Date post: | 01-Jun-2018 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | rizhelyn-lobramonte |
View: | 257 times |
Download: | 0 times |
of 32
8/9/2019 More Consonants
1/32
http://multilingualbooks.com/freelessons-korean.html
More ConsonantsHere are some new consonants, all of which have sound shifts.Letter Initial Position Medial Position Final Position
t as in toy d as in day t as in toy
p as in puff b as in boon p as in puff Found mostly in foreign words,
closest to r as in r adioRomanized as r ,
closest to soft d in American wa ter l at the end of i ll
s as in sigh s as in sigh (see note) t at the end of we t
Note: he com!ination is "ronounced li#e the $nglish word she , whether at the !eginning or in the middle of a word.
A Consonant able
!ormal Aspirated "lottali#ed
# #% ##
t t% tt
" "% ""
ch ch% &&
s ss
n
r m
'
h
Here%s a ta!le of the consonants and their various forms andromanizations.
Notice the "attern he as"irated consonants have one e trahorizontal line in them, and the glottalized ones are *dou!led*versions of the normal consonant.
he row outlined in yellow is a new consonant that you
http://top.extsound%28%27snd/si.aif');
8/9/2019 More Consonants
2/32
$ome More %ords
Now that you have all the consonants and most of the vowels, you can start learning alot of new words. Here are some words for food, !eginning with one that everyone in
+orea #nows:
t%s romanized as #im'ch%i, and it%s the s"icy "ic#led ca!!age that is a sta"le withalmost every +orean meal.
-f course, no meal would !e com"lete without . hat%s the +orean word for rice.
ou can clic# the +orean sylla!les in the ta!les !elow to hear them.
Here are more things to eat:
"ul'go'gi !roiled !eef #al'!i'&&im !eef ri! stew
man'du dum"lings
And here are things to drin#:
hong'ch%a tea#%eo'"%i coffee
mul water
#%ol'la cola
u'yu mil#
Consonant Clusters
ou now have all the single +orean consonants. As you learn more +orean, you maysee words li#e these:
or
/hat%s going on here 0" until now we%ve had only one consonant *in the !asement.*
All of a sudden we%ve shoehorned two consonants ( ) into the !ottom of thesylla!le.
his is called a consonant cluster . Here%s the general rule: if the sylla!le following acluster starts with a vowel sound, the second consonant attaches itself to the vowel1that means you "ronounce:
as if it were
http://top.extsound%28%27snd/chlmoso.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/uyu.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/uyu.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/kola.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/kola.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/mul.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/kopi.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/kopi.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/hongcha.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/hongcha.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/mandu.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/mandu.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/kalbichm.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/kalbichm.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/kalbichm.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/bulgogi.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/bulgogi.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/bulgogi.aif');
8/9/2019 More Consonants
3/32
8/9/2019 More Consonants
4/32
As you !lend the vowels together, it will turn into the sound of the word *we* (whichis romanized as *wi*)
he (iphthong able
)orean *omani#ed Pronouncedwi as in 'e
ui see note
wa as in 'a tt
weo as in 'a ll
wae as in 'ea r
oe as in 'e t
we as in 'e t
Here is the ta!le of the remaining di"hthongs.
3ue to the loss of distinction !etween the vowel
and , the last three rows are all "ronounced "rettymuch the same in standard +orean s"eech.
ou may clic# the +orean vowel to hear it "ronounced.
Here%s some e tra information a!out how vowels com!ineinto di"hthongs .
