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MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF THE DERIVATIONAL

SUFFIXES {–ER} AND {-IST} IN AGENTIVE NOUNS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

FRANSISKA RIZKINAULI

Student Number: 144214087

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA

YOGYAKARTA

2019

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

i



AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

FRANSISKA RIZKINAULI

Student Number: 144214087

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA

YOGYAKARTA

2019



on January 21,2019


iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been

previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,

to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material

previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the

text of the undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, December 12, 2018

Fransiska Rizkinauli


v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiwa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Fransiska Rizkinauli

Nomor Mahasiswa : 144214087

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul



beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan

kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,

mengalihkan, dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan

data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau

media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya

maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya

sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal 12 Desember 2018

Yang menyatakan,



vi

Hail Mary, full of grace

The Lord is with thee

Blessed are thou amongst women

And blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus

Holy Mary, Mother of God,

pray for us sinners,

now and at the hour of our death,

Amen.


vii

This page is dedicated to

My beloved parents

Apul Tamba

and

Hotdi Henrika Naibaho


viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to express my gratefulness to Jesus Christ, Mother

Mary, Saint Joseph, and Saint Claudius as my saviors of my life who always love

and blessing me. I am grateful because of Their help, mercy and blessing, I could

finish my undergraduate thesis. I also would like to express my deepest gratitude

to my beloved family, namely Apul Tamba, Hotdi Henrika Naibaho, Michael

Kevin Tamba, and Alfred Hisar Tamba. I can be the best of me because I always

get the best support, advice, and love from my best family.

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my thesis advisor Dr. Fr.

B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. for patiently understanding, guiding, and helping me from

the beginning until I finished my undergraduate thesis. I also would like to thank

my co-advisor and my academic advisor, Ms. Wedhowerti, M.Hum. who has read

and given me suggestions and detail corrections for my thesis. My gratitude is

also due to all of the lectures and staffs in English Letters Department for helping

and supporting me in every condition.

I give my deepest thanks to my beloved best friends namely, Koido,

Windy, Novi, Trisna, Kak Chitra, Daite, Daniel, Rani, members of KitKat,

members of Cacing Naga OTW SS and all of my friends and every one I cannot

mention one by one for the support and love in every situation and during the

processing of finishing my undergraduate thesis..

The last I thank everyone who never stops sending me prayers during the

process of finishing my undergraduate thesis.



ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................. ii

APPROVAL PAGE ....................................................................................... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE .................................................................................. iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ............................................................. v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ....................................................................... vi

DEDICATION PAGE .................................................................................... vii

MOTTO PAGE .............................................................................................. viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................... x

LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................... xiv

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... xv

ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ xvi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 1

A. Background of the Study ...................................................................... 1

B. Problem Formulation ........................................................................... 4

C. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................ 4

D. Definition of Terms .............................................................................. 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................. 7

A. Review of Related Studies ................................................................... 7

B. Review of Related Theories ................................................................. 10

1. Theory of Morphology ................................................................... 10

a. Morpheme ................................................................................ 11

b. Derivational Morpheme ........................................................... 12

c. Affixation ................................................................................. 13

i. Suffix ............................................................................... 13

ii. Prefix ............................................................................... 14

iii. Infix ................................................................................. 14

d. The Derivational Affixes.......................................................... 14

i. Suffix -er ......................................................................... 14

ii. Suffix -ist ......................................................................... 15

C. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................ 15

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ............................................................. 17

A. Object of the Study............................................................................... 17

B. Approach of the Study ......................................................................... 17


x

C. Method of the Study ............................................................................. 18

1. Data Collection............................................................................... 18

2. Data Analysis ................................................................................. 19

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS (RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS) ............... 21

A. The Bases Receiving the Suffixes {-er} and {-ist} .............................. 22

1. Lexical Category of the Bases........................................................ 22

a. Bases Attached to the Suffix {-er} ........................................... 25

i. Verb Base ............................................................................ 26

ii. Noun Base............................................................................ 28

iii. Adjective Base ..................................................................... 30

b. Bases Attached to the Suffix {-ist} .......................................... 31

i. Noun Base............................................................................ 33

ii. Adjective Base ..................................................................... 35

iii. Verb Base ............................................................................ 36

B. The Distributions of the Agentive Suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. .............. 37

1. The Application of the Suffix {-er} ............................................... 40

2. The Application of the Suffix {-ist} .............................................. 43

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ..................................................................... 47

REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 50

APPENDICES ................................................................................................ 51

Appendix 1 .................................................................................................. 51

Appendix 2 .................................................................................................. 53

Appendix 3 .................................................................................................. 54

Appendix 4 .................................................................................................. 54

Appendix 5 .................................................................................................. 56

Appendix 6 .................................................................................................. 56


xi

LIST OF TABLES

No Table Page

1. Table 1. The Bases of the Suffix {-er} 23

2. Table 2. The Bases of the Suffix {-ist} 24

3. Table 3. Number of Parts of Speech of Words with the Suffix

{-er}

26

4. Table 4. Noun Bases with the Suffix {-er} 28

5. Table 5. Adjective Bases of the Suffix {-er} 30

6. Table 6. Number of Parts of Speech Words with in the Suffix

{-ist}

32

7. Table 7. Noun Bases of the Suffix {-ist} 33

8. Table 8. Abstract Nouns and Concrete Nouns attached with the

suffix {-ist}

34

9. Table 9. Adjective Bases on the Suffix {-ist} 35

10. Table 10. Adjective Bases Derived from Latin 36

11. Table 11. Percentages of the Suffix {-er} 38

12. Table 12. Percentages of the Suffix {-ist} 38

13. Table 13. The Application of the Agentive Suffix {-er} 41

14. Table 14. The Application of the Agentive Suffix {-ist} 44


xii

ABSTRACT

RIZKINAULI, FRANSISKA. (2018). Morphological Processes of the

Derivational Suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in Agentive Nouns. Yogyakarta:

Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Language has the most important role in people’s daily life. As time goes

by language has been developing to complete human needs. Affixation is one of

the examples of language’s development. Affixation is one of language

developments that is always used by people in their daily life. There are many

new words created by using affixation. Affixation is divided into three parts,

which are prefix, infix, and suffix.

In this study the researcher focuses on the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in

agentive noun. These suffixes are analyzed because in daily life they are often

used by people to perform agentive noun. To obtain a deeper analysis, the

researcher has two problem formulations, (1) Based on the lexical category, what

bases receive the suffixes nominalizer suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in agentive noun?

(2) Based on meaning and etymology, what is the distribution of the agentive

suffixes {-er} and {-ist}?

The data of this study are taken from Hornby’s Oxford Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary (2015). The agentive noun that contains the suffixes {-er}

and {-ist} are the data of this study. The researcher took two hundred and forty

five words with the suffix {-er} and one hundred and forty words with the suffix

{-ist}. The researcher took the words by reading the whole dictionary and took

every word that is included into agentive noun.

Finally, the researcher found that the suffix {-er} is mostly attached to

verb base, and the verbs are transitive verbs. Etymologically, most of suffix {-er}

is derived from Old English, and the verbs are monosyllabic. The suffix {-ist} is

mostly attached to noun base. The suffix {-ist} is derived from Latin and French.

The words that can receive the suffix {-er} are related to professions, habit, and

trade. Mostly, the base of the suffix {-ist} is a product and affixation result which

refers to a person who studies or an expert of the base. The words that can be

attached to the suffix {-ist} are related to natural science and medical science,

instrument of music, ideology, religion, adherents of a particular theory, idea and

emotion.


xiii

ABSTRAK

RIZKINAULI, FRANSISKA. (2018). Morphological Processes of the

Derivational Suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in Agentive Nouns. Yogyakarta: Program

Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma

Bahasa memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan sehari-hari

manusia. Seiring berjalannya waktu, bahasa selalu berkembang untuk melengkapi

kebutuhan manusia. Proses imbuhan adalah salah satu contoh dari perkembangan

bahasa. Proses imbuhan adalah salah satu perkembangan bahasa yang selalu

digunakan manusia dalam kehidupan sehari-harinya. Ada banyak kata-kata baru

yang dibentuk dengan menambahkan proses imbuhan. Proses imbuhan itu sendiri

dibagi menjadi tiga bagian yaitu, awalan, sisipan, dan akhiran.

Dalam penelitian ini, penulis fokus kepada akhiran {-er} dan {-ist} yang

terdapat dalam kata benda orang. Akhiran ini dianalisis karena didalam kehidupan

sehari-hari akhiran tersebut sering digunakan untuk memggambarkan profesi

seseorang. Ada dua pokok bahan permasalahan yang telah dirumuskan untuk

melakukan penelitian yang lebih dalam: (1) Berdasarkan kategori leksikal, basis

apa saja yang bisa menerima akhiran {-er} dan {-ist} pada kata benda orang? (2)

Berdasarkan arti dan etimologi, apa saja distribusi kata benda orang pada akhiran

{-er} dan {-ist}?

Data dalam penelitian ini diambil dari Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary (2015) yang disusun oleh Hornby. Kata-kata benda orang yang

mengandung akhiran {-er} dan {-ist} merupakan data dalam penelitian ini. Penulis

mengambil dua ratus empat puluh lima kata dengan akhiran {-er} dan seratus

empat puluh kata dengan akhiran {-ist}. Penulis mengambil kata-kata tersebut

dengan membaca keseluruhan kamus dan mengambil setiap kata yang merupakan

kata benda orang.

Pada akhirnya, penulis menemukan bahwa akhiran {-er} lebih sering

disisipkan kedalam kata kerja yang tergolong ke dalam kata kerja transitif. Secara

etimologis, akhir {-er} berasal dari Old English dan monosilabik. Pada umumnya,

akhiran {-ist} disisipkan kedalam kata benda. Akhiran {-ist} berasal dari bahasa

Latin dan bahasa Prancis. Kata-kata yang dapat menerima akhiran {-er} adalah

kata-kata yang berhubungan dengan suatu pekerjaan dan kebiasaan. Pada

umumnya, kata dasar pada akhiran {-ist} adalah sebuah produk dan hasil dari

proses imbuhan yang mengacu kepada seseorang yang mendalami ilmu atau ahli

dalam bidangnya. Kata-kata yang dapat disisipkan oleh akhiran {-ist} adalah kata-

kata yang berhubungan dengal ilmu pengetahuan alam, ilmu kesehatan, alat

musik, transportasi, ideologi, agama, penganut sebuah teori, ide dan juga

perasaan.


