Mospi.nic.in Mospi New Upload Children in India 2012-Rev

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CHILDREN IN INDIA 2012- A St at ist ica l Appr aisal


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FOREW ORD

The children of today are the future of tomorrow; this powerful statement assumes special

significance in our context as children (0-14 years) comprise one third of the total population in the country.

Every child, on provision of a conducive and an enabling environment, may blossom into an ever fragrant

flower, to shine in all spheres of life. This reminds us of the onerous responsibility that we have to mould and

shape their present conditions in the best possible way.

The journey in the life cycle of a child involves the critical components of child survival, childdevelopment and child protection. Child participation which envisages their active involvement and say in the

entire process adds a new dimension. Child survival entails their basic right of being born in a safe and non-

discriminatory environment and grows through the formative years of life in a healthy and dignified way.

Adverse sex ratio at birth, high child mortality rates and the rapidly declining child sex ratio reflects the

ensuing challenges. Reducing the level of malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency and increasing enrolment,

retention, achievement and completion rates in education are the focus areas in child development.

Safeguarding the children from violence, exploitation and abuse fall under child protection.

Realising the deprived and vulnerable conditions of children, the law makers of the country have

always accorded a privileged status to children. The number of rights and privileges given to the children in

the Constitution of India, duly supported by legal protection, bears a testimony to this. During the last decade,

various path breaking legislations like the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, Hindu Succession

(Amendment) Act, 2005 etc have been made to suitably strengthen the legal provisions. On policy side, the

Government of India is committed to promote the survival, protection, development and participation of

children in a holistic manner and a series of measures cutting across the boundary of gender, caste, ethnicityor region have been initiated in the past several years to realize the all inclusive growth devoid of exclusion

and discrimination. The 11th Five Year Plan paved the way and the commitments have been reiterated with a

renewed vigor in the 12thFive Year Plan.


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PREFACE

The M in ist ry o f Stat ist i cs and Program m e Implementat ion is comm i t ted t o cater to th e em erging data n eeds in a dynam ic soc io-econom ic context . The M inist r y achieves th is

purp ose by col lect ing and com pi l ing p r im ary as wel l as second ary dat a, and dissem inat ing

th e resul ts . The Social Sta t ist ics Division in t he M inist ry b r ings out a num ber of impo rtan t

sta t ist ical publ icat ions m ainly them at ic in natu re. In addi t ion to i ts regular pub l icat ion s,

th e division br ings out adh oc sta t ist ical publ icat ions w hich are in tu ne w i th t he dem and of

t ime .

This year, the Social Stat ist ics Division has taken up the task of brining out a

sta t ist ical publ icat ion on chi ldren in India. Earl ier, th e M inist r y had broug ht ou t in 2008,

an ad hoc Publ icat ion on Chi ldren in India. Chi ldren are vulnerable to nu m erous soc ial and

economic dangerous and di f f icul t condi t ions, which are unfortunately increasing wi th

pass ing of t ime. The nat ion is progress ing through a juncture, which demands more

focused at tent ion to w ards the chal lenges faced by the chi ldren. The Governm ent is ta k ing

var ious remedial act ions inc luding legislat ive m easures and adm inist ra t ive ini t iat ives. In

this context , Stat is t ics on var ious aspects of chi ldhood, analysed and presented at one

place, wi l l be of great use for pol icy and programme makers, adminis t rators and soc ial

activists.

The present publ icat ion Children in India 2012 A Stat ist ical Appraisal , analyses

the condi t ions of chi ldren in the f ie lds of chi ld surv ival , chi ld development and chi ldprot ect ion. The pub l icat ion inc ludes an int roducto ry chapt er w hich addresses th e issues of

def ini t ion of chi ld in var iou s cont exts, const i tut ional and legal prov isions for chi ldren and

th i t t l i i d t t d t h ild Th bl i t i t i


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Off icers associate d w ith Chi ldren in Ind ia 20 12 A Stat ist ical Ap praisal

Smt.S.JeyalakshmiAddi t ional d i rector Genera l

Sh.S.M ai t ra

Dep uty Di rector Genera l

Sh.S.Chakrabarti

Dep uty Di rector Genera l

Sm t.Suni tha Bha skar

Director

Sh.Ram Pratap

Assista nt D irector


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Childre n in In dia 2 01 2 A Sta t ist ical App raisal

Page no .

Highlights

Chapt er 1 Chi ldren in Ind ia D ef ini t ion, Legal

Provisions, Pol icies and Program m es

Chapt er 2 De m ographic Prof i le of chi ldren

Chapt er 3 He alth Stat us of chi ldren

Chapt er 4 N utr i t ion al Stat us of chi ldren

Chapt er 5 Educat ion stat us of chi ldren

Chapt er 6 Chi ldren engaged in w ork

Chapt er 7 Crim e and chi ldre n

Append ix Data Tables


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HIGHLIGHTS

While an absolute increase of 181 mi l l ion in the country s populat ion has beenrecorded dur ing th e decade 2001-2011, there is a reduct ion of 5 .05 m i l l ions in the

populat ion o f ch i ldren aged 0-6 years dur ing th is per iod. The decl ine in male

children is 2.06 m il l ion and in fem ale chi ldren is 2.99 m il l ions.

The share of Chi ldren (0-6 years) in the t o ta l po pulat ion has show ed a decl ine of

2.8 points in 2011, compared to Census 2001 and the decl ine was sharper for

fem ale ch i ldren t han m ale ch i ldren in t he age group 0-6 years.

The overa l l sex rat io of t he Count ry is show ing a t rend of im provem ent, w hereas

the ch i ld sex rat io is show ing a decl in ing t rend. Dur ing the per iod 1991 -2011,

child sex rat io decl ined f rom 945 to 914, whereas the overa l l sex rat io showed an

improvement f rom 927 to 940 .

As per Census 2011, the Stat e/ UTs w ith alarm ingly low ( =950) chi ld sex rat io are

M izoram , (971), M eghalaya (970), A & N Islands (966), Pudu cherry (965),

Chattisgarh (964), Arunachal Pradesh (960), Kerala (959), Assam (957), Tripura

(953), West Bengal (950).

Though, the ch i ld sex rat io in rura l Ind ia is 919 w hich is 17 poin ts h igher than t hatof u rban Ind ia, th e decl ine in Child Sex Ratio (0-6 years) dur ing 2001-2011 in rural

areas is m ore than t hree t im es as comp ared to t he drop in urban Ind ia.


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The State/ UTs which have achieved 100% level of bir th registrat ion in 2007 are

Arunachal Pradesh, Him achal Pradesh, Kerala, M eghalaya, M izoram , Nagaland,

Punjab,Tam il nadu , Chand igarh, Lakshadeep and Puducherry.

The Samp le Regist rat ion System , in 2010, est imated that , out o f t he to ta l deathsrepor ted , 14. 5% are infant d eaths (< 1 years), 3.9% are deaths of 1-4 years

children, 18.4% are deaths of chi ldren of 0-4 years and 2.7% deaths pertained tochildren of 5-14 years.

The percentage of infant deaths to total deaths var ies substantial ly across the

states. From m oderat e level of 2.8% in Kerala, 5.0% in Tam il Nadu to as high as

21.8% in Rajasth an , 21.2% in Utt ar Pradesh, 20.4% in M adhya Pradesh w ith o th erstates f igur ing in between these states. The percentage of under f ive deaths to

to tal death s ranges from 3.2% in Kerala 5.9% in Tam il Nadu t o 27.6% in Utt ar

Pradesh, 26.6% in Rajasth an, 26.4%in M adhya Pradesh, 26.7% in Bihar w hile

oth er states f igure in betw een these states.

At t he nat ional level , the percentage share of in fant deaths to t o ta l deaths in rura l

areas is 15.8%, w hereas in ur ban areas, the sam e is 9.7%.

In 2010, the percentage of neonatal deaths to tota l in fant deaths is 69.3% at nat ional

level and var ies from 61.9% in urban areas to 7 0.6% in rural areas. Am ong the bigger

States, Jamm u & Kashm ir (82.1%) registered the h ighest p ercentage of neo natal deaths to

infant deaths and t he low est is in Kerala (53.2%).

In 2010, the neonatal morta l i ty rate (neonatal deaths per thousand l ive b ir ths) atnational level is at 33 and ranges from 19 in urban areas to 36 in rur al areas. Am ong

bigger states, neo-natal mo rta l i ty rate is h ighest in M adhya Pradesh (44) and low est in


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fem ale IM R is 39.5% and th e percentage decline in m ale IM R is 41.02% dur ing th e

last t w o decades.

Fem ale in fants exper ienced a h igher m or t a l ity ra t e th an m ale in fants in a l l major

states.

Though t he Urban and Rura l gap in in fant m or t a li ty has declined over t he years,

st i l l i t is very signif icant . IM R has decl ined in urban areas from 50 in 1990 to 31 in

2010, whereas in rura l areas IM R has decl ined f rom 86 to 51 dur ing t he sam eper iod.