%ords 'ith (iphthongs
Here are some useful +orean words with their Romanizations and meanings: (4lic#on the +orean word to hear it "ronounced.)
a'rae down
an'e in
yeo'!o'se'yo Hello (tele"hone)
tae'sa'gwan em!assy
#wan'gwang'gae# tourist
yeo'haeng tri"
"ae shi" (noun)
"an'ae# half'fare
Alphabetical +rder
5ac# to "revious "age
http://www.unification.org/ucbooks/kintro/eui.htmhttp://www.unification.org/ucbooks/kintro/vwltype.htmhttp://www.unification.org/ucbooks/kintro/vwltype.htmhttp://www.unification.org/ucbooks/kintro/fork2.htmhttp://top.extsound%28%27snd/panaek.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/panaek.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/pae.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/yeohaeng.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/yeohaeng.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/tourist.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/tourist.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/tourist.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/taesagwn.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/taesagwn.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/taesagwn.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/yoboseyo.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/yoboseyo.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/yoboseyo.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/yoboseyo.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/ane.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/ane.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/arae.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/arae.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/we.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/oe.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/wae.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/weo.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/wa.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/ui.aif');http://top.extsound%28%27snd/wi.aif');http://www.unification.org/ucbooks/kintro/vwltype.htmhttp://www.unification.org/ucbooks/kintro/vwltype.htmhttp://www.unification.org/ucbooks/kintro/fork2.htmhttp://www.unification.org/ucbooks/kintro/eui.htm
8/9/2019 More Consonants
5/32
his tutorial introduces the letters in an order that ma#es sense for learning theal"ha!et, which is not necessarily the same as al"ha!etical order.
f you%re serious a!out +orean, though, you%ll eventually !uy a dictionary and will findal"ha!etical order useful when loo#ing u" words. ou can also do one of these twoe ercises:
• 4onsonant order • 6owel order
he ta!le !elow shows +orean al"ha!etical order. he to" row of ta!le shows theconsonants in al"ha!etical order1 the first column shows the vowels in al"ha!eticalorder.
f you read the ta!le from to" to !ottom, left to right, you will see the sylla!les inal"ha!etical order. Note that there are em"ty entries in the ta!le1 these are sylla!lesthat don%t e ist in +orean words.
http://www.unification.org/ucbooks/kintro/alphord2.htmhttp://www.unification.org/ucbooks/kintro/alphord3.htmhttp://www.unification.org/ucbooks/kintro/alphord2.htmhttp://www.unification.org/ucbooks/kintro/alphord3.htm
8/9/2019 More Consonants
6/32
4ongratulations7 ou%ve learned 8uite a !it a!out reading and "ronouncing the +oreanal"ha!et.
here%s more to +orean than the al"ha!et (of course), !ut now that you #now theal"ha!et, you%re ready to e "and your #nowledge further. Here are some +orean 9in#sthat might interest you:
8/9/2019 More Consonants
7/32
+ther )orean Links
Hangul and nternet in +orea FAhis "age answers nearly every 8uestion you ever had (and even ones you
didn%t) a!out how to dis"lay +orean te t (Hangul) on your screen.;urvival +oreanhe content is solid in this visually delightful site.
;teve%s Hangul
8/9/2019 More Consonants
8/32
Saying Goodbye
If you are sa ying goodbye to so meone who is staying (you're leaving their
house or place of business, for example), you say this:
This p hrase means, "Stay in well-being."
If, on the other hand, you're saying goodbye to someone who is going away(they're leaving your house or place of business), you say t his:
It means " go in well-being." If you meet someone on the street, you're bothleaving after the conversation is d one, so you use this s econd phrase.
Polite P hrases
No civilized person would even think o f travelling without these phrasescommitted to memory!
Thank you You're welcome
Sorry That's all right
Excuse me
http://top.extsound%28%27../snd/excuseme.wav');http://top.extsound%28%27../snd/itsok.wav');http://top.extsound%28%27../snd/sorry1.wav');http://top.extsound%28%27../snd/welcome.wav');http://top.extsound%28%27../snd/thanks.wav');http://top.extsound%28%27../snd/byego.wav');http://top.extsound%28%27../snd/byestay.wav');
8/9/2019 More Consonants
9/32
Introductions
Here a re the phrases you need to know when you meet people for the rst
time.
My name is ____
How do you do?
(Literally: We meet for the rst time)
Pleased to meet you.
Parts o f the Body
http://top.extsound%28%27../snd/pleased.wav');http://top.extsound%28%27../snd/frstmeet.wav');http://top.extsound%28%27../snd/myname.wav');
8/9/2019 More Consonants
10/32
1.head
2.ear
3.forehead
4.eye
5.nose
6.mouth
7.nec#
8. shoulder
9.arm
10.hand
11.chest
12.waist
13.#nee
14.leg
15.foot
Click forward to practice these words.
