Morphemes-LANE 333- Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar

8/4/2019 Morphemes-LANE 333- Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar

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LANELANE 333333 --

MORPHOLOGYMORPHOLOGY20122012 TermTerm 11

By:

Dr. Shadia Y. Banjarhttp://SBANJAR.kau.edu.sa/

http://wwwdrshadiabanjar.blogspot.com

MORPHEMESMORPHEMES

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar1

1


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WHAT IS MORPHOLOGY?


The study of the internal structure of

words is known as MORPHOLOGY.(The area of grammar concerned with the structure of words and with relationshipsbetween words involving the morphemes that compose them is technically called

morphology, from the Greek word morphe form, shapeand morphemes can be

thought of as the minimal units of morphology).Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy,2002


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form, shape, internal

structure of words and processes of wordformation.

Morpheme

THE BASIC UNIT


smallest,

undividablemeaningful unit.


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A.

A morpheme is a short segment of language that

meet three criteria:

1. It is a word or part of a word that has meaning.


2. It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful partswithout violation of its meaning or without

meaningless remainders.

3. It recurs in differing verbal environments with arelatively stable meaning.


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Examining the word straight/stret/ In the light of the three criteria , we find out that:

1. We recognize it as a word and can find it listed as such in

any dictionary.

2. It cannot be divided without violation of meaning; straight/stret/trait /tret/, rate/ret/, orate/et/. The meaning of


t ese o t ese parts v o ate t e mean ng o stra g t.Furthermore, if we divide it in these ways , we will get the

meaningless remainders of/-s/, /st-/, or /str-/.

3. It recurs with relatively stable meaning in such

environments as straightedge, straighten, and a straightline.

Thus straight meets all the criteria of a morpheme.


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A FREE MORPHEME is one that can be uttered

alone with meaning. Examples:

bird happy

B.


, ,uttered alone with meaning. It is always annexed

to one or more morpheme to form a word.

Examples: -s , -er

re-, -ness


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Classification of Morphemes



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morpheme

free free root

bound

bound root

TYPES OF MORPHEMES


n ec ona a xes

derivational affixes

affixes


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C.Another classification of morphemes puts them

into two classes:

Bases and affixes.

A base morpheme is the part of a word that has the

principal meaning : e.g. denal, lovable. Bases arevery numerous and most of them are free

morphemes; but some are bound , like - sent in

consent. A word may contain one base and severalaffixes.



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A base is a linguistic form that meets one or more of these

requirements:

1. It can occur as an immediate constituent of a word

whose only other immediate constituent is a prefix orsuffix. EXAMPLES: react, active, fertilize

2. It is an allomorph of a morpheme which has another


allomorph that is a free form. EXAMPLES: de th(deep), wolves (wolf)

3. It is a borrowing from another language in which it is a

free form or a base. EXAMPLES: biometrics,microcosm, phraseology


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1. The first difficulty is that you have your own individual stock of morphemes. Forexample, Tom may think of automobile as ,one morpheme meaning car",

whereas Dick may know the morphemes auto(self)and mobile (moving), and

recognize them in other words like autographand mobilize.

2. The second difficulty is that persons may know a given morpheme but differ in thedegree to which they are aware of its presence in various words. For example, the

agentive suffix (spelled er, -or, -ar) meaning one who, that which, and recognize it

in words like singerand actorbut what about in professorand sweater .

3. Another problem results from the fact that metaphors die as language changes. Forexample, the morpheme prehend in apprehend used to mean to arrest or seize.

4. Additive meaning is a problem in itself. For example:

The morpheme pose(place) in :

pose a question and interpose ( place between)

suppose, repose

compose, depose, impose, propose



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Roots and Affixes Morphemes are made up of two types: roots and affixes.

Every word has at least one root and we can find them atthe center of word- derivational processes.