SRS based U5M R in India for t he year 2010, stands at 59 and it var ies fro m 66 inrura l areas to 38 in Urb an areas. The under f ive mor t a l i ty rate is h igher for

fem ales than m ales as in 2010, U5M R stoo d at 64 for fem ales wh ereas i t is 55 for

males.

As per Coverage Evaluation Survey, 2009, at national level, 61% of the chi ldren

aged 12-23 m ont hs have received fu l l im m unizat ion. The coverage of

immunizat ion was h igher in urban areas (67.4%) compared to that in the rura lareas (58.5%).

In 2009, near ly 8% chi ldren of the ch i ldren aged 12-23 months d id not receive

even a single vaccine.

Near ly 62% of the male ch i ldren aged 12-23 months have received fu l l

imm unizat ion, w hi le am ong the fem ales i t w as near ly 60%.

While 67.4% of f i rs t b i r th order ch i ldren are for tunate enough to receive fu l l

imm unizat ion only 40 4% w ere so in the category of b i r t h ord er 4 and above are


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The prevalence of low bir th weight babies ( less than 2.5 kg at bir th) is 22.5% as

est im ated by NFHS 3, but In NFHS 3 b i r th w eight w as repor t ed only in 34.1% of

cases of l ive bir th s (60% of urban and 25% of rural) .

As per NFHS 3, 48% of chi ldren under age f ive years are stunted (too short fortheir age) which indicates that, half of the countrys chi ldren are chronical ly

m alnour ished. Acute m alnutr i t ion, as evidenced b y w ast ing, resul ts in a ch i ld being

too th in f or h is or her he ight . 19.8% of ch i ldren und er f ive years in the coun try are

w asted w hich ind icates that , one out o f every f ive ch i ldren in Ind ia is wasted. 43%of ch i ldren und er age f ive years are und erw eight fo r t he ir age.

During the period between NFHS 2 (1998-99) & NFHS 3 (2005-06), decl ine hasbeen observed for s tunt ing and und erw eight amo ng chi ldren un der 3 years of age,

w hereas the percentage of ch i ldren w asted has increased.

Higher is the percentage of underweight female ch i ldren (< 5 years) than male

chi ldren, whereas females are in a s l igh l ty bet ter posi t ion compared to male

children (< 5 years) w hile considering stu nt ing and w asting.

The NFHS 3 (2005-06) results also indicates that malnutr i t ion is more prevalent

amo ng chi ldren in the h igher b i r th order category.

The rura l Ind ia is wi tn essing m ore m alnutr i t io n am ong chi ldren < 5 years as h igher

percentage of s tunted, wasted and underweight ch i ldren were repor ted f rom

rural areas.

High malnutr i t ion of a l l types prevai ls in the group of i l l i terate mothers and

m oth er s w i th less than 5 year s educat ion.


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For 81.9% severe ly anaemic mot hers, the ir ch i ldren w ere anaem ic w hereas 61.5

% mot hers w i thou t anaem ia repor ted anaemia am ong ch ild ren .

Percentage of ch i ldren w i th severe anaem ia among severe anaemia m oth ers was

near ly seven t im es h igher than t hat am ong m oth ers not anaem ic.

About 76.4% of ch i ldren (6-59 months) in the lowest weal th index are suf fer ing

from anaemia whereas 56.2% chi ldren of the h ighest weal th index are suf fer ing

f rom anaem ia.

Anaemia prevalence amon g children of (6-59 m ont hs) is m ore t han 70 percent in

Bihar, M adhya Pradesh, Ut tar Pradesh, Haryana, Chhat t isgarh, Andhra Pradesh,Karnat aka and Jharkhand . Anaem ia prevalence am ong chi ldren of (6-59 m ont hs)is less than 50 percent in Goa, M anipur , M izoram , and Kerala. For t he rem ain ing

Stat es, th e anaem ia prevalence is in t he range of 50% - 70%.

As per Stat ist ics of school education, 2009-10, there are 14.49 lakhs educational

inst i t u t ions in the Count ry.

Abou t 89% t eachers in th e Higher Secondary Schoo ls/ Jun ior Colleges w ere tr ainedw hereas the cor respond ing level in High / Post Basic Schoo ls, M iddle/ Sr.Basic

School and Pre-Primary/Primary/ Jr.Basic School are 90%, 88% and 86%

respectively.

Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) at pr imary level is high at 115%, and Net Enrolment

Ratio (NER) has im prov ed signif icantly fr om 84.5% in 2005- 06 to 98% in 2009-10.High GER at pr im ary level, how ever, indicates the pr esence of over -age and und er

age chi ldren, possib ly due to ear ly and la te enro lment or repet i t ion . Dur ing th is

per iod, Net enro lment rat io (NER) at Pr imary level has shown improvement in


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The Census found an increase in t he num ber of ch i ld labourers f rom 11.28 mi l l ion

in 1991 to 12.66 m i l l ion in 2001.

The major occupations engaging chi ld labour are Pan, Bidi & Cigarettes (21%),Constr uct ion (17%), Dom estic w ork ers (15%) and Spinn ing & w eaving (11%).

As per census 2001, Uttar Pradesh (15.22%) recorded the highest share of chi ld

labour in the country, fol lowed by Andra Pradesh (10.76%), Rajasthan (9.97%),

Bihar (8.82%), M adhya Pradesh (8.41%), and W est Bengal (6.77%).

There is considerable increase in the absolute number of ch i ld labour between

1991 and 2001 in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Chatt isgarh,

Bihar, West Bengal, Haryana, Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Nagaland,

Assam , M eghalaya, and Delh i, whereas the Stat es of M aharashtra, Andhra

Pradesh, M adhya Pradesh, Tam il Nadu , Karnat aka, Orissa, Gujarat and Kerala have

show n s ign i f icant decl ine in the num ber of ch i ld labour .

Sikkim had t he h ighest W ork Par t ic ipat ion Rate (WPR) in the country w i th 12.04 %

child labourers among t ota l ch i ldren in t he age group of 5-14 years, fo l lowed by

Rajasthan 8.25 % and Himachal Pradesh (8.14%) during 2001. The other states

having h igher than t he nat ional average of 5 percent W PR for ch i ldren are Andhra

Pradesh (7.7%), Chat t isgarh (6.96%), Karn atak a (6.91%), M adhy a Pradesh (6.71%),

J& K (6.62%), Arun achal Pradesh (6.06%), Jhark han d and A ssam (5.07%).

As per the NFHS -3 (2005-06), nearly 11.8% children age 5-14 years works either

f th i h h ld f b d l


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wealth quint i le . One in every 7 ch i ldren in the lowest and second lowest weal th

index catego ry is w orkin g.

I t is alarming that, in 2011, the Crimes against chi ldren reported a 24% increase

f rom the p rev ious year w i th a total of 33,098 cases of cr imes against Children

repor ted in th e country d ur ing 2011 as com pared to 26,694 cases dur ing 2010.

The Stat e of Ut tar Pradesh account ed fo r 16.6% of to tal cr im es against chi ldren at

nation al level in 2011, fo l low ed by M adhya Pradesh (13.2%), Delhi (12.8%),

M aharasht ra (10.2%), Bihar (6.7%) and An dra Pradesh (6.7%).

In 2011, among the IPC cr imes, an increase of 43% was registered in Kidnapping

and Abduct ion, w hi le rape cases were increased by 30%, Procurat ion of m inor g i r ls

recorded an increase of 27% and Foet icide repo rt ed an increase of 19% over

2010. In 2011, Buying of gir ls for Prost i t ut ion show ed a decl ine of 65%, and sel l ing

of g ir ls for Prost i t u t ion rep or ted d ecline of 13% comp ared to 2010. In fant ic ide

show ed a decl ine of 37 po ints dur ing th is per iod.

The States of Ut t ar Pradesh and Delh i together accounted for 47.6% kidnapping

and abduct ion of ch i ldren repor ted in t he Count ry.

The Stat es of M adhya Pradesh, Ut t ar Pradesh and M aharashtra togeth er

accounted for 44.5% of t he ch i ld rape cases repor ted in t he Country in 2011.

A tota l o f 132 cases of foet ic ide were repor ted in 2011, of which the h ighest

num ber registered f r om M adhya Pradesh, fo l lowed by Chat t isgarh and Punjab and


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Considering al l the Crimes against chi ldren, the Crime rate (rat io of number of

cr imes to populat ion) has marginal ly increased f rom 2.3 in 2009 to 2.7 in 2011.

The rate w as highest in Delhi (25.4) fol low ed by A & N Islands (20.3), Chandigarh

(7) and Chatt isgarh (7), M adhya Pradesh (6) and Goa (5.1).

The average charge sheet ing rate f or al l th e Crim es against chi ldren w as 82.5% in

2011, w hich was the same in 2010 as wel l . The h ighest charge sheet ra te w as

observed in cases und er Buying of gir ls for p rost i t ut ion (100%) fol low ed by Rape

(97.3%) in comparison to the prevail ing national level charge sheeting rate of

78.8% for t he IPC Crim es and 93% fo r SLL Crim es. The low est charge sheet rate

w as fou nd in cases of Foet icide.

