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8/8/2019 More Than Just Reproductive Health - Dr. Nimfa Ogena
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PopDev
More than just RH
Nimfa B. Ogena
UP Population Institute
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When you first heard of
PopDev, what was the firstthing that came to your mind?
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Perspectives on Population andEconomic development
Population growth promotes economicdevelopment
(Slow to moderate population growthpromotes economic development)
Population growth impedes economicdevelopment
(Rapid population growth, of already largepopulations, impedes economic development)
Population growth is not related to economicdevelopment.
(Population growth is only one of many factorsthat affect economic development)
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Association Between Average Annual WorldPopulation Growth Rates and GDP per CapitaGrowth Rates, 1975-2004
4
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Growth Rates in Population
Source: Population Reference Bureau, Population & Economic Development Linkages 2007 Data Sheet.
Growth Rate in GDP per Capita
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Association Between Fertility andEducation
5
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Percent of Girls Enrolledin Secondary School
Source: Population Reference Bureau, Population & Economic Development Linkages 2007 Data Sheet.
Total Fertility Rate
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Association Between Fertility and Poverty
6
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Percent of PopulationLiving on
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What is the population of thePhilippines as ofAugust 1, 2007?
88.57 million
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Population Distribution
Population of the Philippines by Regions: 2007
11.6
1.5
4.5
3.1
9.7
11.7
2.6
5.1
6.8 6.4
3.93.2
4 4.2 3.8 4.1
2.3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
NCR
CAR
ILOCO
S
CAGAYA
NVALLEY
CENT
RALL
UZON
CALABARZ
ON
MIMA
ROPA
BICOL
W.VISAY
AS
C.VISAYAS
E.VISAY
AS
ZAMB
OPE
NINS
ULA
N.MINDA
NAO
DAVA
O
SOCC
SKSARG
EN
ARMM
CARA
GA
inMillions
Source: NSO. 2007 Census of Population and Housing
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Philippines in Figures
Population (August 2007) 88.57M
Projected Population (2010) 94.01M
Inflation Rate (July 2010) 3.9%
Balance of Trade (June 2010) $389M
Exports (June 2010) $4.545B
Imports (June 2010) $4.166B
Unemployment (April 2010) 8.0%
Underemployment (April 2010) 17.8%
Simple Literacy (2000) 92.3%
Functional Literacy (2003) 84%
Average Family Income (2006) P147,000
GNP (Q4 2009) P2,478.8B
GDP (Q4 2009) P2,205.5B
Source: NSO. Retrieved 8/28/2010 from http://www.census.gov.ph/
http://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/census2007/index.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datapopproj.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/popproj_tab1r.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datacpi.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2010/cp1007tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datafts.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/2010/tr100601.htmhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datafts.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2010/ex1006tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datafts.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2010/tr1006tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datalfs.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2010/lf1002tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datalfs.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2010/lf1002tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/dataedlit.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2003/pr0323tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/dataedlit.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2005/pr0512tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/dataincome.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/sr09412tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/nationalaccounts/index.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/nationalaccounts/index.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/nationalaccounts/index.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/nationalaccounts/index.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/nationalaccounts/index.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/nationalaccounts/index.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/sr09412tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/dataincome.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2005/pr0512tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/dataedlit.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2003/pr0323tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/dataedlit.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2010/lf1002tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datalfs.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2010/lf1002tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datalfs.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2010/tr1006tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datafts.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2010/ex1006tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datafts.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/2010/tr100601.htmhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datafts.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2010/cp1007tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datacpi.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/popproj_tab1r.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datapopproj.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/census2007/index.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/census2007/index.html8/8/2019 More Than Just Reproductive Health - Dr. Nimfa Ogena
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POPDEV Framework
Macro Level
Population Size
Age-Sex Structure
Spatial Distribution
Fertility
Mortality
Migration
Infrastructure
Social Services
Economic Development
Governance and Development
Administration
Environmental Development
and Preservation
Population Variables Development Factors
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Current Population Issues
Rapid increase in population size withslow decline in fertility
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Philippine population to continue to growthrough the middle of the 21st century
142147
133
27
89
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1903
1918
1939
1948
1960
1970
1975
1980
1990
1995
2000
2007
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
Population(inmillions)
Medium High Low Census Population (in million)
Source: CPH various years and NSO/NSCB Official Population Projections
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Most Populous Countries, 2009 and 2050
Source: PRB. 2009 World Populaion Data Sheet
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Deceleration of total fertility rate (TFR) declinefrom one birth per decade (1970-1991) to abouthalf a birth per decade (1991-2006)
6
5.2 5.1
4.44.1
3.73.5
3.3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1970 1975 1980 1984 1991 1996 2001 2006
Source: NSO and ICF Macro (2009). 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey
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Fertility is affected by the state ofreproductive health (RH)
Within the framework of WHO's definition ofhealth as a state of complete physical,mental and social well-being, and notmerely the absence of disease or infirmity,
Reproductive Health addresses thereproductive processes, functions andsystem at all stages of life. Reproductivehealth, therefore, implies that people areable to have a responsible, satisfying and
safe sex life and that they have thecapability to reproduce and the freedom todecide if, when and how often to do so.
