .……………………… 236 2.3. Stoic Perfection: Available to All, Attainable by Few .………………………… 242

3. Moral Valuation, Action, and Choice ………………………………………………… 245

3.1. Defining the Good, the Bad, and the Indifferent ………………………………… 247 3.2. Distinguishing Preferred versus Dispreferred Indifferents ……………………… 253

Fig. 5: Goods, Evils, and Indifferents (Preferred, Dispreferred, or Neither) …… 258 3.3. Types of Moral Acts: Right, Erroneous, Appropriate, and Unsuitable ………… 259

Fig. 6: Appropriate vs. Inappropriate Acts: Right, Intermediate, and Erroneous ………………………………………………………………………

261

3.4. A Very Short Epitome of Stoic Ethics …………………………………………… 270

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Chapter 7: Neostoic Innovations to Chrysippan Moral Psychology ……… 271 1. The Prominence of Power Language in Neostoic Accounts …………………………… 271

1.1. The Exaggerated Power of Appearances, Assent, and Impulses ………………… 272 1.2. The Excessive Power of the Passions and Epictetus’ Deconstruction of Medea as a Denial of ’Akrasi,a ……………………………………………………

281

1.3. Rational Power according to Musonius Rufus and Marcus Aurelius .…………… 292 2. Componential Theories on the Formation of the Passions …………………………… 296

2.1. Panaetius on Impulsive Power versus Rational Power ………………………… 298 2.2. Posidonius on Cognitive Passions Charged by Bodily Impulses ………………… 302 2.3. Seneca on the Pre-Passions ……………………………………………………… 307

3. Componential Theories on Non-Cognitive Aids to Self-Mastery ……………………… 315

3.1. Diogenes of Babylon on Music’s Contribution to Self-Mastery ………………… 317 3.2. Posidonius on Moderating Affective Movements with Music ………………… 325 3.3. Seneca on Pacifying the Pre-Passions with Poetry ……………………………… 328

Chapter 8: Neostoic Innovations in Habit, Practice, and Mentoring ……… 332 1. Non-Intellectual Virtues and Vicious Habitudes ……………………………………… 332

1.1. Defining Non-Intellectual Virtues as Skills or Habitudes ……………………… 333 1.2. Proclivities, Sick Habits, and Infirmed Conditions ……………………………… 339

2. Spiritual Exercises and Practicing Philosophy ………………………………………… 345

2.1. Practicing Philosophy and Why Knowing Is Not Enough ……………………… 346 2.2. Types of Spiritual Exercises ……………………………………………………… 356

3. Mentoring Students to Practice Philosophy …………………………………………… 363

3.1. Seneca on Mentorship in Stoicism and Other Philosophical Traditions ………… 364 3.2. From Mentors and Students to a Society of Stoic Friends ……………………… 370

Chapter 9: The Stoic Self ………………………………………………… 375 1. Oivkei,wsij and the Formation of the Integrated Self …………………………………… 375

1.1. Hierocles on Oivkei,wsij, Self-Preservation, and the Constitution of Self ………… 378 1.2. The Doxographers on Appropriation and Appropriate Acts …………………… 381 1.3. Stoic Ethics as the Rational Outworking of Pre-Rational Oivkei,wsij …………… 385 1.4. The Integrated Self: From Individual to Social Oivkei,wsij ……………………… 396

2. Stoic Anthropology as Material and Monistic ………………………………………… 401

2.1. The Human Person as an Ensouled Body and Embodied Soul ………………… 401 2.2. The Monism of the Soul and Rational Agency …………………………………… 407 2.3. An Epitome of Stoic Humanity .………………………………………………… 410

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Chapter 10: The Stoic God and Imitatio Dei ……………………………… 411 1. The Nature of God and Humanity’s Role in the Cosmos ……………………………… 411

1.1. A Matrix of Interentailing Propositions on the Nature of God ………………… 411 1.2. God’s Providence, Natural Determinism, and Moral Responsibility …………… 418 1.3. Epictetus on Proai,resij and Neostoic Developments on Freedom ……………… 429

2. The Imitation of God as the Stoic Te,loj ……………………………………………… 437

2.1. Living according to Nature, Reason, and Virtue ………………………………… 438 2.2. Imitating the Rational and Virtuous God ………………………………………… 441 2.3. The Role of God in Stoic Moral Progress ………………………………………… 452

Summary Remarks for Part III …………………………………………… 455

Part IV: Retrospect and Prospect 459 Chapter 11: Retrospect: Models and Milieu ……………………………… 461 1. The Middle Platonist Model of Moral Transformation ………………………………… 461

1.1. Platonist Moral Psychology ……………………………………………………… 462 1.2. The Platonist Cycle of Vice and Counter-Cycle of Virtue ……………………… 463 1.3. Social Structures Reinforcing the Attainment of Virtue ………………………… 464 1.4. Integrating Assimilation to God with Moral Formation ………………………… 464 1.5. A Platonist Model of Reinforcing Concentric Cycles .…………………………… 468

Fig. 7: The Middle Platonist Model of Moral Transformation .…………………… 469 2. The Stoic Model of Moral Transformation …………………………………………… 470

2.1. Stoic Moral Psychology ………………………………………………………… 470 2.2. Stoic Moral Valuation of the Good, the Bad, and the Indifferent ……………… 472 2.3. Instantaneous Transformation and the Analogue of a Titration Point …………… 472

Fig. 8: The Early Stoic Model of Moral Psychology, Action, and Perfection …… 474 2.4. Neostoic Innovations to the Chrysippan Model of Perfection …………………… 475

Fig. 9: Neostoic Innovations to Early Stoic Moral Psychology and Formation … 475 2.5. An Integrated Stoic Model: Transformation, Imitatio Dei, and Oivkei,wsij.……… 479

Fig. 10: The Stoic Model of Moral Transformation ……………………………… 481

3. Mapping the Moral Milieu of the Apostle Paul between Platonism and Stoicism …… 483

3.1. The Importance of Platonism and Stoicism in the Transitional Period ………… 484 3.2. Comparisons between the Models and the Spectrum They Create ……………… 487

Fig. 11: Greco-Roman Philosophies in a Non-Cognitive to Cognitive Spectrum …………………………………………………………………

489

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Chapter 12: Prospect: Interactions, Intertextuality, and Encyclopedia …… 493 1. Intertextuality, Greco-Roman Allusions, and the Types of Interactions between

Philosophical Schools …………………………………………………………………

493

1.1. Eclecticism (Type of Interaction 1) ……………………………………………… 494 1.2. Refutation (Type of Interaction 2) ……………………………………………… 497 1.3. Competitive Appropriation (Type of Interaction 3) ……………………………… 498 1.4. Irenic Appropriation (Type of Interaction 4) …………………………………… 503 1.5. Concession (Type of Interaction 5) ……………………………………………… 506 1.6. Common Ethical Usage (Type of Interaction 6) ………………………………… 512 1.7. Implications for Detecting Greco-Roman Allusions in the New Testament …… 516

2. Where Do We Go from Here? .………………………………………………………… 519

2.1. An Estimation of Epicureanism and Diaspora Judaism in the Spectrum .……… 519 Fig. 12: Epicureanism and Judaism between Platonism and Stoicism .…………… 522

2.2. Toward a Common Ancient Ethical Tradition …………………………………… 523

Closing Remarks .………………………………………………………… 527 Appendix 1: The Philosopher Plato and the Legacy of the Academy: Sources for Middle Platonism …………………………………………………………

531

1. The Life and Works of Plato ……………………………………………………… 531 2. The Life and Works of Plato’s Greco-Roman Heirs: Plutarch, Alcinous, and Galen ………………………………………………………………………………

535

Appendix 2: Zeno, Chrysippus, and Their Late Hellenistic and Imperial Heirs: Sources for Early, Middle, and Roman Stoicism ………………………………………

545

1. Zeno, Chrysippus, and the Early Stoa ……………………………………………… 545 2. Sources for Middle Stoicism ……………………………………………………… 553 3. Sources for Roman Stoicism ……………………………………………………… 555

Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………………… 567

Index of Ancient Sources ………………………………………………………………… 609

Index of Modern Authors ………………………………………………………………… 635

Index of Subjects ………………………………………………………………………… 643

Abbreviations and Text Editions

for Greek and Latin Primary Sources Primary sources are listed here by the ancient author’s name and generally follow the style, conventions, and abbreviations used in The SBL Handbook of Style for Biblical Studies and Related Disciplines (2nd ed.; ed. by Billie Jean Collins, Bob Buller, and John F. Kutsko; Atlanta: SBL, 2014), and The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th ed.; ed. by Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth and Esther Eidinow; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012). At times alternative abbreviations are used for lesser known works. Texts taken from the Loeb Classical Library series are noted as LCL. A list of primary sources by the editor’s or translator’s last name is provided in the bibliography. Abbreviations for secondary literature are also taken from The SBL Handbook of Style, and the reader is asked to refer there for the abbreviations of modern sources and series used in this book.

Achilles Tatius Achilles Tatius Leuc. Clit. Leucippe et Clitophon. Achilles Tatius, Leucippe et Clitophon

(LCL; ed. and trans. by Stephen Gaselee; Cambridge, MA: Har-vard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1917; 2nd ed., 1969; repr. 1984).

Aëtius Aëtius Plac. Placita. Hermann Diels, ed., Doxographi Graeci (Berlin: De

Gruyter, 1879; repr. 1958). Corrected text for Book 2 and Eng. trans. by Jaaps Mansfeld and David T. Runia, Aëtiana: The Method and Intellectual Context of a Doxographer (vol. 2: The Compendi-um, Pt. 2; Philosophia Antiqua 114; Leiden: Brill, 2009), 663–715.

Albinus Albinus Prologos ’Albi,nou pro,logoj (= Eivsagwgh. eivj tou/ Pla,twnoj bi,blon = In-

troductio in Platonem). Karl Friedrich Hermann, ed., Platonis Dialogi secundum Thrasylli tetralogias dispositi (vol. 6; Leipzig: Teubner, 1880), 147–51; and more recently, Burkhard Reis, ed. and trans., Der Platoniker Albinos und sein sogenannter Prologos: Prologomena, Überlieferungsgeschichte, kritische Edition und Übersetzung (Serta Graeca 7; Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert, 1999), 310–19.

Alcinous Alcinous Didask. Didaskalikos. John Whittaker, ed., Alcinoos: Enseignement des

doctrines de Platon (Introduction, texte établi et commenté par John Whittaker; traduit par by Pierre Louis; Paris: Les Belles Let-tres, 1990). Eng. trans. by John Dillon, Alcinous: The Handbook on Platonism: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary (Clarendon Later Ancient Philosophers; Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 2003). Citations from Alcinous, Didask. are given by chap-ter no.: paragraph no. following Dillon (with page nos. and line


XVIII

nos. from the Greek text of the Whittaker edition in parenthetical notes as necessary).

Alexander Alexander of Aphrodisias De Anima De Anima (= On the Soul). Ivo Bruns, ed. Supplementum Aristo-

telicum (vol. 2/1: Alexandri de Anima cum Mantissa; Berlin: G. Reimer, 1897), 1–100. Eng. trans. by Victor Caston, Alexander of Aphrodisias: On the Soul, Part 1: Soul as Form of the Body, Parts of the Soul, Nourishment and Perception (Ancient Commentators on Aristotle; London/New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2012).

Fat. De fato (= On Fate). Robert W. Sharples, ed. and trans., Alexander of Aphrodisias on Fate: Text, Translation, and Commentary (Lon-don: Duckworth, 1983).

Mantissa Mantissa (= Supplement to On the Soul). Robert W. Sharples, ed., Alexander Aphrodisiensis, De anima libri mantissa: A New Edition of the Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary (Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 2008), 37–142. Eng. trans. by Robert W. Sharples, Alexander of Aphrodisias: Supplement to On the Soul (Ancient Commentators on Aristotle; London/New York: Blooms-bury Academic, 2014).

Andronicus Andronicus of Rhodes. See Ps.-Andr. below. Apuleius Apuleius De Platone De Platone et eius Dogmate. Jean Beaujeu, ed. and trans., Apulée:

Opuscules Philosophiques et Fragments: Texte établi, traduit et commenté (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1973).

Aristotle Aristotle EE Ethica Eudemia. Aristotle, Athenian Constitution, Eudemian Eth-

ics, Virtues and Vices (LCL; ed. and trans. by Harris Rackham; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1935).

EN Ethica Nicomachea. Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics (LCL; ed. and trans. by Harris Rackham; Cambridge, MA: Harvard Universi-ty Press / London: William Heinemann, 1926; 2nd ed., 1934; repr. 1956).

Gen. an. De generatione animalium (= On the Generation of Animals). Aristotle, Generation of Animals (LCL; ed. and trans. by Arthur L. Peck; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: Wil-liam Heinemann, 1942).

Phys. Physics. Aristotle, The Physics (LCL; 2 vols.; ed. and trans. by Philip H. Wicksteed and Francis M. Cornford; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1929–34; repr. 1980).

Pol. Politics. Aristotle, Politics (LCL; ed. and trans. by Harris Rack-ham; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: Wil-liam Heinemann, 1932; 2nd ed., 1944).

Metaph. Metaphysics. Aristotle, The Metaphysics I–IX (LCL; ed. and trans. by Hugh Tredennick; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1933; repr. 1989); idem, The Metaphysics X–XIV, Oeconom-ica, Magna Moralia (LCL; ed. and trans. by Hugh Tredennick and G. Cyril Armstrong; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1935; repr. 1990), 1–320.

Primary Sources

XIX

Rhet. Rhetorica. Aristotle, The “Art” of Rhetoric (LCL; ed. and trans. by John H. Freese; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1926).

Arius Didymus Arius Didymus ESE Epitome of Stoic Ethics (= Stobaeus, Anth. 2.57.13–2.116.18).

Arthur J. Pomeroy, ed. and trans., Arius Didymus: Epitome of Stoic Ethics (SBLTT 44; Graeco-Roman 14; Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1999). Citations for Arius Didymus is by section no. with page nos. and line nos. from the Greek text of the Pomeroy edition in parenthetical notes as necessary, e.g., Arius Didymus ESE 5b1 (Pomeroy 12.13–33) = Arius Didymus, Epitome of Stoic Ethics, section 5b1 (Pomeroy edition, p. 12, lines 13–33).

Aulus Gellius Aulus Gellius Noct. att. Noctes Atticae. The Attic Nights of Aulus Gellius (LCL; 3 vols.; ed.

and trans. by John C. Rolfe; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1927; repr. 1967–70).

Calcidius Calcidius In Tim. In Timaeus (= Commentary on Plato’s Timaeus). Calcidius, On

Plato’s Timaeus (Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library; ed. and trans. by John Magee; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard Universi-ty Press, 2016).

Cicero Cicero Acad. post. Academica posteriora = Academica I. Cicero, De Natura Deorum

[et] Academica (LCL; ed. and trans. by Harris Rackham; Cam-bridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heine-mann, 1933; repr. 1951), 464–659. [Fragments of the Acad. post. are found in ibid., pp. 456–63 and cited by frag. no.]

Div. De divinatione = On Divination. Cicero, On Old Age, On Friend-ship, On Divination (LCL; ed. and trans. by William A. Falconer; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1923), 222–539.

Fat. De fato. Cicero, De Oratore III, De Fato, Paradoxa Stoicorum, De Partitione Oratoria (LCL; ed. and trans. by Harris Rackham; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1942; repr. 1948), 192–249.

Fin. De finibus bonorum et malorum. Cicero, De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum (LCL; ed. and trans. by Harris Rackham; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1914; 2nd ed., 1931; repr. 1951).

Leg. De legibus (= On the Laws). Cicero, On the Republic, On the Laws (LCL; ed. and trans. by Clinton W. Keyes; Cambridge, MA: Har-vard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1928; repr. 2000), 296–519.

Luc. Academica priora (Lucullus) = Academica II. Cicero, De Natura Deorum [et] Academica (LCL; ed. and trans. by Harris Rackham; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1933; repr. 1951), 410–55.

Nat. d. De natura deorum. Cicero, De Natura Deorum [et] Academica (LCL; ed. and trans. by Harris Rackham; Cambridge, MA: Harvard


XX

University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1933; repr. 1951), 1–396.

Off. De officiis. Cicero, De Officiis (LCL; ed. and trans. by Walter Miller; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: Wil-liam Heinemann, 1913; repr. 1990).

Parad. Paradoxa Stoicorum. Cicero, De Oratore III, De Fato, Paradoxa Stoicorum, De Partitione Oratoria (LCL; ed. and trans. by Harris Rackham; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1942; repr. 1948), 251–303.

Tusc. Tusculanae disputationes. Cicero, Tusculan Disputations (LCL; ed. and trans. by John E. King; Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univer-sity Press / London: William Heinemann, 1927; repr. 1950).

Cleanthes Cleanthes of Assos Hymn Hymn to Zeus. Johan C. Thom, ed. and trans., Cleanthes’ Hymn to

Zeus: Text, Translation, and Commentary (Studies and Texts in Antiquity and Christianity 33; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2005).

Damascius Damascius In Phaed. Commentary on Plato’s Phaedo. Leendert G. Westerlink, ed. and

trans., The Greek Commentaries on Plato’s Phaedo (vol. 2: Damascius; Amsterdam: North Holland, 1977).

Diog. Laert. Diogenes Laertius Lives Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers (LCL; 2 vols.;

ed. and trans. by Robert D. Hicks; Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni-versity Press / London: William Heinemann, 1925; repr. 1991).

Diog. Oin. Diogenes of Oinoanda fr. fragments. For fr. 1–181, see Martin Ferguson Smith, ed. and

trans., Diogenes of Oinoanda: The Epicurean Inscription (La Scuola di Epicuro, Supplemento 1; with introduction, Eng. transla-tion, and notes; Naples: Bibliopolis, 1993). Citations for Diog. Oin. is by fragment no.: column no.: line no., e.g., Diog. Oin., fr. 34.VII.1–14 = fragment 34, column 7, lines 1–14 (Smith 1993, 210).

Epictetus Epictetus Diss. Dissertationes. Epictetus, The Discourses as Reported by Arrian,

The Manual, and Fragments (LCL; 2 vols.; ed. and trans. by Wil-liam A. Oldfather; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1925–28; repr. and reset 1996–98).

Ench. Encheiridion. Ibid., 2.479–537. fr. fragments. Ibid., 2.440–77. Epicurus Epicurus Ep. Hdt. Epistula ad Herodotum (= Letter to Herodotus). Graziano

Arrighetti, ed. and trans., Epicuro: Opere (Biblioteca di cultura filosofica 41; Torino: Guilio Einaudi, 2nd ed., 1973), 33–73. Cita-tions are by letter name: paragraph no.; e.g., Epicurus, Ep. Hdt. 35 = Epistle to Herodotus, paragraph no. 35.

Ep. Men. Epistula ad Menoeceum (= Letter to Menoeceus). Ibid., 105–17. Citations are by letter name: paragraph no.; e.g., Epicurus, Ep. Men. 127 = Epistle to Menoceus, paragraph no. 127.

Primary Sources

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KD KURIAI DOXAI (= Ratae Sententiae = Principal Doctrines). Ibid., 119–37. Citations are by collection name: saying no.; e.g., Epicu-rus, KD 29 = Principal Doctrines, saying no. 29.

VS Vaticanae Sententiae (= Vatican Sayings). Ibid., 139–57. Citations are by collection name: saying no.; e.g., Epicurus, VS 77 = Vatican Sayings, saying no. 29.

Arr. Graziano Arrighetti, ed. and trans., Epicuro: Opere (Biblioteca di cultura filosofica 41; Torino: Giulio Einaudi, 2nd ed., 1973). Fragments from Arrighetti are cited by editor: treatise no: frag-ment no., with the corresponding citation in parentheses; e.g., Arr. 22.1, 22.4 (Athenaeus, Deipn. 12.546E–F) = Arrighetti, treatise no. 22, fragment nos. 1 and 4.

Us. Hermann Usener, ed., Epicurea (Leipzig: Teubner, 1887), 84–358. Citations of fragments from Usener are by editor: fragment no., with the corresponding citation in parenthesis; e.g., Us. 67 (Athe-naeus, Deipn. 12.546E–F) = Usener, fragment no. 67.

Euripides Euripides Andr. Andromache. Euripides, Children of Heracles, Hippolytus, Andro-

mache, Hecuba (LCL; vol. 2; ed. and trans. by David Kovacs; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1995), 267–389.

Herc. fur. Hercules furens (= The Madness of Hercules). Euripides, Suppliant Women, Electra, Hercules (LCL; vol. 3; ed. and trans. by David Kovacs; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1998), 303–455.

Hipp. Hippolytus. Euripides, Children of Heracles, Hippolytus, Andro-mache, Hecuba (LCL; vol. 2; ed. and trans. by David Kovacs; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1995), 117–261.

Med. Medea. Euripides, Cyclops, Alcestis, Medea (LCL; vol. 1; ed. and trans. by David Kovacs; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard Univer-sity Press, 1994; 2nd ed., 2001), 275–413.

Eusebius Eusebius of Caesarea Praep. ev. Praeparatio evangelica (= Preparation for the Gospel). Karl Mras,

ed., Eusebius Werke 8: Die Praeparatio Evangelica (2 vols.; Ber-lin: Akademie Verlag, 1954–56; Berlin: De Gruyter, 2nd ed., 1982–83); Eng. trans. by Edwin H. Gifford, ed. and trans., Prepa-ration for the Gospel (2 vols.; Oxford: Clarendon, 1903; repr. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1981).

Galen Galen of Pergamum Aff. Dig. De Affectuum Dignotione (= Peri. yuch/j paqhma,twn = On the

passions of the soul). Ioannes Marquardt et al., eds., Claudii Galeni Pergameni Scripta Minora (vol. 1; Leipzig: Teubner, 1884–93; repr. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1967), 1–44. Eng. trans. in Galen on the Passions and Errors of the Soul (ed. and trans. by Paul W. Harkins; introduction and commentary by Walther Riese; Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1963), 23–69; and more recently Peter N. Singer, “The Diagnosis and Treatment of the Affections and Errors Peculiar to Each Person’s Soul,” in Galen: Psychological Writings (Cambridge Galen Translations; Cam-


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bridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 203–282. Citations from Galen, Aff. Dig. is based on the Greek text and given by chap-ter no.: page no.: line no. (Marquardt edition).

Capt. De Captionibus penes Dictionem (= Peri. tw/n para. th.n le,xin sofisma,twn = On Fallacies due to Language). Robert B. Edlow, Galen on Language and Ambiguity: An English Translation of Galen’s ‘De Captionibus (On Fallacies)’ with Introduction, Text, and Commentary (Philosophia Antiqua 31; Leiden: Brill, 1977).

Ind. De Indolentia (= Peri. avlupi,aj = On the Avoidance of Distress). Véronique Boudon-Millot and Jacques Jouanna with Antoine Pie-trobelli, eds. and trans., Galien (vol. 4: Ne pas se chagriner; Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2010 (hence BJP). Eng. trans. by Vivian Nut-ton, “Avoiding Distress,” in Galen: Psychological Writings (Cam-bridge Galen Translations; ed. by Peter N. Singer; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 43–106. Corrections, textual variants, and updated Eng. trans. by Clare K. Rothschild and Tre-vor W. Thompson, “Galen: ‘On the Avoidance of Distress,’” in Galen’s De indolentia: Essays on a Newly Discovered Letter (Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum 88; ed. by Clare K. Rothschild and Trevor W. Thompson; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2014), 21–36. Citations from Galen, Ind. is based on the Greek text and given by section no. (BJP edition, page no.: line no.).

Pecc. Dig. De Peccatorum Dignotione (= Peri. yuch/j a`marthma,twn = On the errors of the soul). Ioannes Marquardt et al., eds., Claudii Galeni Pergameni Scripta Minora (vol. 1; Leipzig: Teubner, 1884; repr. by Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1967), 45–81. English transla-tion in Galen on the Passions and Errors of the Soul (ed. and trans. by Paul W. Harkins; intro. and commentary by Walther Riese; Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1963), 71–107; and more recently Peter N. Singer, “The Diagnosis and Treatment of the Affections and Errors Peculiar to Each Person’s Soul,” in Galen: Psychological Writings (Cambridge Galen Translations; Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 283–314. Citations from Galen, Pecc. Dig. is based on the Greek text and given by chapter no.: page no.: line no. (Marquardt edition).

PHP De Placitis Hippocratis et Platonis. Phillip de Lacy, ed. and trans., Galen on the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato (3 vols.; Corpus Medicorum Graecorum 5.4.1.2; Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1978–84).

Prop. Plac. De Propriis Placitis (= On My Own Opinions). Vivian Nutton, ed. and trans., Galen on My Own Opinions (Corpus Medicorum Grae-corum 5.3.2; Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1999).

QAM Quod Animi Mores Corporis Temperamenta Sequantur (= Psycho-logical Faculties Depend on Bodily Mixtures). Ioannes Marquardt et al., eds., Claudii Galeni Pergameni Scripta Minora (vol. 2; Leipzig: Teubner, 1891; repr. by Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1967), 32–79. Eng trans. by Peter Singer, Galen: Selected Works (Oxford World Classics; Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).

Primary Sources

XXIII

UP De Usu Partium (= On the Function of the Parts). Georgius Helmreich, ed., Galeni: De Usu Partium (2 vols; Leipzig: Teubner, 1907–9). Eng. trans. by Margaret T. May, Galen on the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body (2 vols.; Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1968).

Heraclides Heraclides fr. fragments. Fritz Wehrli, ed., Die Schule des Aristoteles: Texte und

Kommentar (vol. 7: Herakleides Pontiko; Basel/Stuttgart: B. Schwabe, 1953; 2nd ed., 1969).

Herodotus Herodotus Hist. Historiae. Herodotus, The Persian Wars (LCL; 4 vols.; ed. and

trans. by Alfred D. Godley; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1920–25).

Hierocles Hierocles the Stoic AA On Appropriate Acts (= Peri. tw/n kaqhko,ntwn). Ilaria Ramelli, ed.,

and David Konstan, trans., Hierocles the Stoic: Elements of Ethics, Fragments, and Excerpts (WGRW 28; Atlanta: SBL, 2009), 63–95.

EE Elements of Ethics (= vHqikh. stoicei,wsij). Ibid., 2–33. Iamblichus Iamblichus Myst. De mysteriis Aegyptiorum (= On the Mysteries of the Egyptians).

Édouard Des Places, ed. and trans., Jamblique: Les mystères d’Égypte (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1966). Repr. with Eng. trans by Emma C. Clarke et al., eds. and trans., Iamblichus: On the Mysteries (WGRW 4; Atlanta: SBL, 2003).

De Anima De Anima (= On the Soul). John Finamore and John Dillon, eds. and trans., Iamblichus: De Anima: Text, Translation, and Commen-tary (Philosophia Antiqua 92; Leiden: Brill, 2002).

Lactantius Lactantius Inst. Institutiones Divinae (= The Divine Institutes). Eberhard Heck and

Antonie Wlosok, eds. and trans., L. Caelius Firmianus Lactantius: Divinarum Institutionum Libri Septem (BSGRT; Fasc. 1–4; Books 1–7; Berlin: De Gruyter, 2011–14).

LCL Loeb Classical Library. Long and Sedley, The Hellenistic Philosophers

Anthony A. Long and David N. Sedley, eds. and trans., The Hel-lenistic Philosophers (vol. 1: Translation of the Principal Sources and Philosophical Commentary; New York/Cambridge: Cam-bridge University Press, 1987). Eng. trans. and commentary are cited as Long and Sedley, The Hellenistic Philosophers, vol. no.: page. no.; e.g., Long and Sedley, The Hellenistic Philosophers, 1.420–21.