1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

The use of language cannot be separated from people’s activities. In daily

life, people always need language to perform their activities and communicate

with each other. When people know and understand the language, people can

speak and communicate with others who know language. Communication delivers

messages or ideas to others. Therefore, people understand the language they use.

Language and people have a connection to convey the purpose of communication.

In order to make a good conversation, people have known the words of the

language that they use.

According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2014), words are important

part of linguistic knowledge and a constitute component of our mental grammar

(p. 33). On the other hand, without knowing a language and having several words,

we would be unable to convey our idea through the language and the

communication will not happen.

There are many studies which discuss about language. Morphology is one

of linguistics study which study about language and word formation. Fromkin,

Rodman, and Hyams (2014) argue that morphology is the study of the internal

structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed (p. 37). Therefore,

people have knowledge of knowing the use of word structure and the meaning of

the word in their language.


2

The most important component of word structure is morpheme. Morpheme

itself is the smallest unit of language that carries information about the meaning

and function of the word. According to Szymanek (1988), the definition of

morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries information about the

meaning (p.14). Every morpheme has different forms and from the different forms

can created many new meaning from the basic word. O’Grady (1980) states that a

morpheme that can stand by its-self is called free morpheme and the morpheme

that must be added to another element is called bound morpheme (p. 56). Based

on the examples small, carry, inform, mean are termed free morphemes, and {–

est}, {-ation}, {-ing} are called affixes that instances of bound morpheme.

Affixation is the most common process that is used by people every day

and it is used because most of the new words created by using affix. The result

from the process of affixation is noun derived from verb, adjective derived from

adverb, and adjective derived into noun. Affixation is bound morpheme which

divided into three part, prefix, infix and suffix. There are many affixes that

applied in English Language. In prefix there are {anti-},{de-}, {dis-}, {ex-}, {in-

}, {mis-}, {un-},{re-}. In suffix there are {–able}, {-ion}, {-er}, {-ing}, {-ive}, {-

ed}, {-al}, {-ment}, {-ful}, {-ic}, {-ness}, {-less}, {-ous}, {-ity}, {-ly}, {-en}, {-

ate}, {-ize}, etc Adding an affix can created a new meaning and it can be

derivational affixes and inflectional affixes. The transformation of affixes brings

out the characteristic of words. According to Szymanek (1989) “the field of

morphology is conventionally divided into two components, they are inflectional

and derivational morphology” (p. 20). Fromkin et al also states that “derivational


3

morpheme is the new word with a new meaning is derived when they are added to

a base and inflectional morpheme never change the grammatical category of the

stem to which they are attached (Fromkin et al, 2014, pp. 44-46).

Sometimes people have troubles determining the category of the base to

which an affix is added. For examples in player the base play is used as a verb (to

do things for pleasure) and as noun (a person who takes part in game or sport). By

attaching affixes to the base of words, it is difficult to identify the category.

However, people should consider using and choosing appropriate form.

In this study, the researcher focuses on morphological process of

derivational suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in agentive noun. According to Szymanek

(1988) “deverbal nominalizations traditionally referred to as Names of Agents are

formed in English very productively, potentially from a vast majority of verbs”

(p.174). However, from Szymanek’s statement, the researcher is interested to

analyse the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. Because in English, these suffixes always

produce in people daily life. In daily life, people always find and use these

suffixes to form agentive noun and create a new form of agent with these suffixes.

For examples are teacher, farmer, gardener, artist, scientist, violinist, etc. By

adding the suffix {–er} to the verb base and noun base, the formed verb will

change into noun and noun will change into noun. The importance of studying

about suffixes {-er} and {-ist} is people can understand the characteristic of the

base, whether it is acceptable or not. However, people can minimize their misuse

in using these suffixes, especially to produce agentive noun.


4

In this study, the data are taken from Oxford Advanced Leaner’s

Dictionary of Current English (9th Ed). (2015). The researcher takes more than

200 agentive nouns that receive suffix {-er} and more than 100 agentive nouns

that receive the suffix {-ist}. The researcher collects two hundred words because

there are many agentive nouns which receive suffixes {-er} and {-ist} and also it

helps the researcher to analyze clearly.

B. Problem Formulation

Based on the background of the study above there are two questions as the

problem formulations, they are:

1) Based on the lexical category, what bases do receive the nominalizer

suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in the agentive nouns?

2) Based on meaning and etymology, what is the distribution of the agentive

suffixes {-er} and {-ist}?

C. Objectives of the Study

According to the problem formulation, this study has two objectives. First,

the researcher know what kind of words base that receive the nominalizer suffixes

{–er} and {–ist} in agentive noun. The second objectives of this study is to find

and identify the distributon of agent the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} to the bases

based on meaning and etymology. In this study, the researcher wants to classify

the base of the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} based on the part of speech. Next, the

researcher went to discover distribution of the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} to the


5

bases through the meaning and etymology. The distribution here is understood

when each suffix is used based on the meaning and etymology.

D. Definition of Terms

In this part the researcher provides the definition of terms used in this

study. The definitions are going to be discussed are morphology, affixes,

derivational morphology, agentive nominalizations.

The first terminology is morphology. Morphology is the study of words

structure.

According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2014), “morphology means

the study of the internal structures of words, and of the rules by which

words are formed. Morphology itself consists of two morphemes, there are

morph + ology. The suffix –ology means ‘branch of knowledge’, so the

meaning of morphology is ‘the branch of knowledge concerning (word)

forms’” (p.33).

Most of English words are morphologically complex. They can be

separated into the smaller units that are meaningful. The examples of words which

are morphologically complex are teach-er, violin-ist, where teach refers a verb

that perform something to someone and teacher refers to show the agent who does

the verb. Next, violin refers to a noun and violinist refers to someone who plays

violin.

The second terminology is affixes. Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2014)

states that affixes are bound morphemes and they may attach at the beginning of

words, the end of words, in the middle, or both at the beginning and at the end of

words (p.40). Szymanek (1989) also states that there are many types of affixation

phenomena and the uses of affixation and it depends on the form of the language.


6

The most familiar affixation phenomena are prefixes, suffixes, and infixes.

A prefix is an affix attached before the root, for examples are dis-like, re-mark,

and in-accurate. A suffix is an affix attached after the root, for examples are play-

er, and sleep-ing, cat-s. An infix is an affix inserted between the root.

The third terminology is morpheme. Based on Crystal (2008) “morpheme

is the minimal distinctive unit of grammar, and the central concern of

morphology” (p.313). Through this definition morpheme is the smallest meaning

of the words. According to Crystal (2008) “morphemes are commonly classified

into free forms (morphemes which can occur as separate words) and bound forms

(morphemes which cannot so occur mainly affixes)” (p.313).

The fourth terminology is derivational morphemes. According to

Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2014), bound morphemes like –ify, -cation, and –

arian are called derivational morphemes. Derivational morphemes are morphemes

which are added to a base creating a new word with a new meaning. The result

from the addition of a derivational morpheme is called a derived word (p.44).

The last terminology is agentive noun. According to Szymanek (1989),

“agentive noun traditionally referred as names of agents. Agentive nouns are

formed in English very productively.” (p.174). Based on Szymaenk’s statement

above, agentive noun is a person who does something according to the bases. For

examples are banker, farmer, teacher, scientist, and biologist.


7

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

In this part, the researcher takes two related studies that are related to

morphology. The first previous study was written by Denista and Alip (2014)

entitled “The Distribution of the Agentive Nominalizer of the Suffixes {-er} and

{-an}”. In this study, the previous researchers discuss about how the distribution

of the agentive nominalizer of the suffixes {-er} and {-an}. This study focuses on

the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} because people nowadays always use these suffixes

in their daily life and they usually use these suffixes to categorize agentive

nominalizer. From this study, the researchers find the characteristics of stems that

are receiving the suffixes {–er} and {-an}, the meaning which are introduced by

the suffixes {–er} and {–an} and also the distributions of the allomorphs of

suffixes {–er} and {-an}.The data of this study are morphemes and affixes. The

previous study uses Hornby’s Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (year of

2000) as the data.

The result of this study is suffix {-er} are attached to certain verbs,

adjectives and nouns. The suffix {-an} is attached to certain adjectives and noun.

From the data analysis, the suffix {-er} is mostly attached to transitive verbs to

create a new meaning. However, it is not impossible for intransitive verbs to have

{–er} as an indicator to have the agent noun.


8

Based on previous studies, the researcher has the similar topic with the

previous researcher. Both of the studies discuss about suffixes in agentive noun.

The differences from this study are the variety of the suffixes. In previous study,

the researchers focus on the suffixes {-er} and {-an}, but in this study the

researcher focuses on the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. Another differences are the

previous study identifies the morphophonemic processes and the allomorph of the

suffixes {-er} and {-an}, but in this study the researcher focuses on the base of the

suffixes {-er} and {-ist} and the distribution of the agentive suffix {-er} and suffix

{-ist}. By comparing to this study, the previous researcher focuses and analyses

morphophonemic processes occured in the agentive noun.

The second related study is written by Samuel Kristian (2014) entitled “A

Morphological Study of the English Derivatonal Suffixes {-ence} and {-ance}”.

This study discusses about the suffixes {-ence} and {-ance} in Oxford Advenced

Learner’s Dictionary. The researcher of this undergraduate thesis uses

morphological approach to analyze his data. In his analysis, the researcher

discusses the morphological structure of suffixes {-ence} and {-ance}. In his

research, he tries to find the stem which can be attached to the suffixes {-ence}

and {-ance}, the meaning brought by the suffixes {-ence} and {-ance} ater they

are attached to the stem, and to find the allomorph and morphophonemic

processes are involvedin suffixes {-ence} and {-ance}. In this research, the

researcher try to find the bases do receive the nominalizer suffixes {-er} and {-ist}

in the agentive nouns and the distribution of attaching the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}

to the base.