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RH elements
1. Family planning.2. Prevention and management of reproductive tract
infections (RIH) including STIs and HIV/AIDS.3. Maternal and child health nutrition (MSC & N).
4. Adolescent reproductive health (ARH).5. Prevention and management of abortion and itscomplications (PMAC).
6. Education and counseling on sexuality and sexualhealth, mens reproductive health (MRH) andinvolvement.
7. Prevention and management of breast andreproductive tract cancers and other gynecologicalconditions.
8. Violence against women and children (VAW).9. Prevention and management of infertility and sexual
dysfunction.
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Current Population Issues
Rapid increase in population size withslow decline in fertility
Age structural Shift: The Philippinesstill has a relatively young populationbut with rapid population ageing andgrowing singlehood
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The large youth population is expected to continueto 2040, but the working-age population and thenumber ofsenior citizens would increase muchfaster
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
195
0
196
0
197
0
198
0
199
0
200
0
201
0
aged 0-14 aged 15-59 aged 60 or over
Source: UN. 2009. World Population Prospects. The 2008 Revision. Population Database
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Actual and Projected Ageing Index and Potential Support Ratio:Philippines, 1970-2004
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
ActualAgeing
Index
Projected
Ageing
Index
Potential
Support
Ratio
The nearly fourfold increase of the ageing index bythe end of the projection period means that by2040 there will be almost two persons age 60 or
over for every three children under 15 years in thePhilippines.
Source: Ogena (2006) Whither The Philippines In The 21st Century? A Conference On The Philippines, 13-14 July 2006, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore
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Current Population Issues
Rapid increase in population size withslow decline in fertility
Age structural Shift: Still a relativelyyoung population but with rapidpopulation ageing and growingsinglehood
Massive flow of Filipinos to foreigncountries
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High and increasing labor mobility
Source: POEA. 2009 Overseas Employment Statistics.
Number of Deployed Overseas Filipino Workers
by Deployment Type: 2003 - 2009
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Deployed Landbased Deployed Seabased
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And negative net migration rate
Source: UN. 2009. World Population Prospects. The 2008 Revision. Population Database
Net migration rate (per 1,000 population)
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
1950-
1955
1955-
1960
1960-
1965
1965-
1970
1970-
1975
1975-
1980
1980-
1985
1985-
1990
1990-
1995
1995-
2000
2000-
2005
2005-
2010
2010-
2015
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Current Development Issues
Poor education access and quality
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Declining primary education accessindicators, 2000-2005
-
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Percentage
GER NER GIR NIR
Indicators
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Source: DepEd BEIS as cited inPhilippine Progress Report on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) An Independent Appraisal of MDG2
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Fluctuating CSR and CR and worseningrepetition and drop-out situation
SchoolYear
CohortSurvival
Rate
CompletionRate
Drop-outRate
RepetitionRate
2001-
2002 75.90 74.94 5.75 1.952002-
2003 72.44 71.55 6.69 2.08
2003-2004 71.84 70.24 6.89 2.18
2004-2005 71.32 69.06 6.98 2.24
2005-2006 69.90 67.99 7.36 2.89
Source: DepED Basic Education Information System (BEIS) as cited in Philippine Progress Report on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) An Independent Appraisal of
MDG2
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Typical Progression of a Sample Cohort ofPupil
6658
4323
14
100
Grade 1 Grade 6
Grad.
1st Year 4th Year
Grad.
College 1st
Year
College
Degree
Grad.