LS Anthony A. Long and David N. Sedley, eds. and trans., The Hel-lenistic Philosophers (vol. 2: Greek and Latin Texts with Notes and Bibliography; New York/Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). For primary Greek or Latin sources, citations are given by LS, section no.: section letter; e.g., LS 39A.

Lucretius Lucretius DRN Lucretius, De rerum natura (LCL; ed. and trans. by Martin Fergu-

son Smith and William H.D. Rouse; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1975; 2nd ed., 1982; repr. 1997).


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Malherbe, CE The Cynic Epistles. Abraham J. Malherbe, ed., The Cynic Epistles: A Study Edition (SBLSBS 12; Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1977). Citations from CE. are given by author: epistle no.: section no. along with the corresponding page and line nos. in the Malherbe edition; e.g., Crates, Ep. 34.4 (= Malherbe, CE, p. 86, line 3).

Manilius Marcus Manilius Astron. Astronomica. Manilius, Astronomica (LCL; ed. and trans. by

George P. Goold; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1977).

Marc. Aur. Marcus Aurelius Antonius Med. Meditations. Marcus Aurelius Antonius, The Communings with

Himself (LCL; ed. and trans. by Charles R. Haines; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1916; repr. 1953).

Muson. Musonius Rufus fr. fragments. Cora E. Lutz, ed. and trans., “Musonius Rufus: ‘The

Roman Socrates,’” in Yale Classical Studies 10 (ed. by Alfred R. Bellinger; New Haven: Yale University Press, 1947), 3–147.

Origen Origen Cels. Contra Celsum (= Against Celsus). Miroslav Marcovich, ed., Ori-

genes: Contra Celsum: Libri VIII (Supplements to Vigiliae Christi-anae 54; Leiden: Brill, 2001). Eng. trans. by Henry Chadwick, Origin: Contra Celsum (Cambridge/New York: Cambridge Uni-versity Press, 1953; repr. 1980).

Ovid Ovid Metam. Metamorphoses. Ovid, Metamorphoses (vol. 1: Books I–VIII;

LCL; ed. and trans. by George P. Goold and Frank Justus Miller; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1916; 3rd ed., 1977; vol. 2: Books IX–XV, 1916; 2nd ed., 1984).

Nemesius Nemesius of Emesa Nat. Hom. De natura hominis (= On Human Nature). Moreno Morani, ed.,

Nemesii Emeseni De natura hominis (Leipzig: Teubner, 1987). Eng. trans. by Robert W. Sharples and Philip J. van der Eijk, Nemesius: On the Nature of Man (Translated Texts for Historians 49; Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2008). Citations from Nemesius will be by section no.: page no.: line no. from the Mo-rani edition; e.g., Nemesius, Nat. Hom. 2.21.6–10 = Nemesius, De natura hominis, section 2, page 21, lines 6–10.

Numenius Numenius of Apamea fr. fragment. Édouard des Places, ed. and trans., Numénius:

Fragments (Text établi et traduit; Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1973). Eng. trans. by Robert Dale Petty, “The Fragments of Numenius: Text, Translation, and Commentary” (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 1993). Citations from Numenius will be by fragment no.: line no. from the des Places edition; e.g., Numenius, fr. 24.19–25 = Numenius, fragment 24, lines 19–25 (de Places).

Primary Sources

XXV

Panaetius Panaetius of Rhodes fr. fragment. Modestus Van Straaten, ed., Panaetii Rhodii Fragmenta

(Philosophia Antiqua 5; Leiden: Brill, 1962). Citations from Panaetius will be by fragment no. with corresponding page and line nos. from Van Straaten’s edition in parentheses; e.g., Panaetius, fr. 110 (Van Straaten, p. 42, lns. 21–24) = Diog. Laert., Lives 7.128.

Pausanias Pausanias Descript. Gr. Description of Greece. Pausanias, Description of Greece (LCL; 5

vols.; ed. and trans. by William H.S. Jones et al.; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1918–35; repr. 1980).

PGM Papyri graecae magicae (= The Greek Magical Papyri). Karl Preisendanz and Albert Henrichs, eds., Papyri graecae magicae: Die griechischen Zauberpapyri (2 vols.; Leipzig: Teubner, 1928–41; 2nd ed., 1973–74). Eng. trans. by Hans Dieter Betz, ed. and trans., The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation, Including the Demotic Spells (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986; 2nd ed., 1992).

Philo Philo of Alexandria. All texts taken from Philo (LCL; 10 vols.; ed. and trans. by Francis H. Colson et al.; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1929–62); and Philo: Supplement I–II (LCL; 2 vols.; ed. and trans. by Ralph Mar-cus; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1953).

Abr. De Abrahamo (= On [the Life of] Abraham). Philo, On Abraham, On Joseph, On Moses (LCL; vol. 6; ed. and trans. by Francis H. Colson; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: Wil-liam Heinemann, 1935; repr. 1959), 2–135.

Contempl. De vita contemplativa (= On the Contemplative Life). Philo, Every Good Man Is Free, On the Contemplative Life, On the Eternity of the World, Against Flaccus, Apology for the Jews, On Providence (LCL; vol. 9; ed. and trans. by Francis H. Colson; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1941; repr., 1954), 104–70.

Deus Quod Deus sit immutabilis (= On the Unchangeableness of God). Philo, On the Unchangeableness of God, On Husbandry, On No-ah’s Work as a Planter, On Drunkenness, On Sobriety (LCL; vol. 3; ed. and trans. by Francis H. Colson and George H. Whitaker; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1930; repr. 1954), 10–101.

Her. Quis rerum divinarum heres sit (= Who Is the Heir of Divine Things?). Philo, On the Confusion of Tongues, On the Migration of Abraham, Who Is the Heir of Divine Things?, On Mating with the Preliminary Studies (LCL; vol. 4; ed. and trans. by Francis H. Colson and George H. Whitaker; Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni-versity Press / London: William Heinemann, 1932; repr. 1985), 269–447.

Leg. All. Legum allegoriae I–III (= Allegorical Interterpretation I–III). Philo, On the Creation [and] Allegorical Interpretation (LCL; vol. 1; ed. and trans. by Francis H. Colson and George H. Whitaker;


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Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1929; repr. 2004), 140–473.

Philodemus Philodemus of Gadara Ira De ira (= Peri. ovrgh/j = On Anger = PHerc. 182). Giovanni In-

delli, ed. and trans., Filodemo: L’Ira (La Scuola di Epicuro 5; Naples: Bibliopolis, 1988). Citations for Philodemus, Ira are given by column no. [or fragment no.]: line no.; e.g., Philodemus, Ira col. 32.17–36 = Philodemus, De Ira, column 32, lines 17–36.

Mus. De musica (= Peri. mousikh/j = On Music), Book 4 (= PHerc. 1497 + 225; 411; 424; 1094; 1572; 1575; 1576; 1578; 1583). Daniel Delattre, ed. and trans., Philodème de Gadare: Sur la Musique, Livre IV (2 vols.; Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2007). Citations for Philodemus, Mus., are given by book no.: PHerc no.: column no [or fragment no.]: line no. plus edition in parentheses; Philodemus, Mus., Bk. 4, PHerc. 1497/XXVI, col. 140.14–25 (Delattre, 2.288–89) = Philodemus, De musica, Book 4, PHerc. 1497/XXVI, col-umn 140, lines 14–25 (of the Delattre edition, vol. 2, pp. 288–89). See also the edition by Annemarie J. Neubecker, ed. and trans., Philodemus: Über di Musik IV Buch (La Scuola di Epicuro 5; Na-ples: Bibliopolis, 1986).

PHerc. Herculaneum Papyrus (currently housed in the Bibliotheca Na-zionale in Naples, Italy).

Piet. De pietate (= Peri. euvsebei,aj = On Piety = PHerc. 1077; 1098; 229/437; 452/242; 1610; 1788; etc.). For Part 1, see Dirk Obbink, ed. and trans., Philodemus: On Piety, Part 1: Critical Text with Commentary (vol. 1 of 2; Oxford: Clarendon, 1996). For Part 2, see the following: (a) Adolf Schober, “Philodemi peri. euvsebei,aj libelli partem priorem restituit Adolf Schober,” Ph.D. diss., Kö-nigsberg, 1923; published by CErc 18 (1988), 67–125; with revi-sions by Albert Henrichs, “Philodems De Pietate als mytholgra-phische Quelle,” CErc 5 (1975), 5–38; (b) Theodor Gomperz, ed., Philodem über Frömmigkeit (Herculanische Studien 2; Leipzig: Teubner, 1866), 63–76; and (c) Albert Henrichs, “Die Kritik der stoischen Theologie im PHerc. 1428),” CErc 4 (1974), 5–32. Cita-tions for Philodemus, Piet. are given by PHerc. no.: column no.[or fragment no.]: line no. with the editor name/edition in parentheses; e.g., Philodemus, Piet., PHerc. 1098, col. 31.1–28 (Obbink, 166) = Philodemus, De pietate, PHerc. 1098, column 31, lines 1–28 (of the Obbink edition, p. 166).

Rhet. De rhetoricis (= Peri. r`htwrikh/j = On Rhetoric; multiple PHerc. fragments). The main Greek text is by Siegfried Sudhaus, ed., Philodemi volumina rhetorica (2 vols.; Leipzig: Teubner, 1892–96), but the sequence of the books follows the revision by Tiziano Dorandi, “Per una ricomposizione dello scritto Filodemeo Sulla retorica,” ZPE 82 (1990), 59–87. Summary of this reordering of the fragments can be found in Appendix 2 of Philodemus and Po-etry: Poetic Theory and Practice in Lucretius, Philodemus, and Horace (ed. by Dirk Obbink; New York/Oxford: Oxford Universi-ty Press, 1995), 276–78. The text by Sudhaus has undergone sever-al revisions by other scholars; see below for details. A partial Eng-

Primary Sources

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lish translation for Rhet. was done by Harry M. Hubbell, “The Rhetoric of Philodemus,” Transactions of the Continental Academy of Arts and Sciences 23 (Sept. 1920), 243–382.

Rhet., Bk. 6 De rhetoricis, Book 6 = PHerc. 1004 (formerly Sudhaus Bk. 7). PHerc. 1004, fr. 5–12 and col. 3–112 = Sudhaus, Philodemi volu-mina rhetorica, 1.326–85, with several corrections by Maria G. Cappelluzzo, “Per una nuova edizione di un libro della Retorica filodemea (P.Herc. 1004),” CErc 6 (1976), 69–76. Citations for Philodemus, Rhet. are are given by book no.: PHerc. no.: column no. [or fragment no.]: line no and the editor name/edition in paren-theses; e.g., Philodemus, Rhet., Bk. 6, PHerc. 1004, col. 3.1–18 (Sudhaus, 1.329) = Philodemus, De Rhetoricis, Book 6, PHerc. 1004, column 3, lines 1–18 (in the Sudhaus edition, p. 1.329).

Sign. De signis (= Peri. shmeiw,sewn = On Signs = PHerc. 1065). Phillip H. de Lacy and Estelle A. De Lacy, eds. and trans., On Methods of Inference (2nd ed.; La Scuola di Epicuro 1; Naples: Bibliopolis, 1978). Citations for Philodemus, Sign. are given by column no.[or fragment no.]: line no.; e.g., Philodemus, Sign. col. 36.18–25 = Philodemus, De signis, column 36, lines 18–25.

Stoic. De Stoicis (= Peri. tw/n Stwkikw/n = On the Stoics = PHerc. 155/339). Tiziano Dorandi, “Filodemo. Gli stoici (PHerc. 155 e 339),” CErc 12 (1982), 91–133. Citations for Philodemus, Stoic. are primarily from PHerc. 339 and are given by column no.: line no.; e.g., Philodemus, Stoic. col. 4.1–17 = Philodemus, De Stoicis, PHerc. 339, column 4, lines 1–17. Miscellaneous fragments from PHerc. 155 are given simply by the fragment no.; e.g., Philodemus, Stoic., fr. 9 = Philodemus, De Stoicis, PHerc. 155, fragment no. 9.

Stoic. Ind. Index Stoicorum (= PHerc. 1018). Tiziano Dorandi, ed. and trans., Filodemo: Storia dei filosofi: La Stoa da Zenone e Panezio, PHerc. 1018 (Philosophia Antiqua 60; Leiden: Brill, 1994). Citations for Philodemus, Stoic. Ind. are given by column no.: line no.; e.g., Philodemus, Stoic. Ind. col. 1.1–12 = Philodemus, Index Stoicorum (= PHerc. 1018), column 1, lines 1–12.

Philostratus Philostratus of Athens Vit. Apoll. Vita Apollonii (= The Life of Apollonius). Philostratus, The Life of

Apollonius of Tyana (LCL; 2 vols.; ed. and trans. by Christopher P. Jones; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 2005; 2nd ed., 2012).

Vit. soph. Vitae sophistarum (= The Lives of the Sophists). Philostratus, The Lives of the Sophists [and] Eunapius, The Lives of the Philosophers and Sophists (LCL; ed. and trans. by Wilmer C. Wright; Cam-bridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1925), 2–315.

Pindar Pindar Pyth. Carmina Pythius oraclum (= Puqioni/kai= Pythian Odes). Pindar,

Olympian Odes, Pythian Odes (LCL; ed. and trans. by William H. Race; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1997; 2nd ed., 2012), 215–395.

Plato Plato. All texts taken from Plato (LCL; 12 vols.; ed. and trans. by Harold N. Fowler, Walter R.M. Lamb et al.; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1914–35) with the previ-


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ous two volumes on the Republic ed. by Paul Shorey now replaced by Chris Emlyn-Jones and William Preddy (2013).

Alc. I Alcibiades I. Plato, Charmides, Alcibiades I and II, Hipparchus, The Lovers, Theages, Minos, Epinomis (LCL; vol. 12; ed. and trans. by Walter R.M. Lamb; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1927), 93–223.

Apol. Apology. Plato, Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Phaedo, Phaedrus (LCL; vol. 1; ed. and trans. by Christopher Emlyn-Jones and Wil-liam Preddy; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 2017), 84–193. This volume replaces the older LCL vol. 1; ed. and trans. by Fowler (1914; repr. 1990).

Charm. Charmides. Plato, Charmides, Alcibiades I and II, Hipparchus, The Lovers, Theages, Minos, Epinomis (LCL; vol. 12; ed. and trans. by Walter R.M. Lamb; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1927), 1–91.

Crat. Cratylus. Plato, Cratylus, Parmenides, Greater Hippias, Lesser Hippias (LCL; vol. 4; ed. and trans. by Harold N. Fowler; Cam-bridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1926; repr. 1977), 3–191.

Crito Crito. Plato, Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Phaedo, Phaedrus (LCL; vol. 1; ed. and trans. by Christopher Emlyn-Jones and William Preddy; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 2017), 194–263. This volume replaces the older LCL vol. 1; ed. and trans. by Fowler (1914; repr. 1990).

Gorg. Gorgias. Plato, Lysis, Symposium, Gorgias (LCL; vol. 3; ed. and trans. by Walter R.M. Lamb; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1925; repr. 1991), 249–533.

Hipp. maj. Hippias major (= Greater Hippias). Plato, Cratylus, Parmenides, Greater Hippias, Lesser Hippias (LCL; vol. 4; ed. and trans. by Harold N. Fowler; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1926; repr. 1977), 334–423.

Leg. Leges (= Laws). Plato, Laws (LCL; vol. 10–11; ed. and trans. by Robert G. Bury; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / Lon-don: William Heinemann, 1926; repr. 1984).

Meno Meno. Plato, Laches, Protagoras, Meno, Euthydemus (LCL; vol. 2; ed. and trans. by Walter R.M. Lamb; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1924; repr. 1990), 260–371.

Parm. Parmenides. Plato, Cratylus, Parmenides, Greater Hippias, Lesser Hippias (LCL; vol. 4; ed. and trans. by Harold N. Fowler; Cam-bridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1926; repr. 1977), 195–331.

Phaedo Phaedo. Plato, Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Phaedo, Phaedrus (LCL; vol. 1; ed. and trans. by Harold N. Fowler; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1914; repr. 1990), 193–403.

Phaedr. Phaedrus. Ibid., 405–579. Phileb. Philebus. Plato, The Statesman, Philebus, Ion (LCL; vol. 8; ed. and

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Dem. Demosthenes. Plutarch, Lives (LCL; vol. 7: Demosthenes and Cic-ero, Alexander and Caesar; ed. and trans. by Bernadotte Perrin; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1967), 1–79.

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Adol. poet. aud. Quomodo adolescens poetas audire debeat (= How Youth Should Study Poetry). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 1; ed. and trans. by


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Adul. amic. Quomodo adulator ab amico internoscatur (= How to Tell a Flat-terer from a Friend). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 1; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbitt; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1927; repr. 2005), 263–395.

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Cohib. ira De Cohibenda ira (= On the Control of Anger). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 6; ed. and trans. by William C. Helmbold; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1939; repr. 2000), 89–159.

Comm. not. De communibus notitiis contra stoicos (= Against the Stoics on Common Conceptions). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 13, pt. 2; ed. and trans. by Harold Cherniss; Cambridge, MA: Harvard Universi-ty Press / London: William Heinemann, 1976), 621–873.

Conj. praec. Conjugalia Praecepta (= Advice on Marriage). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 2; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbitt; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1928; repr. 2002), 295–343.

Cons. Apoll. Consolatio ad Apollonium (= A Letter of Condolence to Apolloni-us). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 2; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbit; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: Wil-liam Heinemann, 1962), 103–211.

Cons. ux. Consolatio ad uxorem (= Consolation to My Wife). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 7; ed. and trans. by Phillip H. De Lacy and Benedict Einarson; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1959; repr. 2000), 573–605.

Def. orac. De defectu oraculorum (= On the Obsolescence of Oracles). Plu-tarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 5; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbitt; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1936), 347–501.

E Delph. De E apud Delphos (= The E at Delphi). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 5; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbitt; Cambridge, MA: Har-vard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1936), 193–253.

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bold; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: Wil-liam Heinemann, 1957; repr. 1984), 1–223.

Garr. De garrulitate (= Concerning Talkativeness). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 6; ed. and trans. by William C. Helmbold; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1939; repr. 2000), 393–468.

Gen. Socr. De genio Socratis (= On the Sign of Socrates). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 7; ed. and trans. by Phillip H. De Lacy and Benedict Einarson; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1959; repr. 2000), 362–510.

Inst. Lac. Instituta Laconica (= The Ancient Customs of the Spartans). Plu-tarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 3; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbitt; Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1931; repr. 1989), 425–49.

Inv. od. De invidia et odio (= On Envy and Hate). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 7; ed. and trans. by Phillip H. De Lacy and Benedict Einarson; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1959; repr. 2000), 91–107.

Is. Os. De Iside et Osiride (= Isis and Osiris). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 5; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbitt; Cambridge, MA: Har-vard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1936), 1–191.

Lat. viv. De latenter vivendo (= Is “Living Unknown” a Wise Precept?). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 14; ed. and trans. by Benedict Einar-son and Phillip H. De Lacy; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1967; repr. 1996), 317–41.

Lib. aegr. De libidine et aegritudine (= On Desire and Grief). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 15; ed. and trans. by Francis H. Sandbach; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1969), 31–59.

Max. princ. Maxime cum principibus philosophiam esse disserendum (= That a Philosopher Should Converse with Rulers). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 10; ed. and trans. by Harold N. Fowler; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1936; repr. 1969), 25–47.

Quaest. conv. Quaestiones convivales (= Table-Talk). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 8; ed. and trans. by Paul A. Clement and Herbert B. Hoffleit; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1969); Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 9; ed. and trans. by Edwin L. Minar, Jr. et al.; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1961), 1–299.

Quaest. plat. Quaestiones platonicae (= Platonic Questions). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 13, pt. 1; ed. and trans. by Harold Chernis; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1976), 1–129.

Rect. rat. aud. De recta ratione audiendi (= On Listening to Lectures). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 1; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbitt; Cam-bridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heine-mann, 1927; repr. 2005), 204–59.


XXXII

Sera De sera numinis vindicta (= On God’s Slowness to Punish). Plu-tarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 7; ed. and trans. by Phillip H. De Lacy and Benedict Einarson; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1958; repr. 2000), 169–299.

Stoic. abs. Stoicos absurdiora poetis dicere (= Stoics speak more paradoxi-cally than the poets). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 13, pt. 2; ed. and trans. by Harold Cherniss; Cambridge, MA: Harvard Universi-ty Press / London: William Heinemann, 1976), 605–19.

Stoic. rep. De Stoicorum repugnantiis (= On Stoic Self-Contradictions). Plu-tarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 13, pt. 2; ed. and trans. by Harold Cher-niss; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1976), 367–603.

Suav. viv. Non posse suaviter vivi secundum Epicurum (= That Epicurus Actually Makes a Pleasant Life Impossible). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 14; ed. and trans. by Benedict Einarson and Phillip H. De Lacy; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1967; repr. 1996), 1–149.

Superst. De superstitione (= On Superstition). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 2; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbitt; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1928; repr. 1962), 452–95.

Tu. san. De tuenda sanitate praecepta (= Advice about Keeping Well). utarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 2; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbitt; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1928; repr. 1962), 213–93.

Un. rep. dom. De unius in republica dominatione (= On Monarchy, Democracy, and Oligarchy). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 10; ed. and trans. by Harold N. Fowler; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1936; repr. 1969), 301–11.

Virt. mor. De virtute morali (= On Moral Virtue). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 6; ed. and trans. by William C. Helmbold; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1939; repr. 2000), 15–87.

Virt. prof. Quomodo quis suos in virtute sentiat profectus (= How One May Become Aware of His Moral Progress). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 1; ed. and trans. by Frank C. Babbitt; Cambridge, MA: Har-vard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1927; repr. 2005), 397–457.

fr. Erot. fragments 134–38 (= PERI ERWTOS). Plutarch, Moralia (LCL; vol. 15; ed. and trans. by Francis H. Sandbach; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1969), 248–60.

fr. Kall. fragments 144–46 (= PERI KALLOUS). Ibid., 268–73. Porphyry Porphyry Sent. Sententiae ad intelligibilia ducentes (= Sentences to the Intelligi-

bles). Luc Brisson et al., ed. and trans., Porphyre: Sentences (2 vols.; Histoire des doctrines de l’Antiquité classique 33; Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 2005).

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Fragments (Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries 13; Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed., 1989). Eng. trans. by Ian G. Kidd, Posidonius, vol. 3: The Transla-tion of the Fragments (Cambridge Classical Texts and Commen-taries 36; Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

Proclus Proclus In Alc. In Alcibiadem Commentarius (= Commentary on Plato’s Alcibia-

des). Alain Philippe Segonds, ed. and trans., Proclus: Sur le prem-ier Alcibiade de Platon (2 vols.; Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1985–86). Eng. trans. by William O’Neill, Proclus: Alcibaides I: A Trans-lation and Commentary (2nd ed.; The Hague: Springer Sci-ence+Business Media, 1971).

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Pseudo-Andronicus de Rhodes “Peri. paqw/n”: Edition critique du texte grec et de la traduction latine médiévale (Corpus latinum commentariorum in Aristotelem graecorum. Sup. 2. Leiden: Brill, 1977).

Ps.-Pyth. Pseudo-Pythagoras Carm. Aur. Carmen Aureum (= Golden Verses). Johan C. Thom, ed. and

trans., The Pythagorean Golden Verses: With Introduction and Commentary (RGRW 123; Leiden: Brill, 1995). See also the Eng. trans. by Kenneth S. Guthrie and David Fideler, eds. and trans., The Pythagorean Sourcebook and Library (Grand Rapids: Phane Press, 1987), 163–65.

Seneca Seneca Ben. De Beneficiis (= On Benefits). Seneca, Moral Essays (LCL; vol. 3

of 3; ed. and trans. by John W. Basore; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1935; repr. 1975), 2–525.

Brev. vit. De Brevitate Vitae (= On the Shortness of Life). Seneca, Moral Essays (LCL; vol. 2 of 3; ed. and trans. by John W. Basore; Cam-bridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heine-mann, 1932; repr. 1935–90), 98–179.

Const. De Constantia Sapientis (= On the Firmness of the Sage). Seneca, Moral Essays (LCL; vol. 1 of 3; ed. and trans. by John W. Basore; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1928; repr. 1958–85), 48–105.

Ep. Epistulae. Seneca, Ad Lucilium Epistulae Morales (LCL; 3 vols.; ed. and trans. by Richard M. Gummere; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1917–25).

Helv. De Consolatione ad Helviam Matrem (= To Helvia His Mother on Consolation). Seneca, Moral Essays (LCL; vol. 2 of 3; ed. and trans. by John W. Basore; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1932; repr. 1935–90), 416–89.


XXXIV

Herc. fur. Hercules Furens (= The Madness of Hercules). Seneca, Tragedies I: Hercules, Trojan Women, Phoenician Women, Medea, Phaedra (vol. 1 of 2; ed. and trans. by John G. Fitch; Cambridge, MA: Har-vard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 2002), 36–159.

Ira De Ira (= On Anger). Seneca, Moral Essays (LCL; vol. 1 of 3; ed. and trans. by John W. Basore; Cambridge, MA: Harvard Universi-ty Press / London: William Heinemann, 1928; repr. 1958–85), 106–355.

Marc. De Consolatione ad Marciam (= To Marcia on Consolation). Seneca, Moral Essays (LCL; vol. 2 of 3; ed. and trans. by John W. Basore; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1932; repr. 1935–90), 3–97.

Med. Medea. Seneca, Tragedies I: Hercules, Trojan Women, Phoenician Women, Medea, Phaedra (vol. 1 of 2; ed. and trans. by John G. Fitch; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: Wil-liam Heinemann, 2002), 334–433.

Nat. Naturales Quaestiones (= Natural Questions). Seneca, Naturales Quaestiones (LCL; 2 vols.; ed. and trans. by Thomas H. Corcoran; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1971–72).

Otio De Otio (= On Leisure). Seneca, Moral Essays (LCL; vol. 2 of 3; ed. and trans. by John W. Basore; Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni-versity Press / London: William Heinemann, 1932; repr. 1935–90), 180–201.

Phaed. Phaedra. Seneca, Tragedies I: Hercules, Trojan Women, Phoenici-an Women, Medea, Phaedra (vol. 1 of 2; ed. and trans. by John G. Fitch; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: Wil-liam Heinemann, 2002), 437-551.

Polyb. De Consolatione ad Polybium (= To Polybius on Consolation). Seneca, Moral Essays (LCL; vol. 2 of 3; ed. and trans. by John W. Basore; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: Wil-liam Heinemann, 1932; repr. 1935–90), 356–415.

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tus Empiricus, Against the Professors (LCL; vol. 4 of 4; ed. and trans. by Robert G. Bury; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1949). Adversus mathematicos VII–VIII (= Against the Logicians 1–2). Sextus Empiricus, Against the Logicians (LCL; vol. 2 of 4; ed. and trans. by Robert G. Bury; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1935; repr. 1957).

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Adversus mathematicos IX–XI (Books IX–X = Against the Physicists 1–2; Book XI = Against the Ethicists). Sextus Empiri-cus, Against the Physicists [and] Against the Ethicists (LCL; vol. 3 of 4; ed. and trans. by Robert G. Bury; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1936; repr. 1953).

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ed. and trans. by Edgar C. Marchant; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press / London: William Heinemann, 1953), 1–359.

