Multiple Fiber-Optic Gauge Installations in Unconventional Reservoirs
Presented by: Alexandr Muravyev / Weatherford LLC
Copyright 2013 Weatherford, All Rights Reserved
ENERCON 2013 International Conference
“Innovations in Oil & Gas Industry”
Moscow, 26-28th June, 2013
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Outline
2 vertical wells completed, each with multiple fiber PT gauges (5 per well)
BHT up to 163 °C & BHP up to 76 MPa
Both completions in Open Hole
Both completions cemented in place
Both completions had all 5 PT sensors compressed in to 120ft (36 m) vertical section
Completions use combination of swellable packers and cement to isolate the zones and gauges
Following installation – completions subjected to multi-stage fracturing operations
Casing size 9 5/8-in. (244.5 mm) and Open hole section 8 3/4-in (222 mm).
Tubing 5 1/2-in. (140 mm) was run to bottom and cemented.
Wells depths: 4054 m and 4115 m,
Max depth of sensors: 4002 m and 3999 m Copyright 2013 Weatherford, All Rights Reserved
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Objectives • Multizone permanent downhole pressure and
temperature (P/T) monitoring with gauges installed
externally on casing strings and cemented in place.
• Well 1: five-zone monitoring of internal casing pressure
before, during, and after oriented casing perforation.
• Well 2: five-zone monitoring of formation pressure
following oriented external casing-mounted gun
detonation.
• Orientation of gun assemblies (for both well scenarios)
away from the optical cable to prevent cable or gauge
damage.
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• Weatherford Fiber-Optic gauges
• Gauges ported to inside casing
• External casing Zonal & Gauge isolation achieved by swellable packers and cement
• Oriented Perforation achieved with Weatherfords XOT Tool
• Internal casing Gauge isolation achieved with bridge plugs
Monitor Well #1
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Monitor Well #2
• Weatherford Fiber-Optic gauges
• Externally mounted & pre-oriented perforating guns
• Zonal & Gauge isolation achieved by swellable packers and cement between the guns
• Gauges ported to reservoir (outside casing) via control line to gun tubes
Open Hole
- Cemented Cable protected
from gun port
Formation
Casing & Gun Module
Cross Section Of External Gun Assembly
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Fiber Cable, PT Gauges & Mandrels CABLES ¼” OD, 825 Inconel Armour
3 Single Mode Fibers per cable
5 PT Sensors per cable
11x11mm ECTFE Encapsulation for abrasion resistance in Open Hole
>25k psi burst rated
35k psi collapse rated
175°C (347°F) rated
PT SENSORS Bragg Grating Design
20K psi rated
175°C (347°F) rated 5 Sensors per well Fiber 1 – 2 Sensors – Pass Through & End Gauge Fiber 2 – 2 Sensors – Pass Through & End Gauge Fiber 3 – 1 Sensor – End Gauge
MANDRELS 3 styles per well due to gauge design
Cable by-pass slots
>10k psi burst
MW 1 – ported to tubing with grease injected in ports
MW 2 – ported to external guns
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MW1 Completion Sub-Assemblies
CRITICAL COMPONENTS
SUB-ASSEMBLIES
Fiber Cable to Surface
& Lower Gauges
Swellable Packer with cable slotted inside
Gauge Housing
Blast Protectors to Identify Cable Position for wire line perforating
Gauge Mandrels Swellable Packers Blast Protectors
2 Sub-Assemblies built: #1 = 3 lower mandrels + 2 packers #2 = 2 upper mandrels + 2 packers
5 gauges pre-installed & spliced together within the sub-assemblies 4 splices performed offline 5th splice performed on rig floor
ZONAL ASSEMBLY
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MW2 Completion Sub-Assemblies CRITICAL COMPONENTS
SUB-ASSEMBLIES
Fiber Cable to Surface & Lower Gauges
External Gun Housing – with shots oriented away from cable