The Convict ion rate at nat ional level for the cr imes commit ted against ch i ldren

stoo d at 34.6%. The convict ion rate for in fant icide (oth er than m urder) was

highest a t 46.9% fo l low ed by cases under m urder (45.5%).

Dur ing 2006-2011, the t rend in hum an t raf f ick ing cases repor t ed under t he heads

of Procurat ion of M inor Gir ls, Impor t at ion o f g i r ls, Sel ling of g i r ls for p rost i tu t ion,

Buying of gir ls for prost i tut ion Immoral Traff ic (Prev.)Act , shows an overal l

decl ining trend, w ith year to year var iat ion. From nearly 5000 cases in 2006, i t

decl ined over the years, touching the lowest in 2009 (2848 cases) increased to

3422 cases in 20 10, and 3517 cases in 2011.

In 2011, 69% of cases of hu m an traff icking are cases booked u nder Im m oral Traff ic

(Prevent ion) Act 1956 though there is a decl ine of 2 6% in 2011 compared to


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in 2011. M ajor Juvenile cr im es w ere under Thef t (21.17%), Hurt (16.3%) and

Burglary (10.38%) in 20 11.

The highest decrease in Juvenile del inquency was observed under the cr ime head

'Preparat ion & Assembly for Dacoity ' (35.3%), 'Death due to negligence'(25.6%)and 'Criminal breach of trust ' (14.0%) in 2011 over 2010. The highest

increase in the incidence of juvenile cr imes was observed under the heads

'Coun ter feit in g' (81.8%),'Dow ry deat hs' (63.2%), 'Arson' (57.6%) and 'Kidnapp ing &

abduct ion of w om en & g i r ls' (53.5%).

Juvenile del inquency under SLL cr imes has increased by 10.9% in 2011 ascom pared t o 2010 as 2,558 cases of juven ile del inqu ency under SLL w ere repo rt ed

in 2010 w hich increased t o 2,837 in 20 11, w hi le there w as substant ia l decrease of

40.8% in 2010 as com pared t o 2009.

A large number of Juvenile cr imes (SLL) were reported under Gambling Act

(14.77%) fol lo w ed by Proh ibit ion Act (10.7%). Cases und er ' Indian Passport Act '

and 'Forest Act ' have registered a sharp decl ine of 66.7% each, w hile cases under

Prohib i t ion of Chi ld M arr iage Act and ' Imm oral Traf f ic (P) Act ' reg istered sharp

increase of 200% and 50% r espectively.

The Stat es of M adhya Pradesh (19.9%)), M aharasht ra (19%), Chhat t isgarh (8.7%),

Andhra Pradesh (7.3%), Rajasthan (7.3%) and Gujarat (6.4%) have reported high

incidence of juv enile cr im es un der IPC.

Out of the to ta l 888 juveni le murder cases repor ted in the Country in 2011,


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Out of total 33,887 Juveniles arrested, 30,766 (90.7%) were arrested under IPC

cr im es wh i le 3,121 (9.3%) w ere ar rested for com m it t ing SLL cr im es.

The percentage shares of Juveniles apprehen ded und er t he age groups 7-12 years,

12-16 years, 16-18 years are 3.3%, 32.5% and 63 .9% respectively.

An increase has been observed in num ber of juveni les apprehended in a l l th e age

groups in 2011 over 2010, and the highest percentage increase was for 7-12 age

group (30.6%) whereas the r ise in cr imes in 12-16 years and 16-18 years were

8.9% and 12.5% respectively.

M aharashtra has repor ted the h ighest num ber of juveni les ar rested (20.9%) under

IPC cr im es fol low ed b y M adhya Pradesh (17.9%), Rajasth an (7.9%), Andhra

Pradesh (7.9%), Chh at isgarh (7.1%), and Gu jarat (6.4 %).

In 2011, the states of M adhya Pradesh (406) and M aharashtra (353) repor t ed t he

highest n um ber of g i r l o f fenders under IPC w hich const i tu t ed 49.54% of t he to ta l

gir l juven iles appre hend ed.

In 2011, the states of Chatt isgarh (178) and Gujarat (121) reported the highest

number of g i r l o f fenders under SLL which const i tu ted 67.04% of the to ta l g i r l

juven il es app rehended.

Out of the total juveniles involved in var ious cr imes, 81.4% are chi ldren l iv ing with

parents, whereas the share of hom eless ch i ldren involved in var ious cr imes are

5.7% and t he rem ain ing are ch i ldren l iv ing wi t h guard ians.


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Chapter 1

Chi ldren in In dia D ef ini t ion, Legal pro visions, Pol icies and Program m es

In Ind ia, ch i ldhood has been def ined in the context o f legal and const i tu t ionalprovision ing, main ly for aberrat ion s of ch i ldhood. I t is thus a var iab le concept to su it the

purpose and rat ionale of chi ldhood in dif fer ing circumstances. Essential ly they dif fer indef in ing the upper age-l imi t o f ch i ldhood.

Bio log ica l ly , ch i ldhoo d is the span of l i fe f rom bir t h t o adolescence. Accord ing to

Artic le 1 of UNCRC1 (United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Chi ld) , A chi ld

m eans every hum an being below the a ge of 18 years unless, under the law appl icable tothe chi ld, m ajor i ty is att a ined e arl ier . The definit ion of t he chi ld as given by t he UNCRC

has def in i te bear ing not on ly on ch i ld development programmes and on budgetary


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A quick review of the Consti tut ional , Legal and Pol icy provisions offered by the Country

wi l l faci l i ta te better understanding of the discussions on var ious aspects of status of Chi ldren in

India being d iscussed in the fo l low ing Chapter s.

Childhoo d Im porta nt legal and Consti tut ional Provisions in Ind ia at a glance

Artic le 45 of Consti tut ion of India states - the State shal l endeavour to provide

free and compulsory education for a l l chi ldren t i l l they complete the age offourte en years .

Different Acts unde r Labou r Law s declare di fferent age cr iter ia :

oThe Appren tices Act (1961) A person is quali f ied to be engaged as an

apprentice only i f he is not less than fourteenyear s of age ..

oThe Factories Act (194 8) a child below 14 years of age is not a l low ed to

work in any fac tory . An adolescent be tween 15

and 1 8 years can be em ployed in a factory only if

he obtains a cert i f icate of f i tness from an

auth orized m edical doctor. .

oThe Child Labo ur Proh ibition

and Regulat ion Act (198 6)

Chi ld m eans a person w ho ha s not com pleted his

four teenth year of age .

Prohibi t ion o f Chi ld M arr iage Act (2006 ) declares Chi ld m eans a person w ho, i f a

male , has not comple ted twenty -one years of age and, i f a female , has not

com pleted eighteen ye ars of age .

The Juveni le Justice (Care and Protection of Chi ldren) Act 2000, amended in

2006,20 10 declares juveni le or chi ld m eans a person wh o has not com pleted

eightee nth year o f age.

Indian Penal Code in i ts Criminal law state s No thing is an o ffence w hich is done


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speci f ies that the State shal l endeavour t o p rovide ear ly ch i ldhoo d care and educat ion f or

a l l ch i ldren unt i l they com plete t he age of 6 years. Art icle 51A clause (k) lays dow n a dut y

that parents or guard ians provide oppor tuni t ies for educat ion to the ir ch i ld /ward

between the age of 6 and 14 years . Art ic le 243 G read wi th schedule-11 provides for

inst i t u t ional izing ch i ld care to ra ise th e level o f nu tr i t ion and t he standard of l iv ing, as wel las to improve publ ic heal th and moni tor the development and wel l be ing of ch i ldren in

the Count ry.

U nion law s guarante eing Rights and enti t lem ent to Chi ldren

A fa i r ly comp rehensive legal reg ime exists in Ind ia t o pr otect the r ights of Chi ldren

as encom passed in the Count ry s Const i tu t ion. The age at w hich a person ceases to be a

child var ies under dif ferent laws in India. Under the Child Labour Prohibit ion andRegulat ion Act, 1986, a chi ld is a person who has not completed 14 years of age. For the

purposes of cr iminal responsibi l i ty, the age l imit is 7 (not punishable) and above 7 years

to 12 years punishable on th e proo f t hat t he ch i ld understands the consequences of t he

act, under the Indian Penal Code. For purposes of protect ion against kidnapping,

abduction and related offences, i t s 16 years for boys and 18 for gir ls. For special

t reatm ent under t he Juveni le Just ice (Care and Prot ect ion of Chi ldren) Act 2011, t he ageis 18 for bot h boys and gi r ls. And the Protect ion of W om en f rom Dom est ic Vio lence Act

2005 defines a chi ld as any person below th e age of 18, and includes an adop ted step - or

foster chi ld.

