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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES

Volume 3, No 2, 2012

© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4380

Submitted on December 2011 published on January 2013 373

Morphometric analysis of Maun watershed in Tehri-Garhwal district of

Uttarakhand using GIS

Santosh M. Pingale1

, Harish Chandra2, H.C.Sharma

2, S.Sangita Mishra

3

1- Department of Water Resource Development and Management,

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667, Uttarakhand, India

2- Department of Irrigation & Drainage Engineering, College of Technology,

Pantnagar-263 145, Uttarakhand, India

3- Centre of Studies in Resources Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Powai,

Mumbai - 400 076

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Proper planning and management of available natural resources is necessary for progress and

economic development in agriculture which are main stay of people leaving in the hilly

region. The morphometric analysis of watershed coupled with soil, land use and slope can

play a vital role in predicting the hydrological behavior of a watershed, engineering and site

suitability aspect. An attempt has been made to study the morphometric characteristics of

Maun watershed which is located in Tehri-Garhwal district of Uttarakhand. The study area is

located between 78o 22‟ 28” to 78

o 24‟ 57”E longitude and 30

o 17‟ 19” to 30

o 18‟ 52”N

latitude and covers an area of 8.71 km2. The qualitative analysis of the morphometric

characteristics of the basin have been done and computed using GIS software. The drainage

network in the study area is dendritic to sub-dendritic which indicates the influence of

lithology and terrain on drainage pattern. The results clearly indicate relations among various

morphometric attributes of the basin and help to understand their role in sculpturing the

surface of the region.

Keywords: Drainage network, GIS, Landuse, Morphometric analysis, Tehri-Garhwal.

1. Introduction

Proper planning and management of available natural resources is necessary for progress and

economic development in agriculture which are main stay of people leaving in hilly region.

Water, which is precious natural resource, vital for sustaining all life on the earth is becoming

scarce due to various reasons including reduction in infiltration rates, runoff, uneconomical

use, overexploitation of the surface water resources etc; as result of change in land use

patterns and degradation of land cover.

Quantitative morphometric characterization of a drainage basin is considered to be the most

appropriate method for the proper planning and management of watershed, because it enables

us to understand the relationship among different aspects of the drainage pattern of the basin,

and also to make a comparative evaluation of different drainage basins, developed in various

geologic and climatic regimes. A number of morphometric studies have been carried out in

different Indian watersheds and subsequently used for water resources development and

management projects as well as for watershed characterization and prioritization (Chalam et

al., 1996; Chaudhary et al., 1998; Srinivasan et al., 1999; Kumar et al., 2001; Ali et al., 2002;

Singh et al., 2003).

Morphometric analysis of Maun watershed in Tehri-Garhwal district of Uttarakhand using GIS

Santosh M. Pingale et al

International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences

Volume 3 Issue 2, 2012 374

Pandey et al. (2004) studied morphometric characteristics of Karso watershed (Damodar

Barakar catchment) and it‟s drainage pattern. Katpatal et al. (2004) conducted study on

remote sensing and GIS application for monitoring and management of Pioli watershed near

Nagpur urban area. Different parameters like geology, geomorphology, hydrology, land

use/land cover were studied using IRS LISS III imagery of Indian Remote Sensing satellite.

The measurement of morphological parameters is laborious and cumbersome by the

conventional methods, but using the latest technology like GIS, the morphometric analysis of

natural drain and its drainage network can be better achieved. Morphometric parameters such

as stream order, together with soil and land use, also play very important role in generating

water resources action plan for location recharge and discharge areas. Nowadays, integration

of Remote Sensing and GIS is helpful in planning and management of land and water

resources for adoption of location specific technologies. In present study, Morphological

characteristics of the Maun watershed were described and their inter-relationship was

established. Accordingly, a water resource development plan has also been prepared by

integrating land use/cover and slope with morphological parameters of the watershed under

GIS environment. Drainage morphology along with slope map was also explored for locating

and selecting the water harvesting structure like percolation tank, pond, check dams etc.