Korean:
8/9/2019 More Consonants
11/32
English:
As yo u move the mouse over a word, you will see the word and its d enition inEnglish. When you're ready, go to the next page for a relatively ( get it?) quick
quiz.
The FamilyMain Index
Family Quiz 1
Vocabulary Items (section 1)American (person)
Jong-no (district)
to learn
foreigner
classroom
Chinese ( person)
Japanese ( person)
German (person)
on the weekend
class, lesson
theater
movie
http://langintro.com/kintro/family/family.htmhttp://langintro.com/kintro/index.htmhttp://langintro.com/kintro/family/fquiz1.htmhttp://langintro.com/kintro/family/family.htmhttp://langintro.com/kintro/index.htmhttp://langintro.com/kintro/family/fquiz1.htm
8/9/2019 More Consonants
12/32
dinner, evening
beer
and (at beginning of sentence)
Myeong-dong (district)
these days
morning, A.M.
afternoon, P.M.
homework
Saturday
market
clothes, dress
shoes
fruit
people, person
very
to be interesting
family
hometown
8/9/2019 More Consonants
13/32
to exist [honoric]
New York
younger brother
nineteen
one month
Vocabulary Items (section 2)
trip
to teach
together
to be far
dinner (meal)
Bulgogi
to like
Korean restaurant
near
particularly
slowly
8/9/2019 More Consonants
14/32
to go on foot
City Hall
to be nished
a littl e
every weekend
hiking, climbing
last, past
week
Mt. Pukhan
downtown
to be n ear
front
to be tired
Hannam-dong (district)
to live
last year
boarding house
room
to rent
8/9/2019 More Consonants
15/32
meal
preparation
a wash
Ondol-pang (heating system)
to be big, to be large
Vocabulary Items (section 3)to be warm
guitar
to play (guitar, piano, etc.)
to sing a song
to be difficult
subway
to ride
bus
to take (time)
to be clean
unoccupied se at
8/9/2019 More Consonants
16/32
to sit down
usually
to see a sight
married woman
married man
this time
Mt. Solak
tra in
airplane
sea, ocean
to be beautiful
fare
Tonghae (sea)
before, ago
at rst
to not know
life, l iving
to introduce
to be happy
8/9/2019 More Consonants
17/32
now
(not) yet
alone, by oneself
East Gate
next
http://langintro.com/kintro/vocab/opposite.htmhttp://langintro.com/kintro/vocab/verb1.htm
Pure Korean Numbers
The table below shows t he “pure Korean” numbers. They a re used mostly for
counting.
1
2
3
4
5
6
10
20
30
4
http://langintro.com/kintro/vocab/opposite.htmhttp://langintro.com/kintro/vocab/verb1.htmhttp://langintro.com/kintro/vocab/opposite.htmhttp://langintro.com/kintro/vocab/verb1.htm
8/9/2019 More Consonants
18/32
7
8
9
0
50
60
70
80
90
To put together numbers l ike "17" or "35" you just write the tens n umberfollowed by the ones n umber. Thus,
17 =
35 =
Note: when they precede a “classier” (such as t he word for “o’clock” whentelling time), numbers e nding in digits 1 -4 and the number 20 change asfollows:
becomes
becomes
becomes
8/9/2019 More Consonants
19/32
becomes , and
becomes
Sino-Korean Numbers
1
2
34
5
6
7
89
10
100
1,000
10,000
Putting together Sino-Korean numbers i s a piece of cake. Split up the numberinto its p lace values a nd tack them together.
Example: 495
4 x 100 9 x 10 5
Example: 317
8/9/2019 More Consonants
20/32
8/9/2019 More Consonants
21/32
Directions
Back t o Main Index
This is one section I’ve avoided writing, mostly because I didn’t like the topic. Irealized I needed more practice with it, so here it is.