Imp ortant U nion law s Gua ranteeing Rights and Ent it lement to Chi ldren

1 . The Guardian a nd W ards Act , 18902 . The Reform at ory Schools Act,189 73 . The prohibit ion of Child M arriage Act,20064 . The Appren tices Act, 1 9615 . The Children (Pledging of Laour) Act, 193 3.


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The Commissions for the Protect ion of Child Rights Act, 2005 provides for the

Constitut ion of a National and State Commissions for protect ion of Child Rights in

every State and Union Terr i tory. The funct ions and pow ers of the Nat ional and Stat e

Com m issions wi l l be to :

Examine and rev iew the legal safeguards provided b y or un der any law f or t he

protect ion of ch i ld r ights and recommend measures for the ir e f fect ive

imp lementa t ion ;

Inquire in to v io la t ions of ch i ld r ights and recomm end in i t ia t ion of pro ceedings

w here necessary;

Spread aw areness about chi ld r ights am ong variou s sectio ns of society;

Help in establishment of Children's Courts for speedy tr ial of offences against

chi ldren or o f violat io n of Child Rights.

Na tional Pol icies and Programm es for Children

Fur th er , the Nat ion is imp lement ing a num ber of Chi ld centr ic po l ic ies addressing

the issues of Child Survival, Child Development and Child Protect ion. The important

among them are,

1. Nat ional Pol icy for Chi ldren 1974 is the f i rst p o l icy docum ent concern ing the needsand r ights of ch i ldren. It recognized ch i ldren to be a suprem ely impor tant asset t o

the country. The goal o f the pol icy is to take the next s tep in ensur ing the

const i tu t ional provis ions for ch i ldren and the UN Declarat ion of Rights are

implemented. I t out l ines serv ices the state should provide for the complete

development of a ch i ld , before and af ter b i r th and throughout a ch i ld 's per iod of

grow th fo r th e ir fu l l physica l , m enta l and social developm ent.

2. National Policy on Education, 1986 was cal led for "special emphasis on the

removal of d ispar i t ies and to equal ize educat ional oppor tuni ty " especia l ly for


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heal th and fami ly wel fare, educat ion, rura l and urban development, woman and

child developm ent etc.

5. Nat ional Populat ion Pol icy 2000: The nat ional popu lat ion p ol icy 2000 a im s at

imp rovem ent in the status of Ind ian ch i ldren. It em phasized f ree and com pulsoryschool educat ion up to age 14, un iversal immunizat ion of ch i ldren against a l l

vaccine preventable diseases, 100% registrat ion of bir th, death, marr iage and

pregnancy, substant ia l reduct ion in the in fant mor ta l i ty ra te and maternal

m or ta l it y ra t io e tc .

6. National Health Policy 2002: The main object ive of this pol icy is to achieve an

acceptable standard of good heal th amongst the genera l populat ion of the

country. The approach is to increase access to the decentral ized public healthsystem by establ ish ing new in f rastru cture in def ic ient areas, and by upgrading theinf rastru cture in the exist ing inst i tu t ions. Overr id ing im por t ance is g iven to

ensuring a more equitable access to health services across the social and

geographical expanse of th e count ry.

7. National Charter for chi ldren (NCC), 2003 highl ights the Constitut ional provisions

towards the cause of the ch i ldren and the ro le of c iv i l society, communit ies andfamil ies and their obl igat ions in fulf i l l ing chi ldrens basic needs. Well-being of

special group s such as chi ldren of BPL famil ies, str eet chi ldren, gir l chi ld , chi ld-care

programmes, and educat ional programmes for prevent ion f rom explo i ta t ion f ind

specia l ment ion in t he NCC. I t secures for every ch i ld i ts inherent r ight to be a

chi ld and enjoy a heal thy and happy ch i ldhood, to address the root causes that

nega te the hea l thy g rowth and deve lopment o f ch i ld ren , and to awaken the

conscience of the community in the wider societa l context to protect ch i ldren

from al l forms of abuse, whi le st rengthening the fami ly , society and the Nat ion.

The Char ter provides that the State and community shal l under take a l l possib lemeasures to ensure and protect the survival, l i fe and l iberty of al l chi ldren. For


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Im porta nt Schem es for W el l- being of Chi ldren

1 . Integra ted Chi ld De velopme nt Service Schem e2 . Integra ted Chi ld Protect ion Schem e3 . Na t ional aw ards for ch ild W el fare .4 . Na tional Child Aw ards for Except ional Achievem ents.5 . Raj iv Gand hi M a na v Seva Aw ards for Service to Children.6 . Bal ika Sam riddhi Yojna.7 . Nut r i t ion Program m e For Adolescent Gir ls8 . Early Childhood educat ion for 3-6 a ge group children.9 . W elfare of w orking chi ldren in need of Care a nd Protect ion10 .Childline services11 .Raj iv Gand hi Na tional Creche Scheme for chi ldren of w orking mo thers.12 .UJJAW ALA : A Com prehensive Schem e f or Prevent ion of tra ff icking an d Resue,

Rehabilitat ion a nd Re-integrat ion of Vict ims of Traff icking an d Com m ercial Sexual

Exploitat ion

13 .Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan14 .Na t ional Rura l He al th M ission 15 .Raj iv Ga ndhi Scheme for em pow erm ent of Adolescent G ir ls SABLA.16 .Dha naLakshami Condit ional Cash Transfer f or Gir l Chi ld w i th insurance cover 17 .Na tional Comm ission for Prot ect ion of Chi ld Rights

In spite of several focused init iat ives addressing the var ious needs of chi ldr en in India, i t is very

evident f rom the Stat is t ics presented in the coming chapters that a lot need to be done to


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Ch ild Su rvival


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Chapter 2

De m ographic Prof i le of chi ldren

Ind ia, w i th 1.21 b i l l ion peop le is the second m ost populous count ry in the w or ld ,

whi le China is on the top wi th over 1.35 b i l l ion people. The f igures show that Ind ia

represents a lm ost 17.31% of the w or ld 's populat ion, wh ich m eans one out o f s ix people

on this planet l ive in India. Every year, an est imated 26 mil l ions of chi ldren are born in

India w hich is near ly 4 m i l lion m ore t han the p opulat ion of Austra l ia . I t is signif icant th at

w hi le an absolute increase of 181 m i l l ion in t he country s popu lat ion has been recordeddur ing the decade 2001-2011, there is a reduct ion of 5 .05 mi l l ions in the populat ion of

chi ldren aged 0-6 years du ring this period . The d ecline in m ale ch i ldren is 2.06 m i l l ion and

in female chi ldren is 2.99 mil l ions. The share of Children (0-6 years) in the total

popu lat ion has show ed a decl ine of 2 .8 point s in 2 011, com pared to Census 2001.


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Table 2 .1: Populat ion (0-6 years) 2001-20 11 - India

Children

(0-6 yrs)

(in m il lions)

Total populat ion

(in m ill ions)

Shar e of children

(0-6 yrs) to t he

correspondingtota l popu la t ion (%)

Tota l M ale Fem ale Tota l M ale Female Tota l M ale Fem aleCensus

2001

163 .84 85 .01 78 .83 1028 .74 532 .2 496 .5 15 .93 15 .97 15 .88

Census

2011

158 .79 82 .95 75 .84 1210 .19 623 .72 586 .47 13 .1 13 .3 12 .9

Sou rce: Census, Office of Registrar Gener al of India

Tw enty States and Union Terr i tor ies now have over one m i l lion ch i ldren in t he age

group 0 -6 years. Utt ar Pradesh (29.7 mil l ion ), Bihar (18.6 mil l ion), M aharashtra (12.8

m i l lion) , M adhya Pradesh (10.5 m i l l ion) and Rajasthan (10.5 m i l l ion) const i tu t e 52%

Chi ldren in t he age group o f 0-6 year .

The decadal decline in popu lat ion w as m ore fo r fem ale ch i ldren (3.8%) than m ale

children (2.4%) in the age group 0-6 years.

Table 2 .2 Child popu lat ion in th e age-group 0-6 years by sex, India

PersonsM a l e Female Decadal decl ine in chi ld

populat ion

Persons M a l e Female

Census 200 1 1 6 3 8 3 7 3 9 5 8 5 0 0 8 2 6 7 7 8 8 2 9 1 2 8

Census 201 1 1 5 8 7 8 9 2 8 7 8 2 9 5 2 1 3 5 7 5 8 3 7 1 5 2 5 0 4 8 1 0 8(3 .1%)

2 0 5 6 1 3 2

(2 .4%)

2 9 9 1 9 7 6

(3 .8%)


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M issing daughters a m atte r of grave concern.