Part I

Mapping the Apostle Paul’s Moral Milieu

Chapter 1

An Introduction to Greco-Roman Philosophy of Mind

1. What Is Ancient Philosophy of Mind? Ancient philosophy of mind is not the same as modern philosophy of mind. Modern philosophy of mind, for the most part, focuses on a specific area of metaphysics concerning the nature of mental phenomena.1 Its research areas include such topics as conceptualization, memory, perception, knowledge, sensation, consciousness, belief, desire, intentions, reasoning, and action.2 Currently, much of modern philosophy of mind has focused upon the central metaphysical problem of how to relate the mind with the body. In other words, it asks such questions as: How does a person explain the relationship between the mind and the physiological workings of the brain? Are they the same? Is the mind a separate thing altogether from the physical processes of the brain, or is one the function of the other?3 The problem becomes more complex when asking questions about the relationship between mind and ma-chines and whether the latter could ever proximate true human intelligence.4 Ancient philosophy of mind is the study of the soul (yuch, / animus).5 While issues such as how the soul relates to the body are also important for the ancient philosopher, unlike modern philosophy of mind, ancient philosophy of mind focuses on the ethical implications of what the soul is and how it functions. This ethical emphasis is especially true of the philosophical schools during the Greco-Roman period when the importance of ethics began

–––––––––– 1 Brian P. McLaughlin, “Philosophy of Mind,” in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philos-ophy (ed. by Robert Audi; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 597. 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid., 597–606; see also John Searle, The Rediscovery of the Mind (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992), 5–10; 33–52. 4 Rebecca Copenhaver and Christopher Shields, “General Introduction,” in Philosophy of Mind in Antiquity (vol. 1 of The History of the Philosophy of Mind; ed. by John E. Sisko; London/New York: Routledge, 2019), xi–xii [x–xvii]. 5 Julia E. Annas, Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind (Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992), 1.

Chap. 1: Introduction 4

to eclipse prior attention paid to physics and logic.6 Taking, for example, the matter of emotions, desires, or the passions of the soul, ancient philosophers inquired into the structure of the passions not as an intellectual pursuit of its own, but because they believed that the passions affected the moral actions of a person. How much of sexual passion is non-cognitive (that is, how much does lust consist of purely physiological urges), and how much of it is cogni-tive (that is, to what degree is lust based upon false beliefs in romance and courtly love), were questions that ancient philosophers raised time and time again for the following reason: if desire was partly or wholly cognitive, then the mind with its cognitive faculties was capable of partly or wholly control-ling desire.7 Ancient philosophers tended to ask an altogether different set of questions from their modern counterparts, including: Are the passions controllable? Can a person ever really change? Besides the passions, are there other forces at work which impede moral transformation? Is character or human nature pre-determined at birth, or forged over time through training and education? What are the power sources for moral progress if the transformation of one’s character is indeed possible? In the 1st-century C.E. world of the Apostle Paul and his letter recipients, three major philosophical movements – the Pla-tonists, the Stoics, and the Epicureans – rose to the forefront of Roman intel-ligentsia and articulated competing answers to the above questions. Each phi-losophy of mind offered an alternative ethical system on how the sage could shape the human soul. Each claimed to possess the wisdom that would help transform the common barbarian, sick with vice, into a leading citizen of the

–––––––––– 6 Giovanni Reale, The Schools of the Imperial Age (vol. 4 of A History of Ancient Phi-losophy; ed. and trans. by John R. Catan; Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990), 37–43; 53–55; 229–34; idem, The Systems of the Hellenistic Age (vol. 3 of A History of Ancient Philosophy; ed. and trans. by John R. Catan; Albany: State University of New York Press, 1985), 118–19. Among the Stoics in the Roman period, Reale names Musonius Rufus, Epictetus, Seneca, and Marcus Aurelius as having an “almost exclusive interest in ethics” (The Schools of the Imperial Age, p. 75). For the Epicureans, as early as the Hellen-istic period, the Garden “maintained the superiority of ethics over physics” (The Systems of the Hellenistic Age, p. 118). Even Trapp acknowledges that “the first and second centuries CE do indeed provide us with a striking array of thinkers whose surviving or attested output is predominantly ethical, and firmly slanted towards the practical application of ethical prin-ciple: Seneca, Demetrius, Musonius Rufus, Arrian’s Epictetus, Dio Chrysostom, Hierocles, Marcus Aurelius” (p. 11), although Trapp also correctly warns against the mistaken view that Roman philosophers were so consumed with the topic of ethics as to neglect logic, physics, cosmology, natural history, and other subjects of philosophical inquiry; see Michael Trapp, Philosophy in the Roman Empire: Ethics, Politics and Society (Ashgate Ancient Phi-losophy; Aldershot/Burlington: Ashgate, 2007), 10–13. 7 Annas, Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind, 103–120; 189–99.

1. What Is Ancient Philosophy of Mind? 5

Roman Empire, capable of virtue. Each, perhaps to the surprise of the modern reader, was seriously religious in its ethical program. Moral transformation was not possible unless human action and divine agency corresponded in some way.

2. Which Moral Transformation Systems and Why

This stand-alone book is the first and foundational work of a two-book pro-ject. The combined purpose of these two books is to describe the moral trans-formation systems of Middle Platonism and Greco-Roman Stoicism (this pre-sent volume), and Greco-Roman Epicureanism and Diaspora Judaism (a sub-sequent book), during the early imperial period of the Roman Empire from the 1st century B.C.E. through 2nd century C.E.8 An attempt was made to treat each individual philosophy of mind as an independent study for its par-ticular expression in a time contemporary to the Apostle Paul and the early Christian church. Studying Platonism and Stoicism first, and then Epicurean-ism and Diaspora Judaism, while somewhat artificial in its division, is nev-ertheless not without a logical rationale. For this present book, setting the scope of this study within the framework of Platonic and Stoic ethical discourse provides the reader with the broadest and most comprehensive range of philosophical views on the structure of the passions and the moral transformation of the soul. The Stoic cognitive theory on the passions and moral action, together with the Platonic non-cognitive theory, provide the dialectical endpoints between which other philosophical –––––––––– 8 Why begin with the 1st century B.C.E. and end with the close of the 2nd century C.E.? Why these “bookend” dates? Since this work is an attempt to map the moral milieu to which the Apostle Paul and his Diaspora Jewish contemporaries belong, it makes sense to focus on the time frame when Diaspora Judaism and Pauline Christianity were interacting with Greco-Roman philosophical traditions. Moreover, this period, which is alternatively called the “Early and High Empires,” demarcates a definable phase of development in the history of Greek and Roman philosophy. Trapp notes that the 1st century B.C.E. marks the break in the succession of scholarchs for the Academy, Peripatos, and the Stoa and the loss of Athens’ pre-eminence as the intellectual center of the world. From the polis to the cosmos, philoso-phy and its various schools were beginning to have a much more cosmopolitan and interna-tional identity as they won followers across the Mediterranean world. By 176 C.E. (or end of the 2nd century C.E.), we have the re-establishment of four public chairs at Athens by the Emperor Marcus Aurelius for the Academy, the Peripatetics, the Stoics, and the Epicureans as evidence that these philosophies had become culturally dominant traditions in the Roman Empire. The end of the 2nd century C.E. (or the beginning of the 3rd) also stops short of the ascendancy of Neo-Platonism (begun by Plotinus; 205–268/70 C.E.) which transformed the intellectual landscape of the Empire entirely from that time forward. See the discussion by Trapp, Philosophy in the Roman Empire, ix–xi.


systems like Epicureanism can be compared. In other words, as we study the Platonist and Stoic positions first, we can then place other moral transfor-mation systems along the spectrum they create. Epicureanism, for example, will emerge as an intermediate theory that asserts a componential – that is, a partially cognitive and partially non-cognitive – viewpoint on human desires and their self-mastery. We will see that certain Diaspora Jewish moralists also stood within this spectrum as they adapted both Stoic and Platonic tenets in their articulation of Judaism as a form of philosophy. We will also examine how certain eclectic members of the (Middle) Stoa like Posidonius and Panaetius were attracted to Platonic concepts but nevertheless retained an es-sentially Stoic orthodoxy. My reasons for limiting the scope of the entire project to the Academy, the Stoa, and the Garden – while omitting any major examination of Neo-Pythag-orean, Peripatetic, Cynic, Skeptic, and other philosophical schools – lie in the relative importance and influence of the former group of schools during this specific period of Roman history. A brief account of their rivalry will help explain my decision to focus upon these particular philosophies of mind. In the late 3rd century B.C.E., Athens became the home of four major philosophical movements which later came to dominate Hellenistic Greek culture. Within the city and surrounding suburbs of Athens, these four phi-losophies were taught in four separate but proximate locations: at the Acad-emy of Plato, along the Peri,patoj (or Walkway) in the Lyceum of Aristotle, in the Garden of Epicurus, and lastly at the Stoa. Poiki,lh (or Painted Porch) where Zeno of Citium and his followers gathered.9 Eventually, these four respective locations became the metonymic designations for the Platonic, Peri-patetic, Epicurean, and Stoic schools. The Platonic and Peripatetic schools, in a sense, represented the old guard of philosophy in ancient Greece, while the Epicurean and Stoic schools stood for a new Hellenistic wave of philosophical inquiry which challenged their earlier counterparts.10 In short, when Epicureanism and Stoicism began in Athens, their schools marked a

–––––––––– 9 Anthony A. Long and David N. Sedley, eds. and trans., The Hellenistic Philosophers (vol. 1: Translation of the Principal Sources and Philosophical Commentary; New York/Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 3–5; Paul O. Kristeller, Greek Phi-losophers of the Hellenistic Age (trans. by Gregory Woods; New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 4. 10 For a discussion on how Epicureanism (whose official beginning is 306 B.C.E.) and Stoicism (beginning around 313 B.C.E.) engaged with the teachings of the Academy (ca. 347 B.C.E.) and Peripatos (ca. 335 B.C.E.), see Reale, The Systems of the Hellenistic Age, 113–22 [Epicureanism]; 210–14 [Stoicism].

2. Which Moral Transformation Systems and Why 7

revolution to the previous Platonic and Peripatetic dominance which had col-ored Greek intellectual life for the past century.11 So, on the one hand, the Garden and the Stoa stood together against both the Academy and the Peripatos in the area of metaphysics, cosmology,12 and anthropology.13 As rightly noted by DeWitt, at the time of its emergence, Epicureanism’s chief contention was against the teachings of Plato, and not against those of Zeno (of Citium).14 Yet, on the other hand, as the dominance of the Platonic and Peripatetic schools waned, and as the influence of Epicu-reanism and Stoicism grew, it became inevitable that the Garden and Stoa would also become rival philosophies with respect to each other.15 In due –––––––––– 11 Ibid. See also Norman W. DeWitt, Epicurus and His Philosophy (Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press, 1954; repr. by Cleveland/New York: The World Publishing Co., 1967), 8–11. 12 On Epicurean reactions against Platonic metaphysics and cosmology, see the discus-sions by Reale, The Systems of the Hellenistic Age, 114–17; Anthony A. Long, Hellenistic Philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, and Skeptics (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1974), 42–43. On Stoic reaction against Platonic metaphysics and cosmology, see Long, Hellenistic Philosophy, 152–60; Reale, The Systems of the Hellenistic Age, 210–14; Kristeller, Greek Philosophers of the Hellenistic Age, 24–30. 13 The Epicurean and Stoic schools together denied Platonic soul–body dualism, although they did so by offering their own separate and differing theories for the monistic structure of the soul. For a discussion on how Epicurean anthropology critiques both Platonic and Peripatetic anthropologies, see John M. Rist, Epicurus: An Introduction (London/New York: Cambridge University Press, 1972), 74–79; Reale, The Systems of the Hellenistic Age, 151–53. For a discussion on how Stoic anthropology critiques Platonic and Peripatetic anthro-pologies, see Brad Inwood, Ethics and Human Action in Early Stoicism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985), 18–41; Long, Hellenistic Philosophy, 170–75; Reale, The Systems of the Hel-lenistic Age, 210–14. 14 DeWitt, Epicurus and His Philosophy, 6–7, 11, 16–18, 21–22, 23–24. Chronologically, Epicurus precedes Zeno by a few years. However, Zeno – upon the founding of his Stoic school – certainly argued against Epicurean teachings, and consequentially Epicurus’ fol-lowers would later have to answer the criticisms waged against them by the Stoa; see Reale, The Systems of the Hellenistic Age, 214–15. Thus, the rivalry between the Epicurean and Stoic schools began much earlier than DeWitt cares to admit. 15 Among their chief contentions, the Epicureans and Stoics argued heavily against each other in the area of physics and cosmology, divine providence and free will, and ethics (spe-cifically concerning the te,loj of life; Cicero, Fin. 2.43–44); see Reale, The Systems of the Hellenistic Age, 214–15; Long, Hellenistic Philosophy, 60–61. In fact, Cicero, in his De Finibus, sets up a virtual debate over the goal (te,loj / finis) of living between Epicureanism (Books 1–2) and Stoicism (Book 3), while also presenting his own Skeptical Academic views (Books 4–5). Cicero has been criticized for exaggerating the hostility between the Epicurean and Stoic schools “as if [they were] rival schools of gladiators” (DeWitt, Epicurus and His Philosophy, p. 11); nevertheless, the opposition is real, and any discussion of ethics in the Greco-Roman era would have to contend with the theories of these two competing schools; see the discussion by Howard Jones, The Epicurean Tradition (London/New York: Routledge, 1989), 78–93. Cf. Acts 17:18. Those Greco-Roman Stoic writers who critique


time, the Garden and the Stoa superseded their Platonic and Peripatetic pre-decessors to become the two main competing schools which commanded the philosophical and cultural milieu of the Greco-Roman era.16 The Stoa and the Garden were indeed “the great Schools born in the Hellenistic Age which in the succeeding Imperial Age demonstrated the greatest vitality and greatest spiritual hold over the hearts of men.”17 Yet despite the dominance of Stoicism and Epicureanism, one cannot ig-nore the enduring influence that Plato and his followers exercised during the early imperial period. Although there existed no official Academy itself in Athens,18 there were certainly many well-known and influential Platonists (e.g., Eudorus of Alexandria, Plutarch, Alcinous, Apuleius of Madaura, Al-binus, Theon of Smyrna, Galen of Pergamum, Numenius of Apamea, Maxi-mus of Tyre, to name just a few) who continued to debate with both their Stoic and Epicurean contemporaries.19 These figures represent a resurgeance of interest in Plato and of his influence in the wider Greco-Roman world until Middle Platonism itself became the dominent philosophical movement to-wards the end of the 2nd century C.E.20 The eminence and impact of Plato’s

–––––––––– Epicurean doctrines include: Persius, Silius, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius, Cleonides, and, to a lesser extent, Seneca, who was more favorably disposed toward Epicurean ideas; see the discussion of these Stoics by John Ferguson, “Epicureanism under the Roman Empire,” rev. and supplemented by Jackson P. Hershbell, in ANRW 2.36.4 (ed. by Wolfgang Haase; Ber-lin/New York: De Gruyter, 1990), 2280–83, 2284, 2294–95 [2257–327]. For an Epicurean critique of Stoic doctrines in the Greco-Roman era, see the following treatises by Philode-mus: Rhet., Bk. 6 (PHerc. 1004) [against Stoic political rhetoric]; Mus., Bk. 4 [against Stoic musical theory]; Sign. (PHerc. 1065) [against Stoic logic]; and Stoic. (PHerc 339/155), Stoic. Ind. (PHerc. 1018), and Piet., Part 2 (PHerc. 1428) [against Stoic theology]. 16 Jones, The Epicurean Tradition, 78–93; Long, Hellenistic Philosophy, 232–37; Reale, The Schools of the Imperial Age, 37–43 [Greco-Roman Epicureanism]; 53–55 [Greco-Ro-man Stoicism or what he labels as “Neo-Stoicism”]. 17 Reale, The Schools of the Imperial Age, 53. Reale’s quotation was made in reference to Stoicism, but here I have taken the liberty of applying this same quotation to the Epicu-reans as well, noting his previous comments to this effect (see ibid., 39). 18 See the remarks by Cicero (Fin. 5.1–2) and Seneca (Nat. 7.32.2) on the Academy being sine successore; also Reale, The Schools of the Imperial Age, 208–209. 19 John Dillon, The Middle Platonists: 80 B.C. to A.D. 220 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univer-sity Press, 1977; 2nd ed. with postscript, 1996), vi–xi; Reale, The Schools of the Imperial Age, 212–13. 20 See the description of the 1st century B.C.E. to the 2nd century C.E. as a “Transitional Period” in the Roman world from the philosophical dominance of Stoicism to Platonism by Troels Engberg-Pedersen, “Setting the Scene: Stoicism and Platonism in the Transitional Period of Ancient Philosophy,” in Stoicism in Early Christianity (ed. by Tuomas Rasimus et al.; Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2010), 1–14; idem, “Introduction: A Historiograph-ical Essay,” in From Stoicism to Platonism: The Development of Philosophy, 100 BCE–100 CE (ed. by Troels Engberg-Pedersen; Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press,

2. Which Moral Transformation Systems and Why 9

thought loomed over western society like a shadow. Although Stoicism and Epicureanism were the chief rival philosophies during this period, every sage still had to contend with Plato’s ideas and the reinterpretations of Plato’s doc-trines by his Middle Platonic proponents. For if there were indeed many pop-ular poets in the Greco-Roman period but the poet above them all was Homer (to.n [Omhron poihth,n), it can be said that while there were many renowned philosophers in the Apostle Paul’s day, the philosopher was still Plato (to.n Pla,twna filo,sofon).21 Therefore, the serious historian attempting to grasp the overall contours of Roman intellectual life around the 1st century C.E. must engage in some way with the philosophical discourses of the Middle Platonists, the Stoics, and the Epicureans. As for the other philosophies and their adherents, I offer the fol-lowing rationale for their limited treatment. Any discussion on moral trans-formation must take into account how the passions can be controlled;22 how-ever, the (Neo-)Pythagoreans and the Cynics (i.e., the Cynics apart from Cyn-icizing Stoics such as Epictetus) lack just such a detailed account. There ex-ists no detailed treatise concerning the passions by either the Pythagoreans or the Cynics such as we find with the other philosophical schools, and the –––––––––– 2017), 1–26; Malcolm Schofield, “Introduction,” in Aristotle, Plato and Pythagoreanism in the First Century BC: New Directions for Philosophy (ed. by Malcolm Schofield; Cam-bridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013), xiv–xxiv. These above works and others will be addressed in further detail in Chapter 11, Section 3.1 (The Importance of Platonism and Stoicism in the Transitional Period). 21 See the remarks by Byzantine commentator John Doxapatres on Aphthonius’ progym-nasmata in Christian Walz, ed., Rhetores Graeci (vol. 2; Stuttgart/Tübingen: J.G. Cottae / London: Black, Young & Young, 1835), p. 253, lines 22–28 (= Dox 2.253.22–28), which reads: “Because the crei,a is more useful (creiwdeste,ra) for a speech than the other progym-nasmata, that is why it is said to be ‘the useful’ (i.e., h` crei,a) par excellence; likewise we say Demosthenes is the rhetorician (to.n Dhmosqe,nhn r`h,tora le,gomen) although there are many rhetoricians, and Homer is the poet (to.n [Omhron poihth,n), and Thucydides is the historian (to.n qoukudi,dhn suggrafe,a), and Plato is the philosopher (to.n Pla,twna filo,sofon).” I wish to thank Prof. Ronald Hock for not only drawing my attention to the above text in John Doxapatre’s commentary on Aphthonius’ progymnasmata but also providing the exact references and an English translation to the Greek text in Walz’s Rhetores Graeci. See also the following comments from Theon of Alexandria, Peri. Crei,aj, in The Chreia in Ancient Rhetoric (vol. 1: The Progymnasmata; SBLTT 27; Graeco-Roman Religion 9; ed. and trans. by Ronald F. Hock and Edward N. O’Neil; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1986), 84–85; 92. Theon comments: “As it is also with the case of Homer, although there exist many poets, because of his excellence, we customarily call him alone the Poet (pollw/n o;ntwn poihmtw/n kat v evxoch.n tou/ton mo,non kalei/n eivw,qamen Poihth,n; p. 84, lines 27–28; Eng. trans. modified from Hock and O’Neil, The Chreia in Ancient Rhetoric, p. 1.85).” Like-wise, Theon calls Plato “the philosopher (Pla,twn o` filo,sofoj; p. 1.92, lines 162–63).” 22 Martha C. Nussbaum, The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Eth-ics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 3–12.


Pythagoreans and Cynics were simply not as important to the debate on the self-mastery of the passions as the Stoics, Epicureans, and Middle Platonists were.23 Nevertheless, since many Middle Platonists critically accepted some ideas from the Peripatetics and the Pythagoreans (but only as they appeared to sup-port Plato),24 and since certain Stoics such as Epictetus were attracted to the Cynic ideal of freedom,25 I will partially discuss Peripatetic, Pythagorean, and Cynic ethics, but only as they illuminate the moral tenets of certain ec-lectic members of the Academy and Stoa.26 –––––––––– 23 Ibid.; Long, Hellenistic Philosophy, 1–13. Concerning Cynicism, David E. Aune gives the closest account of a Cynic “theory” on the passions but himself admits that such a re-construction is difficult because Cynicism is more an ethical lifestyle (e;nstasij bi,ou; Diog. Laert. Lives 6.103) than a philosophical system of thought, was not a formal school, and did not have a central body of doctrine; see his essay “The Problem of the Passions in Cynicism,” in Passions and Moral Progress in Greco-Roman Thought (ed. by John T. Fitzgerald; New York/London: Routledge, 2008), 48–51 [48–66]. On Neopythagoreanism, from a study of the pseudepigraphic treatises or the Pseudopythagorica ethica, Johan Thom concludes that wsea Neopythagorean theory of the passions essentially follows the Platonic–Peripatetic doctrine of metriopatheia, or the moderation of emotions. A Neopythagorean account there-fore adds relatively few new insights which would not already have been covered in a study of Middle Platonic moral psychology; see Thom’s essay “The Passions in Neopythagorean Writings,” in Passions and Moral Progress in Greco-Roman Thought (ed. by John T. Fitz-gerald; New York/London: Routledge, 2008), 68–70, 74 [67–78]. 24 John Whittaker, “Platonic Philosophy in the Early Centuries of the Empire,” in ANRW 2.36.1 (ed. by Wolfgang Haase; Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 1987), 110–14; 117–21. 25 Adolf Bonhöffer, The Ethics of the Stoic Epictetus (Revisioning Philosophy 2; trans. by William O. Stephens; New York: Peter Lang, 1996), 4–5. 26 Eclecticism is not to be taken as a negative or pejorative term, as the following volume of essays indicates: see John Dillon and Anthony A. Long, eds., The Question of “Eclecti-cism”: Studies in Later Greek Philosophy (Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988). Among classicists, the eclectic period of ancient philosophy is roughly the Greco-Roman era, or the period of the 1st century B.C.E. to the 2nd century C.E. (see the introduction, p. 1). In the essay, “The History of the Concept of Eclecticism” (The Question of “Eclecticism”, pp. 15–33), Pierluigi Donini explains how the term eclectic has wrongfully been understood as implying syncretistic or compromising practices that involve the uncrit-ical acceptance of teachings foreign to a particular school’s philosophical doctrines (pp. 28–31). Rather, eclecticism should be redefined with a greater appreciation for the individual philosopher’s positive contribution to his or her own school’s teachings (p. 29) and his or her critical acceptance of external ideas that appear to support the school’s original philo-sophical outlook. Though Donini gives six different definitions for eclecticism as it pertains to the practices of Greco-Roman philosophers and their doctrinal affiliations (see his sum-mary of the 6 senses of the term eclecticism on p. 31), he discounts one definition (sense 1; p. 31) as too inaccurate and negative, another as too idiosyncratic to the particular author (sense 6), and two more definitions as arguably rare or non-existent traditions (senses 4–5; pp. 32–33), leaving only two workable definitions for eclecticism (senses 2 and 3; p. 33). One of the workable definitions is a very general description as follows: “the term

Index of Ancient Sources

New Testament Matthew 6:28 81 13:1–9 84 13:32 81 Mark 4:1–8 84 4:8 81 Luke 1:80 81 2:40 81 8:4–10 84 12:27 81 13:19 81 Acts 6:7 81 7:17 81 12:24 81 17:18 7 19:20 81 Romans 1:18–3:20 26 7 286 7:7–25 26 7:14–25 286 1 Corinthians 2:1 292 3:6–7 81 2 Corinthians 9:10 81 10:15 81

Galatians 2:19–20 26 5:22–23 26 Ephesians 2:21 81 4:15 81 Philippians 1:4 25 1:5 25 1:7 25 1:9 26 1:10 25, 27 1:12 27 1:17 26 1:25 25–27 1:27 25 2:1 25 2:2 26 2:17 26 2:18 26 2:27 26 2:28 26 3:1 26 3:8 25–26 3:10 25 3:12 25 3:20 25 4:1 26 4:4 26 4:10 26 4:11 25 4:13 25 4:17 25

Index of Ancient Sources 610

Colossians 1:10 81 2:19 81

1 Peter 2:2 81 2 Peter 3:18 81

Jewish Sources 4 Maccabees 1:1–8 44 1:22–23 186 Philo

Abr. 236–44 44

Contempl. 2 186

Deus 35–36 403

Her. 235 360

Leg. All. 1.30 275 1.70 59 2:22–23 403 2.99 63 3.18 360 3.114–16 59 3.118 63

Early Christian Sources Eusebius

Praep. ev. 6.8.25–38 428 Hippolytus of Rome

Haer. 1.21 426

Lactantius

Inst. 6.15.2 210 Origen

Cels. 2.20 428 6.41 34

Greek and Roman Sources

Achilles Tatius

Leuc. Clit. 3.25 243

Aëtius

Plac. 1.7.33 402–403, 413 4.21.1 284–85, 299, 408 4.21.1–4 284, 407


611

Albinus

Prologos 6.151.2–4 122 Alcinous

Didask. 1.2 95 2.1 104, 107, 150 2.2 113, 126, 136–37,

500 2.2–3 138, 448 2.3 126 3.1 104, 107 3.2 62 4.7 136 9.1–2 138 9.2 137 10 135 10.4 128–29, 135, 137 10.5 125 10.5–6 135–36 11–12 135 14 135 14.3 133 14.4 133 14.4–6 133 14.6 133 15.1 133 23.1 74 23.1–2 59 24 70 24.1–4 59 24.2–3 60, 70 27.2 100, 490, 509 27.2–5 125 27.4 543 27.4–5 490, 509 28.1 44, 104, 125–26 28.1–2 125, 447 28.1–4 138 28.2 113, 126–27, 133,

137, 490, 509 28.3 104, 128 29.1 544 30.1 83 30.2 83 30.4–5 210 30.4–6 66 30.5 65, 67

31.1 65 31.1–2 62 32.1 60, 64, 76 32.4 65–66, 71, 544 33.1–4 155 34.2–3 164 34.4 164 Alexander of Aphrodisias

De Anima 11–12 291, 409 87–91 128

Fat. 191.30–192.11 419 199.14–22 243

Mantissa 2.106–10 128

On Aristotle’s Topics 301.19–25 401

On Mixture 216.14–218.6 403, 405–406, 415 Andronicus of Rhodes

On the Passions 1 200, 213 6 201, 330 Apuleius

De Platone 2.23.253 122 Aristotle

EE 1223a 361 1225a30–32 361

EN 1098b26 510 1099a32–b8 510 1102b25–30 40 1103b14–25 77 1104a33–b1 77 1105b25 95 1106b8–1107a8 67, 116 1108a31–36 67, 116 1109a20–24 67, 116


612

1113b6–7 361 1114a4–16 77 1114b30–1115a3 361 1115a6–17 72 1117a22–28 72 1117b33 122 1125b31–1126a9 72 1138b18–20 67 1145a25–27 125 1145a34–1145b3 40 1150a9–1151a1 40 1151b32 41 1177a12–1178a8 107 1178b6–24 124 1178b7–22 125 1179b34–1180a4 77 1098b26 248, 302 1099a32–b8 248, 302

Gen. an. 726b27–38 74

Phys. 4.2.209a31–210a14 130 4.2.209b14–15 132 8.4.254b7–256a3 128 8.5.256a4–258b9 128 8.6.258b10– 8.10.267b26 128