2. Study area

The study area is located in Tehri-Garhwal district of Uttarakhand and lying between 78o 22‟

28” to 78o 24‟ 57” E longitude and 30

o 17‟ 19” to 30

o 18‟ 52” N latitude and covers an area

of 8.71 km2 (Figure 1). The elevation varies from 960 to 2000 m above mean sea level

(MSL). The average annual rainfall in the study area varied from 1200 to 1400 mm, of which

70 to 80 % was received between June to September. The average temperature varied from

3oC to 30

oC. The relative humidity at 8.30 hrs varied from 60 to 70 % in the northern hills

and 30 to 40 % in the south-western dry areas. The soils of Maun watershed were brown to

greyish brown and dark grey in colour, besides being non-calcareous and neutral to slightly

acidic in reaction.

2.1 Data used and methodology

Detail flow chart of methodology adopted for data capture to output generation is presented

in Figure 2. Survey of India (SOI) toposheet (53J/7) of the year 1960 on 1: 50,000 scale was

used for morphometric analysis. The map sheet covering the study area was scanned in tiff

format and translated to the pix format (PCIDSK format) using utility option of the software

and geo- referenced using Ortho-Engine module of Geomatica version 9.1. The input data

information was used to geo-reference the toposheet as: 1) Projection- UTM, 2) Zone and

Rows- 44 (78oE to 84

oE) and R (24

oN to 32

oN), 3) Datum- D076 Indian (India, Nepal) and 4)

Resampling method- Nearest. Various thematic maps were geometrically registered with the

base map and vector layers were generated. With the help of contour layer, digital elevation

model (DEM) was prepared using algorithm VDEMINT available in Geomatica version 9.1

(Figure 3). Generally, it is used for topographic information, flow patterns, flood risk area

identification and to determine accessibility. It is used to derive slope maps by means SLP

algorithms (Figure 4). Slope is important as it has direct bearing on runoff and deciding

suitable land use/land cover. Different classes of slope were made as per guidelines suggested

by IMSD (1995) in Geomatica version 9.1 (table 1).





Figure 1: Index map of Maun watershed

These geo-reference maps were utilized to delineate the boundary of the watershed and

drainage network with GIS environment of the SOI toposheet (Figure 5). Land use data of the

year 1960 from SOI toposheet (Figure 6) and IRS LISS III data of 1: 25,000 scale for the year

2002 (Figure 7), procured from National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad was

also digitized in a GIS environment by visual interpretation. Land use/land cover statistics for

the selected watershed is presented in table 2 and table 3 respectively.

The qualitative analysis of the morphometric characteristics of the basin includes stream

order, stream length, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, drainage frequency, relief

measurements etc. These parameters were estimated from digitized coverage of drainage

network map in the GIS environment. Morphological characterization is the systematic

description of watershed‟s geometry. Geometry of drainage basin and it‟s stream channel

system required the following drainage network: linear aspect of ratio, areal aspect of

drainage basin, relief aspect of channel network and contributing ground slopes. Thus, it

provides an effective comparison, regardless of scale. In the present study, for stream

ordering Strahler (modified Horton's) method was adapted for quantitative analysis because

of its simplicity and flexibility from subjective decisions.





Figure 2: The detail flow chart of methodology adopted for morphometric analysis.





Figure 3: Digital elevation model of the study area.

Figure 4: Slope map of Maun watershed.

Table 1: Areal extent of various slope classes in the study area

Slope categories Slope as per IMSD classification

(%)

Area (ha) %

Area

Nearly level (NL) 0-1 9.26 1.06

Very gently sloping (VGS) 1-3 16.73 1.92

Gently sloping (GS) 3-5 17.90 2.06

Moderately sloping (MS) 5-10 34.28 3.94

Strongly sloping (SS) 10-15 38.24 4.39

Moderately steep sloping (MStS) 15-35 264.05 30.32

Steep sloping (StS) 35-50 189.53 21.76

Very steep sloping (VStS) 50-75 169.55 19.47

Escarpment (E) >75 131.48 15.10

Total 871 100





2.2 Linear Aspect

The parameters representing length were considered in linear aspects.

2.2.1 Stream number (Nu)

The quantity Nu represents total number of all streams, counted as the stream segments,

having the order „u‟ present in the watershed. The number of streams of each order was an

important concept in hydrologic synthesis. It is inversely proportional to the stream order.

2.2.2 Basin length (Lb)

Basin length was calculated as the distance between outlet and farthest point on the basin

boundary. It is indicative of the contributing area of the basin of that order.