They carry basic meaning from which the rest of thesense of the word can be derived, e.g. morphemes suchas green, and America are roots (these roots also


happen to be free forms, independent words. Roots like seg in segment, gen in genetics, card in

cardiac, cannot stand alone as words and we call them

bound root morphemes, as a distinct from free rootmorphemes.

All morphemes which are not roots are affixes.


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There are three rules that differ affixes from roots:1. They do not form words by themselves, they have to be added on to a stem.2. Their meaning, in many instances, is not a clear and specific as is the meaning of roots,

and many of them are completely meaningless.

3. Compared with the total number of roots the number of affixes is relatively small. In English, all the productive affixes are either attached at the end of the stem(also known as suffixes) or they are attached at the front of the stem (also known

as prefixes).

Cont., Roots and Affixes


1. co + occur occur together, peri + meter measure around2. mid + night middle of the night, re + turn turn back3. mis + treat treat badly, un + filled not filled Examples of Common Suffixes:

1. act + ion state of acting , child+ ish like a child2. act + or person who acts , child + hood sate of being a child3. act + ive pertaining to being in action, child+ less without a child


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E.An affix is a bound morpheme that occurs

before or within or after a base. Affixes are of three types:

. ,

2. infixes,

3. suffixes.



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1. Prefixes are those bound morphemes that occur before abase, as in import, prefix, reconsider. Prefixes in English are a

small class of morphemes, numbering about 75.2. Infixes are bound morphemes that have been inserted within

a word. In English, infixes are rare. Occasionally they areadditions within a word.

3. Suffixes are bound morphemes that occur after a base, likeshrinkage, failure. Suffixes may pile up to the number orthree or four e.g. in formalizersformalizers: the base: the base formform+ the+ thefour suffixesfour suffixes --al,al, --izeize,, --erer,, --ss, whereas prefixes arecommonly single, except for the negative un- beforeanother prefix.



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Free vs. bound (affixes)

Bound morphemes

derivational

inflectional

Cont.,


,

allomorph allomorph allomorph

morph morph morph

/id/ /d/ /t/

morphemepast tense


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Roots: the irreducible core of a word

Affixes: a morpheme that only occurswhen attached to some other morpheme

Cont.,


any inflectional affixes

Bases: any unit to which affixes of any kind

can be added (derivational, inflectional)


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Free morphemes = free root, i.e. morphemes thatconstitute words by themselves, e.g., girl, boy,

A ROOT is the heart of a word, i.e. the morphemethat gives the word its central meaning: For

exam le un-ha i-nes "ha " is the root .

Cont.,


Roots are usually free: they can appear asindependent words (like "happy") .

But not always: e.g. ceivein conceive.


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Root: lexical content morpheme that cannot be analyzed into smaller parts, e.g., paint in

paint-er, read in re-read, ceive in con-ceive. In English, a root may be a free root (e.g.,paint, read) or a bound root (e,g., -ceive, huckle-). Thus it may or may not stand alone as aword.

Stem: a root morpheme is combined with an affix, which may or may not be a word, e.g.,

painter, -ceive + er. Base: to mean any root or stem to which an affix is attached.

V


V

Adj Af Af

bright en ed

Base for -ed

Root & Base for -en


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Note: affixes are always bound morphemes. In English, roots tend to be free morphemes.

However, this is not always the case--

For instance: blueberry, blackberry but: cranberry, raspberry.


a o cran- , an rasp- mean Bound roots in English are called cranberry

morphemes (technical term).


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Cranberry morphemes are bound root

morphemes.

They have no independent meaning. They also have no parts of speech

Some more examples:


perceive, receive, deceive -ceive?

infer, refer, defer

-fer? commit, permit, submit

-mit?


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1. Noun plural2. Noun singular possessive

3. Noun plural possessive

The inflectional affixes can be schematized as follows:


. -

singular

5. Present participle

6. Past tense

7. Past participle8. Comparative

9. Superlative


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The words to which these affixes are attached are called stems .The stem includes the base or bases and all the derivational affixes.Thus the stem of cowboys is cowboy and that of beautified is beautify.