Pol. 1262a25–1262b36 164 1264b1–25 164 1339a–1342b 318

Metaph. 12.8.1074a35– 12.9.1075a10 128 1072b.3–32 419

Rhet. 1260b3–4 248, 302, 510 Arius Didymus

ESE 5a 187, 247 5b1 219, 222, 224, 226–

27, 239–40, 393–94, 451

5b1–5b6 222, 347 5b2 219, 223, 229 5b3 278

5b4 197, 220, 276 5b5 231–32, 234–35 5b7 234 5b8 244, 455 5b10 244, 278 5b11 334–35 5b12 223, 245 5d 250 5e 249 6e 278 6f 257, 432 7a 255 7b 251, 253, 255, 258 7g 254–55 8 264, 266, 384 8–8a 260, 262, 390 8a 267 9b–10 215, 285, 550 10 183 10a 272, 281 10b 185 10e 339, 341 11a 263 11c 400 11e 262–66 11m 457 51 223 Aulus Gellius

Noct. att. 7.2.11–12 424 7.2.12–13 427 8.1.4–8 248, 302, 510 9.5.8 560 12.5 298 12.5.7 376 19.1.14–21 191, 279 19.1.15 275 19.1.17–18 312 19.1.18–20 290 19.1.19–20 288 Calcidus

In Tim. 144 421


613

Cicero

Acad. post. 1.10.36 247 1.22–23 376 1.38 565 1.40 361 38–39 301 40–41 188 40–42 425 41–42 190, 240

Div. 1.126 420

Fat. 9–10 361 28–30 428 40 194 41 424 41–43 295 42 272 42–43 423 43 273, 364

Fin. 1.13 520 1.25 520 2.23 359 2.28 520 2.43–44 7 2.49 520 2.80–81 520 3.16 187, 376 3.16–17 376, 382, 390 3.16–22 18 3.16–76 545, 552 3.17 378 3.20 390 3.20–21 389 3.22 385 3.23–25 196 3.24 248 3.31 219, 278 3.32 267 3.34 254 3.35 185, 200, 207 3.48 238, 270 3.50–53 254 3.50–54 254 3.50–61 247, 390 3.51 255

3.59 259, 262–66, 456 3.60 268 3.62–68 398 3.69 254 3.73 325, 449 3.75 242 4.16–18 376 4.21 270 4.23 298 4.46 390–391 5.1–2 8 5.16–27 376 5.26 44 5.65 398 33–34 18 53 254 61 254 69 254

Leg. 1.25 442 1.58–59 442

Luc. 18 188 21–22 188, 191–92 30 273, 275, 295 30–31 188 37–38 191, 424 38 193 57 188, 191, 193 77–78 188 83–85 188 133 270 145 190–91, 219, 240

Nat. d. 1.39 417 2.28–30 284, 404 2.123–24 398

Off. 1.101 299, 301, 511 1.102 301 1.132 301 2.18 298, 301 3.7 553 3.116 520

Parad. 2 243 3.20–21 270


614

Tusc. 1.42 284, 404 2.7 520 3.6 218 3.10–21 242 3.13 218 3.22 32, 212 3.24–25 185, 198 3.25–28 207 3.29 97, 360 3.30 212 3.50 520 3.75 282, 295, 198–99 3.76 215 3.79 216 3.79–81 216 4.7 520 4.10–11 59 4.11–12 182–83, 198 4.12–13 193 4.12–14 201, 208, 330, 501 4.14 185, 198, 361 4.14–15 200 4.16 185 4.25–26 341 4.26 341 4.29 227, 390, 393 4.34 390, 392–93 4.34–35 227, 451 4.59–62 215 5.28 520 5.81–82 44 Cleanthes

Hymn 1–6 413, 439, 444 15–21 426, 428, 432, 453 15–35 444 18–21 439 Crates

Ep. 34.4 208 Damascius

In Phaed. I, §§138–51 120

Diogenes Laertius

Lives 1.21 497 2.13 213 2.87–94 247 3.52 532 6.11 247 6.11–12 247 6.103 10 7.3 242 7.5 546 7.45 273 7.46 188, 219 7.49–50 189 7.49–51 188 7.50 273 7.52 189 7.54 188 7.63 188 7.63–68 190, 214 7.65 189 7.65–66 188, 191 7.84–85 187 7.84–131 545, 552 7.85 378, 382, 390 7.85–86 300, 376 7.85–88 18 7.86 378–79, 384, 386,

392 7.86–87 196 7.86–88 278 7.87 44 7.87–88 438, 451 7.88 267–68, 393 7.89 220, 225, 227, 239–

40, 249, 263, 393–94, 451

7.90–91 333 7.91 243, 455, 555 7.93 219 7.94 249–50 7.95 250 7.98–99 250 7.101 510 7.101–102 248 7.101–103 251 7.101–105 247 7.103 252 7.104–105 251, 432


615

7.105–107 254 7.106 255 7.107 261 7.108 262–65, 383, 392 7.108–109 196, 262, 264 7.108–10 259 7.109 261, 264, 267 7.110 31, 183–84, 205 7.110–11 185, 205 7.111 184–85 7.111–14 184 7.112 185 7.113 185 7.114 185 7.116 200–201, 208, 330,

501 7.117 207 7.118 213 7.119 440 7.120–21 270 7.123 343, 456 7.125 234, 244, 278 7.125–26 231, 233 7.126 229, 234–36 7.127 237, 242, 347, 509 7.128 302, 553 7.130 268, 325, 449 7.134 415, 417 7.135 411 7.135–36 402 7.136 402 7.137 403 7.137–38 416 7.138 417 7.138–39 403 7.142 402–404 7.147 413, 415 7.177 191 7.183 178, 547 10.9 520 10.127–28 32, 91, 498 Diogenes of Oinoanda

fr. 4–5 32 29 44 44 32 54.III.10–15 423

Diogenes of Sinope

Ep. 11 208 12 208 21 208 47 208 Epictetus

Diss. 1.1.1–13 361 1.1.1–32 358 1.1.4–6 219, 275, 278, 290 1.1.5–6 289 1.1.7 219, 278, 289–90 1.1.7–12 191 1.1.12 219, 275, 278, 290 1.1.21–25 358 1.1.23 289 1.2.33 289 1.3.1–9 413 1.3.3 288 1.4.1–3 207, 279 1.4.7 178 1.4.14 279 1.4.14–15 219, 278 1.4.18–22 349 1.4.28–29 207, 279 1.6.12–22 196, 288 1.6.13–16 279 1.6.16–21 376 1.6.18–22 279, 436 1.6.19–22 325, 449 1.6.20 457 1.6.23–43 413 1.6.37 92 1.7.5 193 1.7.8–9 290 1.7.25–33 292 1.7.33 288 1.7.37 453 1.8.7 292 1.8.16 289 1.9.4–6 288 1.11.1–40 398 1.11.39–40 290 1.12.8–12 279 1.12.34–35 289 1.13.1–5 413 1.14.9–14 413


616

1.16.17–21 442 1.17.21 289 1.17.21–29 437 1.17.25 358 1.17.26 290 1.17.26–27 289 1.18.1–2 193 1.18.2–6 279 1.18.2–11 288, 315 1.18.8 289 1.18.19 210 1.19.8 289 1.19.11–15 400 1.19.13–15 398 1.19.15 376 1.20.4–5 279 1.20.5 289 1.20.7–8 279 1.20.7–10 290 1.20.11 288 1.20.14–16 442 1.20.15 289 1.21.2 279 1.22.9–10 433 1.22.17–18 288 1.24.8 279 1.26.10 288 1.26.10–11 288 1.27.1 188 1.27.1–2 279, 290 1.27.6–7 292 1.27.9–10 218 1.28.1–2 193 1.28.4–9 279, 287–88 1.28.6–8 34 1.28.7 36, 186, 287 1.28.7–8 288 1.28.12–14 279, 289 1.28.30 436 1.28.31–33 279 1.28.33 288 1.29.1 289 1.29.12 289 1.29.33–49 242 1.30.4 289 1.30.4–5 279, 289 2.1.4 219, 278 2.1.9–10 436 2.1.34–39 242 2.2.1–26 279

2.2.2 289 2.8.1–8 279, 288 2.8.11 289 2.8.23 207, 279 2.9.1–6 279, 288, 315 2.10.1 289 2.14.8 279 2.14.11–13 446, 502 2.15.1 289 2.15.6–7 215 2.16.39–40 279 2.16.40 215 2.16.47 442 2.17.19–20 279, 287 2.17.23–27 279 2.17.31 207, 279 2.18.1–32 198, 273 2.18.11–12 279 2.18.15–18 215 2.18.15–19 33 2.18.23 289 2.18.23–26 279 2.18.25 274 2.18.25–26 290 2.18.27 290 2.18.27–29 279 2.18.27–30 274 2.18.27–32 210 2.18.28 274 2.18.29–30 219, 278 2.19.20–28 210 2.22.7 398 2.22.15 376 2.22.15–16 398 2.22.23–26 279, 289 2.22.24–30 219, 278 2.22.29 289 2.23.9–11 320, 430 2.23.18 320, 430 2.23.40–42 432 2.23.42 289, 320, 431 2.23.42–43 432, 453 2.26.5–6 279 3.1.40 289 3.2.1 280 3.2.1–4 31 3.2.1–5 280 3.2.2 280 3.2.2–3 280 3.2.3 280


617

3.2.4 207, 279 3.3.1 289 3.3.14–17 432 3.3.14–19 432–33 3.5.1–3 432 3.7.4 314 3.7.5–12 432 3.8.1–2 290, 292 3.9.12–13 279 3.9.18 280 3.9.18–19 279 3.9.19–20 280 3.9.22 279 3.12.1–4 290 3.12.7–13 290 3.12.11 288 3.12.11–12 279 3.12.12 289 3.12.14–16 290 3.13.11 207, 279 3.13.13 279 3.15.6–7 453 3.15.12 207, 279 3.19.2 289 3.20.1–19 433 3.21.1–4 346 3.21.9 207, 279 3.22.95–96 432, 453 3.22.104 436 3.22.105–106 361 3.24.11 376 3.24.19–25 413 3.24.24 207, 279 3.24.68–75 433 3.24.69 289 3.24.70 291 3.24.70–75 291 3.24.86–88 97, 360 3.24.112–18 413 3.26.13 207, 279 3.26.28–31 442 4.1.1 429 4.1.1–177 279 4.1.2 436 4.1.21–23 210 4.1.72–75 434 4.1.72–80 361 4.1.73 435 4.1.100–102 361 4.1.111–12 361

4.1.128–31 431 4.1.128–34 413 4.1.129 361 4.1.131–32 432, 453 4.1.136–38 358 4.1.152 243 4.1.159–69 361 4.3.7 207, 279 4.4.9 207, 279 4.4.23 289 4.4.33–41 413 4.4.34 432, 453 4.4.36 207, 279 4.4.46 436 4.5.27 97, 360 4.5.32 289 4.6.34 207, 279, 289 4.6.34–35 219, 278 4.7.12–32 433 4.7.40 432 4.8.1–2 436 4.8.27 207, 279 4.8.30–32 413 4.10.13 207, 279, 290 4.10.14–15 442 4.10.22 207, 279 4.10.26 207, 279 4.10.30 432 4.12.1–8 363 4.12.15–21 362, 369 4.13.5 436

Ench. 1.1–4 361 1.1–5 358 1.5 219, 278–79, 290,

362, 369 2–3 361 5 215, 218 5–6 361 6 279, 289 10 279 12.2 207, 279 16 274 18 290 18–20 274 20 290–91 21 97, 360 25 97 26 360


618

29.7 207, 279 31.3 376 34 360 48.2–3 362, 369 51.3 243 53.1 426, 428, 432, 453

fr. 9 191, 275, 279, 312 9.18–20 290 9.19–20 288 35 291 38–48 560 Epicurus

Ep. Hdt. 82 44

Ep. Men. 127–28 29, 41, 91, 498 132 32

KD 1 44 18 32 24 29 25 32 30 32

VS 59 32 Euripides

Andr. 627–31 203 629–31 205

Herc. fur. 586 34 965–67 34

Hipp. 358–61 34 375–85 287 397–402 34

Med. 1071–80 34 1074–80 287 1075 287 1079 36, 186

Galen

Aff. Dig. 1.2.1–12 76 1.2.6–7 75 2.2.22–3.12 156 2.3.10–11 158 2.3.27–4.11 160 2.4.11–5.6 157 2.5.2–13 160 3.5.14–24 75 3.8.6–17 148, 153 3.8.18–9.10 159 3.10.23–4.11.14 80 4.12.23–13.3 79 4.15.18–16.4 80 5.16.5–17.3 79 5.18.10–25 159 5.18.23–25 160 5.19.10–20 159 5.19.19–20 160 5.20.12–19 63, 66, 71, 301 6.21.4–13 89 6.21.7–10 64 6.21.13–18 89 6.22.6 63 6.22.8–10 63 6.22.10–16 64 6.22.16–24 89 6.23.11–13 96 6.23.13–24.10 89 6.26.14–20 22, 160 7.27.22–25 22, 161 7.28.17–29.14 166 7.30.16–31.6 166 8.31.7–22 167 8.31.22 167 8.33.1 81 9.37.7–38.2 79 10.41.5–11 22, 161 10.42.8–10 80 10.42.9 81 10.42.22–43.7 161 10.43.9–10 161 10.43.26–44.5 80 10.43.26–44.11 160

Capt. 3.96.10–12 76


619

Ind. 10–15 96 12b 96 42 96 46 97 52–53 97 57–61 167 60–61 167–68 65 167–68 68 94, 498 68.71–73 90 69 95–96 71–72 498 74 498 74–76 93 76–78b 97 79b 169 81 169

Pecc. Dig. 1.45.10–12 75 2.49.9–20 75

PHP Bk. 1, fr. 2 32, 58, 496 Bk. 1, fr. 6 61 2.7.17 186 2.8.40–51 32 3.1.10–11 284, 404, 407 3.1.25 183 3.2.6 63 3.3.1–30 61 3.3.4–6 63, 301 3.3.13–15 63, 301 3.3.13–22 186 4–5 303 4.1.12 61 4.1.16 61 4.2.1–6 200, 206 4.2.7 287 4.2.10–18 183, 198, 206 4.2.12 34, 36, 186 4.2.14–18 204, 230 4.2.25 75 4.2.27 63, 301 4.2.28–44 304 4.3.1–4 32 4.3.2 200 4.3.2–5 183, 206 4.3.3–5 304 4.3.3–10 307

4.3.4 303 4.3.5 307 4.3.5–6 198 4.3.8 303 4.4.2–3 31 4.4.16–19 31 4.4.16–34 213 4.4.24–25 198, 204 4.4.38 507 4.4.38–5.7.4 506 4.5.3–18 215, 285 4.5.15–46 303 4.5.21–25 204 4.5.24–46 341 4.5.30 303 4.6.1–3 196 4.6.2–5 196, 220, 276 4.6.3 196 4.6.6 204 4.6.9 205 4.6.9–11 203 4.6.12–27 215, 285 4.6.19–27 287 4.6.35 281 4.6.35–37 204 4.6.36 281 4.6.37 282 4.6.38–4.7.44 216 4.7.1 507 4.7.1–4 198, 213 4.7.1–19 304 4.7.3–4 507 4.7.4 199 4.7.6 507 4.7.9 212 4.7.11–17 216 4.7.12–17 198, 200, 206, 215–

16, 285 4.7.12–19 217 4.7.13 215, 217 4.7.17 199 4.7.23 507 4.7.24–41 32 4.7.27–28 217 4.7.28 304, 326 4.7.33 304, 326 4.7.36 507 4.7.38 217 4.7.46 507


620

5.1.4 184, 198, 200, 206, 213, 490

5.1.8 61 5.1.292 32 5.2.3–7 32 5.2.4 507 5.2.20–52 211 5.2.22–24 218 5.2.35–42 78 5.2.45 283 5.3.7 283 5.3.10–11 407 5.3.14–16 283 5.3.19–21 283 5.3.21–31 78 5.4.15–16 507 5.5.8–26 32, 455 5.5.16–17 504 5.5.16–21 305, 320 5.5.21 304, 326, 504, 507 5.5.26 504 5.5.26–27 305, 320 5.5.26–28 304, 326 5.5.26–29 305 5.5.28–29 326–27, 505 5.5.29 336 5.5.30–35 327, 336 5.5.32 328, 504 5.5.34 61, 63, 301, 328 5.6.1–2 325 5.6.6 507 5.6.9–10 508 5.6.19–20 328, 336 5.6.19–22 327 5.6.20–22 327 5.6.22–26 32 5.6.24–27 305 5.6.27 508 5.6.29–32 67 5.6.33–37 303 5.6.34–37 183, 206 5.6.39–46 32 5.6.46 508 5.7.1–88 32 5.7.24–25 66 5.7.56 69 5.7.57 69 5.7.81–88 58 5.9.7–8 58 6.1.3–6 63

6.1.4 61 6.1.4–27 42, 63, 72 6.1.13–14 65 6.1.24 61 6.2.4 63, 301 6.8.59–83 496 6.8.67–82 58 6.8.68–70 58 6.8.77–83 61 7.3.14–22 74 8.4.26 67 8.7.8–29 74 8.9.15–17 67 9.7.9–10 151 9.7.9–13 149 9.7.12 150 9.7.12–13 150 9.7.14 150 9.7.15 150 9.7.16–19 151 9.7.17 150 9.9.1–3 151 9.9.1–7 149 9.9.2–6 149 9.9.3–6 151 9.9.6 150 9.9.9–10 149

Prop. Plac. 13.4 149–50 13.5–6 150 13.6 149

QAM 5.48.20–22 74 5.48.22–25 74

UP 3.10 152 4.13 58 11.14 153–54 17.1 151 17.3 152 Heraclides

fr. 97–98 74


621

Herodotus

Hist. 2.73 243 Hierocles

AA 376, 378–80, 391–92, 397–99

EE 1.1–2 378 1.1–9.11 376 1.31–39 379 1.39–50 379 1.51–2.3 380 2.3–18 380 2.3–3.54 381 2.18–3.19 380 2.52 381 3.20–54 380 4.23–27 378 6.23–27 379 7.40–50 379, 390 7.50–8.27 379 9.1–10 383, 399 9.10 384 Iamblichus

Myst. I.12.17–26 120

De Anima 11–12 291, 409 LS (Long / Sedley)

20G 422 21E 32 27B 401 27D 401 28F 284, 403–404 33I 190, 194, 214 39A–G 188, 280 40A–T 188 40H 280 40I 193 41 219 41A 190, 219, 240 41A–I 188 41B 190, 240 41C 190, 213, 240

41D 278, 280 41E 193 41G 219, 457 41I 219 45C 402 45C–D 284, 404 45D 402 46B 411 46D 404 47A 403–404 47H 284, 404 47O 403 47P 403 47Q 403 47Q–R 284, 404 47S 338 48C 403, 405–406, 415 53A 280 53A–Y 299 53E 284, 404 53G 407 53G–H 284, 404 53I 407 53K 291, 407, 409 53K–L 284, 404 53P 275, 280 53Q 194, 280 53R 195 53S 195, 280 53U 407 53V 407 54A 413, 415 54I 545 54U 421 55L 420 55M 421 55N 419 55S 428 56A–C 187 56C 280 57A 300 57B–D 300 58A 248, 510 58B 251 58C 247 58F 253, 256 59C 261 59F 264, 266 59G 266


622

59I 239, 262, 270, 347, 351, 392

59J 268, 393 59L 267 61A 225, 249, 263, 393–

94 61B 225, 231, 393 61C 231, 276 61D 231–32 61F 231 61G 244 61H 219, 222, 226, 347 61K 243 61L 244, 455 61N 243 61O 227 61S 238, 347 61T 238, 269, 347 62A 426 62A–K 423 62B 426, 428, 432, 453 62C 423 62D 424, 427 63C 438 64H 248 65A 183 65A–Y 198 65B 200, 213 65D 206 65G 183, 206, 215, 285 65H–K 183 65I 206 65J 206 65K 206 65M 455 65O 206, 216 65U 218 65W 213 65X–Y 280 65Y 312 Lucretius

DRN 3.152–60 32 5.45–50 32

Manilius

Astron. 2.105–26 444 4.885–95 441 Marcus Aurelius

Med. 1.7 92 1.9.9 207, 294 2.1 97, 360 2.2 293–94, 360 2.5.2 207, 294 2.9 440 3.9 295 3.13 363 3.16 293–94 4.3 295, 363 4.10 295 4.16 315 4.23 92 4.24 362, 369 4.41 92, 564 5.1 97, 295, 360 5.11 362, 369 5.16 360 5.19 295 5.20 315 5.26 31, 294–95, 360 5.29 564 6.15 97, 360 6.16.1 294 6.28 294 6.32 361 6.41 361 6.41.1–6 435 6.52 295 7.3 294 7.9 92 7.14 97 7.19 564 7.27 97, 360 7.29 215, 294–95 7.31 442 7.55 360 7.64 363 8.2 362, 369 8.7 361 8.13 295


623

8.36 362, 369 8.47 295 8.48 294 8.49 97 8.56 293 9.15 295 9.24 564 9.36–39 92 9.40 295, 361 9.42 399 9.42.5 400 10.2 400 10.13 97, 360, 362, 369 10.14 92 10.34 97, 360 11.2 362, 369 11.3–4 358 11.4 400 11.7 295 11.16 295 11.18.10 207, 294 11.33–34 564 11.34 97, 360 11.36–38 564 11.37 361 12.3 293 12.19 293 12.22 215, 295 12.31 442 Musonius Rufus

fr. 2 456 5 346, 456 6 346, 348, 357–59 7 219 8 292–93 12 256 17 97, 196, 360, 443,

450, 502 19 360 38 292, 360, 431, 433 40 196, 292 42 413 44 196, 219 Ovid

Metam. 7.17–21 287

Nemesius

Nat. Hom. 2.21.6–10 402 2.22.3–6 402 35.105.6–13 434 Numenius

fr. 12 133 Panaetius

fr. 1 300, 511 9 312 49 301 86 300 87 299, 301, 511 88 301 89 298, 301 110 553 111 298 113 298 154 305 Pausanias

Descript. Gr. 10.24.1 156 PGM IV.1265–74 34 IV.1390–1495 34 IV.1496–1595 34 IV.2441–2621 34 IV.2708–84 34 IV.2891–2942 34 IV.2943–66 34 IV.3209–54 34 VII.191–92 34 VII.215–18 34 VII.300a–310 34 VII.405–406 34 VII.459–61 34 VII.462–66 34 VII.467–77 34 VII.643–51 34 VII.661–63 34 VII.969–72 34 VII.973–80 34 VII.981–93 34


624

VIII.1–63 34 X.1–23 34 XIc.1–19 34 XII.14–95 34 XV.1–21 34 XVI.1–75 34 XVIIa.1–25 34 XIXa.1–54 34 XIXb.1–3 34 XIXb.4–18 34 XXIVb.1–15 34 XXXII.1–19 35 XXXIIa.1–25 35 XXXVI.102–33 35 XXXVI.134–60 35 XXXVI.187–210 35 XXXVI.295–311 35 XXXVI.333–60 35 XXXVI.361–71 35 XXXVIII.1–26 35 XXXIX.1–21 35 LII.1–9 35 LII.9–19 35 LXII.1–24 35 LXIII.1–7 35 LXIII.7–12 35 LXVII.1–24 35 LXXVIII.1–14 35 CXIXa.2–3 35 CXXII.26–50 35 PHerc. 225/15A col. 89.28–33 319

PHerc. 225/15B+1575/4+1094/8A col. 90.40–91.7 319

PHerc. 339/155 8

PHerc. 411/3 col. 36.1–4 321 col. 36.7–9 321

PHerc. 1004 8

PHerc. 1018 8

PHerc. 1020 col. 1 219, 278, 280 col. 4 219, 278

PHerc. 1065 8

PHerc. 1417/III col. 117.11–14 320 col. 117.42–118.1 320

PHerc. 1428 8

PHerc. 1497/IB col. 115.1–6 317–18 col. 115.8–11 317 col. 115.11–12 317 col. 115.28–35 323

PHerc. 1497/III+IV col. 117.23–34 321 col. 117.23–118.1 319

PHerc. 1497/VII col. 121.21–27 323

PHerc. 1497/XXVIII col. 142.1–14 324 col. 142.10–11 321 Philodemus

Ira 32 32 42 32 44 32 47–49 32

Mus., Bk. 4 (Delattre) col. 36.1–4 321 col. 36.7–9 321 col. 89.28–33 319 col. 90.40–91.7 319 col. 115.1–6 318 col. 115.8–11 317 col. 115.11–12 317 col. 115.28–35 323 col. 117.11–14 320 col. 117.23–34 321 col. 117.23–118.1 319 col. 117.42–118.1 320 col. 121.21–27 323 col. 142.1–14 324 col. 142.10–11 321

Mus., Bk. 4 (Neubecker) col. IB.1–7 318 col. IB.9–12 317 col. IB.12–13 317 col. IB.29–30 323 col. 3.23–34 321


625

col. 3.23–4.2 319 col. 5 320 col. 8–10 320 col. 23.28–24.25 323

Stoic. Ind. col. 61 8, 300, 511 Philostratus

Vit. Apoll. 3.49 243

Vit. soph. 523 34 590 34 Pindar

Pyth. 91 Plato

Alc. I 124A 156 129A 156 132C 156

Apol. 30B 93, 121

Charm. 164D–165D 156

Crat. 389A–C 54 400B 88 439C–D 322

Crito 47D–E 510

Gorg. 467C–486A 93, 121 491D 37

Hipp. maj. 287C–D 55

Leg. I.626D–E 66, 116 I.631B–D 67 II.923A 156 IV.715E 127 IV.716B–C 104 IV.716C–D 115

X.896A–E 52 XII.966E 118 XII.967D–E 118 XII.968A 117 653C–673A 318 661A–D 510 700A–701B 318 731A 510 731E 157 795A–812E 318

Meno 72B–D 55 78C–79A 510

Parm. 127E 130 127E–128E 145 128E–130B 55 130B 54–55 130B–131A 54 130C 55 132C 55 137C–142A 145

Phaedo 60E 322 60E–61B 322 62B 88 64A 95 64D 89 65D–66A 55 66B–E 88 67D 95 67E 95 69B–C 120 79A–80B 88 80A 74, 106, 126 80A–84B 105 80D 106, 126 80E–81A 95 81C 98 82A–B 125–26 83B 61 100C–D 55 104E–107B 88

Phaedr. 229E 156 245C–46A 52 246A–B 301 247C–E 107


626

248A 104, 127 252C–53C 114 253A 104, 114 254A–E 74

Phileb. 45D–E 67 48C 156

Prot. 329E 233 330A–B 233 330B 223 330D 55 331E 233 343B 156 345E 236 352B–C 35, 186 352D–E 34, 287 359B 233 361A–B 233

Pol. 283E–285C 67 291D–292A 164

Resp. I.347B–D 56 II.357B–D 93, 121 II.357B–358A 55 II.370E–371E 509 II.376E 95 III.389D–E 89 III.397A–400E 318 III.398B–D 95 III.403D–404E 95 III.413C–414B 118 IV.427E–428A 223 IV.430C 120 IV.430E 39 IV.430E–431A 38–39 IV.431C 164 IV.433A–434C 163 IV.433C–D 223 IV.435C 32 IV.436A–439E 57 IV.436B 58 IV.439A–D 57 IV.439A–441C 32, 68 IV.439E 68 IV.439E–440A 57 IV.440A 62