2.2.3 Basin perimeter (P)

Basin perimeter was taken as the lengths of watershed divide which surrounds the basin.

Figure 5: Drainage network in Maun watershed.

Figure 6: Land use/cover map based on the toposheet for the year 1960.





Figure 7: Land use on the basis of satellite imagery for the year 2002.

Table 2: Area covered under different land uses of the year 1960

Sl. No. Land use/land cover Area (ha) Total area (%)

1 Agricultural land 351 40.30

2 Dense forest 343 39.38

3 Scrub land 177 20.32

Total 871 100

Table 3: Areal extent under different land use of the year 2002

S No. Land use Area (ha) % area

1 Agro - forestry 117.81 13.53

2 Agro - horticulture 31.91 3.66

3 Barren/ROC 15.65 1.80

4 Crop land 106.74 12.25

5 Chir pine 127.74 14.67

6 Dense forest 115.2 13.23

7 Dense mixed forest 338.83 38.90

8 Scrub land 17.15 1.97

Total 871 100 ROC= Rock out crop

2.2.4 Main stream length (Lm)

This is the length along the longest water course from outflow point of designated sub basin

to the upper limit of catchment boundary. The time of concentration along this stream is

always maximum.





2.2.5 Mean stream length (Lsm)

It is the total length of all streams of order „u‟ in a given drainage basin divided by number of

streams of order „u‟.

u

N

i

i

smN

L

L

u

1 (1)

where iL = length of ith

stream of order „u‟

2.2.6 Bifurcation ratio (Rb)

The Rb was computed using Horton‟s law of stream numbers (Horton, 1945) which was

stated as, “The number of stream segments of each order form an inverse geometric sequence

with order number”.

1

u

u

bN

NR (2)

Where Nu = number of segments of order „u‟, and

Nu+1 = number of segments of higher order „u+1‟.

In general, the value of Rb normally varies in between 2 to 5 and tend to be more for

elongated basins (Beaumont, 1975), and it is a useful index for hydrograph shape for

watersheds similar in other respect. High value of Rb might be expected in region of steeply

dipping rock strata. An elongated basin is likely to have high Rb, whereas a circular basin is

likely to have low Rb.

2.2.7 Stream length ratio (RL)

It is the ratio of mean stream length of order „u‟ to the mean stream segment length of order

(u-1).

1

u

u

LL

LR (3)

2.2.8 Length of overland flow (Lg)

It was defined as the length of flow of water over the ground, before it becomes concentrated

in defined stream channels (Horton, 1945). It is half the reciprocal of drainage density (D) for

the average length of overland flow (Lg) for entire watershed.

D

Lg

2

1 (4)

2.2.9 Fineness ratio (Rfn)

The fineness ratio (Rfn) was considered as the ratio of channel length to the length of the basin

perimeter.

2.2.10 Areal Aspect

In areal aspects, different morphologic parameters were considered which represented the

area.





2.2.11 Drainage area (A)

Drainage area (A) was represented by the area enclosed within the boundary of the watershed

divide. It is the most important characteristic for hydrologic design.

2.2.12 Drainage density (D)

It was estimated as the ratio of total length of channels of all orders in the basin to the

drainage area of the basin.

A

L

D

w

i

N

j

ij

i

1 1 (5)

2.2.12 Constant of channel maintenance (C)

It was calculated as the ratio between the area of the drainage basin and total length of all the

channels, expressed as square meter per meter. It is also equal to reciprocal of drainage

density (D).

D

C1

(6)

2.2.13 Stream frequency (Fs)

It is calculated as the number of streams (Nu) per unit area.

2

s D 0.694 F (7)

or

A

N F u

s (8)

2.2.14 Circulatory ratio (Rc)

Circulatory ratio (Rc) is estimated as the ratio of the basin area (A) to the area of a circle (Ac)

having circumference equal to the perimeter of the basin (Millar, 1953). As basin shape

approaches to a circle, the circulatory ratio approaches to unity.

C

CA

AR (9)

2.2.15 Elongation ratio (Re)

It is defined as the ratio between the diameter of a circle ( cd ) with the same area as the basin

and basin length ( bL ). The value of Re approaches to 1 as the shape of the basin approaches

to a circle and it varies from 0.6 to 1.0 over a wide variety of climatic and geologic regimes.