9

The previous study has similar method to analysis the data which is

morphological approach. Both of the research disccuses about derivational

suffixes. The difference between these study is that the type of suffixes. The

previous study discusses about the suffixes {-ence} and {-ance} while this study

discusses about the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in agentive noun.

The third study was written by Nursanti (2013) entitled “A Morphological

Analysis on the Derivational Affixes Suffixes {–ion} and {–ation} Used in

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Pocket Dictionary”. This undergraduate research is

about the morphological analysis on derivational suffixes {–ion} and {–ation} in

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Pocket dictionary. The previous research analyses

and clarifies the similarities and differences between the usage of suffixes {–ion}

and {–ation} in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Pocket Dictionary.

She describes the characteristics of the suffixes {–ion} and {–ation}. The

usage of the suffixes {-ion} and {-ation} have the similarities in the function

category. The word category such as verb and adjective are followed by the

suffixes {-ion} and {-ation}, the grammatical category will change into noun

category. It is called derivational affixes noun forming.

However, the noun category which is followed by the suffixes {-ion} and

{–ation} do not change the grammatical category, because there is no change

between noun into noun. The similarities between the uses of the suffix {-ion} and

{-ation} are the functions of each suffix. The differences between the uses of

suffixes{ –ion} and {–ation} are the characteristics of each suffixes.


10

In this undergraduate thesis, the researcher develops this study and

discover new ideas with suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. The similarity between the

previous study and this study is the data. Both of these studies discuss the type of

affix. Both of these studies take suffixes as the object to analyze. In this study,

researcher tries to find the bases that can receive the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in

agentive noun and analyses the distribution of attaching the suffixes {-er} and {-

ist} to the bases. The researcher uses Hornby’s Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary 9th edition (2015) as the data and collect more than 200 words which

are contained with the suffixes {-er} and more than 100 words which are

contained with the suffixes {-ist}. These suffixes are always used by people in

their daily communication to state someone who does something.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Morphology

Syzmanek (1989) defines “morphology is the branch of linguistics dealing

with internal structure and formation of words. Morphology define a two concepts

of morphological analysis, there are ‘word’ and ‘morpheme’” (p.13). According

to Mark Aronoff and Kirsten Fudeman (2004), “in linguistics morphology refers

to the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics

that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed” (p.2).

From those theories, the researcher concludes that morphology is the study

dealing with the word formation and also branch of linguistics that always relates

to the word formation in every language. Morphology is the study about how to


11

know and classify the characteristics of the words and how to create words in a

language.

In this study, the researcher applies the theory of morphology. Therefore,

by applying this theory to the research, the researcher is able to recognize how to

identify the words or morphemes in English language and the distribution in

forming words.

a. Morpheme

Morpheme is derived from the Greek word morphe, meaning ‘form’

(Fromkin, et al, 2014, p.37). The classic definition from Hockett (1958) is “The

smallest individually meaningful element in the utterances of language” (p.123).

O’Grady and Videa P.de Guzmain (1980) say “the most important component of

word structure is the morpheme, the smallest unit of language that carries

information about meaning and function” (p.55).

It means that morpheme is the smallest unit of the words with a

grammatical function. For example, the words happy, sad, think, drink, beauty,

tall, pink, and blue are morphemes. The words playing, beautiful, desks, suffixes,

hunters, manly and gentleman are the words which contain more than one

morpheme. A morpheme consists of a word that can be divided into smaller

meaningful parts and carry information about their meaning and the function.

“The meaning of morpheme must be constant. For example, the

agentive morpheme {-er} means ‘one who does’ in words like singer,

painter, lover, and worker, but same sounds represent the comparative

morpheme, meaning ‘more’, in nicer, prettier, and taller. The identical

form represents two morpheme because of the different meanings”

(Fromkin, et al ,2013, p.39).


12

All languages use morpheme to create phrases and sentences. By knowing the

small meanings of morpheme, the language development will keep on growing to

create new words.

“Our morphological knowledge has two components: knowledge of the

individual morphemes and knowledge of the rules that combine them” (Fromkin,

et al, 2013, p.40). From the statement, the researcher concludes that morphemes

can stand alone by themselves and also they must be attached to another

morpheme.

“Morphemes are further categorized into two classes: free morpheme and

bound morpheme. A free morpheme can stand alone as an independent word”

(Akmajian, et al, 2001, p.18). By knowing the classes of morpheme, the

researcher concludes that the free morpheme is a morpheme which can stand

alone as an independent word and bound morpheme is a morpheme which cannot

stand alone and needs another morpheme to create a word. Based on the

definition, bound morpheme must be attached to another morpheme to create a

word. It means that bound morpheme must be followed by free morpheme to

create a word.

b. Derivational Morpheme

Derivational morpheme is a bound morpheme that creates a new word

with a new meaning (O’Grady et al, 2010, p.122). In other words, when the

morphemes are attached to the base of word, it will create a new meaning and new

category for the new word. According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2014),

“bound morphemes like –ify, -cation, and –arian are called derivational


13

morphemes. When they are added to a base, a new word with a new meaning is

derived. The result from the addition of a derivational morpheme is called a

derived word” (p.44). For example, the addition of {-er} to teach teacher

means ‘a person who teach’ and the addition of {-ing} to teach teaching means

‘the work of the teacher’. By adding the morphemes {-er} and {-ing} to the base

of words, people must know the characteristics and the rules of the derivational

morpheme if it is acceptable or not.

c. Affixation

Szymanek (1989) states that “affixation is a morpheme added to the base

of the words. In other words, affixation is the combination of a bound morpheme

with a stem or root” (p.63). Most of the new words are created by using affixation.

Affixation is the most common process to form the new words. “An affix is a

morpheme which only occurs when attached to some other morpheme or

morphemes such as root or stem or base” (Katamba,1993,p.44). In English

language, there are three main types of affixation, they are suffixation,

preffixation, infixation.

i. Suffix

In this study, the researcher focusses on suffixation of {-er} and {-ist}.

According to Szymanek (1989) “suffixation consists in attaching a suffix to a base

or root. A suffix is an affix which follows the base-form” (p.63). In other words,

suffix is adding an affix after the base of a word, for examples teach + {-er}

teacher, farm + {-er} farmer. By attaching suffix {-er} after the base of words,

the meaning will change and create a new word.


14

ii. Prefix

According to Katamba (1993), “a preffix is an affix attached before a root

or stem or base like re-,un-, and –in” (p.44). In other words, prefix is adding an

affix in front of the base of the word to change the meaning. The examples are

{dis-} + honest dishonest, {un-} + usual unusual, {in-} + complete

incomplete,{re-} + do redo, and {de-} + activate deactivate.

iii. Infix

“An infix is an affix inserted into the root itself” (Katamba, 1993, p.44).

Another theory from Szymanek (1989), he states “the term infixation describes a

morphological process whereby a bound morpheme (inflectional or derivational is

inserted into the base form (usually, into a root-morpheme)” (p.65). The definition

means, an infix is adding an in the middle of the base or stem or root of the words

to create a new meaning. Infixes are relatively rare in English language, but infix

can be found in another language.

d. The Derivational Affixes

According to Akmajian et al (1988), “derivational affixes often change the

part of speech of the base morpheme” (p.81). In other words, derivational affixes

can change the meaning of the base and create new words from the base.

i. Suffix {-er}

There are many words that can be attached with the suffix {-er}. Most of

them are used to formed agentive nominalizations and instrument

nominalizations. In this study, the researcher focuses on agentive nominalizations.

This suffix is productively used in people’s life. According to Szymanek (1988)


15

“the principal agentive suffix in English is {-er}. Its remarkably high productivity

is attested by the fact that it is frequently added to recently coined verbs. It is true

to say that the suffix {-er} is the first choice when it comes to deriving an agent

noun from a verb” (p.176). According to Quirk (1972), “suffix {-er} added to

nouns to form personal and innanimate nouns. There are varied meanings from

suffix {-er} they are, something having X, inhabitant of X, and maker of X.

Examples are glover, teenager, and Londoner (p.994).

ii. Suffix {-ist}

After the suffix {-er}, the suffix {-ist} also commonly used in people’s

daily life. The suffix {-ist} also has the similar function with suffix {-er}, both of

them are used to form agentive noun. According to Katamba (1993) “by suffixing

{-ist} we can form a very large number of nouns with the meaning advocate of,

follower of supporter of or partitioner of whatever is designed by the input noun”

(p.68). Quirk (1974) states that “the suffix {-ist} added to nouns or adjectives to

form personal nouns or adjectives. The meaning is member of a party, occupation.

For instances masochist, racialist, Buddhist, violinist, stylist, and loyalist (p.996).

C. Theoretical Framework

In this study, there are several theories that are used for the data analysis.

Morphology is one of the primary theories that are used to analyse this study.

Morphology is related to word formations in affixation which contains suffix.

From the morphological theory, the researcher can understand the processes of

word formation including the change of the meaning, the characteristics of the


16

morpheme, and also the change of the word’s class. In this case, morphology

theory helps the researcher to find the characteristic and the function of the

suffixes {-er} and {-ist}.

There are two problem formulations in this study. The first problem is to

identify the bases receive in suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. In order to analyses this

problem, the reseracher uses the theory of affixation to identify the process of the

suffixes {-er} and {-ist} when they are attached to the base of words..

The second problem in this study is to identify the distribution of the

agentive suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. In this problem, the researcher use theory of

derivational morpheme to help and find the function in each suffixes. The

researcher tries to find the meaning of the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. What kind of

bases that can be attached with the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}.


17

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of Study

The objects of the studies are the words contain morpheme and affixation.

Type of the affixations that are used in this study are suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. The

words are taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English

(9th ed).(2015). In this study the researcher takes more than two hundred words

that receives the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} at the end of the base of words. The

researcher takes the words which are agentive nouns. The researcher collects two

hundred words because there are many agentive nouns which are receiving the

suffixes {-er} and {-ist} and also it helps the researcher to analyze the words

clearly.

