LI 2013 NATHALIE F. MARTIN

MORPHOLOGY

Table of Content

At the end of this chapter you will know:I. MorphemesII.Affixation: prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix III.Compound WordsIV.Lexical Categories V. DerivationVI.InflectionVII.Morphological Typology of LanguagesVIII.Word FormationIX.Other morphological phenomenon

Reference: O’Grady & al. (2009); Rowe & al. (2012)

1. MORPHOLOGY2. SIMPLE VS. COMPLEX WORDS3. FREE VS. BOUND MORPHEMES

I. Morphemes

Morphology

Morphology:The analysis of word __________.The system of categories and rules involved in _______________ and __________________.

Word and Morpheme

Word: the smallest Word: the smallest _________(an element that doesn’t have to occur in a fixed position)

Word Word simplesimple vs. vs. complexcomplex Ex. Ex.

Morpheme: the Morpheme: the smallest smallest _________

_________

Morpheme Morpheme freefree vs. vs. boundbound Ex. Ex.

Question #1, p.139 O’Grady,2009

a. Flyb. Desksc. Untied. Treee. Dislikef. Reuseg. Triumphedh. Delighti. Justly

O’Grady, 2009

1. ROOT, AFFIX 2. BASE3. AFFIX:

1. prefix, suffix, infixes & circumfixes

II. Affixation

Roots & affixes

Root: Serves as a building block for other words (usually, but not always a free morpheme)

Affix: Bound morphemes added to the root.

Affixation

Prefix: An affix that is attached to the _________of a base,

Ex. re-play.

Suffix: An affix that is attached to the _________of a base.

Ex. kind-ness.

Affixation

Infix: Infix: An affix that occur An affix that occur _________a basea base Ex: Ex: Tagalog: write = sulat / written = sinulat.

The infix -in- changes the verb from present to past tense.The infix -in- changes the verb from present to past tense.

Circumfixes: Circumfixes: Where you Where you _________ ___________(sometimes surrounding the root).(sometimes surrounding the root). Ex: Arabic: Book = Ex: Arabic: Book = kkiittaabb / Wrote = / Wrote = kkaattaabbaa / has / has

been written= been written= kkuuttiibb Ex: HebrewEx: Hebrew

Hebrew and Affixes

The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible  By Jeff A. Benner

Hebrew and Affixes

(hee-teer) ִהְמִטירThis is the verb מטר (M.Th.R) meaning to

"rain." The structure of the verb also identifies the verb tense as perfect – he rained. The prefix ה (hee) along with the י (ee) infix, identifies the verb as a hiphil (causative) verb – he made rain, or he caused to rain. But, the preceding word לא negates this verb – he did not cause it to rain.

www.ancient-hebrew.org/emagazine/046.doc

Examples of English Affixes

-able-ing-ish-ize

Anti-Ex- Re-In-

Analyzing Word Structure

CLOSED-FORM COMPOUNDHYPHENATED COMPOUNDOPEN-FORM COMPOUND

III. Compound Words

Compound Words

Closed-form compound:Hyphenated compound:Open-form compound:

Brain waves

Turnstile

What kind of Compound Word is this

Hair plugs

Fast food

What kind of Compound Word is this?

A SMALL OVERVIEW

IV. Lexical Categories

Syntactic Categories (1)

Noun (N)Verb (V)Adjective (A)Preposition (P)

Adverb (Adv)

moisture, policymelt, remaingood, intelligentto, nearslowly, now

Syntactic Categories (2)

Determiner (Det)Auxiliary (Aux)Conjunction (Con)Interjection

the, this, mywill, canand, orOh, goodness

sake, whatever

Exercise: Word class

a.a. bettermentbettermentb.b. thethec.c. himhimd.d. elegantelegante.e. inconvenienceinconveniencef.f. eloquentlyeloquentlyg.g. complycomplyh.h. inasmuch asinasmuch asi.i. over over

Determine the word class of each of the following words.

1. ENGLISH DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES2. COMPLEX DERIVATION3. CONSTRAINTS IN DERIVATION4. TWO CLASSES OF DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES

V. Derivation

Derivation

An affixational process that forms a word with a _____________ and/or ___________ _________from that of it’s base.

Ex:

Examples of English Derivational Affixes

See pages 117 or O’Grady.

O’Grady, 2009

Derivation

Illustrated through trees:

N V

V Af A Af

treat ment modern ize

Let’s Practice

Some examples of English Derivational Morpheme

-ic : Noun Adj -ly : Adj Adv -ate : Noun Verb -ity : Adj Noun -ship : Noun Nounre- : Verb Verb

alcohol alcoholic

exact exactlyvaccin

vaccinateactive activityfriend

friendshipcover recover

Complexe Derivation

Words with several layers of structureActivation: N

V

A

V Af Af Af

Act ive ate ion

Constraints on Derivation

The suffix –antContest contestantDefend defendantHunt

*Huntant Hunter

WHY?

The suffix –ant can combine only with ____________________.

Constraints on DerivationThe suffix –en

white whitendark darkengreen

*greenenWHY?The suffix –en can combine only a __________ base that ends in an obstruent.

How about large ?

The suffix –en can combine only a __________ _______base that ends in an ________ (Kwary, 2004).

largen ?

1. INFLECTION2. INFLECTIONS IN ENGLISH

VI. Inflection

Inflection

The modification of a word’s form to __________the ____________ ________to which it belongs Ex:

THE 9 ENGLISH INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES

Nouns–s plural–’s possessive

Verbs –s third person singular present–ed past tense–en past participle–ing progressive

Adjectives–er comparative–est superlative-en past participle

Inflection vs. derivation

Derivation vs. Inflection (1)Derivation vs. Inflection (1)

It changes the It changes the __________and/or the and/or the __________of of meaning of the meaning of the word, so it is said to word, so it is said to create create __________..

