Morphemes

English 306A; Harris

Morphemes

kumilad


A little Persian

dana

xub

daroSt

bozorg

Sirin

danai

xubi

daroSti

bozorgi

Sirini

Suffix

Morpheme

{-i}


A little Persian

Persian

English

dana wise

xub good

daroSt thick

bozorg big

Sirin sweet

Persian

English

danai wisdom

xubi goodness

daroSti thickness

bozorgi size

Sirini sweetness

Suffix

Morpheme

{-i}

Noun Former


A little Persian

Sirin sweet Sirini sweetness

Suffix

Morpheme

{-i}

Noun Former

AfAdjective

Noun

AdjAdjective AdjAf

Noun

Simplex Complex

adjective —> [adjective-affix]noun


The unit

Phonetics: the phone. Phonology: the phoneme.Lexicology: the word.Morphology: the morpheme.Syntax: the sentence.Semantics: the proposition.


morph + ology

morphologyisomorphic

polymorphicamorphous

metamorphicmetamorphosis

anthropomorphicMorpheusmorphine

morphemeallomorph(to) morph

technologypsychologyastrology

scientologyappliantology

geologytheologybiologyzoölogy

genealogylogoslogic

shape + talk


morph + ology

morphologyisomorphic

polymorphicamorphous

metamorphicmetamorphosis

anthropomorphicMorpheusmorphine

morphemeallomorph(to) morph

technologypsychologyastrology

scientologyappliantology

geologytheologybiologyzoölogy

genealogylogoslogic

shape + talk


The smallest signifier/signified bundles

{un-}Antonym former

{re-}Iterative former

{draw}Verb, to make representative

marks

{-s}Third-singular-present

agreement former

{-ing}Present-participle former


Homophony/Polysemy

But, … matching the signifiers and signifieds is not a piece of

cake{-ing}

Present-participle former“Oriana is drawing the

cat”{-ing}

Gerund former“Oriana’s drawing of the

cat is beautiful.”{-ing}

Adjective former“Oriana’s drawing chalk is

the white one”


Morpheme form free (= word) bound (= affix)

prefixsuffixinfixcircumfix

Morpheme function derivational

change meaning dramatically, and/or word category

inflectionalnever change

category, and only change meaning very subtly

SignifierSemasiology

SignifiedOnomasiology

xubi

Afadjective

Noun

Bound!Derivational

!

What type is {-i}?


Affix rules

prefixoldcategory —> [affix-oldcategory]newcategory

suffixoldcategory —> [oldcategory-affix]newcategory

infixoldcategory —> [old-affix- category]newcategory

circumfixoldcategory —> [af-oldcategory-fix]newcategory

Old Af

New

oooa

Af Old

New

aooooo

Old

aooooa

Old AfAf

New

Af Old

ooaoo


Affix rules

Prefix e.g.{un-} adjective —> [un-

adjective ]adjective

{anti-} adjective —> [anti-adjective ]adjective

{anti-} noun —> [anti-noun ]noun

suffix{-er} verb —> [verb-er]noun

{-ness} adjective —> [adjective-ness]noun

{-ly} adjective —> [adjective-ly]adverb

unattractiveanti-racistanti-racism

writerhappinessquickly


Compounds

Morphological analysis

Adjective

blackboard

Noun

Noun


Free morpheme

Morphological analysis

?

fly

Noun?Verb?Adjective?Adverb?Preposition?Determiner?Qualifier?Quantifier?Who cares?


Free morpheme Morphological analysis

Noun

fly



Verb

fly



Adjective

fly


Bound morpheme

(necessarily, with a free one too) Morphological analysis

flies

Af?

?


Bound morpheme


flies

AfNoun

Noun

Plural


Bound morpheme


flies

AfVerb

Verb

3rd singularpresentagreement


Bound morpheme


flies

AfAdjective

Adjective



flier fliest

AfAdjective

Adjective

AfAdjective

Adjective


Optionality

optionality


Optionality

optionality

Noun


Optionality

optionality

Af

Adj

Noun


Optionality

optionality

Adj

Af

Noun

Noun

Af


Optionality

optionality

Adj

AfVerb Af

Noun

Noun

Af


Optionality

optionality

Adj

AfVerb Af

Noun

Noun

Af


Roots and stems

optionalityroot

stems


Ainu (Japan)

haparu = soft

ehaparu

= to be unable to endure

niSte = hard

eniSte = to be able to endure

pirka = good

epirka = to gain

wen = bad

ewen = to lose


{e-

}

verb former1. Stative

have adjectival quality2. Active

change towardsstate described by adjective

adjective —> [e-adjective]verb


Ainu (Japan)

e pirka

AdjectiveAf

Verb


Bontoc (Philippines)

kumilad = he is becoming red

fumusul = he is becoming an enemy

fikas = strong

fumikas = he is becoming strong

fusul = enemy

bato = stone

bumato = he is becoming hard

kilad = red

What’s he reading?