While the s ize of ch i ld populat ion in the age group (0-6 years) is decl in ing wi th

decline in t he share of ch i ldren in t he t o ta l po pulat ion, th e share of g i r ls in 0-6 years is

decl ining faste r th an th at of b oys of 0-6 years. This process has led t o m issing of nearly 3

mi l l ion g i r l ch i ldren compared to 2 mi l l ion miss ing boy ch i ldren in 2011, compared to

2001. There are now 4 8 fewer g i r ls per 1,000 boys than there w ere in 1981.

Though, the overa l l sex rat io of the Country is showing a t rend of improvement,

the ch i ld sex rat io is showing a declin ing t rend, w hich is a m at t er o f concern. Dur ing the

per iod 1991 -2011, ch i ld sex rat io declined f rom 945 t o 914, w hereas the overa l l sex rat io

showed an im provem ent f rom 927 to 940. Com pared to 2001, on ly 5 States / UTs show ed

decline in overal l sex rat io in 2011, w hile 27 Stat es / UTs show ed decline in chi ld sex rat io

dur ing th is per iod. This opposite d i rect ion in t he m ovem ent of sex rat ios of ch i ldren aged0-6 years compared to the overa l l sex rat io suggests a sh i f t in the demographic

compos it ion o f the popu lat ion .

The decadal decl ine in chi ld sex rat io (number of gir l chi ldren per 1000 male


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As per Census 2011, the Stat e/ UTs w ith alarm ingly low ( =950) chi ld sex rat io are M izoram , (971), M eghalaya

(970), A & N Islands (966), Pudu cherry (965), Chat t isgarh (964), Arunachal Pradesh (960),

Kerala (959), Assam (957), Tr ipu ra (953), W est Bengal (950).

The d iv ide between the nor th and south has got even starker wi th the ch i ld sex


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( increase of 10 poin ts), A & N Islands (Increase 9 poin ts), M izoram (Increase of 7 poin ts),

Tam il Nadu (Increase of 4 poin ts), Gujarat ( Increase of 3 p oint s).

Rural U rban differe nt ials in Child Sex Ratio

During 1991-2011, chi ld sex rat io decl ined in bot h rural and urban India. Though,

the ch i ld sex rat io in rura l Ind ia is 919 w hich is 17 point s h igher t han th at o f urban Ind ia,

the decl ine in Child Sex Ratio (0-6 years) dur ing 2001-2011 in rural areas is more than

three t imes as comp ared to t he drop in urban Ind ia w hich is a mat ter o f grave concern.

How ever , the gap in rura l urban chi ld sex rat io h as been reduced f rom 27point s in 2001 t o

17 point s in 2011.

Table 2.4 Child (0-6 ye ars) Sex Ratio: 1991 -20 11 - In diaCensus year Total Rural Urb an

1991 945 948 9 35

2001 927 933 9 06

2011 914 919 9 02

Sou rce: Census, India, Office of Registr ar General of Ind ia

In the rural areas of 25 States/UTs, the Child Sex Ratio (0-6yrs) has decl ined in 2011

Census over 2001Census, in 9 Stat es/U Ts Child Sex Ratio h as im pro ved in 2011 Census

and no change has been ob served in one Stat e (Gujarat ) . Trend is slight ly bet ter in Ur ban

Areas as com pared to Rural Areas as in 13 Stat es/ UTs Child sex rat io h as im prove d, in 21

Stat es/U Ts, i t has decl ined, and t here is no change in one Stat e (Kerala).

Sex Ratio (0-6 years) Rural 2011 Sex Ratio (0-6 years) U rban 2011


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In the rural areas Child Sex Ratio is higher as compared to urban areas in 26

Stat es/U Ts in 2011 Census. In urb an areas of 9 Stat es/U Ts (Highly urbanized NCT Delhi,

Chandigarh, Pudu cherry, Punjab , M aharasht ra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu , M izoram

& M anipur) Chi ld Sex Rat io is h igher w hen com pared t o t he ir rura l areas.

The variat ion in Distr ict level ranges of chi ld sex rat io (CSR), is presented below,

w hich point s tow ards the asym m etr ic pat t ern w i th in Stat es. In 2001, out o f th e 640

dist r ic ts of t he Country, in 503 d ist r ic ts , ch i ld sex rat io ranged f rom 900 - 999, and in 109

dist r ic ts i t ranged f rom 800 -899, But in 20 11, in 444 d ist r ic ts , ch i ld sex rat io ranged f r om

900 - 999, and in 187 distr icts i t ranged fr om 800 -899, clear ly br inging out fal l in the chi ld

sex rat io across the d ist r ic ts of the Country. Decl ine in the num ber of d is t r ic ts in t he

low est range (


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During 2001-2011, chi ld sex rat io decl ined in 461 distr icts which is about three

fou rt h of t ot al distr icts of t he Coun tr y. In 38 distr icts, th e decl ine in CSR has been m ore

th an 50 point s. In 51 distr icts, th ere is increase in CSR w ith 20 or po int s.

Table 2.7: Chan ge in Child Sex Ratio (0-6 yrs) 2001 -20 11- D istrictsNum ber of D ist r icts

Total num ber of d istr icts 640

Decline 4 6 1

M ore than 100 po in ts 7

50 to 99 po in ts 31

20 to 49 po in ts 178


No Change 20 Increase 159

Up to 10 po in ts 74



31to 49 po in ts 19

50+ 15Sou rce: Census, Office of Registrar Gener al of India

Decline in Child Sex rat io 2001 -2011 (Distr ict w ise)


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th e age group 0-6 years. Fou r states (Punjab, M izoram , Tam il Nadu and Gujarat) are close

to t he targets wi th d i f ference of 1-5 percentage points.

Sex Ratio at bir th

Sex Rat io at b i r th denotes the number of female l ive b i r ths to 1000 male l ivebir t hs. Sex rat io at bir th is an indicato r of the discr im inat ion against gir l chi ld, and

heinous cr im es such as fem ale foet ic ide. Com pared t o 2000-2005 per iod, w here sex rat iod ipped cont inuously ( f rom 892 to 880) , the per iod 2005-10, has showed s l ight

improvem ent ( f rom 892 to 905) .

Sour ce: Sam ple Registr at ion system , O/ o Registrar General of India

89 2

883 882

88 0

892

90 190 4 90 6

90 5

86 0

87 0

88 0

89 0

90 0

91 0

2000-02 2001-03 2002-04 2003-05 2004-06 2005-07 2006-08 2007-09 2008-10

Fig 2.2: Tren d in Sex Ratio at Birth in Ind ia


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Among the States where Annual Health Survey (AHS)was conducted, Sex Ratio at Bir th

w as highest in Chatt isgarh (951), and low est in Ut tr akhand (866). Across al l AHS Stat es,

except Rajasthan, Odisha and Assam, Sex rat io at bir th was signif icantly higher in Rural

Areas th an Urban Ar eas.

A view of the Distr ict wise data on Sex Ratio at Bir th and Sex Ratio at 0-4 years

f rom AHS for Chat t isgarh and Ut t arakhand is ind icat ive of the w i th in Statevar ia t ions. In

Chatt isgarh, which is having a Sex rat io at Bir th at 951, there are three distr icts with Sex

Ratio at Bir th favourable to females namely Kawardha (1008), Rajnandgaon (1004),

Dhamt ar i (1003) whi le t he Sex rat io at b i r th is low est in Kor iya (876) along w i th 7 m ore

Distr icts having sex rat io at bir t h less th an 950, out o f the 16 Distr icts. In Utt arakhand

w ith Sex Rat io at Bir th 866, t he d is t r ic t w i th h ighest sex rat io is Nain i ta l (918) , and t he

low est sex rat io at b i r th w as repor ted f rom Pi thoragarh (764) . For a l l the rem ain ing 11dist r ic ts , Sex rat io at Bir th w as repor t ed betw een 823 and 890.

Table 2 .8: Child Sex Ratio (0 -6) Com parison : (AHS in EAG States & Assam )State Child Sex Rat io

(0-6 yr s)

Cen sus 201 1

Sex Ratio( 0-4 yrs-

AHS)

Sex Ratio at Birth

(AHS)

Uttarakhand 886 877 866

Rajasthan 883 870 878

Ut tar Pradesh 899 913 904

Bihar 933 931 919

Assam 957 956 925

Jharkhand 943 937 923

Orissa 934 933 905

Chhatt isgarh 964 978 951

M adhya Pradesh 912 911 904

The above tab le ind icates that , the surv iva l ra te for g i r l ch i ldren are more than boy


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The State/ UTs which have achieved 100% level of bir th registrat ion in 2007 are

Arun achal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, M eghalaya, M izoram , Nagaland,

Punjab,Tam il nadu , Chand igarh, Lakshadeep an d Puduche rry.