B. Approach of the Study

In this study, the researcher uses theory of morphology as an approach in

analysing the agentive noun with the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. The researcher uses

morphology because it is related to this study. Morphological approach is used to

analyse the agentive nouns with the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. Fromkin, Rodman,

and Hyams (2013) state “morphology is the study of the internal structure of

words, and rules by which words are formed” (p.37). According to Crystal (2008),

he states that “morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure

or forms of words, primarily through the use of the morpheme construct” (p. 340).


18

Based on the theories, morphology is related to derivational morpheme

which forms a word with new meaning and category by adding the suffixes {-er}

and {-ist} through the base of words. According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams

(2013) “affixes are bound morphemes and they may attach at the beginning, the

end, in the middle, or both at the beginning and end of a word” (p.40). Therefore,

morphological approach is appropriate for this study because these theories help

the researcher to analyse and examine the words which are attached with the

suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in agentive nouns.

C. Method of the Study

In this study, the researcher conducts a library research which analyze the

agentive nouns with the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. The researcher obtains the data

from reading the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 9th edition. The method

of this study is divided into two parts. The first is data collection and the second is

data analysis.

1. Data Collection

The data was taken from Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary of Current

English (9th Ed). (2015). The researcher chooses the agentive nouns that receive

suffixes {-er} and {-ist} which are collected from Oxford Advanced Leaner’s

Dictionary of Current English (9th Ed). (2015). The researcher takes two hundred

words to be analysed in this study. The data collection takes the words randomly

and also the bases should contain the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. In this study, the

researcher collects two hundred words because there are many agentive nouns


19

which receive suffixes {-er} and {-ist} and also it helps the researcher to analyse

the data clearly.

Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary of Current English (2015) is used

as a tool to answer the problem formulation in this study. The researcher chooses

Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary of Current English (9th Ed). (2015).,

because it provides the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) that helps the

researcher to find the lexical category.

2. Data Analysis

In this study, the researcher takes some steps to analyse the data. First the

researcher collects and chooses the agentive nouns which are receiving the

suffixes {-er} and {-ist} from dictionary. Before choosing the words, the

researcher should know and check the base and the base after receiving the

suffixes {-er} and {-ist} because in this study the researcher wants to collect the

words base on the agent nouns. In order to help the researcher finds all the words,

the researcher uses Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary of Current English (9th

Ed). (2015). It is used to reduce the error in analysing the base and also to check

the IPA based on the words receiving suffixes {-er} and {-ist}.

There are some steps to find and understand the functions of the suffixes

{-er} and {-ist}. The first step to answer this problem is to make a classification

of each base. The researcher uses tables to help answering these problems and

categorizing the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. By categorizing the bases, the

researcher knows the category of the bases before the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} are

attached. After knowing the category, the researcher is able to understand the


20

functions of the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} and also the characteristic of the words

receiving the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}.

Next, there is some steps to identify the distribution of the agentive

suffixes {-er} and {-ist} to the bases. The first step to answer this problem is

reading the Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary of Current English (9th

ed.).(2015)., because it provides the complete meaning and the definition of the

base. The second step is the researcher tries to analyse and understand the

meaning that is more appropriate to be attached with the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}.

After that, the last step is to collect the data into tables. Therefore, the researcher

can compare and analyse the distributions of attaching the suffixes {-er} and {-

ist} to the base.


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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter there are two problem formulations are discussed. This

chapter contains the analysis and results from the two problem formulations. The

first problem formulation is what bases receive the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in

agentive noun and the second problem formulation is the distribution of attaching

the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} to the agentive nouns. The researcher collected the

agentive nouns which contain the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} as the data. After that,

the researcher analyses the data and concludes if the words that received the

suffixes {-er} and {-ist} have alteration in the meaning. Suffixes {-er} and (-ist}

are used to create new words from the base. By adding these suffixes {-er} and {-

ist}, they can change the lexical category of the words, they change the meaning

to another meaning but they still have relation. The type of this process is called

derivational suffix, where the new words have new meanings.

Answering the first problem formulation, the researcher uses Oxford

Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 9th edition (2015) as the main data of this study.

The researcher collects agentive nouns which are receiving the suffixes {-er} and

{-ist} from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 9th edition (2015). The

researcher chooses this dictionary because it provides the Standard English. The

dictionary provides the phonetic transcription, the part of speech, and specific

definition of the words. After that, the researcher finds and analyses the lexical

category of the words. After analyses and knows the lexical category, the


22

researcher finds the distribution of attaching the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} to the

bases of words. By analysing the base of the words, the researcher found some

bases have more than one lexical category. Based on the data, the researcher can

analyses the function of the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} by seeing the lexical category

according to the base of words.

A. The Bases Receiving the Suffixes {-er} and {-ist}

1. Lexical Category of the Bases

From the whole of the dictionary, the researcher discovers two hundred

and thirty eight words receiving the suffix {-er} and one hundred forty five words

receiving the suffix {-ist}. Akmajian et al (1988) say, “morphemes are further

categorized into two classes: free morpheme and bound morpheme. A free

morpheme can stand alone as an independent word and a bound morpheme cannot

stand alone” (p.58). By analysing the whole words, all the bases are free

morpheme. All the bases receiving the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} are free

morpheme because they can stand on their own. Suffixes {-er} and {-ist} are

bound morpheme because they cannot stand alone. They must be attached to free

morpheme to create a meaning. Mostly, the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} are used to

perform an agent noun. Suffixes {-er} and {-ist} are the most commonly used in

people’s daily activity and used them very productively.

All the words have lexical category to indicate the part of speech. The

function of the lexical category is to know the type or category or function of the

words. Crystal (2008), states “part of speech traditional term for a grammatical


23

class of words. The main ‘parts of speech’ known as noun, pronoun, verb, adverb,

adjective, preposition, conjunction and interjection with article, participle and

others often added” (p.378). Every base in this data does not have the same lexical

category. They have their own category as their function. Here are some examples

based on the data.

Table 1. The Bases of the Suffix {-er}

No Bases

Lexical

Category

Words

Lexical

Category

1 Admire Verb Admirer Noun

2 Design Verb Designer Noun

3 Northern Adjective Northerner Noun

4 Play Verb Player Noun

5 Present Verb Presenter Noun

The table above are the examples from the data collection and it shows the

process of adding the suffix {-er} to the base of the words. Based on the table, the

left side are the bases and the right side are the words after receiving the suffix {-

er}. From the examples above, there is an alteration after suffixation process. The

bases and the words after adding the suffix {-er} have a different part of speech.

The words admirer, designer, northerner, player, and presenter have a

part of speech as noun. Adding the suffix {-er} to the base creates a new meaning

and function. These words are considered as noun when they are attached to the


24

suffix {-er}. They are categorized as agentive nouns after receiving the suffix {-

er}.

The bases have different part of speech before adding the suffix {-er} and

it shows the function. The word admire is categorized as a verb, northern is

categorized as an adjective, and design is categorized as a noun. There are two

words which have more than one part of speech. The words play and present have

more than one part of speech. The word play is categorized as a noun and verb,

present is categorized as adjective, noun, and verb. The researcher chooses the

more appropriate part of speech that is more suitable to the meaning and function

when it attached with the suffix {-er}.

Table 2. The Bases of the Suffix {-ist}

No Bases

Lexical

Category

Words

Lexical

Category

1 Accompany Verb Accompanist Noun

2 Apologize Verb Apologist Noun

3 Herbal Noun Herbalist Noun

4 Journal Noun Journalist Noun

5 Loyal Adj Loyalist Noun

The table above is also prsent the examples. The examples are taken from

the data and they are the words which are receiving the suffix {-ist}. This table

has the similarity with the previous table. On the left side are the bases and the

right side are the words after adding the suffix {-ist} to the base. The examples


25

show the process of suffixation, adding the suffix {-ist} to the base creates a new

word with the new meaning and function. The part of speech of the bases and the

words are different.

The words accompanist, apologist, herbalist, journalist, and loyalist have

a part of speech as noun. The process of adding the suffix {-ist} to the base

creates a new words and a new meaning where they are still related to the base. In

this data, suffix {-ist} creates the words as an agentive noun.

The words accompanist, apologist, herbalist, journalist, and loyalist have

a different part of speech with their base. The word accompanist before receiving

suffix {-ist} is accompany which is known as a verb and the word loyalist has

loyal as the an adjective.

The words herbalist and journalist before attached with suffix {-ist} have

more than one part of speech. The base of herbalist is herbal as an adjective and a

noun.

Next, the word journalist is from journal and known as a noun and a verb.

Attaching suffix {-ist} change the category of part of speech and make a new

meaning that still related with the base or the original words.

a. Bases Attached to the Suffix {-er}

According to the data collection, there are two hundred and forty five

words receiving suffix {-er} as an agentive nouns. From the data, the words

receiving suffix {-er} come from noun base, verb base and adjective base. After

analysing the data, the words receiving suffix {-er} are dominated with verb base

and noun base.


26

Table 3. Number of Parts of Speech of the Words with the Suffix {-er}

No Bases Number of Occurrences

1 Verb Base 162

2 Noun Base 76

3 Adjective Base 7

i. Verb Base

After analysing the data, there are one hundred and sixty two words

receiving the suffix {-er} attaches to the verb base. Most of agentive noun

containing the suffix {-er} derived from verb bases. This research is supported by

Katamba’s statement. He states that “agentive noun containing the suffix {-er} are

numerous and can be added to indefinitely. Most verbs can have a noun formed

from them in this way. So, no reasonable case could be made for listing all

agentive nouns ending in {-er} in the dictionary” (Katamba, 1993, p.68).

Most verb base of suffix {-er} are derived from French, German and Latin

words. There are twenty four words derived from French, seventeen words

derived from German, and ten words derived from Latin. Some words such as

engrave and stoke origin in middle 17th century, the words lose, peddle, play,

reap, and stoke, derived originally from Old English and the word manage

derived from Italian and it can be attached with suffix {-er}.

According to Szymanek (1989), “the majority of base verbs are

characterized as [+transitive], although intransitive base are also possible”

(p.176). Based on his interpretation, the characteristic of the words with the suffix

{-er} attached to verb bases are transitive verbs. Hence, it is possible for transitive


27

verbs to have suffix {-er} as an agentive nouns. Nevertheless, it is also possible

for intransitive verbs to be attached with the suffix {-er} as agentive nouns.