IV.440A–B 62–63, 68 IV.440A–441E 69 IV.440B 62, 68, 69 IV.440E 69 IV.441A 69 IV.441A–D 57 IV.441E 57 IV.441E–442C 58, 69 IV.442B 32 IV.442B–C 69 IV.443B–C 163 IV.443B–444A 55 IV.443E 57 IV.444B 62, 68 IV.444B–E 59, 66, 116 IV.444D 67 IV.444D–E 59, 63 IV.445D 164 V.457C–D 164 V.472B–D 55 V.473D 164 V.476A 55 V.476C–D 55 VI.500B–D 107, 123 VI.500C 113, 137 VI.500C–D 112, 137–38 VI.500C–E 56 VI.500D 138 VI.500D–E 54, 107 VI.505A 55 VI.509B 55 VII.514A–518B 107, 130 VII.517A–518B 107 VII.529D 132 VII.532C 55 VII.540A 54, 56 VII.540A–B 55 VIII.543D–544A 164 IX.580B–C 39 IX.590C–592B 164 X.596A 54 X.596A–598D 54 X.609A–C 76 X.613A 113, 125 X.613A–B 104, 114, 123 X.613B 108, 141, 447 Soph. 227D–228B 78


627

Symp. 207C–209E 123 220C 100

Theaet. 158C–D 321 172B–177C 123 176A 105, 141 176A–B 125–26 176A–C 105 176B 44, 104, 108, 148,

447, 534 176E 107

Tim. 27C–48E 109 28A–B 109 28C 144 28C–29A 109 28E 54 29A 54 29B 111 29D–31B 107 34B–35A 52 39E–40A 55 41E 74 47B–C 110, 115 49A 54 51B–E 55 69D–70E 57 77B–C 57 80B 322 89E 57 90C 108, 127, 447 90C–D 108, 115 Plotinus

Enn. I.2 122, 124 I.2.2.11–18 120 I.2.2.18–20 120 I.2.2.18–3.10 120–21 I.2.3.12–23 120 I.2.4.13–16 120 I.2.7.26–27 122 Plutarch

Ad princ. iner. 780E–781A 142, 447

Adol. poet. aud. 28C 165, 489

Adul. amic. 48E–F 157 48E–49B 157 48F 157 49B 157 49F 159 51A–B 159 51B 159 51C–D 159 52A 159 54D–E 159 54F 159 55A 159 55D 159 55E–60B 159 56A 159 61D 59 70E 159 73C–D 159 74D 159 93D 159 93F 159 95B 159 96F–97A 159

Ages. 36.2–3 67

Amat. 748E–771E 61 752A 164 752C 164 753B–D 164 759E 66, 70 767E 164

An. procr. 1014A–B 144 1024C 144 1024C–D 144 1024D–E 145 1024D–1025A 146 1025C–D 32, 59 1025D 61 1025E–F 145 1026D–E 144 1027A 144–45 1030A–B 146


628

Cohib. ira 454B 77 455B–E 79 459A 79 464B 89

Comm. not. 1056E–F 191, 193 1057A–B 191 1060C 543 1062E 240 1062E–1063B 238, 269, 347 1063A 269 1063C–F 543 1084A–B 283 1084F–1085A 188

Conj. praec. 138A–146A 164 142E–F 404

Cons. Apoll. 102C–D 67, 210

Cons. ux. 608A–612A 164

Def. orac. 416E–F 146 423C–D 144 434D 143

Dem. 1.1 489

E Delph. 303A 144 393A–B 140, 144–45 393A–C 144 394A 144

Fac. 943A 98, 100 944E 144

fr. Erot. 134 32, 65 135 65

fr. Kall. 144 88 145 88

Garr. 503C–504C 79 515A 81

Gen. Socr. 591D–E 88 591D–F 98, 100 592A–E 100

Inst. Lac. 238B 337

Inv. od. 538E 159

Is. Os. 351D 99 371A–B 144 376C 144 377E–F 144

Lib. aegr. 4–6 305, 314

Max. princ. 776A–779C 164

Quaest. conv. 633A 337 666C–D 310

Quaest. plat. 1000E 144 1001C 144 1001E 140 1002A 145 1002B 144 1003A 144, 146

Rect. rat. aud. 37D 104 47C–D 158

Sera 550D 44, 142 550D–E 139–40, 148, 447 551C–E 78 559D 144, 166 562B–D 82 562C–D 77, 167

Stoic. rep. 1034C–E 231 1034D–E 276 1037F 193, 195


629

1038A–E 376 1038B 398 1038C 376 1040D 121, 248, 302, 510 1042C–D 268 1046E 232, 234–35, 243 1046E–F 196, 231 1050C 422 1057A 193, 195

Suav. viv. 1096C–D 88 1099B–D 89 1105D 95

Superst. 168B–C 35

Tu. san. 127C–D 310

Un. rep. dom. 826A–827C 164

Virt. mor. 440E 233 440E–441C 231 440E–441D 198 440F–441A 233 441B–C 220, 225, 239–40,

277, 393–94, 451 441C–D 282 441D–E 88 442A 32 442A–B 59 442B 32, 69 442C 71 442C–D 71 443C 82 443D 42, 60 444B 67 444B–445C 42 444E 72 444E–445F 72 445A 72 445B 63, 66, 301 445B–D 71 445B–E 40 445F–446C 36, 186 446A–447A 186 446D 40

446F–447A 183, 206, 215, 285 447B–C 36 447E–F 66 448B 59 448C 70 448D 32 449A–452D 206 451D 71, 296 451D–E 63, 72, 301 451D–452B 71 451D–452D 32, 59 451E 72 451E–F 75–76 451F–452A 66 452B 210

Virt. prof. 75A–76C 350 75B 83 75B–D 83 75C–D 238, 347 75D 84, 239–41 75F 84 76D 82 76D–E 82 76E 83 76E–F 83 78E 158 82D–E 513 83C 82 84C 161 84C–D 22, 513 84D 161 85B 22 Porphyry

Sent. 27.2–29.8 120 32.63–70 120 Posidonius

fr. 29 555 30 325 154 305, 314 164 341


630

Proclus

In Alc. 2.44–48 95 65.20–66.3 95 176.19–20 95 195.17 95 Pseudo-Andronicus of Rhodes – see Andronicus of Rhodes Pseudo-Pythagoras

Carm. Aur. 9 347 14 347 35 347 40–44 347 54–56 347 Seneca

Ben. 5.5.4 435 5.5.4–5 361 7.1.3–4 359 7.2.1 359

Const. 2.1–3 94 7.1 243, 337, 343

Ep. 6 365 6.1 370 6.1–2 368 6.1–3 369–70 6.4 371 6.5 368, 374 6.5–6 365, 367, 370, 514 6.6 369 7.2 372 7.5–7 372 7.8–9 371 8.2 218, 563 9.2 207 11.9–10 367–68, 373, 514 11.10 374 12.8 97, 360 16.1 359 16.5–6 442 18.5–13 360

26.5 358 41.2 452 42.1–4 350 48.2–4 399 48.11 444 56.25 441, 445 59.16 330 61.1–2 97, 360 63 212 66.5–7 331 66.11–12 445 66.12 445 66.37 331 66.39–40 451 68.7 359 70.22–23 368 70.50–55 514 71.29 314 71.29–30 314 75.8 351 75.8–9 351 75.9–12 351, 392 75.13–14 352 75.14–16 352 76.28–29 331 83.25–27 344 85.6–17 308 85.10–14 361 90.46 451 92.1–2 440, 445 92.1–10 314 92.29–30 451 92.30 445 92.30–34 440 93.6 97, 360 94 352 94–95 364 94.19 356 94.19–20 356 94.20 356 94.47–50 353, 359 94.50 364 94.50–51 367 94.53 372 94.62–63 372 94.64–65 372 94.66 372 95 354 95.1 354 95.6 355


631

95.7 355 95.10 353, 355 95.51–53 355, 400 95.53 400 95.58 355 95.64 355 96 330 96.2 442 96.7–8 330, 505 99 212 99.3 331 99.26 217 107.11–12 426, 428, 432 109.4–5 331 110.12 359 113.18 193–94 116.1 211 117.13 188 120 18 120.10–14 242 121 18 121.5–24 376 121.6 381 121.6–9 380 121.10 397 121.14–16 381 121.19–21 380, 390 124 18 141.1 308

Helv. 10.3 359

Herc. Fur. 974–75 34

Ira 1.7.1 308 1.7.2–3 309 1.7.2–4 308 1.7.4 309, 312 1.8.1 437 1.8.5 309 1.9.1 308–309 1.9.4–1.10.1 309 1.10.1 309 1.10.1–3 308 1.11.1 308 1.11.2 308 1.11.12 309 1.12.1 308

1.12.3 308 1.12.5 309 1.14.1 308 1.16.5–6 308 1.17.1 308 1.17.1–2 32 1.17.6–7 31 1.19.1 309 1.20.1 309 2.1.1–5 188, 191 2.1.3–4 328 2.1.3–2.4.2 211 2.2.5–6 181 2.2.5–2.3.4 311, 505 2.2.6 212 2.3.1–4 31 2.3.2 314 2.3.4 193 2.3.4–5 198 2.3.4–2.4.2 312 2.4 215, 217 2.4.1 31, 194, 212 2.4.1–2 198 2.4.2 308, 505 2.16.2–3 450 3.1.1 308 3.8.3–5 329, 337 3.8.5 329 3.9.1 329 3.9.1–2 337, 505 3.36.1–4 362, 369

Marc. 1.7 97, 360 9.2 97, 360 9.5 97, 360 10.3 97, 360 21.1 97, 360

Med. 926–44 34 938–44 287

Nat. 7.32.2 8

Otio 1.4–3.1 368

Polyb. 17.1–2 368


632

Tranq. an. 9.1–6 360 11.6 97, 360 11.10 97, 360 17.4 337 17.5 337, 343 17.8–9 342

Vit. beat. 3.2 562 3.3–4 97, 360 4.4–5 331 5.5–6 442 7.1–3 256 9.1 331 11.1–2 360 Sextus Empiricus

Math. 7.150–57 188, 240 7.151–52 188, 192 7.151–57 191, 213 7.152 190 7.206–10 32 7.253–60 188 7.402–10 188 7.424 188 8.12–13 189 8.70 188 8.85–86 188–89 8.397 191 11.64–67 247, 253, 256 11.118 32 11.141 32 11.158–59 32 11.200–201 263–66

Pyr. 1.17 32 1.22 32 1.23–28 32 1.231 32 1.235 502 3.173–77 32 3.235–36 32 Simplicius

In Arist. Cat. 8.237.25–238.20 338 10.401.25 242

Stobaeus

Anth. 1.25.3–27.4 545 1.79.1–12 421 1.129.2–130.13 403–404 1.155.7–11 405 2.37–152 549 2.37.18–152.25 548 2.38–39 32 2.42.20–22 62 2.57–85 552 2.57–116 545 2.57.5–15 247 2.57.13–14 548 2.57.13–116.18 550, 552 2.57.18–20 187 2.59.4–11 222, 347 2.59.4–60.8 224 2.59.4–64.17 222 2.59.8–9 219 2.59.11–60.5 226 2.60.2–3 219 2.60.5–8 222, 347 2.60.7–8 224, 393–94 2.60.9–24 229 2.60.20–21 219 2.60.31–33 227 2.61.11–12 219 2.62.20–63.5 197 2.62.22–63.4 220, 276 2.62.25–63.5 276 2.63.6–11 219 2.63.6–25 231–32 2.65.6–7 455 2.65.8 196 2.66.14–15 278 2.67.5–12 334–35 2.68.5–7 223 2.68.18–23 219 2.69.12–22 250 2.73.16–74.3 191 2.73.21–23 223 2.73.25–74.1 223 2.74.1–3 223 2.78.1–6 278 2.79.12–17 432 2.79.18–80.13 247 2.80.14–82.18 251 2.82.20–21 247


633

2.84.24–85.1 432 2.86.2–6 214 2.86.17–19 42, 194 2.86.17–87.7 193 2.87.2–7 42, 194 2.87.3–7 196 2.88.2–6 42, 190, 193–94 2.88.8–10 193 2.88.8–12 198 2.88.8–90.6 198 2.88.10 183 2.88.22–89 200 2.88.26–89.22 550 2.89.3 186 2.89.4 36, 548 2.89.4–90.6 32 2.89.6 272 2.90.2 281 2.90.5–6 281 2.90.7–18 198, 200 2.90.19–91.4 185 2.90.19–91.9 185 2.91.4–5 185 2.91.5–7 185 2.91.8–9 185 2.93.1–13 339 2.93.6–9 341 2.94.27–95.2 400 2.96.18–97.5 262 2.111.18–20 457 2.111.18–112.8 191, 219 2.115.5–17 213 2.116.19–20 549 2.116.19–128.9 376 2.138.21–26 62 3.496.10–12 37 4.502.20–503.10 378, 391 4.503.5–10 379, 392 4.503.18–24 380, 398 4.660.15–664.18 376 4.663.2–4 397 4.664.4–9 397 4.664.9–12 400 4.671.3–673.18 376, 397 5.906.18–907.5 239, 262, 270, 347,

352, 392

Suetonius

Claud. 33.1–2 359

Nero 20.1 359

Vit. 13.1–3 359 SVF (Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta) 1.60 190, 240 1.66 190, 219, 240 1.102 411 1.120 404 1.135 284, 404 1.191 247 1.205 183 1.207 565 1.361 247 1.518 402 1.527 426, 428, 432, 453 1.537 545 1.563 276 1.566 244 1.624 191 2.54 188 2.65 188 2.91 188 2.131 219, 278, 280 2.193 189 2.329 401 2.330 401 2.331 401 2.366 404 2.413 403–404 2.458 403 2.471 405 2.473 403, 405–406, 415 2.634 403 2.786–87 284, 404 2.790 402 2.826 291, 409 2.836 284, 299, 407–408 2.844 275 2.913 421 2.921 420 2.933 421 2.945 419


634

2.974 423 2.975 426 2.988 196 2.1000 424, 427 2.1021 413, 415 2.1027 402–403, 413 3.1–126 298 3.39 225, 249, 263, 393–

94 3.54 317 3.56 248, 302, 317 3.58 317 3.62 321, 336 3.63 319 3.71 323, 336 3.169 42, 193–94 3.171 42, 190, 193–94,

214 3.175 193 3.178 300, 438 3.179 398 3.181 376 3.223 243 3.238 242 3.262 219 3.264 219 3.278 197, 220, 276 3.280 231–32 3.299 231 3.377–420 213 3.378 31 3.389 34, 36, 186 3.391 185, 196, 198, 200,

213 3.393 338 3.394 200, 214 3.421 339 3.421–30 211

3.422–30 340 3.431 201, 206, 330 3.432 201, 330 3.459 183, 185, 215, 285 3.462 31, 34 3.463 206 3.466 206, 216 3.473 31 3.493 261 3.498 259 3.501 262 3.504 267 3.510 239, 262, 270, 347,

352, 392 3.516 266 3.539 238, 269, 347 3.548 219 3.560 244 3.564 213 3.658 243 3.663 219 3.757 268 3.760 268 3.763 268 3.988 190 Theophrastus

Char. 16.1–4 35 Us. (Usener) 247 32 Xenophon

Mem. 3.9.4 287

Index of Modern Authors

Adamson, Peter 495 Albinus, Lars 101, 122 Alcock, Joan P. 359 Alexander, Loveday C.A. 81 Algra, Keimpe A. 237, 284, 325, 349,

377, 403–404, 412–15, 418–19, 42–22, 439, 550, 552

Allen, James 556 André, Jean-Marie 513, 523, 525 Annas, Julia E. 3–4, 17, 20–21, 28–30,

42, 44, 52, 54, 104, 106, 111–12, 119–24, 128, 177–78, 187, 206, 214, 297, 303, 375, 377, 387–90, 392, 395, 400, 402, 404–406, 448, 466, 508, 522, 531–34, 546–47

Anton, John P. 301 Armstrong, Arthur H. 100 Armstrong, John M. 105, 115–18 Arnold, Edward V. 185 Asmis, Elizabeth 293, 563–64 Attridge, Harold 26 Aune, David E. 10, 34 Babbit, Frank C. 59, 83, 85, 96, 100,

143, 238, 241, 513 Baltzly, Dirk 104, 111, 116, 120–22, 124 Barclay, John M.G. 13, 20, 44, 499 Barker, Andrew 318 Barnes, Jonathan 74, 149, 165, 536 Barney, Rachel 56–59, 69, 73, 78 Bartsch, Shadi 355 Basore, John W. 308–309, 311–12, 337,

342, 359, 362, 435, 437, 450 Bassler, Jouette M. 19 Beaujeu, Jean 122 Becchi, Francesco 72, 75, 542 Beck, Mark 72, 86, 542 Beker, J. Christiaan 19 Bellinger, Alfred R. 560

Bénatouïl, Thomas 53, 107, 135, 141, 247, 262, 325, 412, 449, 542

Benson, Hugh H. 54–55, 132 Betegh, Gábor 375 Bett, Richard 248 Betz, Hans Dieter 66, 180, 535 Billerbeck, Margarethe 559 Bobonich, Christopher 58, 162–63, 190,

224, 230, 234, 285, 339, 465, 469 Bobzien, Susanne 27, 182, 246, 279,

361, 418, 420, 423–29, 432–36, 524 Boeri, Marcelo D. 427, 439–40 Bonazzi, Mauro 51, 54, 59, 107, 135,

140–41, 143, 147, 465, 486, 491, 500, 502–503, 542

Bonhöffer, Adolf 10, 279, 412, 436, 558 Bossier, Fernand 257 Boudon-Millot, Véronique 90, 540 Boudouris, Konstantinos 385 Bowden, John 483, 499 Boys-Stones, George 50–54, 57, 59–60,

72, 102, 104, 107, 121, 135, 146, 165, 169, 486, 523

Brandwood, Leonard 533 Branham, R. Bracht 247 Braund, Susanna M. 12, 212, 557 Brenk, Frederick E. 140, 143–44 Brennan, Tad 25, 57, 68, 187–90, 193–

95, 199, 201–202, 208, 214, 236, 246–47, 376, 379, 388, 418, 423

Breytenbach, Cilliers 524 Briones, David 517 Brisson, Luc 110, 114, 414 Brock, Arthur J. 63 Brody, Baruch A. 268, Brookins, Timothy A. 516 Brouwer, René 237, 239, 243, 296, 349,

351 Brown, Peter L. 89

Index of Modern Authors 636

Bruns, Ivo 419 Brunschwig, Jacques 12, 31–32, 61, 63,

178, 209, 298, 354, 378, 539, 562 Brunt, Peter A. 177, 179–82, 299, 346–

48, 418 Burnet, John 62 Burnyeat, Myles F. 32 Bury, Robert G. 108, 110, 115, 189,

191–92, 256, 280, 502, 534, 556 Calvo, Tomás 110 Cancik, Hubert 385 Cancik-Lindemaier, Hildegard 180 Carone, Gabriela Roxana 110 Castelnérac, Benoît 497 Castner, Catherine J. 483, 519–20 Caston, Ruth R. 202, 330 Caston, Victor 406 Catan, John R. 4, 22, 51, 54, 139, 164,

175, 178, 246, 254, 278, 297, 430, 519, 534, 546, 556

Celluprica, Vincenza 51, 59, 107 Chase, Michael 31, 293, 345 Chester, Stephen 242 Chiaradonna, Riccardo 148, 151–52, 154 Chilton, Cecil W. 483, 520 Choi, Soon Bong 143 Clay, Diskin 521 Cleary, John J. 67 Colish, Marcia L. 312 Collins, Adela Yarbro 180 Cook, Arthur B. 440 Cooper, John M. 12, 139, 179, 181, 231,

233–35, 268, 270, 290, 297. 303–304, 306, 314–16, 328, 395, 400, 403, 412, 426, 508, 554, 557

Copenhaver, Rebecca 3 Corcilius, Klaus 407, 415 Córdova, Nélida Naveros 521 Corrigan, Kevin 114, 130–31 Corso de Estrada, Laura 378 Dancy, Russell M. 55 Davies, Richard 534 Debru, Armelle 488, 496 de Harven, Vanessa 189–90 De Lacy, Phillip H. 32, 36, 50, 58, 61,

69, 74, 77, 139, 148, 150–51, 196, 198, 216–17, 305, 307, 326, 328,

336, 496, 504, 507–508, 538–42, 554–55

de Rijk, Lambertus M. 111 Delattre, Daniel 317–21, 323–24 Dennis, Matthew 363 deSilva, David A. 523 Destrée, Pierre 182, 230, 246, 285, 358,

361, 418, 429 Devereux, Daniel 54–56, 107 DeWitt, Norman W. 7, 483, 519–20 d’Hoine, Pieter 325, 418 Diels, Hermann A. 284–85, 299, 402–

403, 407–408, 413, 549–50 Dillon, John 8, 10, 21–22, 32, 49–51,

53–54, 60, 62, 64–65, 67, 70, 72–74, 76, 83, 88–89, 95, 99, 111, 124–29, 133, 135–39, 144–45, 150, 176, 179, 208–209, 291, 301, 409, 487, 495, 500, 509, 523, 535–38, 541–44, 551, 562

Dodson, Joey 517 Donini, Pierluigi 10–11, 74, 76, 179,

237, 240, 247, 349, 377, 387–88, 395, 398, 400, 419, 494–95, 503, 562

Dörrie, Heinrich 22, 51 Downing, F. Gerald 251, 517 Doyle, Daniel 377, 387–89, 395, 400 Dragona-Monachou, Myrto 418, 431,

433 Eco, Umberto 524 Edelstein, Ludwig 539, 555 Edlow, Robert B. 76, 538, 541 Eidinow, Esther 177, 318, 531, 539, 546,

553–54, 558–59, 561, 563 Eklund, Rebekah A. 159 Eliasson, Erik 65, 361, 418, 423–24,

426–27, 431, 433–36 Emadi, Samuel 518 Emlyn-Jones, Christopher 62, 112, 114,

132, 137 Engberg-Pederson, Troels 8, 11–13, 16,

18, 20, 23–28, 38, 67, 158–160, 175–76, 182, 186–88, 190, 193, 195–97, 199, 208, 214–15, 252, 254, 259, 261–62, 277, 284, 286, 293–95, 297, 327, 376–77, 384–85, 387–88, 404, 408, 439, 483–87, 490–91, 493, 495,


500, 503, 508, 512–13, 516, 523–24, 528–29, 545, 553–54, 559

Epp, Eldon J. 20 Erskine, Andrew 212, 216, 218, 557 Evans, Craig A. 16, 516, 518, 529 Falcon, Andrea 485 Falconer, William A. 420 Faraone, Christopher A. 35 Feder, Lillian 533 Ferguson, John 8, 483, 520 Ferrari, Giovanni R.F. 55, 131 Fillion-Lahille, Janine 297, 303, 313 Finamore, John F. 409 Fine, Gail 104, 106 Fiore, Benjamin 155, 367, 371, 514 Fischer, Susanna E. 418, 439 Fish, Jeffrey 77 Fitzgerald, John T. 10, 13, 16, 18, 23,

25–27, 33, 44, 71, 81, 158, 207–208, 212–13, 217, 279, 296, 371, 439, 487, 515, 518, 527, 557–58

Flemming, Rebecca 149, 154 Fletcher, Richard 345 Fordyce, Christian J. 561 Fortenbaugh, William W. 67, 339, 376–

77, 551 Foucault, Michel 13, 38–39, 41–43, 356 Fowler, Harold N. 105–106, 114, 142 Frede, Dorothea 53, 59, 73, 144, 284,

404, 412, 418–20, 423–25, 427–28 Frede, Michael 149, 151–53, 208–209,

385–87 Freedman, David N. 51, 535, 541 Furley, David J. 29 Gaca, Kathy 27–28 Gallarte, Israel M. 75, 142 Galvin, John P. 287 Gathercole, Simon 13, 20, 44 Gerson, Lloyd P. 135 Gigante, Marcello 278 Gill, Christopher 12, 58–59, 67, 69, 73,

75, 78, 87–88, 94, 97, 148–49, 154, 167, 175–77, 179–82, 202, 209, 212, 215, 283–86, 297, 299, 303, 306, 316, 375, 377, 385–89, 395, 398, 404, 407–409, 485, 491, 496, 508, 541–42, 557, 564

Gill, Mary Louise 52, 133 Glad, Clarence E. 14, 43, 155, 363, 514–

15, 517 Glucker, John 176, 551 Goehring, James E. 38 Goold, George P. 441, 444 Göransson, Tryggve 549–50 Görgemanns, Herwig 375, 377, 396 Görler, Woldemar 551 Gosling, Justin 215, 285–87 Goulet-Cazé, Marie-Odile 247 Gourinat, Jean-Baptiste 181–82, 230,

285, 346, 349, 361, 412, 418, 423, 426, 432

Graver, Margaret R. 185, 190, 193, 201–202, 204–205, 230, 234, 330–31, 332, 334–41

Green, Peter 31 Griffin, Miriam T. 165, 177, 247, 299,

347, 354, 366, 368, 418, 536, 559 Gummere, Richard M. 330, 344, 350–

51, 353, 355–56, 365, 367, 370–72, 374, 381, 397, 399, 441, 444–45, 451–52, 514

Haase, Wolfgang 8, 10, 14, 23, 34, 51,

179, 210, 289, 293, 314, 412, 418, 483, 490, 495, 513–14, 520, 536, 538–39, 541, 547–48, 556, 561, 563

Hadot, Pierre 31, 293, 295, 345, 356, 360–61, 563–65

Hägg, Henry Fiskå 129, 133, 135, 143 Hagner, Donald A. 519 Hahm, David E. 547–550 Haines, Charles R. 92, 294, 400, 436,

564 Hankinson, R. James 32, 58, 63, 65, 67,

71, 74–77, 80, 88–89, 93, 168–69, 209–10, 488, 495–96, 538–39, 541, 543

Harkins, Paul W. 63–64, 80–81, 148, 156–57, 160–61, 166, 539

Hatzimichali, Myrto 497 Hays, Richard B. 13, 517–18 Held, Dirk t.D. 123, 533 Helmig, Christoph 486, 491, 502–503,

542 Helmreich, Georgius 58, 151–54 Henderson, Sophie 318


Hengel, Martin 483, 519 Hense, Otto 548, 550 Hermann, Karl Friedrich 537, 549 Hershbell, Jackson P. 8, 289, 418, 430,

433, 483, 490, 520, 536, 543, 556, 558–59

Hicks, Robert D. 189, 191, 201, 233, 236–37, 243, 248, 251, 268, 302, 333, 382–84, 386, 404, 411, 413, 415, 417, 438, 440, 509–10, 520, 547

Hijmans, Benjamin L. 256, 289, 349, 557

Hirsch-Luipold, Rainer 53, 129, 140, 143

Hock, Ronald F. 9 Holladay, Carl R. 515 Holowchak, M. Andrew 262, 265, 296 Hornblower, Simon 177–78, 318, 531,

539, 546, 553–54, 558–59, 561, 563 Hossenfelder, Malte Graz 385–87 Howatson, Margaret 531 Huizenga, Annette Bourland 517 Hurley, Robert 13, 38, 43 Hutchinson, Adam 362 Inwood, Brad 7, 12, 20–21, 25, 29, 31,

36, 42, 175–76, 182, 184, 186–88, 190, 193, 195–99, 201, 205–206, 209, 213, 215, 217–18, 237, 240, 245–47, 253, 257, 283, 297, 299–300, 312–14, 325, 349, 353, 355, 368, 377–78, 387–90, 392–96, 398, 400, 402–403, 407, 409–10, 412, 415, 418–19, 449, 485, 547, 549–50, 553, 558–62

Ioppolo, Anna Maria 300, 511 Ireland, Rosh 347 Irvine, William 345, 358, 360–62, 369 Irwin, Terence H. 32, 57, 60, 67–69, 93,