58.3

56.8 56.258 59.5

57.7

60.462.5

6974.5

0

10

20

30

40

5060

70

80

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Figure 2 .4 Level of Registrat ion of b irths in India


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Chapter 3

He al th Status of Chi ldren

Chi ldren of to day are ci t izens of tom orro w , w hich is w hy i t is ext rem ely im por t ant

to ensure proper heal th care serv ices as wel l as adequate nutr i t ional in take for the

chi ldren. I t is now g lobal ly acknowledged that investment in human resource

developm ent is a pre req uisi te f or any nat ion. Ear ly ch i ldhood , that is the f i rs t s ix years

const i tu tes the most crucia l per iod in l i fe , when the foundat ions are la id for cogni t ive,

socia l and emot ional language, physica l /motor development and cumulat ive l i fe long

learning. The young chi ld under 3 years is most vulnerable to the vicious cycles of

m alnutr i t ion, d isease/ in fect ion and resul tant d isabi l ity , a l l o f w hich in f luence the p resentcondi t ion of a ch i ld at micro level and the fu ture human resource development of thenat ion at the m acro level . Thus the ut m ost im por t ance of the f ind ings on the nut r i t ional

and m or t a l ity s tatus of t he ch i ldren can never be o ver em phasized.

Ind ia is among the countr ies where ch i ld mor ta l i ty ra te is a larmingly h igh. The

prob lem h as caught att ent ion of pol icy makers and researchers for several decades. The

data col lected and published by the Off ice of the Registrar General and CensusCom m issioner , Ind ia, show that a l though m ort a l ity ra te amo ng in fant and under 5

chi ldren is decl in ing over t he years, there are som e states where m or ta l i ty ra t es are very

high. This shows that despite progress in health sector in the recent decades in India,

precious young l ives cont inue to be lost due to ch i ldb ir th- re la ted causes, inadequate

new born care and ear ly ch i ldhoo d d iseases. The mo rta l i ty statu s of ch ildren in Ind ia

ref lects the t hreats in ch i ld h ealth .

Child M ortal i ty

The level o f m or ta l i ty is very h igh in t he f i rs t few hours, days and w eeks of l i fe . The


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bronchit is and pneumonia, as well as faulty feeding pract ices, poor hygiene and

malnu t r i t ion .

The chi ld mortal i ty scenario var ies widely across the states, ranging from

moderate level o f ch i ld mor ta l i ty in some states to a larmingly h igh rates in some other

states. The Samp le Regist rat ion System , in 2010, est im ated t hat , out o f t he to ta l deathsrepo rt ed, 14. 5% are infant d eaths (< 1 years), 3.9% are deat hs of 1 - 4 years chi ldren ,

18.4% are deat hs of chi ldren o f 0 - 4 years and 2.7% deaths pert ained to chi ldren of 5 -14

years. The percent age of infant d eaths to to tal death s var ies substantial ly across th e

states. From m oder ate level of 2.8% in Kerala, 5.0% in Tam il Nadu to as high as 21.8% in

Rajasth an , 21.2% in Utt ar Pradesh, 20.4% in M adhya Pradesh w ith o th er states f igur ing in

betw een th ese states. The percentage of unde r f ive deaths to t o ta l death s ranges f rom

3.2% in Kerala, 5.9% in Tamil N adu t o 2 7.6% in Ut tar Pradesh, 26.6% in Rajasthan, 26.4%inM adhya Pradesh, 26.7% in Bihar wh i le oth er states f igure in betw een these stat es.

At t he nat ional level , the percentage share of in fant deaths to t o t a l deaths in rura l

areas is 15.8%, w hereas in urban areas, th e sam e is 9.7%. Kerala register ed th e low est

share of infant death s 3% in rural and 2.3% in urban areas, fol low ed by Tam il Nadu

5% in rura l and 5% in urban areas. The percentage share of in fant d eaths to t o ta l deaths is

24.5 % in rural Rajasth an and 11.9% in urban p art, 21.9% in rural Ut tar Pradesh, and17.1% in urban areas, 21.6% in rural M adhya Pradesh and 14.1% in urban part . The

percentage share of in fant deaths to to ta l deaths is not on ly m uch less in other states

but the ru ra l urban gap in t he percentage is a lso low er in tho se stat es as comp ared to th e

Stat es of Rajasth an, Utt ar Pradesh, M adhya Pradesh.

Ne ona ta l M or ta li t y

Neo- natal deaths refer to th e deaths of infants less than 29 days of age. In 2010, the

percentage of neonatal deaths to tota l in fant deaths is 69.3% at nat ional level and var ies from

61.9% in urban areas to 70.6% in rural areas. Am ong th e bigger States, Jamm u & Kashmir (82.1%)


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The rural urban gap in neo n atal m ort al i ty rat e w as highest in Andra Pradesh and Assam

(23 points) , fo l low ed by Rajasthan (22 po ints) . The rura l urban gap in neo nata l m or t a l ity

rate low est in Kera la (3 points), fo l low ed by Tami l Nadu (6 points).

Ear ly neonata l m or t a l ity ra t e (num ber of in fant d eaths less than seven days of l i feper thousand l i ve b i rths ) fo rm s an im por tan t component o f t he in fan t m or ta l it y ra te and

m ore specia l ly o f the neonat a l m or ta l i ty ra te. At t he nat ional level , the ear ly neo nata l

mor ta l i ty ra te for the year 2010 has been est imated at 25 and ranges f rom 28 in rura l

areas to 15 in ur ban areas. Am on g the b igger (as per SRS classificati on ) St ate s, Kerala (5)

and M adhya Pradesh (34) are at t he tw o extrem es. The percentage of ear ly neo nata l

deaths to t he t o ta l in fant d eaths dur ing the year 2010, at t he nat ional level has been 53.9

and it var ies from 54.6 in rural areas to 49.6 in urban areas. Am ong bigger Stat es, th epercentage of ear ly neo nata l deaths for t o ta l in fant deaths var ies f rom the low est level o f38.7% in Kerala to the h ighest level o f 69.4% in Jam m u & Kashm ir .

The Annual Heal th Survey 2010-11, show s that , in t he Em pow ered Act ion Group

(EAG) States & Assam, t he neo -nata l mo r ta l i ty ra t e (NNM R) is h igh w i th NNM R highest in

Ut tar Pradesh (50) and low est in Jharkhan d (26). The rural urban gap is also very

signif icant in t hese Stat es.

Table 3 .1 ANN UAL HEALTH SURVEY (2010-11 )

Estim ated Ne o-nata l M ortal i ty Rate by Residence

StateNeo-nata l M or ta l ity Rate

Total Rural Urban

UTTARAKHAND 30 32 23

RAJASTHAN 40 43 30UTTAR PRADESH 50 53 36

BIHAR 35 36 27


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Sour ce: Sam ple Registrat ion System , Off ice of Registr ar General of India

Though, in fant m or ta l i ty is show ing a declin ing t rend over t he years, the p rogress

is slow . I t has been observed that , In fant m or ta l i ty amo ng fem ale ch i ldren is h igher inm ost of the years. In fant m or ta l i ty has declined for m ales f rom 78 in 1990 to 46 in 2010

and for fem ales the decl ine was f rom 81 to 49 du r ing th is per iod. The per year decl ine in

IM R w as 1.6 points for bot h m ales and fem ales and th e percentage decl ine in fem ale IM R

is 39.5% and t he percent age decline in m ale IM R is 41.02% during th e last t w o decades.Fem ale in fant s exper ienced a h igher m or t a l ity ra t e th an m ale in fants in a l l major s tates.

6663 60 58 58 57 55 53 50

47

0

20

40

60

80

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Figure 3.2 Trend in Infant M ortal i ty Rate in India

8173

64 59 56 55 52 49

78 75

57 56 55 52 49 46

0

20

40

60

80

10 0

Figure 3 .3 Infant M orta l ity Rate(M ale : Fem ale)

IM R- Fema le

I MR - ma l e


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Statu s of Infant M ortal i ty in State s of India

Dur ing 2009-10, m ajor i ty o f the State/ UTs show ed s ign i f icant d ecl ine in IM R,

w hi le only a few Stat es w here IM R is comp arat ive ly low , remained at t he sam e level

(Lakshdeep : IM R- 25, Pudu cherry: IM R- 22) or even show ed increase by one po int (Kerala:

IM R -13 in 2010 f rom 12 in 2009) . IM R in 2010, w as low est in Goa (10) fo l low ed by Kerala(13) and M anipur (14). The Stat es of M adhya Pradesh (62), Orissa (61), Ut tar Pradesh

(61), Assam (58), M eghalaya (55), Rajasthan (5 5), Chh att isgarh (51), Bihar (48) and

Haryana (48) repor ted IM R above th e nat ional average(47) . However , am ong t hese

Stat es, th e Stat es of Bihar, M adhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasth an and Ut tar Pradesh have

recorded notew or t hy progress in br ing ing dow n t he exist ing h igh IM R by a drop of 12 or

m ore point s in IM R since 2005.

The Annual Heal th Survey 2010-11, thro w s light on the latest s tatus of IM R in the

states of Em pow ered Action Grou p (EAG) and Assam . Am ong the se Stat es, th e male fem ale gap in IM R is highest in Rajasth an , th e fem ale IM R is higher by 10 point s than t he

m ale IM R, and th is gap is m ain ly due to h igh mo r ta l i ty d i f ferent ia l in the rura l areas. In

oth er EAG states and Assam the IM R dif ferent ia l betw een m ale and f em ale is less than 5

point s ( except Od isha).