First, here are some of the phrases yo u’ll need when asking for or listening todirections.
Turn left.
Turn right.
Go straight
Go straight 3 blocks.
Cross the street.
It’s on the corner.
It’s on the left.
It’s on the right.
It’s in the middle (of the block).
Now, you can p ractice giving directions .
http://langintro.com/kintro/index.htmhttp://langintro.com/kintro/direct/givedir.htmhttp://langintro.com/kintro/index.htmhttp://langintro.com/kintro/direct/givedir.htm
8/9/2019 More Consonants
22/32
Korean Word Order
The normal word order for Korean is subject - object - verb .
This sen tence means “Young-Shik see s Joh n.”
Young-Shik (subj)John (obj) sees
The syllables in gray a re the markers, which, in technical terms, are
called particles . These particles t ell us w hich word is w hich, so we can alsosay:
and have the same m eaning. Does this m ean we can just throw the words u pin the air and say them in any order that they happen to land?
No; in the interests o f consistency a nd making communication easier, Koreanalmost always u ses the subject - object - verb o rder, and the verb alwayscomes a t the end of the sentence.
Three Important Particles
Here are three of the particles yo u’ll need for forming basic Korean sentences.In the interest of making things e asy on your vocal cords, the particle you use
depends o n whether it is t acked on to a word that ends with a consonant(like ) or a vowel (like ).
FunctionAfter words ending
in a consonant
After words e nding
in a vo wel
8/9/2019 More Consonants
23/32
Subject
Object
Topic/Contrast
On the next page, you get to choose the kind of sentences yo u’d like to learnabout. Each of them will use at least one of these markers.
Types of Sentences
Which type of sentence pattern would you like to learn to construct?
Korean Pattern English Examples
Subject-predicate-descriptive
verb *Joe is a doctor.
This is a pencil.
Subject-object-action verb I see the cat.Mr. Kim buys a book.
Subject-predicate-"existence"
verb
There is a school [in Seoul].
There isn’t a book [on the table].
Mr. Kim has a chair.
I don’t have a key.
(Yes, these all really t the same pattern inKorean!)
*Note: A descriptive verb is similar to what we call a linking verb in English.
http://langintro.com/kintro/grammar/splv.htmhttp://langintro.com/kintro/grammar/soav.htmhttp://langintro.com/kintro/grammar/spev.htmhttp://langintro.com/kintro/grammar/splv.htmhttp://langintro.com/kintro/grammar/splv.htmhttp://langintro.com/kintro/grammar/soav.htmhttp://langintro.com/kintro/grammar/spev.htmhttp://langintro.com/kintro/grammar/spev.htm
8/9/2019 More Consonants
24/32
Verbs—An Introduction
As yo u may r emember from your studies o f English, a verb is a word that
expresses a ction or existence. Korean verbs n ot only e xpresss action (to walk)and existence (to be), but also express description (to be interesting; to begood).
For the regular verbs in English, which are few and far between, you take theverb as yo u nd it in the dictionary a nd add endings a nd helping verbs a sappropriate:
ictionar! #orm: $alk
%e/she present#orm:
$alk s
&ast tense: $alk e'
&rogressive #orm: is $alk in
g
Almost all Korean verbs a re regular, and they use a similar “stems a nd pieces”approach.
Stems and Pieces
When you look u p a verb in a dictionary, you see something like this:
to go
to speak
to begoo'
to rea'
8/9/2019 More Consonants
25/32
Let’s call this the “dictionary form” of a verb. The stem of the verb is w hat you
get when you take a way the . You'll be putting your verb endings onto thisstem.
Note that the verbs to be good and to read have stems that end in aconsonant; the other two stems e nd in a vowel. This i s a n importantdistinction.
The process o f adding endings t o the verb stem is ca lled conjugation . Beforewe can start conjugating, we need to know whom we’re talking to.
Politeness Levels
Many languages ( Spanish, Russian, and German to name a few) havedifferent verb forms d epending on whether you're addressing a peer or asuperior.