Typical values of Re are close to 1 for areas of very low relief and varies between 0.6 to 0.9

for regions of strong relief and steep ground slope. The elongation ratio was estimated by

using equation 11.

b

eL

A

R

2 (10)

b

c

eL

dR (11)

2.2.16 Form factor (Rf)

The form factor (Rf) was calculated as the ratio of basin area (A) to the square of basin length

(Lb) (Horton, 1932).





2

b

fL

AR (12)

2.2.17 Drainage texture ratio (Rt)

Drainage texture ratio (Rt) is the ratio of total number of stream segments (Nu) of all orders to

the perimeter (P) of that area (Horton, 1945).

3. Relief Aspect

In basin relief aspects, the parameters were evaluated are given below in brief.

3.1 Total relief (H)

Total relief (H) is the maximum vertical distance between the lowest (outlet) and the highest

(divide) points in the watershed. Relief is an indicative of the potential energy of a given

watershed above a specified datum available to move water and sediment down slope.

3.2 Relief ratio (Rh)

The relief ratio (Rh) was estimated as the ratio between the relief and the distance over which

the relief measured (Schumn, 1956). It is an indicator of erosion process operating on the

slopes of the basin. It measures the overall steepness of the watershed and can be related to its

hydrologic characteristics.

3.3 Relative relief (Rp)

The relative relief is the ratio of basin relief (H) to the length of the perimeter (P). It is an

indicator of general steepness of the basin from summit to mouth.

3.4 Ruggedness number (Rn)

Ruggedness number (Rn) is a product of relief (H) and drainage density (D) in the same unit.

The areas of low relief but high drainage density are regarded as ruggedly textured as areas of

higher relief having less dissection and computed as:

DHRn (13)

In the present study, the morphometric characteristics of the basin includes stream order,

stream length, stream length ratio, bifurcation ratio, fineness ratio, length of overland flow,

drainage density, drainage frequency, constant of channel maintenance, form factor, relief

ratio, elongation ratio and circularity ratio were computed using above equations and GIS

software (Geomatica version 9.1). Thematic maps, such as land use/land cover, slope and

drainage network maps were integrated by overlay technique in GIS for identifying the

suitable site for soil conservation structures. „Focus‟ module of GIS software Geomatica

version 9.1 was used for digitization, computation and output generation of drainage network

of watershed.

4. Results and discussion

The qualitative analysis of the morphometric characteristics of the basin (i.e., stream order,

stream length, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, drainage frequency, relief ratio, elongation

ratio and circularity ratio etc.) has been carried out using the above equations from 1 to 14. In

this section, the detail discussion of the results has carried out according to the linear, Areal

and relief aspects. Further, a scope for water resources development in the selected watershed

has been investigated.





4.1 Linear Aspect

The linear aspects of the channel system are stream order (U), stream length (Lu), stream

length ratio, bifurcation ratio, length of main channel, basin length, basin perimeter, fineness

ratio and length of overland flow. Classification of streams is important to index the size and

scale of watershed.

The number of streams of various orders in watershed was counted and their lengths from

mouth to drainage divide were measured with the help of GIS software. The statistics of

drainage network of the watershed is shown in table 4. After analysis of the drainage network,

it was found that Maun watershed is of 4th

order and drainage pattern is dendrite. The total

length of stream segments of 1st, 2

nd and 3

rd order streams were found to be 21.60, 4.82 and

1.35 km respectively. It also showed maximum total length of stream segments for 1st order

streams (table 4). This is satisfying Horton‟s second law. The mean stream length of the

watershed was found to be 0.58, 0.60 and 1.46 km for 1st, 2

nd and 3

rd order streams

respectively. The stream length ratio (RL) was estimated of 0.22, 0.61 and 0.497 for II/I, III/II

and IV/III orders, respectively. The increasing trend in RL from lower order to higher order

indicates matured geomorphic stage and change from one order to another order indicated

late youth stage of geomorphic development of streams (Singh and Singh, 1997).