121, 128, 208–10, 214, 233–34, 246–49, 254–55. 257, 302, 509, 531–33

Jedan, Christoph 21, 190, 220, 223–25,

230–36, 241–42, 254, 263, 267, 332–33, 335–36, 439, 442, 444, 450

Jiménez, Aurelio Pérez 143, 147 Johnston, Ian 65 Jones, Howard 7–8, 483, 519–20

Jones, Roger Miller 50, 137 Jouanna, Jacques 74, 90, 149, 540 Kahn, Charles 533 Kamtekar, Rachana 58 Karamanolis, George E. 51, 73, 485,

486, 503, 542 Kaster, Robert A. 202, 330 Kaufmann, David H. 312 Kenney, John Peter 137, 140 Kerferd, George B. 339, 341–42 Keyes, Clinton W. 442 Kidd, Ian G. 101, 267, 297, 303, 325,

341, 508, 554–55 Kim, Seyoon 143, 499 King, John E. 216, 227, 341, 393, 520,

551 Kinny, Daniel 247 Klein, Jacob 376–79, 385–87, 389, 396,

400 Knuuttila, Simo 38, 42, 51, 60, 62, 65,

67–68, 210 Kollesch, Jutta 539 Konstan, David 371, 376, 378–80, 383,

391, 397–99, 560 Koskenniemi, Erkki 521 Kosman, Louis A. 67, 72 Kotzia, Paraskevi 95 Krämer, Hans Joachim 534 Kraut, Richard 54, 56, 531–33 Kristeller, Paul O. 6–7, 177, 297, 546,

553–54 Kristjánsson, Kristján 237 Labarrière, Jean-Louis 190 Lakoff, George 40 Laks, André 53, 144, 181, 412, 418, 420 Lamb, Walter R.M. 35 Lamberton, Robert 535–36 Lampe, Kurt 247 Lang, Bernhard 517 Lapidge, Michael 402–403, 406, 412,

439 Lee, Edward N. 110 Lee, Max J. 143, 158, 167, 499–500 Lee, Michelle V. 355–56, 403–404, 516 Leinkauf, Thomas 503 Lesher, James H. 321–22 Løkke, Håvard 190, 214, 225, 334–36


Long, Alex G. 325, 327–28, 449, 486 Long, Anthony A. 6–8, 10, 17–18, 21,

24, 29, 31–33, 41–42, 44, 176, 179, 187–88, 190, 193–195, 197, 199–201, 206, 213, 215, 222, 225–27, 237, 243–49, 251, 253–54, 256–57, 260–62, 265–69, 274, 278, 280, 284–85, 288–89, 297–300, 303, 312, 314, 338, 349, 358, 373, 375–77, 379–81, 385, 388, 393, 401–409, 412–15, 418–28, 430–33, 437, 439–40, 447, 455, 457, 487, 495, 508, 510, 545–46 548–53, 560–62, 565

Lorenz, Hendrik 303, 305–306 Lutz, Cora E. 97, 196, 219. 292–93, 346,

348, 357–61, 413, 431, 433, 443, 446, 450, 456, 502, 560

Lutz-Bachmann, Matthias 377 MacGillvray, Erlend D. 520 Magee, John 421 Malherbe, Abraham J. 14, 16, 18, 20,

22–23, 208, 487, 514–15, 517, 519, 525, 527

Manetti, Daniela 95 Mansfeld, Jaap 111, 129, 285, 408, 548–

50 Marcovich, Miroslav 547 Marquardt, Ioannes 74, 539–40 Martin, Hubert M., Jr. 66, 535 Mason, Andrew S. 54–55, 107, 109, 115,

132, 412, 418, 431 Mason, Eric F. 516 May, Margaret T. 151–52 McCruden, Kevin B. 516 McLaughlin, Brian P. 3 McKenzie, Steven L. 518 McKnight, Scot 499 McPherran, Mark L. 132 McRae, George W. 20 Meijer, Piet A. 414, 426, 428 Mejer, Jørgen 547 Merki, Hubert 104, 439, 450 Meyer, Susan Sauvé 42, 77, 121, 162,

421 Michalewski, Alexandra 485–86 Miller, Walter 299, 301, 511 Mitsis, Phillip 20, 32, 354–55 Modica, Joseph B. 499

Moline, Jon 58 Morford, Mark 176, 559 Moyise, Steven 518 Narcy, Michel 181, 418 Neubecker, Annemarie J. 317–21, 323 Nicgorski, Walter 176 Nicholls, Matthew C. 96 Nida, Eugene A. 182 Nightingale, Andrea 106, 109, 124, 248 North, Helen 132 Nussbaum, Martha C. 9–12, 20, 29, 31–

34, 38, 42, 61, 63, 163, 178, 180, 187–88, 190, 193, 195, 198–99, 201, 205–206, 209, 211, 213–15, 218, 252, 282, 286, 297–98, 310, 314, 316–18, 322–23, 326, 328–29, 354, 522, 539, 547, 562–63

Nuttall, Edmund C. 525 Nutton, Vivian 90–91, 93, 97, 150, 169,

498, 538–40 Oakes, Peter 518 Obbink, Dirk 35, 278 O’Brien, Carle Séan 135, 415–16, 422 O’Keefe, Tim 456 Oldfather, William A. 92, 218, 274–75,

279, 288, 291, 350, 428–31, 433, 435, 437, 446, 449, 453, 457, 559

O’Neil, Edward N. 9, 158–60 Opsomer, Jan 49, 52–54, 59, 67, 100–

101, 107, 129, 135, 140, 143–45, 277, 489–90, 500

Oropeza, Brisio J. 518 Padel, Ruth 36 Pauly, August Friedrich von 87, 385 Pears, David 72 Pellegrin, Pierre 52, 133 Pelliccia, Hayden 531 Pelling, Christopher 536 Pelosi, Francesco 318, 322 Pembroke, Simon G. 375–76, 379, 387,

398 Penner, Terry 54–55, 532 Perler, Dominik 407, 415 Perrin, Bernadotte 489 Petersen, Anders Klostergaard 129, 516–

17, 521


Petit, Caroline 71, 90, 94, 96, 167, 169, 541

Petty, Robert Dale 133 Phelan, John E., Jr. 159 Pietrobelli, Antoine 89–90, 540 Pink, Thomas 431 Pitts, Andrew W. 16 Pohlenz, Max 175–76, 187, 267, 283,

293, 313, 388, 556–58, 562, 564 Pomeroy, Arthur J. 183, 185, 197, 215,

219–20, 222–24, 226, 229, 231–32, 234–35, 239, 244–45, 249–50, 253–55, 257–58, 260, 262–64, 266–67, 272, 276, 281, 285, 334–35, 339, 341, 347, 384, 390, 393–94, 400, 432, 451, 457, 550

Porter, Stanley E. 16, 516, 529 Powell, Jonathan G.F. 551 Pratt, Norman T. 563 Preddy, William 62, 112, 114, 132, 137 Preus, Anthony 208, 301 Price, Anthony W. 199, 204, 206, 230 Race, William H. 91 Rackham, Harris 124, 272, 275, 301,

382, 385, 389–90, 417, 423, 520, 551–52

Ramelli, Ilaria 376, 378–81, 383, 390–92, 397–99, 559–60

Rasimus, Tuomas 8, 175, 484, 495, 516 Rawson, Elizabeth 165 Reale, Giovanni 4, 6–8, 22–23, 51–54,

67, 72, 95, 100, 139, 164, 175–76, 178–80, 187, 206, 246, 254–55, 259, 270, 278, 280, 292–93, 297–99, 313, 430, 519, 534–35, 546–47, 553–54, 556–59, 561–62, 564

Reesor, Margaret E. 401, 409 Reis, Burkhard 59, 73, 284, 404 Remes, Pauliina 130, 434 Renehan, Robert 523 Reydams-Schils, Gretchen 176, 178–79,

181, 186, 362, 368–69, 373, 376–77, 379, 387, 389, 396–98, 400, 423, 439–43, 446, 450, 496

Reynolds, Leighton D. 561–62 Riese, Walther 539

Rist, John M. 7, 32, 179, 181, 184, 186–87, 211, 244–47, 252, 254, 268–70, 314, 424, 510, 561–62

Rocca, Julius 153 Roig Lanzillotta, Lautaro 75, 142 Rolfe, John C. 248, 424, 427, 560 Roller, Matthew 354, 366–68, 371–73,

514 Roochnik, David 322 Rorty, Amélie O. 67, 72, 208 Roskam, Geert 83–85, 236–37, 239–40,

349–52, 392, 489, 542 Ross, William D. 558 Rothschild, Clare K. 90, 93, 97, 540 Rowe, Christopher 123, 533 Royse, James R. 548 Runia, David T. 52, 129, 133, 285, 408,

548–50 Rush, Audrey N.M. 137 Russell, Daniel C. 111–12, 117, 119,

121, 439–40, 445, 533–34 Russell, Donald A. 75, 77, 82, 89, 165,

535–37 Rutherford, Richard B. 563–64 Salazar, Christine 385 Salles, Ricardo 177, 180–81, 199, 230,

246, 325, 358, 361, 398, 403, 412, 418, 420–27, 429–30, 432, 436–37, 449

Sandbach, Francis H. 190, 425, 536 Sanders, Kirk R. 77 Santas, Gerasimos 54 Scade, Paul 316–17, 321, 323–24 Scaltsas, Theodore 412, 418, 431 Scheider, Helmuth 385 Schiefsky, Mark 59 Schiesaro, Alessandro 355 Schmid, Hans-Jörg 63, 211 Schnelle, Udo 524 Schofield, Malcolm 9, 32, 177, 208, 371,

378, 485, 546–47 Seaford, Richard 316, 496 Seal, Carey 355 Searle, John 3 Sedley, David N. 6, 17–18, 21, 24, 33,

42, 55–56, 104, 106–107, 109–16, 120, 122–24, 126, 131, 135–38, 176, 178, 187–88, 190, 193–95, 197, 199–


201, 206, 213, 215, 222, 225–27, 237, 244–46, 248–49, 251, 253, 256–57, 260–62, 265–69, 278, 280, 284–85, 298–300, 303, 312, 338, 349, 376, 379, 385, 393, 401–409, 412–15, 419–28, 440, 455, 457, 465, 485–86, 510–11, 529, 546, 565

Sellars, John 175, 178–79, 182, 189, 195, 201, 218, 242–43, 296, 337, 343, 345–49, 351, 353, 356–360, 362–63, 369, 371, 401–404, 406, 412, 415–16

Setaioli, Aldo 412, 441, 444–45 Sharpe, Matthew 223–24, 247, 262 Sharples, Robert W. 53, 104, 145, 181,

199, 243, 284, 349, 402, 404, 419, 430, 435

Shearin, Wilson H. 345 Sheffield, Frisbee 146, 177, 247, 418 Sherman, Nancy 67 Shields, Christopher 3, 54, 107 Shorey, Paul 62, 69, 112 Sihvola, Juha 12, 38, 42, 67–68, 187,

190, 208, 215, 252, 286, 293, 297, 434, 491, 508, 554

Silverman, Alan 124 Singer, Peter N. 63–64, 78, 80–81, 88,

90, 93–94, 96–97, 148, 156–57, 160–61, 166, 169, 488, 495–96, 540

Singpurwalla, Rachel 57, 60 Sisko, John E. 3, 57–58, 168, 189, 496 Skemp, Joseph B. 100 Skoog, Douglas 240 Smith, Martin Ferguson 422 Snyder, H. Gregory 485 Sorabji, Richard 12, 53, 104, 145, 181,

199, 230, 297, 300, 303, 315, 349, 376, 379, 405–406, 418, 430, 432, 434, 559

Sörbom, Göran 318 Spanneut, Michel 210 Sparrow, Tom 362 Sparshott, Francis 123, 533, 544 Spawforth, Antony 177–78, 318, 531,

539, 546, 553–54, 558–59, 561, 563 Steel, Carlos 325, 418, 503 Steinmetz, Peter 551 Stephens, William O. 10, 279, 362, 412,

418, 434, 558

Stough, Charlotte L. 32, 418, 420, 423–24, 426–27

Stowers, Stanley K. 13, 26, 287 Striker, Gisela 208, 376, 378–79, 385–

87 Svebakken, Hans 523 Szaif, Jan 377 Szlezák, Thomas A. 130, 532 Tarán, Leonard 50 Tarrant, Harold 50, 52–53, 104, 116,

135, 141, 153, 523, 532, 537 Theissen, Gerd 287, 499 Thom, Johan C. 10, 18, 23, 347, 413–14,

439–41, 487, 515, 521, 523–25, 527–28, 546

Thompson, James W. 516 Thompson, Trevor W. 90, 93, 97, 540 Thorsteinsson, Runar M. 177–78, 181–

82, 517 Thorton, Bruce S. 38, 70 Thumiger, Chiara 78, 488, 496 Tieleman, Teun 74, 87, 94, 196, 206,

285–86, 291, 297, 299–301, 303, 409, 508, 511

Tihanyi, Catherine 414 Todd, Robert B. 412 Torri, Paolo 465, 468 Trapp, Michael 4–5, 17–18, 29, 44, 61–

62, 180, 242, 538, 543 Trigg, Roger 88, 163–64 Tsekourakis, Damianos 251, 257, 259,

262 Tsouna, Voula 21, 77 Tuominen, Miira 434, 436 Turner, John D. 114, 130–31 Ungerer, Friedrich 63, 211 Urmson, James O. 67 Usener, Hermann 32 Valantasis, Richard 88 van Ackeren, Marcel 346, 359, 400, 564 van den Beld, Antonie 287 van den Broek, Roelof 129 van der Eijk, Philip J. 402, 435, 542 Van der Stockt, Luc 489 van Geytenbeek, Anton C. 256, 349,

557–59


van Hoof, Lieve 86–87 van Hooft, Stan 223 van Kooten, George 101, 104–105, 114–

16, 121, 129, 146, 448, 516–17, 521 Van Nuffelen, Peter 146 Van Riel, Gerd 132, 325, 418 Van Straaten, Modestus 299–301, 511,

553 Verbeke, Gerardo 257 Vigo, Alejandro G. 377–78, 398 Vlastos, Gregory 234 Vogt, Katja Maria 224–25, 231, 234,

249 Volk, Katharina 354, 514 von Arnim, Hans 238, 317, 319, 321,

323, 336, 565 Wachsmuth, Curtius 548, 550 Walker, Harlan 359 Walz, Christian 9 Ware, James 13, 44, 439, 452 Warren, James 177, 247, 418 Wasserman, Emma 287 Werkhoven, Sander 363 Werkmeister, William H. 110 White, L. Michael 16, 23, 27 White, Michael J. 402–403, 405–407,

412 White, Nicholas 54–55 Whittaker, John 10, 51, 54, 59–60, 62,

64–65, 70–71, 74, 76, 83, 95, 104,

107, 111, 113, 125–29, 133, 135–38, 150, 447–48, 490, 500, 509, 537, 541

Wians, William 67 Wilberding, James 95 Wildberger, Jula 312 Williams, Gareth D. 354, 514 Wilson, Marcus 212 Wimbush, Vincent L. 38, 41, 88 Windle, Kevin 347 Winkler, John J. 35 Winterbottom, Michael 561 Woodruff, Paul 31 Woods, Gregory 6, 177, 297, 546 Woods, Michael 57, 68 Woolf, Raphael 69 Wright, Adam Z. 516, 518 Wright, Richard A. 71, 82, 85 Xenakis, Iason 412, 558–59 Xenophontos, Sophia 94, 96, 165–66,

169, 350, 489 Yli-Karjanmaa, Sami 523 Yoon, David I. 516 Zambon, Marco 52 Zanker, Graham 532 Zhmud, Leonid 347 Ziegler, Konrat 87 Zoller, Colleen 78

Index of Subjects

abstinence 43, 68, 77, 251, 357, 439 Academic / Academy, the 5–8, 10, 17,

21–22, 29, 44, 49–52, 61, 63, 66, 70, 73–74, 121, 132, 148, 176–77, 193, 295, 300, 343, 378–79, 484–86, 511, 532, 534–35, 537, 541, 544, 546, 551–52, 561

actions / acts (Stoic) – appropriate (kathēkonta) 80, 181,

194, 202, 216, 229–30, 239–40, 253–54, 259–70, 289, 321, 327, 331, 348, 357, 369, 383–85, 387–97, 400, 423, 472, 474–75, 479–81, 560

– erroneous / errors (hamartēmata) 31, 192–93, 203, 213–15, 221, 224, 228, 235–36, 240, 241, 243, 245–46, 259–61, 262–264, 270, 278, 280, 332, 340, 343, 362, 367, 369, 422, 431, 445–56, 472, 474–75, 506, 514

– inappropriate / unsuitable (para to kathēkon) 229, 246, 250, 259–65, 267–69, 389–90, 392, 472

– intermediate (mesa kathēkonta) 239, 259–61, 263–66, 269–70

– right (katorthōmata) 196, 203, 221, 246, 259–66, 269–79, 332, 364, 384, 389–90, 393, 429, 472, 474–75, 481

affective movements (pathētikai kinēseis) 303–307, 314–315, 317, 320, 325–28, 335–36, 476–77, 490–91, 504–505, 512

agency / agent – divine 5, 13–14, 20, 43, 45, 92, 117,

133–34, 146, 151, 153, 412, 416, 418–19

– human 5, 12–15, 20, 30, 43–44, 65, 79, 92, 117, 134, 146, 155, 165, 182, 188, 194–95, 221, 225, 246, 249, 253, 257, 269, 271, 277, 350, 358,

360–61, 412, 419, 421, 424–27, 429, 433–35, 439, 447, 455–56, 471, 501

– psychological (rational and irration-al) 56–57, 60, 64–66, 68, 70, 73–74, 134, 186, 195, 205, 214, 220, 225, 252, 272, 275, 280–81, 283–85, 291, 297, 299, 306, 312, 364, 389–90, 401, 407–409, 427, 433–35, 447, 455–56, 462–63, 471–72, 482, 488, 492, 495, 505, 511, 527

agriculture / plants 81, 84, 150, 166–67, 261, 378–79, 383–84, 391, 403–404, 411, 414, 435–36, 469

Alcinous 8, 21, 22, 44, 50–53, 59–60, 62, 64–67, 70–71, 74, 76, 83, 86, 95, 100–101, 103–104, 107, 111, 113, 121–29, 133–40, 143, 150, 153–55, 164, 169, 207, 210, 447–50, 466–67, 469, 489–90, 495, 500–502, 509–11, 522–23, 533–35, 537, 541–44, 549, 556

allusions, Greco-Roman 12, 301, 347, 493, 499, 501, 516–18, 528–29

anger (orgē) 18, 33–34, 57–58, 61–63, 66, 68, 71–72, 75–77, 79–80, 86–87, 94, 165, 183, 185–86, 286, 294, 305, 308–13, 315–16, 320, 323, 328, 330, 352, 437, 462–63, 477, 496, 505, 557, 561

angerability (orgilotēta) 77, 463 animals (general) 38, 40, 60, 64, 66, 71,

83, 133–34, 150, 156, 166, 188, 195, 207, 259–61, 279, 288, 295–96, 300, 304–305, 316, 335–36, 376, 378–86, 390–92, 395, 399, 403–404, 410–11, 450, 457, 479, 504

– horse (Plato’s metaphor) 36, 41, 63–65, 71, 73, 154, 156, 166–67, 244, 301, 334, 462, 478

Index of Subjects 644

– scorpion 77, 156, 166–67 – snake / viper 77, 156, 166–67, 380 anthropology 7, 24, 88, 97–99, 101, 171,

177, 209, 295, 375, 379, 401, 404, 407, 462, 465, 491, 554, 561, 564

apatheia (passionlessness) 67, 90–94, 97, 148–49, 183–84, 207–208, 210, 212–13, 217, 279, 286, 293–95, 298, 301, 471, 474–75, 481, 557

appearance (phantasia, impression) 42, 93, 180, 183, 188–95, 197, 200, 203–204, 213–16, 219–23, 225–26, 228, 240, 243, 245–46, 248, 255, 272–76, 278–85, 287–96, 299, 304–307, 310–14, 316, 318, 323, 326, 328, 336, 337, 379, 385–86, 391, 408–409, 423, 425, 427–28, 430–32, 436–37, 452–53, 455, 457, 471–77, 481–82, 490–91, 498, 504–505, 508, 511–12, 528, 565

appropriation (oikeiōsis) 18, 186–87, 304–305, 375–96, 396–400, 410, 455, 457, 479–82, 504, 528, 561

– individual 375–96 – social 396–400 Aristotle 6, 18, 23, 30–34, 38–42, 50–52,

67, 72–74, 77, 87, 94–95, 116, 121–25, 128–30, 132, 135, 137, 162–65, 209, 237, 248, 291, 300, 302, 308, 318, 322, 338, 361, 365–66, 370, 419, 455, 465, 485–86, 495, 503, 505–507, 510–13, 515, 524, 534, 538, 541–44, 549, 551, 554

art (technē, skill) 17, 151, 154–55, 192, 211, 220, 231, 244–45, 254–55, 266, 283, 290, 333–35, 338–39, 344, 348–49, 356, 362, 364, 381, 388, 392, 395, 475, 478, 481, 558–59

Arius Didymus 32, 36, 62, 135, 178, 183, 185, 187, 197, 201, 209, 215, 219–20, 222–32, 234–35, 239–40, 244–47, 249–51, 253–55, 257–67, 272–73, 276, 278, 281, 285, 334–35, 339–42, 347, 375, 377, 383–84, 390–91, 393–94, 400, 420, 432, 451, 455, 457, 548–52

assent (sunkatathesis) 116, 181–83, 188, 190–95, 201–205, 213–15, 219–22, 225, 228, 230, 235–36, 246, 255,

272–73, 275, 278–80, 282–86, 288–91, 293, 295–97, 299, 306–308, 311–14, 328–29, 333, 361, 387, 408–409, 411, 423–25, 427–28, 432, 435–37, 452, 456–57, 471, 474, 476–77, 565

assimilation – to God (homoiōsis theōi) 15, 44, 51,

53, 101, 103–109, 111–29, 133–40, 142–43, 148–50, 152–54, 171, 442–43, 447–50, 464–69, 490, 492, 502, 534

– to the divine (homoiōsis theiōi) 101, 112–14, 123, 126, 136–38, 141–43, 449–50, 500–501

– to a god / gods (Apollo, Athena, Zeus, etc.) 114–15, 446–47

bad (evil) 35, 39, 43, 60, 69, 72, 77–78,

81, 83, 87, 89, 105–106, 125, 127–28, 156–57, 165, 168–69, 183, 187, 189, 198, 200–203, 212–13, 216–17, 219, 221–22, 226, 246–47, 249–53, 257–60, 263, 269–70, 282, 286, 291, 304–305, 308–309, 326–27, 333, 342–43, 345, 350, 357, 361, 368–69, 371–73, 389, 413, 419, 422, 426–28, 432, 436, 440, 453, 456, 463–64, 471–72, 474–75, 478, 509–10

Beautiful, the (Form) 55, 113, 118, 138–42, 148, 321, 450, 466

belly, stomach – see gut (stomach, belly, intestines,

liver) body / bodies (corporeal, material, mat-

ter, physical) 3, 7, 29, 37–38, 42, 49, 53–58, 60, 64, 66, 73–74, 78, 81, 88–91, 93–101, 105–107, 109–12, 114, 117, 119–23, 126, 128–34, 136–37, 145–48, 151–54, 168, 171–72, 176, 180–81, 189, 192, 196–97, 204, 207, 212, 221, 240, 242, 248, 251, 253–55, 264, 267, 276, 284, 293, 297, 302, 305, 310–16, 326, 328–29, 331–32, 335–37, 340, 343–46, 354–58, 360–62, 375–76, 378, 380, 388–91, 395–97, 401–408, 410–11, 413–18, 420, 423, 433, 439–41, 445, 449–52, 456–57, 462–66, 468–71, 476, 478–82, 488–89, 490–92, 496–98, 500,


502, 504–505, 509–10, 522, 538, 541, 543, 561

brain (head, skull) 3, 58, 60, 74, 93, 100, 108, 242, 249–50, 252, 284–85, 380, 404, 407–408, 488, 496

Cato (Roman statesman) 243, 337, 342–

44, 368, 372–73, 382, 552 causation / cause 24, 53, 74, 117, 128,

130–32, 134, 151, 153, 199–200, 205–206, 213–16, 275, 280, 286, 307, 310–11, 317, 382, 413–14, 419–25, 428–30, 432, 434, 436, 439, 452,

caution (eulabeia) 201–203, 208, 471, 501

character (diathesis, hexis, disposition, stable state) 4, 13, 15, 26, 39–43, 45, 60, 70, 73–79, 81–83, 85–86, 95, 114–15, 118, 120–21, 124, 128, 134, 140, 150, 155, 157, 159, 162–63, 166–69, 171, 201, 211, 220–28, 239–42, 246, 249–50, 253–54, 262–63, 266–67, 270, 277, 286, 317, 319, 321–23, 326, 330, 332, 335–36, 338, 342–45, 351, 353, 365–72, 386, 392–94, 403, 409, 417, 425, 430, 442, 451, 455, 462–64, 468–70, 473, 475, 489, 501, 513–14

charioteer – see animals, horse (Plato’s metaphor) choice (hairesis) / choosing (haireisthai)

39, 43, 65, 75, 85, 91–92, 126, 154, 215–16, 220–21, 224–25, 227, 230, 232, 236, 240, 244–46, 248–49, 251, 255–57, 259, 262–63, 270, 276–277, 286–89, 311, 330, 332–33, 335, 337, 339–41, 345, 353–54, 358, 360–62, 368, 370–71, 376, 383, 387–91, 393–95, 399, 411, 422, 425–30, 432–33, 435–36, 441, 449, 452–53, 455–56, 463, 472–75, 479–81, 492, 506, 509, 565

Christianity vii–viii, 5, 14–16, 22–23, 25–26, 37, 153–54, 158, 175, 178, 485–86, 499, 517, 519, 525, 528–29

Chrysippus 18, 31–32, 34, 36, 41, 60, 64–65, 70, 175, 177–84, 186, 189, 191, 195–99, 203–206, 213–18, 222, 225, 230, 232–34, 237–39, 242–43,

248, 269, 271–74, 277, 281–86, 291, 293, 296–300, 302–304, 307, 309–10, 313–14, 316, 319, 326–29, 332, 335, 341–42, 345–48, 351–52, 361, 363–64, 382, 398, 402–404, 415–17, 421–29, 431–32, 434–36, 448, 455, 470, 473, 475, 485, 490–91, 495, 505–508, 512, 540, 543, 545–47, 550, 553, 555–57, 561–62, 564

Cicero 7–8, 18, 31–32, 44, 59, 97, 176, 182–83, 185, 187–88, 190–94, 196, 198–201, 207–208, 212, 215–19, 222, 226–28, 238, 240, 242–43, 247–48, 254–55, 259, 262–68, 270, 272–73, 275, 278, 281–82, 284, 295, 298–99, 301, 303, 325, 330, 340–42, 359–61, 364, 376–78, 382–83, 385, 389–93, 398, 404, 416–17, 420, 423–25, 428, 441–42, 449–51, 456, 501, 511, 520, 545, 551–53, 557, 565

city (polis) / citizen 4–6, 25, 29, 92, 117–18, 120, 148, 150, 163–64, 169, 176, 181, 252, 274, 288, 309, 318, 337, 371–72, 376, 397–98, 410, 414, 510, 520, 535, 559