Korean, like Japanese, raises t his c oncept to an art form. There are severallevels o f politeness. The level you use is d etermined by t he social relationshipbetween you and the person you’re talking with. You signify the politenesslevel by the endings t hat you tack on to the verb stem.
The two main levels w e will be concerned with are:
• Polite formal• Polite informal
(There are other forms u sed when addressing intimate friends o r children. Wewon’t worry a bout them.)
8/9/2019 More Consonants
26/32
Formal Endings
The ordinary formal endings for present tense are:
Vowel Ending Stems Consonant Ending Stems
For vowel stems, the gets attached to the syl lable that has the vow el.
Verb Stem Ending Conjugated Verb
(to go)
(to be good)
These verbs are present tense—for all pronouns.
( go:
!o) go:
$e go:
( am goo':
!o) are goo':
$e are goo':
PronunciationHere's w hat we've done: we've taken the dictionary form of the verb, removed
the to get the stem, and added the appropriate ending.
8/9/2019 More Consonants
27/32
Verb Stem Ending Result
(to go)
That’s the written half. However...
If you've been through the section on the Korean alphabet, you know thatthe sounds of certain letters shift depending upon their position relative toother letters, and one of the most important sound shifts is:
When is followed by , the is pronounced like ( m), not
the normal p .
This means that you pronounce as if it were ; ka M-ni-da,not kap-ni-da ;
You pronounce as if it were ; choh-seu M-ni-da,not choh-seup-ni-da .
Your Honor
Sometimes yo u will be talking to someone who is cl early a superior (amanager at a business m eeting, a teacher, a clergyman). If you are using thepolite form, you will add something called an honoric to let the other person
know you respect him or her. You never use an honoric in referring toyourself.
The honoric comes b etween the stem and the verb ending.
Vowel Stem Consonant Stem
http://langintro.com/kintro/sndshft.htmhttp://langintro.com/kintro/sndshft.htm
8/9/2019 More Consonants
28/32
Honoric Verb ending Honoric Verb Ending
Here's an example:
Verb Stem Honoric Ending Conjugated Verb
(to go)
(to be good)
Special Honoric Verbs
Some verbs h ave special forms w hen used in the honoric; they are totallydifferent from the normal verb. All the honoric v erbs yo u see below already
have the worked into them.
Verb Ordinary
Form Honorifc Form Conjugated Form
to eat
to'rink
to be
8/9/2019 More Consonants
29/32
tosleep
to sa!
Polite Informal
We use the polite informal when talking with peers; most ordinaryconversation will take place in the polite informal.
Now relax a nd take a deep breath. To gure out the correct endings for apolite informal verb, we’re going to need to make quite a few decisions. At rstthis is going to take a long time to gure out how to say a verb while you workthrough the steps. After practice, it will be almost automatic ( trust me—it reallywill be).
Step 1
Look a t the stem of the verb.
• If it ends with , change it to , and you're nished.• If it doesn't end with , proceed to st ep 2.
Example
Verb Ste
m Result
*to'o+
Step 2
8/9/2019 More Consonants
30/32
Look a t the last vowel of the stem.
• If it is a or , add . If you end up with two vowels right nextto each other, combine them into one vowel.
• Otherwise, proceed to step 3.
Examples:
Verb Ste
m AddResult
*to go+
*to see+
*to begoo'+
Step 3
In all other cases:
• Add . Again, if you end up with two vowels next to each other, theywill contract into one vowel.
Examples:
Verb StemAdd
Result
*to learn+
*toteach+
8/9/2019 More Consonants
31/32
*to have+
Take another deep breath, and congratulate yourself for having made itthrough this p age, which is p robably the most complicated one in the wholetutorial!
Your Informal Honor
Surprisingly, the polite informal honoric endings are a piece of cake. All youneed to know is whether the ve rb st em ends in a vowel or a co nsonant andtack o n the appropriate ending.
VowelStem
ConsonantStem
Here are some of the verbs f rom the previous p age in their honorifc form:
Verb Conjugated
Verb
*to'o+
8/9/2019 More Consonants
32/32
I've left out the "stem" column - you should already know how to get the stem
by dropping the !