Gauge Mandrels External Gun Housing Snorkel Tubes Swellable Packers Blast Protectors
3 Sub-Assemblies built: #1 – 2 mandrels, 2 gun housings, 1 packer #2 – 2 mandrels, 2 gun housings, 1 packer #3 – 1 mandrel, 1 gun housing
Gauge positions measured - 5 gauges spliced in to 1 assembly ‘offline’ - with 4 splices
Blast Protectors also installed as a contingency in case wire line guns were required
Gauge Housing
Snorkel Tube from
Gauge to Gun Housing
Shots Detonated with Tubing Pressure through internal port
ZONAL ASSEMBLY
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Externally Mounted & Pre-Oriented Gun Housing
Gun Sub Ported with Burst Disk to Internal Tubing
Pressure Applied Inside Tubing
Port automatically sealed following
gun detonation
PT Gauge Cable routed ‘behind’ Gun Housing (away from shots)
Snorkel Tube from PT Gauge to Gun Housing
Burst Disk activated
Guns Detonated
Reservoir pressure ported from shot holes
via Snorkel Tube to PT Gauge
MW2 External Gun Activation
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Cable Protection
• Blast protectors
– Designed to provided magnetic profile
– To assist with oriented perforating
• Centralisers
– Centralisers to maintain open hole stand off for cement flow
• Cross Coupling protectors
– Used across all couplings
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Installation Success • All 10 gauges installed and
functioning
• Cement isolation achieved between gauges
• Internal ported Gauges not plugged with cement
• Wire Line guns oriented successfully with Weatherford XOT tool
• External perforations fired successfully
• Gauge data being used by client
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Flexible configuration of the sensors system in well
Each optical fiber can support various combinations of sensors
monitoring required for any monitoring application
1 Flowmeter +2 P/T Gauges
Single Mode
DTS +
P/T
Single Mode
8 Seismic
Sensors
18 T Sensors
Single Mode
4 P/TGauges
Single Mode
1 P/T Gauge +12 T Sensors
Single Mode Single Mode
DTS
Multi ModeSingle Mode Single Mode Single Mode Single Mode Single Mode Single Mode Multi Mode
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Pressure & Temperature Sensors
• No downhole electronics
• Pressures up to 170 Mpa
• Temperature up to 275 ° C
• Pressure Accuracy + / -0.01%
• Temperature Accuracy + / -0.1%
• Long-term stability (no drift)
• Resistance to aggressive fluids and
vibration
Single-mode waveguide
Bragg grating
Pigtail
Large Diameter Waveguide
Pigtail
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Optical System for Reservoir Monitoring
Strain
The principles of measurement:
1)The light beam is directed through
the core of the fiber. Part of the light
beam - only on the wavelength grid -
is reflected back.
2)The applied strain changes the length
of the reflected wave FBG. Surface
equipment detects the wavelength
shift due to the deformation sensor.
3)Factory calibration to convert the
wavelength measurement of
pressure and temperature.
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Specifications of Р/Т Sensors
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Gauge
type
Piezoresist
sPOD
Piezoresi
stive
mPOD
Quartz
WQG
Optical
Sensor
type
SOI Strain
1.0” OD
SOI Strain
1.0” OD
Quartz
Resonato
r OD 19
mm
Bragg Grating/
Cane™ Glass
1.0” OD (25 мм)
Pressure
rating
1.5k,3k, 5k;
7.5kpsi
10-50 Мpa
1.5
to10kpsi 10-69 МPа
10k &16kpsi
69 &110 МPа
10k & 20k psi
69 & 138 МПа
Temper.
rating 125°C 125°C 150°C 150°C / 175°C/
275°C
Temper.
Accuracy
Resolution
±1.0°C,
0.06°C
±1.0°C,
0.06°C
± 0.16°C,
0.005°C
±0.1°C,
0.02°C
Pressure
Accuracy
Resolution
0.10% FS
0.01% FS
0.075% FS
0.002% FS
0.020%
FS
0.0001%
FS
±2 psi (±0.14 bar)
0.03 psi (0.0021
bar)
LT Drift
Temper.