Cleanthes 177, 180, 183, 205, 242–43, 271, 276, 303, 321, 324–25, 347, 365–66, 370, 401–402, 413–15, 426, 428, 431–32, 438–41, 444, 453, 513–14, 545–46, 555

cognitive / cognition 4–6, 56, 60–61, 66–69, 73, 78, 88, 109, 136, 139, 171, 175, 183–84, 188–93, 195, 198–99, 202, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213–14, 217–21, 240, 245, 271–72, 274, 278, 280–82, 293–94, 296–98, 302–303, 305–307, 310–11, 313, 315–18, 320, 323, 325–29, 331–32, 335–36, 342, 344–45, 358, 362–63, 374, 402, 425, 456, 461, 470–71, 475–77, 487–92, 504, 510–12, 521–22, 528, 538, 542

coherence vii, 11, 14–15, 17, 19–20, 22–23, 28, 30, 52–53, 87–88, 94, 123, 129, 132–35, 177, 182, 186, 230, 269, 355, 364, 374, 377, 396, 467–68, 470, 487, 497, 505, 525, 527, 541, 543, 546, 553

commanding center / ruling faculty (hēgemonikon) 183, 198–99, 225,


277, 283–85, 294–95, 302, 389, 394, 407–409, 411, 413, 417, 472, 491

common ancient ethical tradition vii, 12, 18, 20, 23, 27, 121–23, 45, 365, 513–14, 516–17, 523–25, 528

common ethical usage 12, 494, 512, 515–16, 525, 528

competitive appropriation 12, 448, 494, 498–503, 506, 528

componential 6, 296–98, 300, 312–18, 323, 325, 328–29, 335–36, 344, 488–89, 512, 521–22, 554

concession 12, 193, 218, 321, 489, 494, 506–12, 516, 528

contemplation (theōria) 15, 43, 53, 78, 95, 97–100, 103, 105, 107–109, 111–13, 115–16, 119–24, 126–28, 135–39, 141–42, 147–49, 172, 324–25, 448–49, 456, 462, 464–69, 481–82, 500–501, 527, 534, 558

contingency 11, 17–20, 28, 252, 257, 432, 487, 527

cosmos (visible world, universe) / cos-mology 4–5, 7, 23, 53, 56, 74, 89, 92, 101, 103, 105–13, 115–22, 124–25, 128–29, 130–34, 136, 140, 143–51, 153, 180–82, 186, 189, 191, 202–203, 219, 258, 274, 294, 307, 313, 324–25, 355, 369, 371, 375, 378–79, 386, 388, 394–95, 400–406, 408, 410–11, 413–24, 426–29, 431–33, 435, 437–41, 444–53, 456–57, 465–67, 470, 479–82, 487, 492, 502, 534

– Greco-Roman / Mediterranean world 4–5, 8, 16, 18, 31, 46, 84, 155, 162, 178, 181, 359, 364, 373, 461, 478, 482–83, 485–87, 493–94, 503, 512–13, 515, 520–21, 524, 527, 529, 564

– invisible universe / World-Soul 51–53, 105, 107–11, 113, 115–17, 121–22, 124, 128, 130–34, 136, 140–41, 143–51, 153, 155, 322, 464–69, 501

courage (andreia, bravery) 55, 57, 68, 72, 83, 93, 119–21, 124, 128, 134, 163–64, 210, 222–26, 228–30, 232–33, 235, 237, 247, 249, 262, 267, 276–77, 294, 308, 311, 321, 323, 332–33, 335, 348–49, 357–58, 360, 368, 372, 443, 450, 473, 482, 510, 513

cowardice (deilia) 72, 77, 83, 226, 231, 237, 241, 321, 323

creation / creatures / create 52–53, 55, 90, 109, 112, 117, 131, 133–34, 141, 144–45, 151, 153–54, 222, 243, 260–61, 354, 376, 378–84, 397, 399, 402–403, 405–406, 410, 413–14, 416–17, 435, 440, 442, 449, 450–51, 457, 461, 463, 473, 492, 498

cultural encyclopedia vii, 11, 483, 493–94, 513, 515, 518, 523–25, 528

cycle / counter-cycle 49, 75–78, 81, 85–88, 171, 461–63, 468–69, 527

Cynicism / Cynic 6, 9–10, 20, 33, 155, 208, 243, 247, 251, 298, 347, 367, 517, 545–46, 558–59, 564

daemon 36, 51, 100–101, 108–109, 127,

131–34, 146–47 Demiurge (Craftsman, Creator) 51, 53,

109, 112–13, 115–18, 123–24, 129, 131–39, 141–49, 151–54, 415–16, 449, 465–69, 490, 492, 538

desiderative part / power / faculty (epithumētikon) 42, 56–57, 59–61, 66–71, 89, 97–99, 171, 183, 195, 285, 302, 328, 462–63, 469, 471, 495–96

desire (epithumia) 29, 37, 39, 41, 61–62, 66, 72, 89, 91, 120, 124, 164, 184–85, 200, 203, 292, 294, 339–41, 443, 471

destiny / fate 33–34, 56, 143, 181, 193, 272, 411, 417–28, 431–32, 434–35, 446, 452

determinism and free will 4, 7, 77, 162, 166, 181–82, 277, 325, 376, 413, 417–33, 431, 433, 435, 480–82, 528

Diaspora Judaism vii, 5–6, 12, 15–16, 27, 33, 44–45, 63, 275, 461, 467, 483, 485, 488, 492–93, 499, 517–19, 521–23, 525, 528–29, 543

Diogenes Laertius 14, 183–84, 187–89, 191, 201–202, 207, 222, 225, 227, 232, 234, 236, 243, 248, 250, 252, 254–55, 261–63, 265, 267–68, 273, 302–303, 333, 335, 340, 377–78, 381–84, 386, 394, 411, 413, 415–16,


438, 449–50, 497, 509–10, 520, 534, 545–47, 552–53

Diogenes of Babylon 31, 178, 298, 317–23, 325–29, 331, 336, 476, 505, 553

Diogenes of Oinoanda 21, 422, 521 Diogenes of Sinope 38, 208, 243, 247 disease (nosos, nosēma) / illness 20, 38,

64, 75, 78, 82, 203, 211–12, 227, 248–51, 255, 268, 301, 310, 339–45, 351–52, 428, 433, 488, 510

distress (lupē, grief, pain) 18, 26, 34–35, 41, 61–62, 68, 76, 81, 90–97, 124, 159, 168–69, 184–85, 198, 200–203, 212–13, 216–17, 221, 247–48, 250, 254–55, 264, 268, 303–305, 320, 339–40, 357–58, 360, 362, 378, 382, 398, 462–63, 471, 476, 478, 498, 501, 504, 541, 557

– avoiding distress (alupēsia) / dis-tresslessness 89–97, 168–69, 498, 540

divine cause / divine orchestration – see Providence divinity / deity (theios) vii, 23, 36, 65–

66, 83, 103, 108, 112–14, 124, 126, 136–41, 143, 274, 325, 375, 396–97, 414, 420, 440–42, 445–50, 456–57, 465, 492, 500–501, 507

doctrines (dogma, decreta) 8–11, 20–22, 50–52, 63, 83, 103, 116, 122–25, 132, 149, 154, 165, 177, 179–82, 184, 186–89, 194–95, 197, 200, 202, 210–11, 219, 221, 244, 248, 269–70, 271–72, 275–76, 280, 283, 292, 296, 299–300, 320, 323, 330–32, 348, 352–56, 358–59, 361–62, 366–67, 376–77, 379, 398, 415, 420, 435–36, 448, 461, 465, 478, 480, 483–86, 489, 494–95, 497–98, 500–503, 506–509, 511–12, 514, 518, 520, 523, 528, 534–35, 537, 539, 541–49, 554, 557, 561–62, 564

doxography / doxographer 14, 132, 184, 187, 194, 209, 219, 222, 248, 259–60, 262, 265, 273, 276, 291, 302, 330, 332, 334–35, 337, 340, 342, 346, 348, 351, 377–78, 381, 384, 392–93, 398, 408, 420, 423, 479, 511, 535, 542, 545, 547–53, 555

dualism 7, 59–61, 70, 73, 186, 209, 299, 301–302, 306, 313–14, 401, 408, 490, 511–12, 527, 553–54

eclecticism 6, 10–12, 154, 176, 313,

494–97, 516–17, 528, 538, 548, 556, 558–59, 561–62

education (paideia) 4, 13, 15, 34, 87, 102, 117, 155, 162–69, 181, 316, 318, 327–28, 350, 352, 363, 433, 451, 455, 469, 470, 473, 487, 489, 504, 506, 531, 537–39, 554, 557, 563

emotions / passions (pathē, pathēmata) 4–5, 9–13, 15, 18, 21, 24, 29–40, 42, 44–45, 49, 56–81, 85–91, 93–94, 98–100, 106, 116–18, 120, 124, 139, 147–50, 153, 158, 160–61, 163–64, 172, 175, 179–81, 183–88, 190, 193, 195–221, 226, 228–31, 245, 271–73, 277, 280–84, 286–87, 293–98, 300–16, 318–21, 323, 325–31, 335–36, 339–40, 351–53, 357–58, 368, 392, 402, 407, 417, 456, 462–64, 468–71, 474–78, 487–88, 490–91, 497, 501, 504–505, 507, 511–12, 522, 527, 536–44, 550–51, 555, 557, 562–63

– good emotions (eupatheiai) 136, 201–203, 208–10, 221, 228–29, 265, 286, 330–31, 471, 474–75, 500–501

Epictetus 4, 8–10, 13, 17–18, 21, 31–34, 36, 65, 83, 86, 92, 97, 177–78, 182, 186, 188, 191, 193, 196, 198, 210, 213, 215, 218–19, 242–43, 246, 271, 273–75, 278–81, 287–94, 312, 314–15, 319–20, 325, 346, 349, 358–63, 369, 373–74, 376–77, 395, 398, 400, 408, 413, 426, 428–37, 441–42, 445–51, 453, 457, 477, 484, 489–91, 502, 522, 540, 556, 558–61, 563–64

Epicureanism / Epicurean / the Garden vii–viii, 4–12, 14–16, 18, 20–21, 27–29, 32–33, 41–42, 44–45, 53, 71, 88, 90–91, 93–94, 107, 155, 162–63, 210, 217, 277, 297–98, 317–18, 363, 365, 378, 422, 456, 461, 469, 483, 485–86, 488, 492, 497–98, 517, 519–24, 536, 542, 546, 551–52, 558


Epicurus 6–7, 19, 21, 29, 32, 39, 41, 44, 90–91, 365–66, 370, 485, 498, 513, 515, 520, 536, 546

errors (Platonist, non-Stoic) 11, 18, 20, 75–76, 79, 85–86, 139, 147–49, 153, 156–61, 171–72, 463–64, 468, 513–14, 532–33, 539–40

errors (Stoic) – see actions / acts (Stoic) ethics / ethical theory vii–viii, 3–5, 7, 10,

12, 14, 16–24, 26–31, 33, 35, 41, 44–46, 51, 55, 82, 86–87, 94, 101, 103, 105, 112–116, 118–23, 126–28, 138, 141, 147–48, 150, 153, 155–56, 158, 160, 163, 169, 172, 177, 179–81, 183, 186–87, 195–96, 207, 209, 221–23, 227, 237, 245–46, 248, 251–52, 256, 259, 266, 270–71, 275, 278, 280, 286, 290, 293–94, 297, 302, 318, 325, 331, 336, 345–46, 362–63, 365, 374, 377–78, 383–80, 395–96, 399–400, 407–408, 412, 432, 435, 441, 448–49, 456, 461, 464–65, 473–74, 479, 490, 492, 494, 496, 501, 504, 510–17, 523–25, 528, 532–33, 537, 542–43, 546, 548, 550–53, 555–64

eudaimonia (flourishing, happiness) 21, 39, 44, 91–92, 121, 125–28, 134, 182, 225, 237, 239–40, 247–51, 254, 256, 258, 260, 270, 277, 302, 353, 384, 386, 397–98, 400, 410, 413, 423, 426, 443, 455, 466, 489–90, 500–501, 509–10, 533, 543

Euripides 34, 65, 71, 76, 186, 202–203, 205, 216–17, 287, 316, 490, 563

example / model / pattern (exemplum, exemplar, paradeigma) 15, 22, 43, 53–56, 103, 106–107, 109, 116–18, 121, 123–24, 130–32, 138–41, 145, 147–49, 153, 155, 158, 160–61, 169, 172, 181, 187, 323–24, 364–68, 370–71, 373, 411, 417, 426, 439, 447–48, 450, 453, 464–68, 478, 481–82, 501–502, 513–14

false belief / false judgment / false opin-

ion 4, 18, 32, 35, 59, 75, 95, 120, 132, 180, 183–84, 189–94, 201, 203,

205, 214–15, 217–18, 220, 223, 240, 245, 278–79, 282–83, 286, 288–90, 292–93, 295, 297, 304–305, 307, 312–13, 315–16, 323, 326, 336, 340, 345, 368, 372, 430, 436, 453, 456–57, 471, 476, 482, 494, 504–505, 522, 537

fate – see destiny fear (phobos) 33, 35, 61–62, 72, 132,

184–85, 200–201, 203, 213, 225, 286, 305, 310–11, 342, 352, 370, 402, 437, 462, 471, 477, 501

flatterer 86, 157–60, 464 fluttering (ptoia) 198–99, 205, 215, 285–

86 following (akolouthos, hepesthai) – following / follower of God 51, 104,

108–109, 114–15, 121, 127, 137, 139–40, 181, 428, 442, 481–82

– following a mentor / person 160, 164, 368, 371

foolishness (aphrosunē) / fool (phaulos, mōros) / ignorance (agnoia) 83, 165, 226, 231, 237–39, 241, 247, 249, 264, 266, 269–70, 279, 288, 346–48, 350–52, 453, 472–75, 480–82, 505, 510, 513

Forms (eidē) / Ideas (ideai) 53–56, 107, 113–15, 118, 122, 124, 129–32, 135–42, 145, 147–48, 155, 322, 325, 448–50, 464–66, 468–69, 501–502

Fourth Maccabees 12, 15, 33, 44, 186, 517, 521, 523

frank criticism (parrēsia) 18, 21–22, 43, 102, 158–60, 172, 464, 468, 470, 478, 487, 513–14

freedom (eleutheria) / free (eleutheros) 7, 10, 27, 33, 49, 70, 79, 87, 90–91, 95, 101, 124, 132, 134, 148–49, 153, 160–61, 163–64, 169–70, 180–82, 184, 202, 207, 209–10, 212–13, 219, 242, 249, 252, 256, 274, 279, 291, 294, 331, 342–43, 351–52, 361, 368, 392, 418, 421–34, 437, 439, 446, 449–50, 457, 475, 477, 482, 498, 557–59, 562


fresh (prosphatos) / freshness (of a pas-sion) 198–200, 203, 205, 215–18, 220, 282, 304

friendship (philia) / friend (philos) 18, 34, 86, 90–91, 102, 105, 143, 150, 155, 157–60, 172, 248–49, 264, 268, 320, 331, 354, 363, 368–72, 397–99, 410, 464, 468–70, 475, 478–79, 481, 487, 498, 513, 549–50, 554

Galen of Pergamum 8, 18, 22, 31–32,

34, 36, 42, 50–51, 58–59, 61–67, 69–76, 78–82, 86–97, 103, 148–61, 165–69, 183–84, 186, 196, 198–200, 203–207, 209, 211–13, 215–18, 220, 230, 276, 281–87, 297, 301, 303–307, 320, 325–28, 336, 340–41, 363, 366, 404, 407–408, 455, 469, 488–90, 492, 495–98, 504–508, 522, 524, 535, 537–43, 545, 554–57

Garden, the – see Epicureanism / Epicurean goal (telos) 7, 15, 24, 32, 41, 44, 51, 53,

67, 81, 87, 91, 93, 101, 103–104, 108, 119, 121, 125, 127, 138–39, 141, 148, 159–61, 169, 171, 183, 186, 207–208, 210, 212, 220, 231, 268, 276, 335, 360–63, 368, 387–88, 393, 395, 411, 423, 428, 432, 437–38, 442, 447–48, 456–57, 465, 467, 477, 479–80, 498, 501–502, 508, 528, 551–52, 559

God (theos) ix, 14–15, 26, 44, 51, 53, 56, 65, 99, 101–29, 131–55, 171, 180–81, 274, 288, 292, 296, 325, 354–55, 375, 387, 401, 403, 408, 410–23, 426, 428–29, 431, 433, 436–53, 456–57, 464–70, 479–82, 490, 492, 500, 502, 534

godlikeness 83, 106, 109, 111, 115, 119, 123–124, 126–27, 131, 440, 443–44, 448, 457

gods / goddesses 14–15, 38, 44, 53, 66, 83, 90, 92, 101, 105–106, 108, 113–15, 124–25, 131–32, 133–34, 143, 146–47, 149, 223, 288, 371, 413–14, 417, 442, 445–47, 451

– Aphrodite 66, 70, 114 – Apollo 114

– Ares 66, 70 – Athena 114, 413 – Eros 70 – Hera 114, 132, 413 – Demeter 413–14 – Zeus 90–92, 114, 132, 142, 244, 274,

288, 290, 411, 413–14, 428, 431, 438–41, 444, 453, 545

Good, the (Form) 53, 55, 95, 113, 115–16, 118, 130–31, 135, 138, 140–42, 145, 148, 321, 450, 465–67, 501

good (moral) ix, 27, 30, 43, 55, 60, 71, 74, 80, 83, 90–91, 93–94, 105–106, 118, 123, 125, 127–28, 131, 136, 138, 142–43, 152, 161, 165–66, 171–72, 187, 189, 191, 194, 196, 200–203, 213, 219, 221–22, 226, 229–31, 237, 240, 243, 245–52, 257–60, 266, 268–70, 278, 283, 286, 288, 291, 295, 304–305, 308, 317, 319, 326, 331, 336, 348, 350–51, 357, 359, 363, 383, 385, 387, 389–90, 393–95, 400, 408, 411, 419, 420–22, 426, 429, 432, 436, 440, 451–53, 455–56, 463–64, 467, 470–72, 472, 474–75, 481, 498, 500–502, 504, 509–11, 513

goods (external, material, conventional) 24, 57, 90, 93, 121, 125, 127, 168, 182, 191, 248–49, 254, 256, 277, 302, 358, 390, 490, 509–10, 533, 543

grief – see distress gut (stomach, belly, intestines, liver) 58,

407, 488, 496 habit / habituate / habitude (ethos,

ethizesthai, hexis) 27, 39–41, 43, 45, 66, 74, 77–79, 81–82, 85–88, 95–96, 114, 139, 171, 192, 207, 227–28, 239, 253–54, 270, 305, 326–27, 332–48, 353, 357–59, 361–63, 366, 368–69, 374, 389–90, 392–95, 456, 462–64, 468–70, 475, 478, 481, 527

harmony / symphony / orchestration 51, 56–58, 67, 72–73, 92, 105, 108–109, 115–19, 128, 133–34, 143, 146–47, 180–81, 220, 222, 224–28, 285–86, 292, 316–18, 320, 322, 324–25, 327, 336–37, 389–96, 411, 413, 418, 420–


21, 423, 425, 428, 431, 433, 438, 451–52, 457, 463, 480–82

health (hugieia) 69, 86, 88, 91–94, 121, 125, 127, 134, 164, 190, 196–97, 199–200, 202–203, 205, 211, 220, 242, 246, 248, 250–57, 264, 267, 269, 276, 286, 300, 302–303, 333, 335–36, 338, 342–44, 358, 361, 382, 390, 433, 456, 509–10, 543

heart (chest) 8, 58, 60, 283–85, 311, 407–408, 495–96, 505

Hierocles 4, 178, 180, 376–85, 390–92, 396–99, 479, 556, 560–61

Homer 9, 37, 52, 115, 316, 518, 548 identity viii, 5, 21, 28, 74, 274, 364, 376,

395, 397–98, 400, 410, 413–14, 479, 484, 529

illness – see disease imagination 58, 93, 256, 367, 373, 441,

498 imitation (mimeisthai, mimēsis) / emulat-

ing (zēloun, zēlōtos) – of God (imitatio Dei) 15, 54, 74, 104,

110–11, 112–16, 117–19, 121, 124, 128–29, 134, 137, 139–42, 148, 411, 437–53, 456–57, 464–70, 479, 481, 502

– of human beings 27, 43, 85, 155, 160–61, 167, 172, 365–68, 370–73, 478–82, 513–15, 528

– of other things / objects 319–22, 325, 360, 453, 499

impression – see appearance impulse (hormē) 31, 33–34, 42, 56, 60,

69, 78, 87–89, 98–99, 116, 171, 182–84, 186–88, 193–200, 202–205, 213–16, 218–19, 221, 223, 225–26, 229–30, 232, 235–36, 243–46, 250–52, 257, 261, 265, 272–73, 275, 278–87, 289–94, 296, 298–307, 309–16, 318, 320, 323–24, 326, 329, 336, 344, 361, 378–79, 381–82, 384–92, 394, 396, 398, 400, 403, 408–10, 423–25, 427, 429, 435–37, 445, 455, 457, 464, 471, 474–77, 480–82, 490–91, 501, 504–505, 508, 511–12, 522, 528

incontinence (akrasia) / incontinent (akratēs) / weakness of the will 26, 39, 40–41, 83, 215, 285–87, 299, 301

incorporeal (immaterial) 53–54, 73–74, 107, 109, 114–15, 128, 133, 401–402, 408, 436

indifferents (adiaphora) 25, 27, 128, 187, 221, 246–48, 250–60, 263, 269–70, 331, 340–41, 343, 345, 361, 383, 389–90, 395, 398, 408, 432, 434, 456, 471–72, 474–75, 481, 509–10

– dispreferred (apoproēgmena) 247, 253–58, 260, 432, 456, 472

– neutral (neutrum) 247, 251–52, 254–55, 258–59, 268, 270, 510

– preferred (proēgmena) 246, 252–60, 331, 383, 432, 456, 472

injustice (adikia) / unjust 72, 77, 105, 115, 226, 231, 237–38, 241, 248–49, 264, 270, 308–309, 360

instantaneous change (metabolē) 83, 221, 228, 236, 238–42, 338, 347, 349, 351, 371, 378, 392, 472–76, 528

intemperance (akolasia) / intemperate (akolastos) 36, 39–41, 69, 76–77, 81, 115, 219, 226, 231, 237, 241, 264, 280, 282–83, 463

interactions, types of 5, 12, 16, 45, 50, 448, 483–87, 493–95, 497–98, 503, 506, 511–12, 515–19, 521–22, 524–25, 528–29, 558

interentailment 232–36, 338, 411–12, 416, 473, 480, 482

intertextuality 12, 492–93, 517–18, 525, 528–29

irenic appropriation 12, 493–94, 503–506, 508, 512, 516–17, 528

irrational (alogos) 31, 33–36, 59–60, 64, 66–73, 75–78, 88–89, 97–100, 144, 146–47, 151, 164, 171, 186, 197–98, 200, 203–205, 207, 209, 213–14, 217, 221, 228, 250, 261, 263–64, 275, 282–83, 285–87, 296, 300, 302, 306–307, 314, 328, 340, 345, 372, 392, 462, 471, 488, 527, 544, 554

joy (chara) 25–26, 61, 89, 201–203,

208, 263, 265, 330–31, 360, 471, 501


judgment (krisis) 31–33, 36, 40, 52, 57, 60, 75–76, 84, 87, 91, 157–58, 171, 175, 180, 183–84, 190–201, 203–206, 211, 213–15, 217–21, 225, 227, 229–30, 245–46, 259, 267, 272–73, 275–76, 279–82, 287–90, 293, 295, 298, 302, 304, 306–307, 313, 315–16, 319–20, 326, 328–29, 341, 353, 361–63, 367, 369–70, 393–94, 408, 427, 430–31, 434–37, 443, 445, 451, 455, 457, 471–72, 473–77, 480–82, 490–91, 504–505, 508, 511–12, 528, 562

justice (dikaiosunē) / just (dikaios) 39, 55, 72, 105–106, 112–16, 118–21, 123–26, 128, 131, 134, 138, 140–43, 145, 147–48, 150, 157, 163, 165, 167, 169, 183, 220, 222–26, 228–33, 235, 237, 247, 249, 260, 262–63, 265, 267, 276–77, 292, 332–33, 348–49, 354, 361, 391, 417, 422, 431, 442–43, 450, 457, 465–67, 473, 482, 501, 510

kakodaimonia (unhappiness, misery)

127, 198, 248–51, 258 knowledge (epistēmē, gnōsis) / episte-

mology vii, 3, 11, 20, 22, 27, 35–36, 52–53, 85, 90, 107, 114–18, 148–50, 154–55, 156–57, 160–61, 180, 192, 214, 219–26, 229–31, 233–36, 239–41, 245, 286, 298, 321–23, 326, 332–35, 345, 347–49, 353, 357, 359, 362–63, 381, 427, 437, 446, 457, 473–75, 478, 482, 494–95, 498, 505, 512–13, 515, 520–21, 523–25, 527–28, 534, 542

law 20, 77, 105, 110, 115–18, 127, 141,

195, 265, 292, 301, 318, 371, 431, 438–39, 465, 510, 532

logic 4, 19, 23, 74, 85, 150, 177, 179–80, 202, 332, 335, 358–59, 490, 537, 543–44, 546

love (amorous) / lust (philia, erōs) 4, 34–35, 38, 59, 61, 63–66, 70, 72, 75, 76, 86, 114, 157, 185, 203, 205, 211, 215, 217, 256, 286–87, 310, 320, 330, 340–41, 343–44, 462, 501, 561

love of humanity (philanthrōpia) 141–42, 308, 399

love of self 157, 382, 388 love of various things (philomatheia,

philomousia, ktl.) 57, 59, 61, 108–109, 139, 141, 142, 157, 185, 229–30, 300, 318, 334, 336–37, 339–44, 348, 372, 398–99, 440, 443, 491, 511

love of wisdom (philosophia) / lover of wisdom (philosophos) 9, 35, 64, 82, 84, 95, 112–13, 126, 138, 150, 158, 164, 171, 238, 289, 293, 300, 324, 382, 445–46, 495–96, 511, 548

Lucretius of Rome 21, 32, 521 Lyceum – see Peripateticism / Peripatetic magic 34–35, 65, 77 Marcus Aurelius 4–5, 8, 18, 31, 92, 176,

178, 271, 292–95, 325, 345–46, 349, 359–60, 362–63, 369, 395, 400, 477, 489, 491, 522, 524, 539–40, 556, 561, 563–65

mathematics 29, 109–11, 116, 118, 124, 128, 507, 523, 525, 554

matter / material – see body / bodies Medea 34, 36, 60, 70, 186, 281, 287–88,

563 medicine / therapy 20, 58, 78, 87–88, 90,

94, 96, 168, 211, 218, 277, 329, 337, 343, 348–49, 356, 406, 428, 488, 495–96, 513, 523, 525, 538–39, 541

mentor / pedagogue / overseer viii, 13, 21–22, 27, 43, 45, 85, 102, 155–56, 158–61, 167, 171, 332, 363–74, 446, 462, 464, 468–70, 475–79, 481, 491, 513–15, 527–28

metaphor 13–14, 20, 36–38, 41, 63–65, 71, 78, 82, 156, 186, 204, 211, 218, 230, 238, 243, 273–76, 293, 295, 301, 303–304, 307, 309, 315, 359, 424, 425, 493–94, 515, 517, 521, 524

metaphysics / metaphysical 3, 7, 51, 53, 55–56, 101–103, 106–107, 111, 119, 121–22, 129–30, 132–37, 140, 143–44, 147–50, 157, 321–22, 466–67, 482, 502, 534


moderation (metriopatheia) 10, 40, 56–57, 65–69, 71–72, 75–76, 78, 81, 85–86, 88, 93–94, 115–17, 120, 148, 153, 163, 168–69, 171, 180, 183, 207–208, 210–12, 253–54, 295, 298, 301–302, 308–309, 312, 320, 325, 327–28, 330, 335–36, 342–43, 462–63, 465–69, 471, 476, 498, 504, 528, 544, 557

monism 7, 59, 61, 180–81, 183–84, 186–87, 195, 209, 221, 275, 283–84, 297, 300, 302, 306, 314, 375, 401, 407–409, 471, 506, 512, 544

moral milieu / moral universe vii, 1, 5, 8, 11, 15, 17–18, 53, 461, 483–85, 487, 512, 515, 519–21, 525, 557

moral progress (prokopē) / progressor (prokoptōn) vii, 4, 12–13, 15, 17, 19, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 41–43, 75, 78, 80, 82–88, 94–95, 102–103, 155–56, 158, 160–67, 169, 171, 182, 209, 228, 237–42, 253–54, 269–70, 318, 346–47, 349–53, 358–59, 362–70, 372, 374, 386, 392, 452, 455, 462–64, 468–70, 472–81, 489, 492, 509, 513–14, 527–28, 536, 543

moral purpose (proairesis) 85, 279, 289–90, 319–20, 388, 429–34, 436–37, 452, 465