The Urban rural gap in IM R is very large in al l t he EAG stat es and Assam , the

Rural IM R is m ore t han the urban IM R by about 50% in these states.

Table 3.2 AN N U AL HEALTH SURVEY

Estim ated Infa nt M ortal i ty Rate by Sex and Residence

State Total Rural UrbanTota l M ale Fem ale Tota l M ale Fem ale Tota l M ale Fem ale

UTTARAKHAND 43 42 44 46 46 47 33 32 33


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Table 3 .3 In fant M or ta l ity Rate ( IM R) 8 Em pow ered Act ion Group Sta tes & Assam

Annu al Heal th Survey 2010-11

State Total

No.distr icts

Dist r ic ts wi th

m i nim u m IM R

Distr ic ts wi th

M axim u m IM R

Range

Ut tarakhan d 13 Rudrap rayag (19) Haridw ar (72) 53

Rajasthan 32 Kota (36) Jalor (79) 43

Ut tar Pradesh 70 Kanpur Nagar (36) Shraw asti (103) 67

Bihar 37 Patn a (39) M adepur a (71) 32

Assam 23 Dhem aji (44) Kokrajhar (76) 32

Jharkhand 18 Purbi Singhbu m (26) Godd a (64) 38

Orissa 30 Baleshw ar (49) Balangir (100) 51

Chatt isgarh 16 Durg (43) Raigarh (65) 22

Madhya

Pradesh

45 Indore (40) Panna (93) 53

Sour ce: Annual Health survey, Off ice of t he Registrar general of India

Infant m ortal i ty rate: Stat us of achieving M i llennium Develop m ent Goals in India

The M i l lennium Developm ent Goals has goal 4 : Reduce Chi ld M or ta l i ty t arget ing

to reduce the under f ive mor ta l i t y rate by tw o t h i rds be tw een 1990 and 2015 . In fan tM or ta l i ty ra te is one of t he ind icators to m easure th e progress of achievemen t of t h is

target . IM R for the country as a w hole declined by 33 points in the last tw o decades at


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Und er Five M or ta l ity

The Under -Five M or ta l ity Rate (U5M R) is th e pro babil i ty (expressed as a rate per

1000 l ive bir t hs) of a chi ld born in a specif ied year dying befo re reaching the age of f ive i fsubjected to current age specif ic m or ta l i ty r a tes.

0

20

40

60

80Andh ra Pradesh

Arun achal PradeshAssam

Bihar

Go a

Gujarat

Haryana

Him achal Pradesh

Karnataka

KeralaM adhya Pradesh

M aharash t raMa n i p u r

M eghalaya

Orissa

Punjab

Rajasthan

Sikkim

Tam i l Nadu

Tr ipura

Ut tar PradeshW est Bengal

Figure 3 .5 Infant M orta l ity Rate - State level achievem ent of

M D G s

2010

l ike ly ach ievem ent

target 2015


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Source: NFHS, SRS

The male fem ale gap in U5M R was more in rura l areas than in urban areas.

Table 3 .4 Under F ive M orta l ity Rate -2010

India Rural Ur ban

Total M ale Fem ale Total M ale Fem ale Total M ale Fem ale59 55 64 66 61 71 38 36 40

Source: Sample Registration System 2010

In 2010, am ong bigger Stat es, U5M R varies from low est in Kerala (15), fo l low ed by 27 in

Tam i l Nadu to a larm ingly h igh level in Assam (83), fo l low ed by M adhya Pradesh (82), ,

Ut t ar Pradesh (79) , Odisha (78) w hi le oth er s tates f igure in bet w een. Al l the b igger stat es

have h igher under f ive mo r ta l i ty rates for fem ale than that fo r male.

As per th e Annual Health Survey (2010-11), cond ucted in t he EAG Stat es and

Assam , the Stat es except Utt arakhand and Jharkhand h ave registe red U5M R higher t han

12 5

109.394.9

74.3 6964

59

0

20

40

60

80

10 0

12 0

14 0

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Figure 3.6 Un der Five M ortal i ty Rate - India


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Table 3.5 AN N U AL HEALTH SU RVEY

Estim ated U nder Five M ortal i ty Rate (U 5M R) by Sex and Residence

State / Distr ict

N a m e

Total Rural U rban

Tota l M a le Fem ale Tota l M a le Fem ale Tota l M a le Fem ale

BIHAR

77 74 81 80 76 83 57 53 60

ASSAM

78 76 80 84 82 87 42 42 43

JHARKHAND

59 57 61 66 64 67 35 33 38

ORISSA 82 80 84 87 85 89 54 50 59

CHHATTISGARH

70 68 71 75 74 77 47 45 49

M ADHYA

PRADESH89 86 93 99 96 103 62 60 64

Sour ce: Annual Health survey, Off ice of t he Registrar general of India

As observed for IM R, wit hin Stat e var iat ion in EAG Stat es and Assam is high fo r U5M R also

and th e h ighest var ia t ion U5M R amo ng the d ist r ic ts is in Ut tar Pradesh.

Table 3 .6 U nder F ive M or ta l ity Rate ( IM R) 8 Emp ow ered Act ion Group Sta tes & Assam

2010-11

State Total

No.districts

Districts with

m i n im u m I M R

Districts with

M a xim u m IM R

Range


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Un der Five m ortal i ty rate: Statu s of achieving M i llennium Developm ent Goals in India

Reducing the under f ive m or ta l i ty ra te b y tw o t h i rds, is the t arget specif ied under

M DG goal 4 : Reduce chi ld m or ta l i ty . Given to redu ce U5M R to 42 per t housand l ive b i r ths

by 2015, Ind ia tends to reach near to 52 by that year miss ing the target by 10 points.

With the histor ical rate of decl ine, the States of Delhi, Goa, Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim,Tam il Nadu, West Bengal & Kerala are l ikely to achieve their respective M DG target b y2015.

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00Andhr a Pradesh

Assam

Bihar

Delhi

Gujarat

Haryana

Him achal Pradesh

Jamm u & Kashmir

Karnataka

Kerala

M adhya Pradesh

M aharash t ra

Orissa

Punjab

Rajasthan

Tam il Nadu

Utt ar Pradesh

W est Bengal

Figure 3 .7 U nder F ive M orta l ity Rate - State level

ach ievement o f M D Gs

2010

Likely

ach ievement2015

target 2015


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Im m unisation status of the chi ldren

The coverage evaluation survey 2009 (UN ICEF & Governm ent of India), reveals th e

immunizat ion coverage rates for each type of vaccinat ion, accord ing to e i ther

im m unization card or mo th ers recall . The analysis of vaccine specif ic dat a indicateshigher coverage of each type o f vaccine in urban areas th an in rural areas. Accord ing to

the p r imary im m unizat ion schedule, the ch i ld should be f u l ly vaccinated by t he t im e he/

she is 12 m ont hs old. Full im m unization includ es one dose of BCG, th ree inject ions of

DPT, th ree dozes of po l io and one inject ion of m easles.

Table 3 .7 Percentage of chi ldren aged 12-23 months who received specif ic

vaccination

Antigens Rural Urb an Total

BCG 86.0 89.2 86.9

OPV0 63.3 73.2 66.0

OPV1 81.3 86.3 82.7OPV2 76.1 82.4 77.9

OPV3 68.2 76.3 70.4

DPT1 81.3 85.8 82.6

DPT2 76.5 82.7 78.2

DPT3 69.1 77.6 71.5

M easles 72.4 78.3 74.1


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The fu l l immunizat ion coverage of ch i ldren age 12-23 months is h ighest in Goa

(87.9%), fo llow ed by Sikkim (85 .3%), Punjab (83.6%), and Kerala (81.5%). The full

im m unization cove rage is low est in Arun achal Pradesh (24.8%).

Coverage of ful l imm unization in India


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Im m unisat ion against m easles: Statu s of achieving M i llennium Developm ent Go als in India

The M DG Goal 4 : Reduce chi ld m or t a l ity has an ind icator Propo r t ion of one

year o ld ch i ldren im m unised against m easles to t rack the progress of im m unisat ion.The nat ional level measure of the propor t ion of one-year o ld (12-23 months) ch i ldren

im m unised against m easles has register ed an increase from 42.2% in 1992-93 to 74.1% in

2009 (UNICEF & GOI- Coverage Evaluation Survey 200 9). At th e histor ical rate of in crease,

Ind ia is expected cover about 89% chi ldren in the age group 12-23 months for

immunisation against measles by 2015. Thus India is l ikely to fal l short of universal

im m unisat ion o f on e-year o lds against m easles by about 11 percentage points in 2015.

