MORPHOSYNTAXGENERATIVE MORPHOLOGY

GROUP 3

RIFYAL MUKARRAMCHAERUL FARDAISMAIL MARSUKIJUVRIANTO CJ

The Principle of Generative Morphology

Competence

Creativity of Language.

Structural Description.

Reflection

Competence and PerformanceCompetence is the idealized conception of language, considered as opposite of performance that is special utterances of spoken language

Deep Structure and Surface StructureDeep structure is an abstract syntactical representation of a sentence. On the other hand, the surface structure of a sentence is the final stage in the syntactical representation of a sentence

Basic Concept of Generative Morphology

Flying planes can be dangerous

The panda chase the man The man was chased by the panda.

Deep Structure and Surface Structure

The Models of Generative Morphology and their Organizations

Two Models of Generative Morphology

Halle’s Model

Aronoff’s Model

Halle’s Model

Word Formation Rules (WFR)

List of Morphemes

DictionaryFilter

Word Formation Rules (WFR)

Apply to Stems and Form the

Linear Sequences

( STEM + one or more

morpheme)Examples :

[STEM + some] Adjhand + some

[STEM+ther] NFa+ther

[be+STEM]Be+lieve

Word Formation Rules Which

Apply to Words

Examples : [VERB + er] N

Teach + er[NOUN+ish] adj

Child + ish[ADJECTIVE+en]v

Dark + en

WFR Specify Sequences in which morphemes must be arranged to form words of a language{ Allow Grammatical Sequences Un+drink+able}{Exclude the Ungrammatical sequence drink+un+able}

The Features of the WFR

WFR SpecifyÞa. The Syntactic category of the base { Noun , Verb}Þb. The Syntactic Category of the output { Noun, Verb}Þc. The internal boundary in the output “+”Þd. Reguler semantic informationExamples [un + VERB + able]adj

ÞUn+drink+able

WFR Specify the semantic and syntactic features of the derived words that are not in accord with the features of the base. WFR operate in the same ways as

derivational morphology and inflectional morphology.

WFR are more powerful than phonological rules. WFR are the rules that create

new words, then they also function to analyze the existing words.

Arronoff’s Model

Criticism on Halle’s Model

Scalise (1984:34) states that the researches carried out later shows a number of problems concerning generative morphology of Halle’s model. The problems are related to every subcomponent of this model, namely the List of Morphemes, Word Formation Rules, Filter, and Dictionary.

Morris Halle Mark Aronoff

The List of MorphemesIn relation to this subcomponent, there are two kinds of problem namely, the general problem and specific problem. The general problem that the basic units of the system are morphemes, a choice oriented to “English”, because in English, words and morphemes are nearly always the same.

Word Formation Rules

A general observation that can be made in respect to the Word Formation Rules of Halle’s model is they are unrestricted. As stated before, the Word Formation Rules of Halle’s model have access to the information contained in the final steps in a derivation. As a matter of fact, the dictionary functions as a kind of global condition to the input and output of the Word Formation Rules. (i) constitutionlism (ii) *dogmatismal

capitalism *fatalismal

FILTER

The main objection to the filter is that it is not a

restricted mechanism. A set of words that are

possible but non-existent are not restricted in the

sense that there are no principles that restrict the

complexity level of derived words and compound

words. As an example, a very complex compound

word in English is given below :

Junior high school teachers association curriculum planning committee.

DICTIONARY

The dictionary and the List of Morphemes introduce redundancy into the system. Word-based morphology does not require two different levels of representation.

The Components of Aronoff’s Model

1. Dictionary2. Word Formation Rules3. Readjustment Rules

Each of these components elaborated into hypothesis:

1). Word-Based Hypothesis All word formation processes are based on words. A new word is formed by applying a regular rule to an existing word. Both the new word and the existing word are the members of the major lexical categories (Aronoff 1976:22)

A. The bases of the Words Formation Rulesare words;

B. These words are the existing words. Thus,possible but non-existent words cannotbe the bases of the Word Formation Rules;

C. The Word Formation Rules can take single words as bases, not more (e.g. Phrases)and not less (e.g. Bound forms);

D. The input and output of the WordFormation Rules must be the members of themembers of the major lexical categories

This hypothesis makes a number of demands:

A specific mechanism that creates new words in a language that lies wholly in the lexicon

A. read v read v + able A +tran +tran

= readable “ capable of being read”

b). Word Formation Rules

B. Boy N boy N +hood N -abstr -abstr

+abstr

= boyhood “ the quality of being a boy”

Truncation rulesTruncation rules are the rule that delete morphemes or formatives to the roots or bases when the suffixes are added

Allomorphy rulesAllomorphy rules are the rule that add morphemes or formatives to the roots or bases when the suffixes are added

Readjustment Rules