{-um-}third-person

singular

masculine

inchoative

verb-former

kumilad = he is becoming red

he, not she or it

he, not I or you

he, not they

becoming

is; state change



k um ilad

Adjective

Af

Verb


Morphophonology

Zoque possessiveswakas cow

nwakas my cow

wjakas his cow

pama clothes

mpama my clothes

pjama his clothes

buRu donkey

mbuRu my donkey

bjuRu his donkey

kama cornfield

Nkama my cornfield

kjama his cornfield


Morphophonology


nwakas my cow

wjakas his cow

pama clothes

mpama my clothes

pjama his clothes

buRu donkey

mbuRu my donkey

bjuRu his donkey

kama cornfield

Nkama my cornfield

kjama his cornfield


Morphophonology


nwakas my cow

wjakas his cow

pama clothes

mpama my clothes

pjama his clothes

buRu donkey

mbuRu my donkey

bjuRu his donkey

kama cornfield

Nkama my cornfield

kjama his cornfield


Morphology

Zoque possessives

{-j- }

third-person

singular

masculine

possessive


Morphology

Zoque possessives

b j uRu


Morphology

noun —> [n-j-oun]noun

b j uRu

Noun

Af

Noun


Morphophonology

Zoque possessives

{m-}, {n-}, {N-}

first-person

singular

possessive


Morphophonology

Zoque possessives

m pama

NounAf

Noun

n wakas

NounAf

Noun

N kama

NounAf

Noun

Assimilation in place of articulation


Chickasaw

Affirmative Negative

Word Translation Word Translation

chokma He is good. ikchokmo He isn’t good.

lakna It is yellow. iklakno It isn’t yellow.

palli It is hot. ikpallo It isn’t hot.

tiwwi He opens it. iktiwwo He doesn’t open it.


Chickasaw

{-a}, {-i}

third-person

singular

affirmative

{ik- … -o}

third-person

singular

negative

Verb formschokm-lakn-pall-tiww-


Chickasaw circumfix

iklakno

Verb

AfAf Verb

verb —> [ik-verb-o]verb


Circumfixes and suffixes/prefixes

postmodernism

Noun

Adj AfAf

iklakno

Verb

AfAf Verb

Adj


Circumfixes and suffixes/prefixes

postmodernism

iklakno

Verb

AfAf Verb

Noun

Adj AfAf

Adj


English “Circumfixes”

em-bold-enen-light-enir-regard-less

a-work-ina-turn-ina-change-in


English “Infixes”


English reduplication

dilly-dallyheebie-jeebies chit-chatfiddle-faddlemumbo-jumbohocus-pocus



boy toy toy boypooper scooperartsy-fartsywalkie-talkiewiggle-waggle



Ping-pong vs.Table tennis


English reduplication: gang-bang

Onomasiologicallyextremely serious referents

Semasiologically trivializing reduplicative form


English {-er}

farmer, writer, hiker, reader, drawer, printer, …

Londoner, Winnipeger, …

villager, foreigner, …

printer, toaster, heater, freezer, …

page-turner, reader, drawer, …

chatter, mutter, flicker, …

triple-decker, porker, …

Agentive

Locative1 (geographic)

Locative2 (type)

Instrumental

Patient

Frequentive

Other


?

Radial network

English -er

specialization

generalization

metaphorm

etap

hor

inve

rsio

n


Productivity

The relative ability to produce new words.-er

farmer, writer, shooter, runner, pleaser, sleeper, weeper, golfer, diddler, plumber, butcher, baker, candle-stick-maker, bliffnatter, ludniffer, …

a-asexual, amoral, achromatic, …?


Productivity

petro-petroleum, Petrocanda™, petrochemical, petrodollars, petropolitics, …

-castbroadcast, telecast, newscast, sportscast, podcast, …


Productivity

cran-cranberry, cran-apple,

cran-cherry, cran-grape, cran-raspberry, crangerine, cran-mango, …

huckle-huckleberry

rasp-raspberry


Morphology

Semasiological• free (word)• bound (affix)

Onomasiological• derivational (new word)• inflectional (new function)

RulesStructuresProductivity

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Morphemes

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