Ex: Ex:

It does not change It does not change either the either the ______ __________or the or the ________ __________found in found in the word.the word.

Ex: Ex:

Derivation vs. Inflection (2)Derivation vs. Inflection (2)

A derivational affix must combine with the base A derivational affix must combine with the base __________an inflectional affix.an inflectional affix.

e.g. neighbour (base) + hood (DA) + s (IA)e.g. neighbour (base) + hood (DA) + s (IA)

= neighbourhoods= neighbourhoods

The following combination is unacceptable:The following combination is unacceptable:

neighbour (base) + s (IA) + hood (DA)neighbour (base) + s (IA) + hood (DA)

= *neighbourshood= *neighbourshood

Derivation vs. Inflection (3)Derivation vs. Inflection (3)

An inflectional affix in more An inflectional affix in more __________than a than a derivational affix.derivational affix.

EX: the inflectional suffix –s can combine with EX: the inflectional suffix –s can combine with virtually any noun to form a plural noun.virtually any noun to form a plural noun.

On the other hand,On the other hand,

the derivational suffix the derivational suffix –ant–ant can combine only can combine only with Latinate bases.with Latinate bases.

Describe the italic affixes:

1) impossible2) terrorized3) terrorize4) desks5) dislike6) humanity7) fastest

Describe the italic affixes:

8) premature9) untie10) darken11) fallen12) oxen13) faster14) lecturer

The suffix -er

Ex: sin - sinner

I. ANALYTIC (OR ISOLATING) LANGUAGESII. SYNTHETIC LANGUAGES:

1. Fusional (or inflectional) languages2. Agglitinating Languages3. Polysynthetic languages

VII. Morphological Typology of Languages

Morphological Typology of Languages

I. Analytic (or isolating) languages

II. Synthetic languages:1. Fusional (or inflectional) languages

2. Agglitinating Languages

3. Polysynthetic languages

1. COMPOUNDING2. CONVERSION3. CLIPPING4. BLENDING5. BACK-FORMATION6. ACRONYMS7. ONOMATOPOEIA8. EPONYMS & TRADE NAMES9. DERIVATION10. OTHER WORD FORMATION PROCESSES

VIII. Word Formation

1. Compounding

Definition: Two or more words _______ _____________to form a new word.

Examples:

Properties of compounds

1.Properties of compounds1. Lexical category

2. Stress

3. Plural

Note: The meaning of a compound is not Note: The meaning of a compound is not always always _____________________________. .

Baby oil blue-movies

blue-chip

Coconut oil oil made from coconuts. Olive oil oil made from olives.

oil for babiesNOT oil made from babies

Endocentric vs Exocentric Compounds

2. Conversion

Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a new ____________________.

Examples:

Conversion

Taking Nouns and Adjectives and using them as verbs (and conjugating them).

3. Clipping

Definition: Shortening a ______________by ______________________________

Examples: Facsimile Hamburger

Gasoline Gasoline Advertisement Advertisement

4. Blends

Definition: Similar to compounds, but Definition: Similar to compounds, but ______ ______________ are deleted.are deleted.

Examples:Examples:

Is this a blend?

Case Study: Blends or Compounds

‘Wild-haired revolutionaries like Che Guevara have been replaced by clean-cut metrosexual icons like soccer star David Beckham and musician Ricky Martin.’ (cbsnews.com, 25th November 2003).

‘No botox for the Retrosexual. No $1,000 haircuts. The retrosexual man eats red meat heartily and at times kills it himself.’ (The Washington Dispatch, 2nd May 2004).

Another recent coinage borne out of the current preoccupation with male stereotyping is the noun and adjective technosexual. (Macmillan Online, January 2005).

5. Back-formations

Definition: a process that creates a new word by __________a _________________ from another word in the language.

Examples:

6. Acronyms

Definition: Words derived from the _________of several words

Examples:

7. Onomatopoeia

Definition: Words created to __________ the thing that they name.

English Japanese Tagalog Indonesian

Cock-a-doo Kokekokko Kuk-kakauk Kukuruyuk

Meow Nya Niyaw Meong

8. Eponyms

Definition: Words derived from _____ __ ___ __________.

Examples:

9. Derivation

Derivation is the process of forming a new word by adding a _______ _____________to a ________.

Ex:

9. Other Word Formation Process

Foreign word Borrowing

Let’s invent words!

Invent words that don’t already exist in English, and then define the process that was used to creat this word.

Intialism or Acronym?

Initialism: An abbreviation created by ________ __ __________ (e.g. PEI or USA) as letters rather than a word.

Acronym: A word that is forms by ________ ____________of some or all the words in a phrase or title and __________ __________ (e.g. NATO for North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

IX. Other Morphological Phenomena

Other Morphological Phenomena related to inflection

Internal change Process that substitutes one non-

morphemic segment for another to mark grammatical contrast.

Different than infixing … Examples:

Other Morphological Phenomena related to inflection

SuppletionReplaces a morpheme with an entirely

different morpheme in order to indicate a grammatical contrast.

Ex:

Morphophonemics

Morphophonemics

“Pronunciation can be sensitive to __________factors”

Example: English Plural Allomorphs pronounced: /-s/, /-z/, /-əz/ The pronunciation of the suffix « –s » depends on the

phonetic context. Ex:

www.pearsoned.ca/ogrady

Allomorphs

p. 95-96 (Rowe & Levine, 2012)

Examples:An & a -sThe & the

Rowe & Levine, 2012