Source: Department of Education as cited inPhilippine Progress Report on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) An Independent Appraisal of MDG2
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Current Development Issues
Poor education access and quality
Low education and health budget and
expenditures Poverty and Malnutrition
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Trends in GNP
and GDP
-15.0
-10.0
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
GNP GDP
Source: Templo 2003
Trends in Poverty
incidence
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1988 1991 1994 1997 2000
%
Rural
Philippines
Source: Reyes 2003
28.4%
Urban
From Barba (2007) Dual Malnutrition: the Philippine Case. Philippine
Population Association National Conference, July 28, 2007, Cebu City
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Per Capita Income and Nutrition, 2003
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
NCR
S.Luzon
C.Luzon
Ilocos
Caga
yanV
alley
W.Visa
yas
C.Visa
yas
E.Visa
yas
W.Mind
ano
Caraga
Bicol
ARMM
in
peso
s
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
in
percent
Per capita income
% Underweight Children (0 - 5 years old)
Balisacan, A (2005) as cited in Barba (2007) Dual Malnutrition: the Philippine Case. Philippine Population Association National Conference, July 28, 2007, Cebu City
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 Q
2 Q
3 Q
4 Q
5 Q
%
Incomequintile
0
5 y 6
10 yUnderweight
Malnutrition among children by
household income, 2003
Mean per capitaincome: P22,277
1Q = P5,973.55
5Q = P57,573.83
From Barba (2007) Dual
Malnutrition: the
Philippine Case.
Philippine Population
Association National
Conference, July 28,
2007, Cebu City
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 Q
2 Q
3 Q
4 Q
5 Q
%Incomequintile
0
5 y 6
10 yUnderweight
Malnutrition among children by
household income, 2003
0.4
0.7
1.8
0.7
6.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Overweight-for-height (0 - 5y)
Mean per capita
income: P22,277
1Q = P5,973.55
5Q = P57,573.83From Barba (2007) Dual
Malnutrition: the
Philippine Case.
Philippine Population
Association National
Conference, July 28,
2007, Cebu City
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Double burden of malnutrition
undernutrition in children and overweight among adults
0
10
20
30
40
Stunting Overweight males Overweight females
From Barba (2007) Dual
Malnutrition: thePhilippine Case.
Philippine Population
Association National
Conference, July 28,
2007, Cebu City
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Double burden
Persistent undernutritionand micronutrient
deficiencies among
children and vulnerable
groups,
along with rising overweight,
obesity and diet- and
lifestyle-related NCDs in
adults.
From Barba (2007) Dual Malnutrition: the Philippine Case. Philippine Population Association National Conference, July 28, 2007, Cebu City
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Coexistence of underweight child and
overweight adult in same household
20.9 %
From Barba (2007) Dual Malnutrition: the Philippine Case. Philippine
Population Association National Conference, July 28, 2007, Cebu City
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Current Development Issues
Poor education access and quality
Low education and health budget andexpenditures
Poverty and Malnutrition
Peace and Human Security
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human security
is the externalprecondition for
human
development
(Philippine HumanDevelopment Report
2005, p. 2)
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Human Insecurity Indicators
Source: Philippine Human Development Report 2005, p. 60
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Current Development Issues
Poor education access and quality
Low education and health budget andexpenditures
Poverty and Malnutrition
Peace and Human Security
Environmental degradation andresource depletion
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Diminishing forest cover along with
wood scarcity
water scarcity
food scarcity
livelihood scarcity
health scarcity
climate in crisis
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How is this related to YOU?
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Population = people
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POPDEV Framework
Micro Level
Population Variables Development Factors
Manageable Family Size
Delay Entry to Marital Union
Better Maternal andChild Health
Protection and Safety
of Migrants
Quality Basic Education for All
Expanded Productive Capacity
Gender Equity and Women
Empowerment
Increased Labor ForceParticipation
Increased Income
Environmental Development
and Preservation
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Policy on Population
Couples have the responsibility todecide how many children to have inaccordance with their religious beliefsand the demands of responsibleparenthood for sustainabledevelopment
(Article XV Section 3.1 and Article II, Declaration of Principles and
State Policies, Sections 9, 12, 14, 15 and 16 of the 1987 Constitutionof the 1987 Constitution as cited in the PPMP Directional Plan 2001-2004)
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Principle of Human Agency
Individualsconstruct their ownlife course through
the choices andactions they takewithin theopportunities andconstraints of
history and socialcircumstances.
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Therefore
We need to
EMPOWER
people to enable them to
help themselves achieve what they want
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Our Challenge
How do we ensure thatFilipinos are empowered to
make the right decisionstoward their desired goals?