“Intransitive base is possible to receive suffix {-er} as an indicator to have an

agent noun. Among intransitive verbs, only those which refer to either protracted

or repeated action can form {-er} nouns” (Randall, 1984, p.317), for examples

drummer, teller, dreamer, dweller, swimmer.

The second characteristic for attaching suffix {-er} to verb base is that

most of the verbs are monosyllabic. According to Szymanek (1989) “the formal

aspect of {-er} affixation, one may notice that the input forms are usually

synchronically native, monosyllabic verbs” (p.177). Based on the data collection,

the researcher can prove the Szymanek’s statement through this study. The

researcher analyses and finds that there are many monosyllabic verbs.

Monosyllabic is the word that has only one syllable. Etymologically,

monosyllabic verbs derived from Old English words. In this data, the researcher

finds monosyllabic verbs, such as: bake, bath, bear, buy, care, consume, climb,

croon, deal, dream, drive, dwell, fight, find, fly, give, grow, heal, hear, help, herd,

hunt, kill, lead, learn, lend, mind, read, seek, sing, speak, stalk, strike, string,

strip, sweep, swim, swing, talk, teach, tell, think, tempt, throw, wait, whale, win,

work, and write.

Based on the data, Latin bases that are monosyllabic are not frequently

with the suffix {-er}. Usually, Latin and Greek bases are bisyllabic. In this data,

the researcher found the Latin bases such as admire, auction, box, commission,

commute, confection, consume, convene, debate, design, export, import, intrude,


28

lecture, office, present, pretend, prison, produce, prompt, provide, publish, report,

restore, satire, seduce, sin, slave, solve, spend, supply, support, train, use,

vacation, value, victual, view, and vote are bisyllabic. Based on Szymanek’s

theory, the researcher agrees and can prove that his theory is appropriate to this

study.

ii. Noun Base

The next discussion in this part is the suffix {-er} attached to noun base.

Based on the data collection, the researcher finds that there are seventy six words

with suffix {-er} attached to the noun base. In this part, the researcher puts the

table to show some parts of the data. On the left side of the table refers to the base

and the right side refers to the bases with the suffix {-er}. These are the examples

of suffix {-er} attached to noun base.

Table 4. Noun Bases with the Suffix {-er}

No Bases + Suffix {-er} Words

1 Adventure +er Adventurer

2 Astrology +er Astrologer

3 Astronomy +er Astronomy

4 Confection +er Confectioner

5 Drove +er Drover

6 Engine +er Engineer

7 Forest +er Forester

8 Gondola +er Gondolier

9 Hat +er Hatter


29

10 Hawk +er Hawker

11 Musket +er Musketeer

12 Office +er Officer

13 Rock +er Rocker

14 Shop +er Shopper

15 Slave +er Slaver

16 Trumpet +er Trumpeter

17 Train +er Trainer

18 Village +er Villager

19 Whale +er Whaler

20 Wreck +er Wrecker

From the table above, attaching the suffix {-er} to the bases do not

influence the lexical category. The suffix {-er} does not change the category, the

bases and the words are similar in part of speech as noun. Even though the bases

are noun and the words after adding the suffix {-er} are noun, they are different.

They have different function and meaning. The left side shows “noun” as the

meaning of “things” and in the right side shows “noun” as agent noun or someone

who does something related to the base.

Analyzing the data, the researcher finds the characteristics of noun base

that can be attached with the suffix {-er}. First characteristic is most of the noun

bases of the suffix {-er} are derived from Old French, such as astrology,

astronomy, confection, engine, forest, office, and rock. Besides derived from Old


30

French, the noun base also derived from French, they are musket, satire, village,

and wreck. Noun bases are also derived from Germanic. There are some nouns

derived from Germanic, such as hawk, and whale. Next is derived from Latin, the

word is gondola. The last is derived from Old English, the words are hat,

adventure, and drove.

The second characteristic is the noun bases of the suffix {-er} are

consisted of concrete noun and abstract noun. For the concrete nouns the

researcher has bank banker, engine engineer, hat hatter, musket

musketeer, puppet puppeteer, and office officer. For the abstract nouns the

researcher has astrology astrologer, astronomy astronomer, hagiography

hagiographer, philosophyphilosopher, and radiography radiographer.

The agent nouns engineer, musketeer, and puppeteer have the

phonological processes. These words have phonological processes in sound.

Engine /'endʒɪn/ + er engineer /̩endʒɪˈnɪə(r)/, musket /ˈmʌskɪt/ + er

musketeer /̩mʌskəˈtɪə(r)/, puppet /ˈpʌpɪt/ + er puppeteer /̩pʌpɪˈtɪə(r)/.

iii. Adjective Base

According to the data, the researcher found that there are seven words of

the suffix {-er} attached to adjective base. Adjective bases are rarely attached

with suffix {-er}. Below are the data:

Table 5. Adjective Bases of the Suffix {-er}

No Bases + Suffix –er Words

1 Common +er Commoner

2 Eastern +er Easterner


31

3 Foreign +er Foreigner

4 Northern +er Northerner

5 Southern +er Southerner

6 Strange +er Stranger

7 Western +er Western

Based on the, data the adjective bases common, eastern, foreign, northern,

southern, strange, and western are considered as adjective bases before receiving

the suffix {-er}. After receiving the suffix {-er} they become nouns and perform

as agentive nouns. After analysing these words, all the seven words attached with

the suffix {-er} become an agent and also refer to the person in a certain part of

the worlds.

Etymologically, the adjective bases derived from Old English and Old

French. From the data above, the adjective bases derived from Old English, such

as easterner, northerner, southerner, and westerner. The adjective bases are

derived from Old French such as foreigner, and stranger. By seeing the data, the

researcher can identify the words easterner, northerner, southerner, and

westerner refer to determine someone from another part of the world. The words

foreigner, stranger are unaccustomed condition or things.

b. Bases Attached to the Suffix {-ist}

In this study, the researcher found there are one hundred and forty words

receiving the suffix {-ist} as an agentive nouns. Base on the data, the bases

receiving the suffix {-ist} come from noun base, verb base and adjective base.


32

The table below shows the numbers of bases that are able to be attached with the

suffix {-ist} in agentive nouns.

Table 6. Number of Parts of Speech of Words with Suffix {-ist}

No Bases Number of Occurrence

1 Noun Base 115

2 Verb Base 3

3 Adjective Base 22

By analyzing the table above, the researcher found that the noun base is

more dominant to attached to the suffix {-ist}. According to Katamba (1993), “the

Latinate suffix –ist may be added to noun base to form other noun. It can also be

added to noun base to form adjective” (p.68). By reading the definition, Katamba

distinguished the meaning of the suffix {-ist} into three part. First, noun noun-

ist: meaning ‘advocate of’ (as in anarchist and communist). Second, noun

noun-ist: meaning ‘practitioner of’ (as in pianist and violinist). Third, noun adj-

ist: meaning ‘advocate of’ (as in racist and sexist) (Katamba, 1993, p.68)

By analyzing the data, the researcher finds that there are several word

consist more than one part of speech. For examples, the word herbalist comes

from herbal and the word lyricist comes from lyric. These words have two part of

speech, they are adjective and noun. In this case, the researcher analyzes and

determines the appropriate base of the words herbal and lyric whether it is

adjective or noun. In order to determine the base, the researcher use Oxford


33

Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 9th edition (2015) to analyze the most suitable

base for every words.

i. Noun Base

According to the data analysis, the researcher finds the words receiving the

suffix {-ist} are dominated with a noun base. After collecting and analyzing the

data, there are one hundred and fifteen noun base receiving suffix {-ist). These are

some examples of the noun bases:

Table 7. Noun Bases of the Suffix {-ist}

According to the data, there are one hundred and twelve words received

the suffix {-ist} attached to nouns. Most of them are derived from Latin and

French. Some of the data are derived from other origins, such as Italian (lingua,

No Bases + suffix -ist Words

1 Biology + ist Biologist

2 Cello + ist Celloist

3 Drug + ist Druggist

4 Journal + ist Journalist

5 Lingua + ist Linguist

6 Miniature + ist Miniaturist

7 Oriental + ist Orientalist

8 Taxidermy + ist Taxidermist

9 Saxophone + ist Saxophonist

10 Tattoo + ist Tattoist


34

miniature, violin, piano), Greek (taxidermy, taxonomy, meteorology), Sanskrit

(Buddha), Spanish (Canoe), Arabic (Islam), and Tahitan (tattoo).

There are some characteristics of noun bases that can be attached to the

suffix {-ist}. First, based on this research, most of noun base occurrences to the

suffix {-ist} are derived from Latin and French.

There are thirty one noun bases that are derived from Latin. Some of them

are abolitionist, abortionist, acupuncturist, egoist, essayist, florist, pathologist,

ornithologist, physiologist, and zoologist. Based on the etymology, there are thirty

noun bases which derived from French. Here are the examples, alchemist,

anatomist, diarist, economist, internist, medalist, parachutist, philologist,

sociologist, and strategist.

The second characteristic of noun base attached with the suffix {-ist} is

most of noun bases with the suffix {-ist} are abstract nouns and concrete noun.