Table 4: Statistics of drainage network

The natural drainage system of watershed was classified according to Strahler‟s system of

stream ordering and the main stream was found as of 4th

order. It shows that frequency in

case of 1st order is 37 and for the 2

nd and 3

rd order, it is 1 and 8 respectively. It is also noticed

that there is decrease in stream frequency with the increase in stream order (table-4). This

satisfies the Horton‟s law of stream numbers. This stream order is used in the study of other

characteristics of watershed. Horton (1945) considered the bifurcation ratio (Rb) as an index

of relief and dissections. The value of Rb normally varies 2 to 5 and tends to be more for

elongated basins (Beaumont, 1975). It is a useful index for hydrograph shape for watersheds

similar in all other respects. In the present study, Rb varies from 2 to 4.63 with an average of

3.54. It was estimated of 4.63, 4 and 2 for I/II, II/III and III/IV orders, respectively. The high

value of Rb indicates structural complexity and low permeability (Pankaj, 2009). It also

indicates that the value of Rb is not same from one order to next order. The higher value of Rb

indicated strong structural control on the drainage pattern. This shows it‟s usefulness for

hydrograph shape for watersheds similar in other respect. An elongated watershed has higher

bifurcation ratio than normal and approximately circular watershed (Singh, 2003). It is

indicated that the watershed chosen for the study is not circular in shape and would produce

delayed peak flow. The length of main channel, basin length and basin perimeter was found

Parameters Natural Drains

I order II order III order IV order

Number of streams (Nu) 37 8 2 1

Minimum Length (km) 0.29 0.04 0.51 1.46

Maximum Length (m) 1.37 1.05 2.42 1.46

Mean stream length (Lsm), km 0.58 0.60 1.46 1.46

Standard Deviation (%) 0.26 0.33 2.93 0.00

Total Stream length (Lu), km 21.60 4.82 1.35 1.46





to be 5.32, 5.18 and 14.37 km respectively. Fineness ratio was found to be 0.36. Surface

runoff follows a system of down slope flow path from the basin perimeter to the nearest

channel. Horton (1945) defined length of over land flow as the length, projected to the

horizontal, of non channel flow from a point on the drainage divide to a point on the adjacent

stream channel. Length of over land flow is one of the most important independent variables,

affecting both the hydrologic and physiographic development of drainage basin. The shorter

the length of over land flow, the quicker will be surface runoff. Length of over land flow for

Maun watershed was 0.14 km.

4.2 Areal Aspect

Areal aspect of morphometric study of the watershed includes the description of arrangement

of areal elements, law of stream area, relationship between stream area and stream length,

relation of area to the discharge, basin shape (form factor, circulatory ratio, and elongation

ratio), drainage density etc. Drainage area represents the area enclosed within the boundary of

the watershed divide. It is probably the single most important characteristic. The drainage

density was found to be 3.54 km/km2. The high drainage density indicates the region is weak

and consists of impermeable surface materials, sparse vegetation cover and mountainous

relief (Pankaj, 2009). Lower drainage density of the basin indicates towards coarse drainage

pattern and humid climate of the study area. The coarse texture gives more time for overland

flow and hence to ground water recharge. A low value of the drainage density indicates a

relatively low density of streams and thus a slow stream response (Singh, 2004). Drainage

texture is one of the important concepts of geomorphology which means the relative spacing

of drainage lines. Drainage lines are numerous over impermeable areas than permeable areas.

Horton defined drainage texture is the total number of stream segments of all orders per

perimeter of that area. He recognized infiltration capacity as the single important factor which

influences drainage texture. It includes drainage density and stream frequency. In the present

study, drainage texture ratio is 3.34 which indicate the drainage is of coarse texture (Smith,

1950).

The constant of channel maintenance (C) was found to be 0.28 km which is the reciprocal of

drainage density. It indicates that magnitude of surface area of watershed needed to sustain

unit length of stream segment. The value of C indicated that Maun watershed is under the

influence of high structural disturbance, low permeability, steep to very steep slopes and high

surface runoff. Horton (1932) introduced stream frequency or channel frequency (Fs) which is

ratio of the number of stream segments of all orders per unit area of the watershed. The

stream frequency was found to be 8.68. The high value of Fs indicated the high relief and

high infiltration capacity of the bed rocks pointing towards the increase in stream population

which indicates erodibility of the rock surface as moderate to high nature (Pankaj, 2009). The

circulatory ratio (Rc) was estimated to be 0.52 whereas, form factor and elongation ratio were

found to be 0.32 and 0.64 respectively. The value of Rc is influenced by the length and

frequency of streams, geological structures, land use/land cover and slope of the basin.

