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21/09/2016

MORPHOLOGYzhibond501@gmail.com

MORPHOLOGY ?

Morpho = Form

logy = Science of

Morphology

What is Morphology?

Morphology is a field of linguistics focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a language.

MORPHOLOGY ?

The smallest unit of meaning or grammatical function.

A single word may be composed of one or more morphemes.e.g. She looked unhappier than the

day before.un+ happy+er

(can be analyzed into 3 morphemes)

MORPHEMES ?

What is a morpheme?

KINDS OF MORPHEMESMorphemes

Free Morphemes

Bound Morphemes

Lexical Morphemes

Functional Morphemes

Derivational

Inflectional

KINDS OF MORPHEMES

Lexical MorphemesFunctional Morphemes

Free MorphemesMorphemes

Nouns

Adjectives

Verbs

Adverbs

Determiners

Conjunctions

Prepositions

Pronouns

Auxiliaries

KINDS OF MORPHEMES

InflectionalDerivational

Bound Morphemes

Morphemes

Prefixes

Suffixes

Suffixes

Confused ?

MORPHEMES ?

• Morphemes that can stand by themselves as a single word, e.g. open and tour.

Free Morphe

me• Morphemes that

cannot normally stand alone and are typically attached to another form, e.g. re-, -ist, -ed, -s.

Bound Morphe

me

Free morpheme Lexical MorphemeThe first category is that set of ordinary nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs that we think of as the words that carry the “content” of the massage we convey. E.g. house, man, girl, yellow, happy, long, open, care, break.We can add new lexical morphemes to the language rather easily, so they are treated as an “open” class of words. Functional MorphemeOther type of Free Morphemes are called functional morphemes. E.g. and, but, and, on, near, beside, the, that, it, them.this set consists largely of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, preposition, articles, auxiliaries and pronouns.Because we almost never add new functional morphemes to the language, they are described as a “closed” class of words.

Derivational Derivational morphemes derive a new word by being attached to root

morphemes or stems. They can be both suffixes and prefixes in English.

Example: beautiful, exactly, unhappy, impossible, recover. Change of Meaning Example: Un (prefix) + do (verb) = Undo (the opposite meaning of do) Change grammatical category of words.

Example: teach (verb) + er (suffix) = teacher (noun)

Inflectional Inflectional morphemes give grammatical information such as number

(plural), tense, possession and so on. They are only found in suffixes in English. 

Examples:  boys,  Mary’s , walked  No change of Meaning 

Examples:       walk vs. Walks Never change grammatical category of words.

Example: old (adjective) + er (suffix) = older (adjective)

Bound morpheme

Inflectional Morphemes in English

Lexical Category Grammatical Category Examples

NounNounVerbVerbVerbVerb

AdjectiveAdjective

PluralPossessive

Third personPast tense

Past participlePresent participle

ComparativeSuperlative

cars, churchescar’s, children’s

(he)swims, (it)breakswanted, showedwanted, shown

(showed)wanting, showing

taller, sweetertallest, sweetest

Bound morpheme

Don’t forget !!!!!!!

A derivational suffix always attaches to a word before an inflectional suffix.

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