From the data, here are the examples of abstract nouns and concrete nouns, such

as:

Table 8. Abstract Nouns and Concrete Nouns Attached with the Suffix {-ist}

No Abstract Noun + ist Concrete Noun + ist

1 Apologist Canoeist

2 Buddhist Flutist

3 Ecologist Lutenist

4 Evolutionist Machinist

5 Herbalist Miniaturist

6 Linguist Novelist


35

7 Rationalist Parachutist

8 Numismatics Percussionist

9 Psychologist Philatelist

10 Virologist Tobaccoist

ii. Adjective Base

According to the data collection, there are twenty two words attached with

the suffix {-ist} in adjective bases. Adjective base is not commonly used as the

base to form an agentive noun. In this part the researcher only put some examples

of adjective bases with the suffix {-ist}. Here are the examples:

Table 9. Adjective Bases of the Suffix {-ist}

No Bases + -ist Words

1 Active + ist Activist

2 Herbal + ist Herbalist

3 Loyal + ist Loyalist

4 Natural + ist Naturalist

5 Social + ist Socialist

According to the result of the data, most of adjective bases are derived

from Latin. There are twelve adjective words which derived from Latin, seven

adjectives are derived from French, and three adjectives are not known. Nudie,

sentimental, and traditional are the words with unknown origins. These are the

data of adjective bases that are derived from Latin:


36

Table 10. Adjective Bases Derived from Latin

No Adjective + {-ist} Base

1 Active Activist

2 Alphine Alphinist

3 Final Finalist

4 Imperial Imperialist

5 Neutral Neutralist

6 Occult Oculist

7 Rational Rationalist

8 Social Socialist

9 Solo Soloist

10 Special Specialist

11 Spiritual Spiritualist

12 Vocal Vocalist

After analyzing the data above, the researcher finds the characteristics of

adjective bases after attaching with the suffix {-ist}. The first characteristic is,

most of adjective bases of the suffix {-ist} ended with –al. The second

characteristic is there will be a deletion in the adjective bases with final –e when it

is attached with the suffix {-ist}. When adjective bases end with final –e, the final

–e is deleted before it is attached with the suffix {-ist}. For examples are active

activist and alphine alphinist.

iii. Verb Base

Verb base is rarely attached with the suffix {-ist}. Based on the results of

the data, the researcher only finds that there are only three words which can be

attached with suffix the {-ist}. Here are the examples of verb bases attached with

the suffix {-ist}: accompany+-ist accompanist, conform+-ist conformist,

rape+-ist rapist. The word accompany means to play a musical instrument.

After receiving the suffix {-ist} it turns into an agentive noun accompanist


37

which means a person who plays a musical instrument. The word conform means

to behave and think in the same way, it turns into a noun conformist meaning a

person who behave and think in the same way. The verb rape attached with suffix

{-ist} becomes a noun rapist which means a person who force somebody to have

sex.

From the process of suffixation, the researcher realizes the meaning of the

suffix {-ist} is a person who performs the bases. After analysing the data, the

researcher finds the origin of the words. Etymologically, these verbs have similar

origin. They are derived from Latin.

B. The Distribution of the Agentive Suffixes {-er} and {-ist}

In this part, the researcher analyses the distribution of attaching the

suffixes {-er} and {-ist} to the bases. As discussed in the previous part, the

suffixes {-er} and {-ist} have function as agentive noun. In this part, the suffixes

{-er} and {-ist} are categorized as derivational suffix where the suffixes will

change and give a new meaning to the bases which it attached to.

According to the analysis, the researcher finds the use of the suffix {-er} is

more dominant than the suffix {-ist}. There are two hundred and forty five words

that are used with the suffix {-er} to form agent nouns. Meanwhile, there are one

hundred and forty words which use suffix {-ist} as agent nouns. In this discussion,

the researcher give the percentages of suffixes {-er} and {-ist}.

The significance is to prove the study that suffix {-er} is dominant rather

than suffix {-ist}. These tables also show verb base is dominant in the suffix {-er}


38

and noun base is dominant in the suffix {-ist}. Here is the frequency of the result

of the data:

Table 11. Percentages of the Suffix {-er}

No Bases Words Percentages

1 Verb Base 162 66.12%

2 Noun Base 76 31.02%

3 Adjective Base 7 2.86%

Table 12. Percentages of the Suffix {-ist}

No Bases Words Percentages

1 Verb Base 3 2.15%

2 Noun Base 115 82.15%

3 Adjective Base 22 15.71%

Based on the table of percentages, the use of verb base in suffix {-er} is more

productive rather than noun base and adjective base. The use of noun base in

suffix {-ist} is highly used to form agent nouns.

According to Szymanek (1988), there are two types of English deverbal

nominalizations, name of agents and name of instruments. The words, Speak (V)

Speaker (N), Sing (V) Singer (N), Travel (V) Traveller (N) show the

semantic feature as [+human]. The words, Cook (V) Cooker (N), Erase (V)

Eraser (N), Transmit (V) Transmitter (N) show the semantic feature as [-

human]. Accordingly, nouns of these groups may be paraphrased, respectively, as


39

‘one who (professionally, habitually) V-es’z and ‘an instrument (tool, machine)

that V-es’ (p.171).

In this study, the researcher is more focused on Names of Agents or

Agentive Nominalizers because in this study, the researcher takes agentive nouns

as the data. According to Szymanek (1989), “deverbal nominalizations

traditionally referred as Names of Agents are formed very productively,

potentialnally from a vast majority of verbs” (p.174). In this discussion of

agentive nominalizations, the researcher takes the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} as the

main data. These suffixes are used to create the agentive nouns. Szymanek states

that suffix {-er} is the first choice when it comes to deriving an agent noun from

verb (Syzmanek, 1989, p.176).

The suffixes {-er} and {-ist} have meaning. In this part, the researcher

divides the meaning of the words base on the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. Based on

the research, generally the meaning of the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} are agentive.

In this analysis, the researcher analyses the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} and classify

the bases which are more specific and can be attached with thhe suffixes {-er} and

{-ist}.

The morpheme is the key for creating new words or meanings. “The

morpheme is the smallest difference in the shape of a word that correlates with the

smallest difference in word or sentence meaning or in grammatical structure”

(Katamba, 1993, p.24). According to Katamba, basically, all morphemes have

their meaning and correlates with words to create a new meaning. Based on the

definition, all morphemes have their own function to create a new meaning.


40

The suffix {-er} is the most commonly used suffix to form agentive noun.

This is proved by Szymanek. Szymanek 1989 stated, “the suffix {-er} remarkably

high productivity is attested by the fact that is frequently added to recently coined

verbs” (p.176). It is also suported by Akmajian et al, saying “suppose that a new

verb enters the English language, such a s verb to Xerox. Native speakers of

English will automatically know that this verb can be converted into an agentive

noun, Xeroxer” (Akmajian et al. 1978. p.117).

After the suffix {-er}, there is the suffix {-ist} which is commonly used to

form agentive noun as well. It is shown from Katamba’s statement. “By suffixing

{-ist} can form a very large number of nouns with the meaning ‘advocate of,

follower of, supporter of or practitioner of whatever is designated by the input

noun’” (Katamba, 1993, p.68).

In this part the researcher analyses the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} based on

the meaning. By analysing the data, the researcher finds the original meaning of

the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} are agentive noun. Through the meaning, the

researcher finds the kind of words that can be attached to the suffixes {-er} and {-

ist}.

1. The Application of the Suffix {-er}

In this part, the researcher collects all the data to analyse the application of

suffixes {-er}. The researcher makes the analysis by using the tables. The

researcher analyses the suffix to know the deepest function of the suffixes {-er}.

The researcher focuses on the meaning to classify the data and also finds the kind

of words that can be used to the suffix {-er}.


41

Table 13. The application of the Agentive Suffix + -er

No Base + er Words

1 Adventure +er Adventurer

2 Astrology +er Astrologer

3 Astronomy +er Astronomer

4 Climb +er Climber

5 Design +er Designer

6 Drum +er Drummer

7 Engine +er Engineer

8 Examine +er Examiner

9 Explore +er Explorer

10 Farm +er Farmer

11 Lecture +er Lecturer

12 Hagiography +er Hagiographer

13 Manage +er Manager

14 Musket +er Musketeer

15 Philosophy +er Philosopher

By analysing the data, the researcher finds there are two hundred and

thirty words can be attached to the suffix {-er}. These words come from noun

base, verb base, and adjective base. The suffix {-er} brings the meaning as agent

noun. The verb base is more dominant in the suffix {-er}. Most of words attached

with verb base. In this part, the researcher find kind of words can be attached to

the suffix {-er}. For examples are astronomer and astrologer. These words use

the suffix {-er} to create agent noun.

“Suffix {-er} is a suffix used in forming nouns designating person from

the object of their occupation or labor, or from their place of origin or abode, or

designating either persons or things from some special characteristic or

circumstance.” (Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English

Language, 1989, p. 482).


42

Through the Webster’s definition, the suffix {-er} is used to form person’s

occupation, people from some part of origin. From the Szymanek’s statement, the

particular kind of activity connected with the base noun usually refers to a trade,

profession, or habit (Szymanek, 1989, p.186). His statement shows the

distribution of the suffix {-er} as agent noun. It means, the reason to attach suffix

{-er} to the bases is they are agent noun as profession, trade and a habit.

According to Quirk (1972), “suffix {-er} added to nouns to form personal

and innanimate nouns. There are varied meanings from suffix {-er} they are,

something having X, inhabitant of X, and maker of X. The examples are glover,

teenager, and Londoner (p.994).

In this part the researcher finds the words that can be attached to the suffix

{-er} to create agent noun is deverbal and denominal. The words that can be used

suffix {-er} are related to professions, habit, and trade. The agentive noun of the

suffix {-er} is a person who relates to the base.

The suffix {-er} is an agent noun but they are not an expert of something.

Here are the examples: achieve + -er achiever, buy + -er buyer, dance + -er

dancer, employ + -er employer, farm +er farmer, sing + -er singer,

and smoke + -er smoker.

Based on the examples, the words are agent but they are not a profession.

They are people who have some activities that are related to the base. Most of the

words that are attached with the sufffix {-er} are not an expert. Besides, the words

astrologer, astronomer, and philosopher categorized as an expert. These words

used the suffix {-er} to create agent noun. They do not use suffix {-ist} to create


43

agent noun. Even these words are an expert of the knowledge, they are not

included to the suffix {-ist}. They have their own form and cannot be changed.

According to Szymanek (1989), “some of the remaining ‘irregular’ verbs

are very seldom (if ever) found in combination with {-er} unless the resultant

nominalization is made part of compound” (p.178). Based on Szymanek’s

statement, the researcher finds that the verb comes from regular verbs.

These are some examples: attack+er, control+er, entertain+er,

explore+er, fix+er, hack+er, heal+er, help+er, join+er, listen+er, manage+er,

play+er and use+er. In this data, the researcher also finds the irregular verbs, for

instance the verbs buy+er, catch+er, dive+er, drive+er, fight+er, find+er,

give+er, grow+er, hold+er, lead+er, and read+er.