Moses 153–54 music / melody / harmony (musical) /

rhythms 56, 72, 118, 244, 255, 298, 315–25, 327, 329, 331, 334–38, 340, 346, 348–49, 476, 478, 504–505

Musonius Rufus 4, 31, 86, 90, 91–92, 97, 177–78, 182, 196, 198, 219, 256, 270, 291–92, 345–46, 348–49, 357–61, 363, 413, 431, 433, 441–46, 450–51, 456, 477, 484, 489–91, 502, 522, 540, 556, 558–60

nature (phusis) / natural – animal / plants 55, 195, 243, 261,

300, 378, 380–86, 391, 403 – cosmos / universe 38, 51, 55, 67, 92,

108, 110, 145–46, 149, 151–54, 180, 186, 301, 324–25, 374, 378, 391, 393–96, 400–401, 403, 410, 415–26, 421–22, 428, 430, 432, 436–39, 442,

449–51, 456, 480–82, 492, 502, 528, 563

– divine 108, 110, 145–46, 152, 235, 391, 411–13, 415–17, 419–20, 443–45, 450–52, 551

– human 4, 36, 44, 67, 79, 88, 91, 97, 99–102, 105–106, 108, 112, 127–28, 139, 143, 155–56, 162–69, 171, 181, 186, 196–98, 203–205, 209–10, 222, 243, 245, 250–51, 253–58, 260–68, 270, 275, 278–80, 282, 292, 297, 299–302, 304–310, 313, 321–23, 326, 330, 339–40, 354–55, 365, 371, 378, 380–81, 383, 385–401, 403–405, 410, 425, 427, 430–32, 434, 436–40, 442–44, 446, 449–52, 455–56, 467, 470, 476, 479–80, 482, 489, 491, 504, 511, 522

– kind / type / purpose 3, 19, 31–33, 60, 65–66, 69, 100, 227, 231, 273, 393, 405, 529, 543, 553, 562

Neoplatonism 49–50, 75, 116, 119–21, 130, 132, 175

non-cognitive 4–6, 49, 56–57, 60–61, 66–69, 171, 183, 207, 209, 221, 271–72, 296–98, 302–307, 310–11, 314–18, 320, 323, 325–29, 331–332, 335–37, 342–45, 363, 456, 462, 470, 475–77, 481, 487–92, 504–505, 508, 511–12, 521–22, 527–528, 538, 542

non-rational 181, 259–61, 297, 300, 302, 305–307, 310, 313, 317–18, 320, 329, 384, 411, 457, 463, 476, 479, 490

nurture 18, 69, 102–103, 108, 111, 128, 156, 165, 168, 470

Olympian gods – see gods One and the Many 53, 129–33, 135,

143–45, 147, 151 opinion (doxa) 31–32, 34, 60, 75, 84,

120, 149–50, 186, 192–93, 198–200, 203, 205, 213, 216–18, 227, 240, 244, 297, 304–305, 307, 312, 320, 323, 326, 336, 339–41, 345, 372, 382, 403, 430, 457, 476, 482, 504–507, 522


orthodoxy 6, 19, 66–67, 177–83, 188, 202, 207, 219, 222, 228, 233, 238, 257, 271–72, 283, 293, 296, 298, 302, 306, 308, 314–16, 319, 332, 336–37, 348, 350–52, 363, 373–74, 378, 388, 395–96, 398, 470, 474, 491, 512, 527, 542, 546, 547, 550–53, 556–58, 560–62

painlessness (aochlēsia) 41, 90–91, 93,

254, 498 Painted Porch – see Stoicism / Stoic / Stoa Panaetius 6, 178, 297–302, 306, 313–14,

317, 333, 489–91, 511–12, 522–23, 552–54, 556–58

participation (metaschein) in God / the divine 55, 104, 108, 110–11, 114–15, 126–27, 137, 139, 141–43, 145, 147–48, 181, 250, 395, 421, 428, 431, 439, 452, 467, 501

patristic 37, 175, 529 Paul (apostle) / Pauline vii–viii, 1, 4–5,

9, 11–12, 16, 19–20, 22–29, 37, 178, 287, 292, 461, 483–85, 493, 499, 516–19, 524, 527–29, 535, 540, 557–58

perception – see sense-perception perfect (teleios) / perfection (teleiōsis)

64, 72, 79–80, 83–84, 89, 94, 105–106, 114, 117–18, 134, 137, 143, 148, 160–61, 165–66, 171–72, 175, 192, 208, 220–21, 228, 232, 235–36, 239, 242–45, 248–50, 260–70, 274, 290, 292, 325–26, 333, 349–53, 356, 363–64, 366–68, 370–71, 374, 383, 386, 391–95, 411, 413, 415, 417, 423–24, 435, 438–39, 442–44, 447–48, 450–51, 453, 456–57, 470, 472–78, 480–82, 492, 513, 552

Peripateticism / Peripatetic 5–8, 10, 20, 32–33, 40, 42, 51, 67, 72, 75, 77, 87–88, 93, 98, 102, 128, 155, 162–63, 178–79, 181, 200, 207–208, 211–212, 215, 237, 241, 243, 248, 285–86, 296, 300, 302, 308–309, 312, 361, 366, 375–76, 378–79, 419, 433, 455, 469, 485, 495, 497, 507, 509,

511, 523–24, 538–39, 541–44, 546, 548–50, 553, 558, 562, 564

Philo of Alexandria 12–13, 15, 33, 44–45, 63, 186, 275, 360, 403, 503, 517–18, 521–23, 542–43

Philodemus of Gadara 8, 21, 32, 278, 298, 300, 317–21, 323–24, 511, 521

philosophy / philosopher – see love of wisdom / lover of wisdom physics 4, 7, 19, 23, 55, 177, 179–80,

182, 276, 388, 401–402, 406, 415, 420–21, 435–36, 449, 537–38, 541, 546, 553

piety (eusebia) / holiness (hosiotēs) 15, 18, 55, 92, 105–106, 116, 123, 125–26, 129, 223, 229, 231, 233, 453, 564

Plato 6–10, 14, 21, 31–32, 34–39, 41, 44, 49–74, 76, 78, 88–89, 92–93, 95, 97–98, 100–133, 135–41, 144–51, 154, 156–57, 162–65, 183, 186, 207, 209, 223, 233, 236, 248, 287, 296, 300–301, 306, 318, 321–22, 324–25, 327–28, 365–66, 370, 408, 415, 447–48, 462, 464–66, 468, 484–86, 488–90, 492, 495–96, 502, 504–13, 515, 522, 527, 531–39, 543–44, 554

Platonism (Middle / Imperial) vi–viii, 4–12, 14–15, 18, 20, 22, 27, 29, 31–33, 36, 39, 42, 44–45, 47, 49–53, 55–58, 60–67, 70, 72–75, 77–79, 83, 85–90, 93–95, 97–104, 107, 112, 116, 118–19, 121–24, 126–30, 133, 135, 137, 139–40, 147–51, 153–56, 162–65, 169, 171–72, 176, 179–81, 183–87, 195, 203, 207–210, 213, 215, 237, 241, 248, 275, 277, 283–85, 291, 293, 295–98, 300, 302–303, 306, 308, 313–14, 316, 322, 324–25, 337, 363, 365–66, 401, 407, 414, 422, 433, 442, 444, 447–50, 456, 461–71, 482–98, 500–503, 506–507, 509–12, 514, 516–17, 519–24, 527, 531, 533–44, 546, 548, 553–58, 561–62, 564

pleasure (hēdonē) 18, 29, 35, 37–39, 61–62, 65, 68, 78, 89, 117, 124, 159, 184–85, 200–201, 203, 213, 221, 243, 248, 250, 253, 255, 291, 303–305, 329, 348, 357–58, 360, 362, 372, 382,


438, 443, 456, 463, 471, 478, 501, 504, 522, 551–52

Plutarch 8, 18, 22, 32, 35–36, 40, 42, 44, 50–53, 59–67, 69–72, 75–79, 81–89, 95–96, 98–101, 103–104, 121–22, 139–48, 153–61, 164–67, 169, 183, 186, 188, 191, 193, 195–96, 198, 206–207, 209–10, 215, 217, 225, 231–35, 237–43, 248, 268–69, 276–77, 282–83, 285, 295–96, 301–303, 305, 310, 314, 337, 347, 350, 363, 366–67, 376, 393–94, 398, 404, 415, 422, 447, 450–51, 467, 469, 486, 489–90, 495, 503, 510, 513, 515, 522, 535–37, 539, 541–43, 545, 555–58, 560

pneuma (spirit, breath) 26, 74, 189, 284, 378, 403–404, 406–408, 410–11, 413, 417, 421, 438, 440, 445, 450, 452, 457, 480–81, 491

poetry / poet 9, 33, 52, 86, 165–66, 245, 316, 324, 328–29, 335, 337, 441, 476, 478, 491, 504, 536, 548, 555, 563

Posidonius 6, 31, 178, 205, 243, 297–98, 302–307, 309, 314–17, 320, 325–29, 331, 333, 335–37, 341, 417, 438, 455, 476, 489–91, 504–508, 512, 522–23, 540, 542, 552, 554–58, 561–62

prayer ix, 43, 83, 90–93, 274, 431, 453, 498

pre-passions (propatheiai) 181, 211–12, 298, 307, 310–15, 328–29, 335, 456, 476–77, 490–91, 504–505, 512

pre-rational 305, 327, 381, 384–85, 387–88, 391, 395–96, 457, 479, 504–505

precepts (praecepta) 41, 86, 348, 352–56, 358–60, 362, 364–69, 372, 442, 475, 478, 481, 513, 536

propositions (axiōmata) / predicates (lekta) 55, 104, 138, 140, 145, 149, 188–94, 198–99, 201–204, 214–15, 217, 219, 223–24, 228, 234, 245, 273, 282, 285–87, 289, 291, 302, 312–13, 316, 318, 323, 336, 354, 379, 401, 411–16, 425, 427, 432, 466, 468, 471, 473, 480

Providence 7, 111, 146, 150–54, 180–81, 325, 411, 413, 416–23, 426, 428, 431, 438–39, 444–47, 452, 457, 480–82

psychagogy 14, 43, 352, 363, 514–15 Pyrrhonism – see Skepticism / Scepticism reason (divine) 25, 29, 116–17, 138,

144–45, 147, 180–81, 274, 325, 411, 413, 415, 417–18, 419–22, 426, 428–29, 437–40, 442, 444–45, 447, 450–52, 457, 470, 480–82, 502

reason (human) / rational faculty (logos, logistikon) 3, 15, 25–26, 28, 31–32, 34, 36, 39–42, 44, 56–63, 66–76, 78, 82, 87–89, 95–96, 98–101, 105, 107, 109–11, 113, 116–17, 120, 124, 127, 130–31, 136, 150, 164, 168–69, 171, 180–84, 186–88, 190–92, 194–207, 209–10, 214, 217–21, 223–28, 230–31, 240–42, 244–45, 249–50, 254, 257, 259–64, 266, 268, 270–72, 274–317, 319, 323–30, 332–37, 344–45, 355–56, 358, 362–64, 371–72, 374–75, 378–79, 383, 385–97, 399, 401, 407–11, 415–17, 426–28, 430, 432–33, 436–42, 444–45, 447–53, 455–57, 462–80, 482, 488, 490–92, 496, 498, 500–501, 504–505, 507, 511–12, 522, 527, 537, 544, 554, 563, 565

refutation 12, 206, 320, 494, 497–98, 508, 516, 528

religion / myth 5, 18, 28, 34, 36, 51, 53, 70, 83, 101, 111, 114, 119, 123, 129, 131–34, 137, 147, 151, 157, 242–43, 414, 444, 464, 466, 486, 492, 499–500, 503, 518, 523, 528–29, 536

sage (wise person) 4, 9, 12–13, 15, 18,

25–26, 33–34, 42–43, 55–56, 80, 83–84, 86–87, 91–95, 101, 105–106, 109, 112–22, 131, 134, 137, 141, 147–49, 152–53, 155–56, 162, 171, 175, 183, 192, 201–202, 206–208, 211–13, 220–21, 225, 228, 233, 235–46, 249, 255–56, 259, 262–63, 265–71, 279–80, 290–91, 294–96, 301, 315, 325, 329, 331–34, 336–38, 343–


44, 346–53, 356, 362, 364–66, 368, 370, 374, 384, 392, 394, 396, 414, 423, 427–30, 432, 438, 442, 444, 446, 448, 452, 456–57, 462, 464–67, 472–82, 513, 515, 557–58

– near-sage 365–66, 390, 392–95, 478 – non-sage / barbarian 4, 18, 83, 163,

237, 286, 290, 317, 347, 353, 356, 370, 392–95, 520

scholarch 5, 175, 177, 184, 243, 271, 365, 484–85

school (scholē) / sect (hairesis) 3, 5–15, 17–23, 25–33, 37–38, 41–45, 51, 53, 61, 64, 66, 121, 155, 162–63, 175–76, 179–80, 183–84, 186–87, 205–206, 208, 210, 217–18, 228, 233, 271, 291, 363–66, 368–69, 385, 387, 401, 409, 414, 422, 448, 455–56, 461, 484–89, 493–95, 497–500, 502–503, 506, 508, 510–11, 513–17, 519–25, 528, 538, 546, 548, 552–54, 558–59, 562

selection / selecting (eklegesthai) 245–46, 255–57, 259–60, 270, 383, 389–95, 399, 432, 456, 472, 474–75, 479–81, 484

self / selfhood (identity) 21, 28, 41, 56, 73, 117, 157, 180–81, 187, 305, 312, 364, 375–79, 385, 388–89, 395–98, 400, 410, 416, 430, 441, 450, 457, 462, 467–68, 472, 475, 479–82, 484, 491, 513, 529

self-mastery (enkrateia) 6, 10–11, 13, 15, 21, 30–31, 33, 37–42, 44–45, 56, 66–67, 69, 71, 73, 76, 80, 89, 98–99, 116, 118, 168, 171–72, 180, 183, 187, 206–207, 211, 213, 218–22, 229–30, 271–72, 276–78, 291, 293–95, 298, 302, 314–18, 323, 326–31, 335–37, 443, 462, 471, 476, 490, 505, 511, 522, 527–28, 536, 538–39, 543–44, 550, 562–63

self-perception 376–77, 379–80, 382, 387

self-sufficiency (autarkēs, autonomy) 25–26, 210, 237, 247, 295–96, 309, 423, 426, 433, 509

Seneca 4, 8, 18–19, 21, 31–32, 34, 86, 94, 97, 176–82, 188, 191, 193–94,

198, 207, 210–13, 215, 217–18, 242–43, 256, 271, 287, 298, 303, 307–17, 328–32, 335–37, 340, 342–45, 350–56, 358–74, 376–78, 380–81, 390, 392, 397, 399–400, 408, 426, 428, 432, 435, 437, 440–42, 444–45, 450–52, 476–78, 484, 489–91, 504–505, 512–15, 522, 556–58, 561–63

senses / sense-perception (aisthēsis) 42, 54, 87, 107, 109–10, 130–32, 146, 188–90, 192, 253–55, 264, 267, 284–85, 288, 291, 299–300, 323, 336, 379, 384, 407–410, 425, 427, 431, 472, 480–81, 490

sickness (arrōstēma) / infirmity 211, 227, 246, 251, 255–57, 339, 341–42, 345, 433, 456

Skeptical (New) Academy 49–52, 176, 193, 343, 485–86, 537, 551–52

Skepticism / Scepticism (Pyrrhonism) 6–7, 11, 17, 32–33, 42, 52–53, 193, 214, 555–56

Socrates 21, 23, 31, 34–35, 37, 92, 100, 105–106, 112–13, 122–23, 156, 215, 223, 233–34, 243, 247, 321–22, 356, 361, 365–66, 368, 370, 372–73, 513, 515, 524, 531–32, 564

soul / mind (psuchē, animus) vii, 3–7, 13–18, 22, 26, 30, 32, 34, 40–45, 55–61, 63, 65–66, 68–71, 73–75, 77–80, 82–83, 86–91, 93–102, 104–11, 113–18, 120–21, 123–28, 131–32, 134, 136, 138–39, 141, 143, 146, 148–50, 153, 161, 164, 168–69, 171–72, 180–81, 183–84, 186–91, 193–201, 203, 205–207, 209–11, 213–14, 216, 218, 220–22, 224–28, 233, 242, 246, 248–49, 253, 271–77, 281–86, 288, 290–91, 293–97, 299–303, 305–308, 310–14, 313–14, 316–22, 324, 326–29, 331–33, 335–37, 340, 342–47, 351–54, 356–60, 362–64, 367, 370–71, 373, 378, 389, 391, 393–94, 397, 401–11, 413, 415–17, 423–27, 432, 435, 439–42, 444–45, 450–53, 456, 461–65, 467–74, 476–78, 480–82, 488–89, 491–92, 496–98, 500–501, 507, 511–15, 519, 522, 527, 529, 536, 538–39, 554, 561–62


– intellect (nous) / thoughts (dianoiai) 4, 15, 97–101, 105, 107–16, 118–20, 122–28, 134–41, 144–45, 147, 149, 154–55, 171, 183, 188, 191, 197, 220, 230–31, 236, 253–54, 275, 279, 293–94, 332–40, 342, 348, 396–97, 416–17, 437, 442–43, 448–49, 464–67, 491, 500–502, 527, 561, 564

spirited part / power / faculty (thumos, thumoeidēs) 35–36, 56–62, 66, 68–73, 79–80, 95, 97–99, 180, 195, 284, 287, 407, 462, 495–96, 507

spiritual / mental exercises 97, 332, 345, 349, 356–60, 362–64, 367, 369, 434, 475, 477–78, 481, 491–92

Stoa – see Stoicism / Stoic Stobaeus 32, 36–37, 42, 62, 183, 185–

87, 190–91, 193–194, 196–98, 200, 213–14, 219–20, 222–24, 226–27, 229, 231–32, 239, 247, 249–51, 262, 270, 272, 276, 278, 281, 291, 334–35, 339, 341, 347, 352, 376–80, 391–94, 397–400, 403–405, 420–21, 432, 455–56, 542, 545, 548–50, 552, 560

Stoicism / Stoic / Stoa vii–viii, 4–12, 14–15, 17–18, 20–33, 36, 39, 41–42, 44–45, 50–51, 53, 58–62, 64, 66–67, 72, 83–84, 88, 90–94, 97, 104, 107, 121, 128, 139, 148–149, 154–55, 162–63, 171, 173, 175–97, 199–215, 217–25, 227–52, 256–61, 265, 267–93, 295–303, 306–307, 309–10, 313–20, 322, 324–25, 327, 330–34, 336–39, 343–51, 355–56, 358–79, 381–85, 387–96, 398–423, 426–32, 434–45, 447–53, 455–57, 461, 467, 469–95, 497, 500–503, 506–11, 514, 516–17, 519–24, 527–28, 536, 538–65

– Early Stoicism (Old, classical) 39, 175–83

– Middle Stoicism (Hellenistic) 6, 39, 178–79, 181, 271, 297–98, 302, 313, 315, 317, 331–33, 336, 363, 438, 476, 484, 488–90, 511, 522–23, 553–54, 556–57, 561–62

– Neostoicism (Greco-Roman) 5, 7, 8, 11, 31–32, 62, 83, 91–92, 175–84, 213–14, 222, 242–43, 246, 256, 271–

73, 275, 278, 280, 283, 287, 291, 294, 296, 298, 307, 330–32, 336, 344–47, 350, 356, 358, 360, 363–64, 369, 373–74, 377, 395–96, 398, 400, 408, 413, 429, 442, 447–48, 450, 455–56, 461, 470, 475–78, 484, 486, 488–91, 502, 514, 522, 527–28, 545, 547, 555–57, 560–61, 565

strength (ischus) / strengthen 15, 38, 41, 44, 63, 65–66, 69, 70, 75, 78, 81, 88–89, 92–95, 97, 121, 125, 197, 203, 211, 214–16, 220, 228, 236, 247–48, 250–51, 254, 276–78, 280–83, 287, 289, 294–96, 300, 302–303, 306, 315, 326–28, 330, 333–37, 341–44, 353, 357–58, 361, 380, 430–31, 478, 509–11, 543

student / disciple viii, ix, 13, 30, 33, 43, 82, 89, 92, 96, 132, 155–56, 158, 160–62, 171–72, 233, 239, 241, 288–90, 293, 297, 302, 333, 346, 349, 352, 358–59, 362–64, 366–70, 372–74, 392, 433, 446, 453, 464, 468, 470, 473–74, 478–79, 514–15, 520, 538, 540–41, 546, 559

system / model 11–12, 21, 23–31, 42, 45, 58–59, 70, 129, 285–86, 306, 313, 364, 426, 462, 468–70, 473–75, 479, 481, 508, 521, 525, 527, 533, 535

temperance (sōphrosunē) / temperate

37–41, 72, 77, 83, 112–13, 115–18, 120, 124–25, 128, 134, 156, 167, 171, 210, 219–26, 228–30, 232–33, 235, 237, 247, 249, 262–63, 265, 267, 272, 276–78, 291–92, 294, 300–301, 326, 332–33, 348–49, 357–58, 362, 431, 435, 443, 450, 456, 465, 467, 473, 482, 510

tenor / tension / tone (tonos) 196, 199, 200, 211, 223, 275–76

– good tension (eutonia) 196–97, 220 tetrachord (passions) 184–86, 200–203,

208, 471 theology 8, 14–15, 19, 51, 53, 56, 78,

101–103, 122, 126–27, 129, 132–37, 143–47, 153–54, 177, 180, 325, 411–


14, 416–18, 464, 466–67, 480, 490, 492, 529, 543, 546, 553

titration point 240–41, 472–75, 477, 481, 492

training (askēsis) 4, 13, 15, 21, 25, 27, 33, 38, 42–43, 63–64, 71, 79–83, 86–90, 93–95, 97–98, 101–102, 107, 109, 127–28, 148–49, 155–56, 160–67, 169, 171–72, 180, 192–93, 207, 211, 228, 272, 274, 288–90, 295, 318, 327–28, 332, 337, 345–52, 354, 356–58, 360, 362, 364–65, 367–69, 373–74, 380–81, 386, 432, 442, 445–46, 450–51, 453, 455, 462–64, 468–70, 473, 475–78, 481, 487, 491, 498, 504–507, 528–29, 537, 563

tranquility (ataraxia) 29, 44, 86, 91, 210, 274, 279, 344, 431, 456, 498

truth (alētheia) / true knowledge / true appearances (kataleptic) 11, 52, 59, 79, 84, 92, 95–96, 101, 107–109, 113, 116, 118, 120, 132, 140–42, 149–50, 157, 165, 180, 182–83, 188–94, 202–204, 214–15, 219, 223, 228, 245, 273–74, 276, 278, 289–90, 292–93, 321–22, 324–26, 333, 335, 350, 355, 368, 385, 388–90, 421, 430, 436, 457, 464, 471, 473, 482, 501, 506–507, 559

universe – see cosmos unnatural / against nature (kata phusin)

154, 198, 203, 205, 243, 250, 260–61, 263–64, 267–68, 339–40, 390

‘up to us’ (eph’ hēmin) / ‘within our power’ (in nostra potestate) 64–65, 143, 182, 246, 271–73, 290, 292, 295, 309, 312, 330, 358, 360–62, 364, 374, 423–24, 429, 431, 433–36, 447, 452

value (axia) / valuation 16, 24, 58, 106,

115, 120–21, 131, 150, 162, 168–89, 194, 203, 213, 222, 224, 226, 232, 235, 239, 241, 245, 251–55, 257–59, 264, 266, 268–69, 276–78, 289, 312, 316, 318, 369, 372–73, 390–91, 410, 447, 456, 472, 479, 491, 499, 510, 525, 529, 563

vice (kakos) / viciousness (kakia) 4, 13, 18, 21, 24, 39–40, 42–43, 49, 56–57, 73–79, 81–87, 94, 102, 105–106, 139, 147–48, 155–56, 158–61, 163, 169, 171, 180, 184, 188, 197, 202–203, 211, 216, 220–24, 226–28, 231, 237–39, 241, 244–50, 252–53, 256–59, 263–64, 268–71, 282–83, 286, 309–10, 318, 326, 330, 332, 339–40, 343–45, 351–52, 358, 366–68, 370–73, 386, 392–94, 422, 425, 443, 455–56, 462–64, 468–75, 477–78, 480–81, 487–88, 509, 515, 536

virtue / moral virtue (aretē) 5, 13, 18, 21, 24, 26–27, 30, 37–43, 49, 55–57, 65, 67, 71–75, 78–88, 92, 94, 96, 102–103, 105–106, 112–29, 139–43, 146–50, 153, 155–56, 160–63, 165–67, 169, 171, 180, 182–83, 188, 191, 196–97, 202–203, 210–11, 219–50, 252–60, 262–63, 265–70, 276–78, 280, 283, 286, 289–92, 296, 302, 308–309, 317, 319–20, 325, 328, 330–40, 344–51, 353–54, 358–59, 361–62, 364–72, 374, 385–90, 392–96, 400–11, 417, 422–23, 425, 428–29, 431, 434, 436–44, 446–53, 455–57, 462–82, 487, 489–90, 492, 497, 501–502, 509–10, 514–15, 524, 528, 533–34, 537, 543, 551–52

– intellectual 114, 116, 120, 126, 220, 230, 231, 332–40, 348

– non-intellectual 332–40, 344, 478 – purifying (Plotinus) 120–22 volition (boulēsis) 73–74, 182, 201–203,

208, 311–13, 430–34, 436–37, 452, 471, 501

weakness (astheneia) 89, 196–97, 211,

248, 250, 255, 326, 339, 341, 380 – weak opinion / weak assent / weak

judgment 89, 183, 192, 213–14, 304, 306, 326–27, 345, 364, 367, 372–73, 504

– weaken (a passion / irrational facul-ty) 78, 82, 89, 95, 315, 326–29, 336, 463, 468, 476, 490, 505

wisdom (sophia, phronēsis) 4, 15, 78, 84, 92, 95, 100, 105–106, 108–109,


114, 119–20, 125–26, 128, 134, 136, 151–52, 154, 163, 171–72, 220, 222–23, 226, 229–33, 235, 237, 244–49, 263, 265–67, 332–33, 347–48, 353, 356, 366–67, 371, 414, 442–43, 450, 457, 473, 482, 500–501, 510, 558

Zeno (of Citium) 6–7, 14, 21, 31–32, 83,

175, 177, 179–80, 184–85, 205–206,

215, 222, 225, 233, 243, 251, 257, 271, 273, 277, 282–83, 296, 298, 300–303, 346, 364–66, 370, 383, 409, 415, 426, 438, 485, 489–90, 506, 511, 513–14, 522, 545–46, 555, 562

Zeus – see gods / goddesses

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Moral Transformation in Greco-Roman Philosophy of Mind · Special thanks to Professor Klyne – ......

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