Smaller the value of form factor more will be elongated basin and high peak flows of shorter

durations (Javed, 2009). The value of elongation ratio varies from 0.6 to 1.0 over a wide

variety of climatic and geologic regimes. Elongation ratio of 0.64 confirmed that the study

area is having high relief and steep ground slope and having elongated shape (<0.7). The

drainage area is characterized by high to moderate relief and the drainage system is

structurally controlled (Pankaj, 2009). A circular basin is more efficient in the discharge of

runoff than that of an elongated basin (Singh and Singh, 1997).





4.3 Relief Aspect

The relief ratio (Rh) was found to be 0.20. The Rh normally increased with the decreasing

drainage area and size of the watersheds for a given drainage basin (Gottschalk, 1964). It

measures overall steepness of watershed and also considered as an indicator for the intensity

of erosion process occurring in the watershed. The high value of relief ratio is characteristics

of hilly region. Strahler (1958) defined a dimensionless number, called ruggedness number

(Rn), as a product of relief (H) and drainage density (D) in the same unit. The value of total

relief (H) and relative relief was found to be 1.04 km and 0.28 respectively. The areas of low

relief but high drainage density are regarded as ruggedly textured as areas of higher relief

having less density. In the present study, Rn was found to be 3.67 km. This number represents

that if drainage density is increased, keeping relief as constant then average horizontal

distance from drainage divide to the adjacent channel is reduced. On the other hand, if relief

increases by keeping drainage density as constant, the elevation difference between the

drainage divide and adjacent channel will increase.

4.4 DEM, slope and Land Use/Land Cover change analysis

From DEM, It was found that maximum area of the Maun watershed is under the elevation of

1500 to 1700 m and elevation varies from 960 to 2000 m (Figure 3). Slope of a region are

vital parameters in deciding suitable land use as the degree and direction of the slope to

decide the land use that it can support. The dominant slope categories in the Maun watershed

were moderately steep slope (30.32%) followed by steep sloping (21.76%). It was also

noticed that slope of major area of agricultural land varied from very gently sloping to

moderately sloping, whereas forest areas were mainly located on higher slope (Figure 4 and

table 1). Land use land cover change analysis has been carried out using IRS LISS III data of

2002 and SOI toposheet of 1960. Dense forest was observed mainly in northern aspects and

at higher altitude whereas, major agricultural activities were taken up mainly in southern

aspects at the altitude of 1100-1400 m. The study observed that agricultural area had reduced

up to 28.05% over a period of 42 years. At the same time, 13.53% area was occupied by

agro-forestry in 2002 which was previously part of agricultural activity. The scrub land

(Figure 6) converted into either dense forest or dense mixed forest by the year 2002

(Figure 7). This is due to the plantation made by the forest department. The cultivation had

also been extended even to steep slope (35-50%). Morphometric parameters coupled with

integrated thematic map of drainage density, land use and slope can help in decision making

process for water resources management. Additional surface water resources can be

developed by constructing different water harvesting structures under different land use/cover

units and also by increasing the storage capacity of the existing major tanks within the

watershed area. Apart from agriculture, care should also be taken in the waste land area to

reduce the runoff rate and conserve the soil and water within the watershed. Small water

harvesting structures, such as percolation tanks may be constructed to bring the waste land

under cultivation and to improve the ground water recharge. Farm ponds can be constructed

in areas having flat topography and locations having low soil permeability.

5. Summary and Conclusion

The morphometric characterization was achieved through the measurement of linear, areal

and relief aspects of Maun watershed using GIS techniques. For determining the linear

aspects such as stream order, bifurcation ratio, stream length and areal aspects such as

drainage density, drainage texture and, relief aspects like total relief, relative relief, relief

ratio and ruggedness number. The morphometric study of Maun watershed shows their

relative characteristics with respect to hydrologic response of the watershed. Morphometric





parameters coupled with integrated thematic map of drainage density, land use and slope can

help in decision making process for water resources management. Additional surface water

resources can be developed by constructing different water harvesting structures under

different land use/cover units and also by increasing the storage capacity of the existing major

tanks within the watershed area.

Acknowledgement

This research work has been carried out as a part of M. Tech. dissertation at Department of

Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Pantnagar, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand and

financial support provided by ICAR, New Delhi for this study is greatly acknowledged.

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