Therefore, it is possible for irregular verbs to be attached with the suffix {-

er}. According to Quirk (1972), “There are varied meanings from the suffix {-er}

they are, something having X, inhabitant of X, and maker of X. The examples are

glover, teenager, and Londoner” (p.994).

2. The Application of the Suffix {-ist}

In this part, the analysis is similar with the previous part. However, this

part analyses the suffix {-ist}. The researcher makes tables to clarify the analysis.

The researcher analyses the suffix {-ist} to find out the distributions of what kind

of words that can be attached with suffix {-ist} as agent noun.


44

Table 14. The Application of the Agentive Suffix + -ist

No Base + ist Words

1 Anthropology +ist Anthropologist

2 Archaeology +ist Archaeologist

3 Ecology +ist Ecologist

4 Entomology +ist Entomologist

5 Histology +ist Histologist

6 Mineralogy +ist Mineralogist

7 Neurology +ist Neurologist

8 Physiology +ist Physiologist

9 Ornithology +ist Ornithologist

10 Physiology +ist Physiologist

11 Physiotherapy +ist Physioterapist

12 Radiology +ist Radiologist

13 Sociology +ist Sociologist

14 Taxonomy +ist Taxonomist

15 Technology +ist Technologist

16 Toxicology +ist Toxicologist

17 Urology +ist Urologist

18 Virology +ist Virologist

From the data collection, there are one hundred and forty words that can

be attached to suffix {-ist}, but in this part the researcher only put some examples


45

to be analyzed. Base on the data, the noun base is more dominant in suffix {-ist}.

These data come from noun base and adjective base. The suffix {-ist} also have

the similar meaning with suffix {-er} as agentive noun. Quirk (1974) states that

“suffix {-ist} added to nouns or adjectives to form personal nouns or adjectives.

The meaning is member of a party, occupation. For instances masochist, racialist,

Buddhist, violinist, stylist, and loyalist” (p.996).

The words archeologist and ecologist use the suffix {-ist} to create noun

as agentive nouns. The word archeologist means a person who studies

archeology, and the word ecologist means a person who studies ecology. Based on

the meaning, the words show someone who studies and are interested in

something that are related to the base.

Katamba (1993) states “by suffixing {-ist} we can form a very large

number of nouns with the meaning ‘advocate of, follower of, supporter of or

practitioner of whatever is designed by the input noun” (p.68). From the

Katamba’s statement, it shows the suffix {-ist} is used to form the agent who

follows, supports and studies about the base. For examples are anthropologist,

meteorologist, sociologist, etc.

“The suffix {-ist} is a suffix of nouns, often accompanying verbs ending

in {-ize} or noun ending in {-ism}, denoting one who practice or is concerned

with something, or holds certain principles, and docttrines” (Webster’s

Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Languange, 1989, p. 757).

Based on the definition before, the researcher analyses the data and finds

the words that can be attached to suffix {-ist} is product. The base + suffix {-ist}


46

turns into agent who is an expert. Most of the words with the suffix {-ist} are

nouns or products to create a person who studies or is an expert on something. For

examples, anatomist, anthropologist, archaeologist, epidemiologist, histologist,

meteorologist, physiologist, psychologist, taxonomist, urologist, zoologist, etc.

The bases are words that related to science, both in natural and medical science.

The words that can be attached to suffix {-ist} are also instrument of music and

transportation such as bassist, canoeist, cellist, flutist, instrumentalist, lutenist,

melodist, oboist, organist, percussionist, pianist, saxophonist, soloist, violinist,

and vocalist. It shows the skills of someone who is a master on playing and

bringing the instrument.

Furthermore, words containing the suffix {-ist} are abstract nouns of the

form X-ism. It is stated by Szymanek, these are nouns of the form X-ist, related to

abstract nouns of the form X-ism (Szymanek, 1989, p.187). Based on the

explanation, the abstract nouns that can be attached to suffix {-ist} are the words

that are related to ideology, religion, adherents of a particular theory, idea,

emotion etc. These are the examples from the data, activist, buddhist, capitalist,

egoist, hypotist, imperialist, islamist, leninist, marxist, nationalist, realist, and

spiritualist.


47

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

In this research, the researcher has discussed the morphological process of

the derivational suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in agentive nouns. In this study, the

researcher has collected two hundred and forty five words receiving the suffix {-

er} and one hundred and forty words receiving the suffix {-ist}. The researcher

tries to analyse the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} to answer the two problems

formulated in Chapter I. The first problem is identifying the bases that receive the

nominalizer suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in agentive nouns. The second problem is

examining the distribution of the agentive suffixes {-er} and {-ist}.

By analysing the whole words, all the bases of the data are free morpheme.

Free morpheme means that they are capable of standing alone as a word. The

suffixes {-er} and {-ist} are classified as bound morphemes because they are

incapable of standing alone. Therefore, the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} should be

attached to the free morpheme to form new words. The suffixes {-er} and {-ist}

are categorized as derivational suffixes. The function is to create a new meaning

that are still related with the base. The function of attaching the suffixes {-er} and

{-ist} are to create a new noun. In this study, the function of attaching the suffixes

{er} and {-ist} are to create an agentive noun. Agentive noun is the agent or

person who does something that is still related with the base.

Answering the first problem formulation, the researcher found that the

suffixes {-er} and {-ist} have function to form agentive nouns from verb to noun,


48

noun to noun, and adjective to noun. Meaning to say that the suffixes {-er} and {-

ist} can be attached to noun bases, verb bases, and adjective bases.

According to the data analysis, the first problem formulation is answered

and the result is that suffix {-er} can be attached to certain verbs, nouns, and

adjectives. There are one hundred and sixty two verb bases, seventy six noun

base, and seven adjective bases attached to the suffix {-er}. From the analysis, the

researcher found that there are some characteristics of attaching the suffix {-er} to

the verb base. The first characteristic is that most of the suffix {-er} as agentive

nouns are attached to transitive verbs. Second characteristic is that most of the

words with the suffix {-er} are monosyllabic verbs. It means that the

monosyllabic verbs are derived from Old English. Base on the data, the

etymollogy of the noun bases of the suffix {-er} are derived from Old English,

French and Latin. The adjective bases are not numerously attached with the suffix

{-er} to form agentive noun and most of adjective bases are derived from French.

Through the data, the researcher finds that most of the bases receiving the

suffix {-ist} are noun base. Verb base and adjective base can also be attached with

the suffix {-ist} but they are not numerous. Etymologically, the bases that can be

attached with the suffix {-ist} are derived from Latin and French, and most of

noun bases attached with the suffix {-ist} are abstract nouns and concrete nouns.

Verb bases are rarely used with the suffix {-ist}.

Based on the analysis, the result from the second problem is both of the

suffixes {-er} and {-ist} have a contradiction in part of speech. Mostly, the base

of the suffix {-er} is verb base and most of the base of the suffix {-ist} is noun


49

base. There are one hundred and sixty two verb bases attached with the suffix {-

er} and there are one hundred and fifteen noun bases attached with the suffix {-

ist}. The use of the suffix {-er} is more dominant rather than the suffix {-ist}.

Because there are two hundred and forty five words attached with the suffix {-er}

to form agentive noun and one hundred and forty words attached with the suffix

{-ist} to form agentive noun.

The words that can be used with the suffix {-er} are related to profession,

habit, and trade. Next is the words that can be attached to the suffix {-ist} are

products. From the analysis, the researcher concludes that most of the words in

the suffix {-ist} are nouns or products to create a person who studies or is an

expert on something. The words related to natural science and medical science,

instrument of music, ideology, religion, adherents of a particular theory, idea and

emotion can be attached with the suffix {-ist} to form agent noun. They are the

distributions of attaching the suffix {-ist} to the base and to form an agentive

noun. The used of the suffix {-ist}, is commonly used to show someone who is an

expert and a professional in their field. The agent noun produces something from

the basic field he/she is engaged in.

From the data analysis, the words astrology, astronomer, and philosopher

do not used the suffix {-ist} to form agentive noun, even though the words

categorized into expert of science. It is similar in the words drummer, gondolier,

and trumpetter. They are a product from music instrument and transportation but

they do not use the suffix {-ist} to create agentive noun.


50

REFERENCES

Akmajian, Addrian Demers, Richard A. Harnish, Robert M. Harnish. (1984).

Linguistics : An Introduction to Language and Communication.

Cambridge: The MIT Press.

Crystal, David. (2008). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics-Six Edition.

Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Denistia, Karlina, & Fr. Borgias Alip. (2014). The Distribution of the Agentive

Nominalizer of the Suffixes {-er} and {-an}. Journal of Language and

Literature,14(1), 50-60.

Katamba, Francis. (1993). Morphology. New York: St. Martin Press.

Kristian, Samuel. (2014). A Morphological Study of the English Derivational

Suffixes {-ence} and {-ance}. Universitas Sanata Dharma. Yogyakarta.

Mark Aronoff and Kirsten Fudeman. (2010). What is Morphology?.

Chichester: Willey-Blackwell Publishing.

Nursanti, Dyah Retno. (2013). A Morphological Analysis on Derivational Affixes

(suffix) –ion and –ation Used in Oxfordlearner’s Pocket Dictionary.

Universitas Muhamadiyah. Surakarta.

Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary of Current English (9th ed). (2015).

Oxford: Oxford University Press.

O’Grady William and de Guzman videa P. (1980). Contemporary Linguistics.

New York: St. Martin’s Press

Quirk, Randolph and Sidney Greenbaum. (1972). A Grammar of Contemporary

English. London: Longman Group Ltd.

Szymanek, Bodgan. (1989). Introduction to Morphological Analysis.

Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.

Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman and Nina Hyams. (2014). An Introduction to

Language, (10th ed). Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. (1989).

New York: Portland House.