The inflectional suffixes differ from the derivational suffixes in thefollowing ways:1-They do not change the part of speech.Example: cold , colder(both adjectives)

Cont.,


2-They come last in a word.Example: shortened.3-They go with all stems of a given part of speech.

Examples: He eats, drinks.

4-They do not pile up; only one ends a word.Example: working.An exception is {-s pl ps}, the plural possessive of the

noun, as in the students worries.


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The common characteristics of derivational suffixes are :

1.The words with which derivational suffixes combine is

an arbitrary matter. For example, when the noun is derivedfrom the verb adornwe must add ment-, no other will do.

2.In many cases, but not all, a derivational suffix changes


.example, the noun act becomes an adjective by the

addition of ive.

3.Derivational suffixes usually do not close off a word;

that is, after a derivational suffix one can sometimes addanother derivational suffix.


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In grammatical study, it is often necessary toexamine families of related words. Such

families are linguistically known as paradigms.A paradigm is a set of related forms having the

DerivationDerivation & Inflection& Inflection


There are two kinds of paradigms:1.

2.


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The derivational paradigm is a set of related words composed of the same basemorpheme and all the derivational affixes that can go with this base.Example: Some examples of noun-marking derivational suffixes are hood, -ship, -ness,and ment. Words having these endings are recognized, even in isolation, as nouns.(1999, Herndon)

A class of words with similar inflection rules is called an inflectional paradigm. Typicallythe similar rules amount to a unique set of affixes. The inflectional paradigm is formedby words to which the inflectional suffixes are attached.

Derivation & InflectionDerivation & Inflection


2. Inflectional suffixes come last in a word when they are present.3. They go with all stems of a given part of speech.4. They do not pile up as one inflectional morpheme closes a word.Example: the inflectional paradigm for the class form (NOUNS) is made up as follows:

Base (singular)Base (singular) Base FormBase Form + plural+ plural Base FormBase Form + possessive+ possessive Base FormBase Form +Possessive+Possessive pluralplural

student students Students Students


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Derivation vs. InflectionDerivation vs. Inflection ((11))

DerivationDerivation changeschanges thethethe word categorythe word category and/orand/or

the type of meaning of thethe type of meaning of the

word, so it is said toword, so it is said to

InflectionInflection does notdoes notchange eitherchange either the wordthe word

grammaticalgrammatical category orcategory or

the type of meaning foundthe type of meaning found


create a new wor .create a new wor .

e.g. suffixe.g. suffix mentmentinin

governmentgovernment

in t e wor .in t e wor .

e.g. suffixe.g. suffix ss inin booksbooks


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A derivational affix must combine with the base beforeA derivational affix must combine with the base before

an inflectional affix.an inflectional affix.

e.g.e.g. neighbourneighbour (base) + hood (DA) + s (IA)(base) + hood (DA) + s (IA)

== neighbourhoodsneighbourhoods

The following combination is unacceptable:The following combination is unacceptable:

neighbourneighbour (base) + s (IA) + hood (DA)(base) + s (IA) + hood (DA)

= *= *neighbourshoodneighbourshood



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An inflectional affixAn inflectional affix isis more productive than a derivationalmore productive than a derivationalaffix.affix.

e.g. the inflectional suffixe.g. the inflectional suffixss can combine with virtually anycan combine with virtually any..

On the otherOn the other hand, thehand, the derivational suffixderivational suffix antantcancan

combine only with Latinate bases.combine only with Latinate bases.



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Describe the italic affixes:

1) impossible

2) terrorized

3) terrorize

1) Derivational prefix

2) Inflectional suffix

3) Derivational suffix


5) dislike

6) humanity

7) fastest

5) Derivational prefix




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Describe the italic affixes:

8) premature9) untie

10) darken

8) Derivational prefix9) Derivational prefix


11) fallen12) oxen

13) faster

14) lecturer

11) Inflectional suffix12) Inflectional suffix





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Morphemes-LANE 333- Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar

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