Pressure
<0.56°C/yr,
<±3 psi/yr
<0.56°C/yr
<±3 psi/yr
<0.1°C/yr
<± 2 psi/yr
<0.1°C/год ,
<± 0.5 psi/yr
Copyrht 2013 Weatherford, All Rights Reserved
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Long-term stability Р/Т sensors
4980
4990
5000
5010
5020
5030
5040
5/20/99 5/19/00 5/19/01 5/19/02 5/19/03
LONG TERM STABILITY - 56 MONTHS
PS205 - 150C
ERROR BAR
+/- 5 PSI/YR
Bragg gratings sensors. No drift.
Long-term testing - 68 months: 150 ° C, 345 bar
0 12 24 36 48
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EXAMPLE completion with sensors (P, T) above packer
RMS components:
• Full-bore side-pocket mandrel
• Optical P&T sensors
• Fibre optic cable ¼” Inc 825, ENC
12х12 mm
• Cable protectors
• Fittings at tubing hanger
• WHO with flange adapter
• Armored surface optical cable
• Surface data acquisition RMS-WH
37 wells (Yamal peninsula)
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Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS)
• Fiber optic cable itself is a
distributed temperature sensor
• Profiling of the wellbore (range
up to 10km)
• Resolution < 1 m
ОПТОВОЛОКОННЫЙ
КАБЕЛЬ ДЛЯ
ТЕМПЕРАТУРНОГО
ПРОФИЛИРОВАНИЯ
ОПТОВОЛОКОН.
ДАТЧИК
ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ
И ДАВЛЕНИЯ
ПРОДУКТИВНЫЕ
ЗОНЫ
Applicable for oil, gas or condensate
wells
Eliminates the need for production
logging
Allows to perform well testing
Determination of non-productive zones
Scheduling objects for acidizing
Determining the breakthrough gas and
water
Measuring the effectiveness of
perforation (at cased)
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Physical principles of distributed monitoring of the
temperature profile (DTS)
Laser
diode
Signal
Processing
circuit
Optical fiber Scattered
light
Distance L
0 s as
Anti-Stokes
light
Stokes
light Photo-detector
Rayleigh light
• Pulsed light is emitted from the laser source with a certain sampling rate.
• At a distance L along the fiber is scattered, emitted Stokes and anti-Stokes photons.
• Both the emission of photons scattering fall on their photo-detectors.
• The relationship between the Stokes and anti-Stokes amplitudes processed relative to the
time of the pulse (2 x L / speed of light).
• In this manner, the temperature data is obtained as a function of distance.
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Example configuration with ESP and DTS
Temperature data recorded by
system DTS 16-17/11/09 during 29
hours. The time of launch ESP.
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Data Acquisition and Transmission
• Connecting multiple wells to one module or individual module at each well
• Collecting real-time data
• On-screen display, archiving, alarm of abnormal modes
• Data transmission system analysis and optimization level field
• Wide range of communication protocols for connection to SCADA
• Arctic enclosure
Поддержка Протоколов Связи:
• Modbus RS232
• Modbus RS422
• Modbus RS485
• Modbus TCP/IP Ethernet
• OPC
• ASCII string
• PROFIBUS
• ODBC SQL
• Web viewer
Well / Pad / Field Central Server
Внутрискважинные
оптические датчики
Modbus
Modbus TCP/IP
OPC
Ethernet
Дисплей
Вычисл-ный
Блок
Перекл. ЛВС
Оптический
трансивер
ИБП
Хран. Данных
Weatherford
Устьевая система сбора,
обработки и хранения данных
Диспетчерская
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Visualization and operational control
• Control wells all sensors in real
time
• Electronic gauges and optical
sensors
• Data Visualization – Control of problems
– Alarms
• Network access
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Express-well test data processing
PanQL
• Rapid processing and interpretation of well test data.
• Automatic identification of sites for Build-up analysis
• Scheduled or unscheduled shut-
• Rapid processing in real time
• Online access to view and analyze data
• Network search the raw data for detailed analysis
• An intelligent approach to the collection of P/T data
• Automatic increase in the frequency scan - for BU while stopping well
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