51

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 : Verb Bases with the Suffix {-er}

No Base Noun + Er

1 Abstain Abstainer

2 Achieve Achiever

3 Add Adder

4 Admire Admirer

5 Adopt Adopter

6 Advertise Advertiser

7 Advise Adviser

8 Appraise Appraiser

9 Arrange Arranger

10 Assemble Assembler

11 Attack Attacker

12 Bake Baker

13 Bear Bearer

14 Begin Beginner

15 Believe Believer

16 Bid Bidder

17 Borrow Borrower

18 Box Boxer

19 Brew Brewer

20 Brigade Brigadier

21 Bounce Bouncer

22 Build Builder

23 Buy Buyer

24 Call Caller

25 Campaign Campaigner

26 Catch Catcher

27 Cater Caterer

28 Climb Climber

29 Commute Commuter

30 Compose Composer

31 Consume Consumer

32 Contend Contender

33 Control Controller

34 Convene Convener

35 Convert Converter

36 Croon Crooner

37 Deal Dealer

38 Debate Debater

39 Desert Deserter

40 Design Designer

41 Dispatch Dispatcher

42 Dive Diver

43 Dodge Dodger

44 Drape Draper

45 Dream Dreamer

46 Drive Driver

47 Dwell Dweller

48 Engrave Egraver

49 Entertain Entertainer

50 Examine Examiner

51 Explore Explorer

52 Export Exporter

53 Farm Farmer

54 Fiddle Fiddler

55 Fight Fighter

56 Find Finder

57 Fit Fitter

58 Fix Fixer

59 Fly Flyer

60 Found Founder

61 Fund Funder

62 Gather Gatherer

63 Give Giver

64 Glaze Glazier

65 Grow Grower

66 Hack Hacker

67 Handle Handler

68 Heal Healer

69 Hear Hearer

70 Help Helper

71 Herd Herder


52

72 Hijack Hijacker

73 Hold Holder

74 Hunt Hunter

75 Import Importer/

76 Inform Informer

77 Interpret Interpreter

78 Intrude Intruder

79 Jog Jogger

80 Join Joiner

81 Joke Joker

82 Keep Keeper

83 Kill Killer

84 Lead Leader

85 Learn Learner

86 Lend Lender

87 Listen Listener

88 Loaf Loafer

89 Lose Loser

90 Manage Manager

91 Manufacture Manufacturer

92 March Marcher

93 Meddle Meddler

94 Mourn Mourner

95 Observe Observer

96 Occupy Occupier

97 Offend Offender

98 Paint Painter

99 Peddle Peddler

100 Perform Performer

101 Play Player

102 Poach Poacher

103 Pray Prayer

104 Preach Preacher

105 Present Presenter

106 Pretend Pretender

107 Produce Producer

108 Prompt Prompter

109 Provide Provider

110 Prowl Prowler

111 Publish Publisher

112 Push Pusher

113 Read Reader

114 Reap Reaper

115 Receive Receiver

116 Rent Renter

117 Report Reporter

118 Restore Restorer

119 Rob Robber

120 Rock Rocker

121 Rustle Rustler

122 Seduce Seducer

123 Seek Seeker

124 Send Sender

125 Sing Singer

126 Sit Sitter

127 Skate Skater

128 Ski Skier

129 Smoke Smoker

130 Solve Solver

131 Sow Sower

132 Speak Speaker

133 Spend Spender

134 Spoil Spoiler

135 Stalk Stalker

136 Stoke Stoker

137 Strike Striker

138 String Stringer

139 Strip Stripper

140 Support Supporter

141 Surf Surfer

142 Sweep Sweeper

143 Swim Swimmer

144 Swing Swinger

145 Talk Talker

146 Tame Tamer

147 Teach Teacher

148 Tell Teller

149 Tempt Tempter

150 Think Thinker

151 Throw Thrower

152 Train Trainer

153 Travel Traveller

154 Trespass Trespasser

155 Use User

156 View Viewer

157 Wait Waiter


53

158 Walk Walker

159 Watch Watcher

160 Win Winner

161 Work Worker

162 Wreck Wrecker

163 Write Writer

Appendix 2 : Noun Bases with the Suffix {-er}

No Base Noun + Er

1 Adventure Adventurer

2 Astrology Astrologer

3 Astronomy Astronomer

4 Auction Auctioneer

5 Bank Banker

6 Bark Barker

7 Bathe Bather

8 Care Carer

9 Clock Clocker

10 Commission Commissioner

11 Confection Confectioner

12 Custom Customer

13 Draft Drafter

14 Drove Drover

15 Drum Drummer

16 Employee Employer

17 Engine Engineer

18 Fraud Farudster

19 Fence Fencer

20 Fish Fisher

21 Forest Forester

22 Garden Gardener

23 Gondola Gondolier

24 Hagiography Hagiographer

25 Hat Hatter

26 Hawk Hawker

27 Hurdle Hurdler

28 Interview Interviewer

29 Island Islander

30 Job Jobber

31 Labour Labourer

32 Law Lawyer

33 Lecture Lecturer

34 Lodge Lodger

35 London Londoner

36 Mind Minder

37 Murder Murderer

38 Musket Musketeer

39 Office Officer

40 Philosophy Philosopher

41 Plan Planner

42 Prison Prisoner

43 Program Programmer

44 Puppet Puppeteer

45 Radiography Radiographer

46 Raid Raider

47 Ranch Rancher

48 Range Ranger

49 Rap Rapper

50 Research Researcher

51 Retail Retailer

52 Roof Roofer

53 Saddle Saddler

54 Sell Seller

55 Shop Shopper

56 Sin Sinner

57 Slave Slaver

58 Squat Squatter

59 Streak Streaker

60 Supply Supplier

61 Tag Tagger

62 Taste Taster

63 Text Texter

64 Tip Tipper

65 Treasure Treasurer

66 Truck Trucker

67 Trumpet Trumpeter

68 Vacation Vacationer

69 Value Valuer


54

70 Victuals Victualler

71 Village Villager

72 Vote Voter

73 Weekend Weekender

74 Whale Whaler

Appendix 3 : Adjective Bases with the Suffix {-er}

No Base Adj + Er

1 Common Commoner

2 Eastern Easterner

3 Foreign Foreigner

4 Nothern Northerner

5 Southern Southerner

6 Strange Stranger

7 Western Westerner

Appendix 4 : Noun Bases with the Suffix {-ist}

No Base Noun + Ist

1 Abolition Abolitionist

2 Abortion Abortionist

3 Acupuncture Acupuncturist

4 Alchemy Alchemist

5 Anaesthetic Anaesthetist

6 Anarchy Anarchist

7 Anatomy Anatomist

8 Anthropology Anthropologist

9 Apologize Apologist

10 Archaeology Archaeologist

11 Archive Archivist

12 Art Artist

13 Balloon Balloonist

14 Bass Bassist

15 Biology Biologist

16 Botany Botanist

17 Buddha Buddhist

18 Canoe Canoeist

19 Capital Capitalist

20 Career Careerist

21 Cardiology Cardiologist

22 Cello Cellist

23 Classic Classicist

24 Commune Communist

25 Cycle Cyclist

26 Dent Dentist

27 Diary Diarist

28 Drug Druggist

29 Ecology Ecologist

30 Economy Economist

31 Ego Egoist

32 Entomology Entomologist

33 Epidemiology Epidemiologist

34 Essay Essayist

35 Evangel Evangelist

36 Evolution Evolutionist

37 Flute Flutist

38 Flora Florist

39 Haematology Harmatologist

40 Harp Harpist

41 Herbal Herbalist

42 Histology Histologist

43 Human Humanist

44 Hygiene Hygienist

45 Ideal Idealist

46 Illusion Illusionist

47 Impression Impressionist


55

48 Instrumental Instrumentalist

49 Intern Internist

50 Islam Islamist

51 Journal Journalist

52 Lefty Leftist

53 Lenin Leninist

54 Libretto Librettist

55 Lingua Linguist

56 Lute Lutenist

57 Lyric Lyricist

58 Machine Machinist

59 Material Materialist

60 Medal Medallist

61 Melody Melodist

62 Metallurgy Metallurgist

63 Meteorology Meteorologist

64 Method Methodist

65 Microbiology Microbiologist

66 Mineralogy Mineralogist

67 Miniature Miniaturist

68 Monopoly Monopolist

69 National Nationalist

70 Neurology Neurologist

71 Novel Novelist

72 Numismatics Numismatist

73 Nutrition Nutritionist

74 Oboe Oboist

75 Obstruction Obstructionist

76 Organ Organist

77 Ornithology Ornithologist

78 Parachute Parachutist

79 Pathology Pathologist

80 Percussion Percussionist

81 Pharmacy Pharmacist

82 Pessimism Pessimist

83 Philately Philatelist

84 Philology Philologist

85 Physics Physicist

86 Physiology Physiologist

87 Physiotheraphy Physiotherapist

88 Piano Pianist

89 Projection Projectionist

90 Psychology Psychologist

91 Psychotheraphy Psychotherapist

92 Public Publicist

93 Radiology Radiologiist

94 Reserve Reservist

95 Satire Satirist

96 Saxophone Saxophonist

97 Science Scientist

98 Sociology Sociologist

99 Strategy Strategist

100 Style Stylist

101 Supremacy Supremacist

102 Tattoo Tattooist

103 Taxidermy Taxidermist

104 Taxonomy Taxonomist

105 Technology Technologist

106 Terror Terrorist

107 Theory Theorist

108 Therapy Therapist

109 Tobacco Tobacconist

110 Tour Tourist

111 Toxicology Toxicologist

112 Urology Urologist

113 Violin Violinist

114 Virology Virologist

115 Zoology Zoologist


56

Appendix 5 : Adjective Bases with the Suffix {-ist}

No Base Noun + Ist

1 Active Activist

2 Alpine Alpinist

3 Final Finalist

4 Hypnotic Hypnotist

5 Imperial Imperialist

6 Loyal Loyalist

7 Monetary Monetarist

8 Natural Naturalist

9 Neutral Neutralist

10 Nudie Nudist

11 Occult Occulist

12 Oriental Orientalist

13 Pure Purist

14 Rational Rationalist

15 Real Realist

16 Sentimental Sentimentalist

17 Social Socialist

18 Solo Soloist

19 Special Specialist

20 Spritual Spritualist

21 Traditional Traditionalist

22 Vocal Vocalist

Appendix 6 : Verb Bases with the Suffix {-ist}

No Base Base + Ist

1 Accompany Accompanist

2 Conform Conformist

3 Rape Rapist


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