The Coverage Evaluation Survey 2009 further reveals that there exists a sl ight sex wise

var ia t ion in the coverage of measles immunizat ion being 74.8% for male ch i ldren and73.2% for fem ale ch i ldren. There exi ts coverage gap in m easles imm unizat ion depending

upon the b i r th order of the ch i ld as 79.8% of the f i rs t b i r th order ch i ldren were

im m unized against o n ly 53.6% of t he 4 t h bir th ord er ch i ldren. Only 61.2% of th e ch i ldren

in low est w ealth q uint i le w ere imm unized against m easles comp ared to 83.5% of ch i ldren

from the hou seholds in the h ighest w ealth qu int i le .

Prevalence of HIV/ AIDs in chi ldren

Ind ia s response to the HIV epidemic and the broad socia l mobi l izat ion of

stakeholders has achieved signif icant results in contro l l ing t he HIV epidem ic. The

ach ievements war ran t the need fo r fu r ther commi tment and coord ina ted jo in t ac t ion

th at is guided by th e best available scient i f ic evidence and techn ical know ledge. Evident

f rom the 2008/ 09 HIV est im ates (latest Sent ine l surveil lance rounds) , in 2009, th e num berof HIV infect ions has decreased from 24.42 lakhs in 2008 to 23.95 lakhs in 2009.

However , the percent d is t r ibut ion of HIV in fect ions for the age group 0- 15 years has


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CHILD DEVELOPM ENT


49/226

Chapter 4

N utr i t ion al Stat us of Chi ldre n

I t is w el l acknow ledged th at investm ent in hum an resource developm ent is a pre

requisi te for any nat ion t o progress. Chi ldren of today are ci t izens of to m orrow , andhence improving nutr i t ional s tatus of ch i ldren becomes extremely impor tant . Ear ly

chi ldhoo d, that is the f i rst s ix years const i tu tes the most crucia l per iod in l i fe , w hen the

foundat ions are la id for cogni t ive, socia l and emot ional language, physica l /motor

development and cumulat ive l i fe long learn ing. The young chi ld under 3 years is most

vulnerable to the v icious cycles of m alnutr i t ion, d isease/ in fect ion and resul tant d isabi l ity

a l l o f w hich in f luence the p resent condi t ion of a ch i ld at m icro level and t he fu t ure hum anresource developm ent of t he nat ion at the m acro level . The assessment of t he ground

real i ty as ref lected by the stat is t ics on nutr i t ional s tatus of ch i ldren becomes very

signif icant in th is cont ext.

The consequences of ch i ld malnutr i t ion for ch i ld morbid i ty and mor ta l i ty are

enorm ous and t here is an adverse impact o f m alnut r i t ion on p roduct iv ity so that a fa i lure

to combat ch i ld malnutr i t ion reduces potent ia l economic growth at the macro level . Atthe mic ro leve l , ma lnu t r i t ion bo th p ro te in energy ma lnu t r i t ion and mic ronu t r ien t

deficiencies direct ly affects chi ldrens physical and cognit ive growth and increasessuscept ib i l ity t o in fect ion and d iseases. I t is obvious that t here is urgent need to focus on

the nutr i t ional and overa l l developmenta l needs of ch i ldren. The golden in terva l for

in tervent ion is be l ieved to be f rom pregnancy to 2 years of age, a f ter which under

nutr i t ion may cause i r revers ib le damage for fu ture development. Poor fe ta l growth or

stunt ing in t he f i rs t t w o years of l i fe leads to i r reversib le damage. Inadequate cogni t ive or

socia l st im ulat ion in f i rst tw o t o t hree years has l ife long negat ive im pact on educat ional

per form ance and psycho-social fu nct ion ing.


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M easur ing malnutr it ion am ong children

Bir th w eight is an im por t ant ind icator w hich reveals the heal th condi t ion of a ch i ld

at b i r th . There is a close re lat ionship betw een mat ernal and ch i ld heal th . Weak,undernour ished anaem ic w om en g ive b i r th t o low b i r th w e igh t bab ies.

36

50

33

58

0

20

40

60

80

Figure 4.1 N utr i t ional status of pregnant w om en

in India

NFHS 2 (199 8-99)

NFHS 3 (200 5-06)


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Height-for-age (stun ting)

Chi ldren w hose height - for -age is be low m inus tw o standard deviat ion s (-2 SD) f rom the

m edian of the reference popu lat ion are considered shor t for t he ir age (stun ted) and are

chronical ly m alnour ished. Chi ldren below m inus three standard deviat ions ( -3 SD) f rom

the m edian of the reference populat ion are considered t o be severe ly stunted. Stunt ing

ref lects fa i lure t o receive adequate nut r i t ion o ver a long per iod of t im e. Height- for -age,therefore , represents the long- term ef fects of m alnutr i t ion in a popu lat ion and does not

vary accord ing to recent d ie tary in take.

W eight-for-he ight (w asting)

The weight- for -height index measures body mass in re la t ion to body length and

descr ibes current nu tr i t ional statu s. Chi ldren w ho are below -2SD f rom the m edian of thereference populat ion are considered th in (wasted) for the ir he ight and are acute lym alnour ished. Wast ing represents the fa i lure to r eceive adequate nu tr i t ion in t he per iod

im m ediate ly preceding the survey and m ay be the result o f inadequate food in take or a

recent ep isode o f i l lness causing loss of w eight and t he on set o f m alnutr i t ion. Chi ldren

w hose weight- for -height is be low -3 SD f rom the m edian of the reference populat ion are

considered t o be severe ly wasted.

W eight - for -age (underw eight )

Weight- for -age is a composi te index of he ight- for -age and weight- for -height . I t

takes in to account bo th acute and chron ic m alnutr i t ion. Chi ldren w hose weight- for -age is

below minus 2 SD f rom the median of the reference populat ion are c lassi f ied as

underw eight . Chi ldren w hose weight- for -age is be low m inus 3 SD f rom the m edian of the

reference populat ion are considered t o be severe ly underw eight .

The Percentage of chi ldren below 5 years classif ied as malnourished according tothese th ree anthro pom etr ic ind ices of nut r i t ional s tatus in Ind ia as revealed by NFHS 3


52/226

Sour ce: National Fam ily Health Survey, M inistry of Health and Fam ily Welfare

During the period between NFHS 2 (1998-99) & NFHS 3 (2005-06), decl ine has been

observed for stun t ing and underw eight amo ng chi ldren un der 3 years of age, w hereas thepercentage of ch i ldren w asted has increased. How ever , i t m ay be noted t hat , the degree

of decl ine w as very low for bot h categor ies of ch i ldren (< 3 years) repor ted stun t ing and

underw eight as the p er year decl ine w ere less than one percent age point in bot h cases.

Further, the increase in the percentage of chi ldren wasted over years indicates a

w orsening si tuat ion, t hough t he per year increase w as less than one percentage point .

Table 4 .2 Nu tr i t ional stat us of children (< 5years) NFHS 3 (2005-06)M a le Fe m a le

% Children stunt ed (height for age) 48.1 48

51

19.7

42.744.9

22.9

40.4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

% Chi ldr en stunt ed (height

for age)

% Chi ldren w asted (weight

for he ight )

% Chi ldren un derw eight

(weight for age)

Figure 4.2 N utr i t ional Status of Chi ldren u nde r three years of age

in India

NFHS 2 (1998 -99)

NFHS 3 (2005 -06)


53/226

Sour ce: National Fam ily Health Survey 2005-06, M inistr y of Health and Family W elfare

The rura l Ind ia is wi tnessing more malnutr i t ion among chi ldren < 5 years as h igherpercentage of s tunted, w asted and und erw eight ch i ldren w ere repor t ed f rom rura l areas.

4 1

47.8

54 .3

6 1

17 .819 .6

21 .824 .5

36.1

41 .4

49 .9

56 .6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 2-3 4-5 6+

Figure 4.3 Birth order an d M alnourishm ent in chi ldren

% Chi ldren stunted (he ight for

age)

% Chi ldren w asted (w eight for

he ight )

% Chi ldren underw eight (weight

for age)

39 6

50.745.650

60

Figure 4.4 M alnutr i t ion in Chi ldren in Urb an and

Rural India


54/226

Sour ce: National Fam ily Health Survey , 2005-06, M inistry of He alth and Fam ily Welfare

I t is a wel l known fact that , the nutr i t ional s tatus of pregnant and lactat ing

m ot hers has a very signif icant bearing on th e nut r i t io nal stat us of chi ldren. The NFHS 3

resul ts suppor t th is as m alnutr i t ion am ong chi ldren is h ighest for underw eight m oth ers.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

no educat ion

< 5 years com plete

5-7 years com plete

8-9 years com plete

10-11 years com plete

12 or mo re years com plete

Figure 4 .5 M alnutr it ion in Chi ldren a nd M other 's educat ion

% Chi ldren underw eight (weight

for age)

% Chi ldren w asted (weight fo r

he ight )

% Chi ldren stunted (he ight for age)

40

50

60 Figure 4 .6 M alnutr ion in Chi ldren and M other 's nutr i t ional status


55/226

Sour ce: National Fam ily Health Survey, 2005-06, M inistry of Healt h and Fam ily Welfare

The pro blem of u nderw eight ch i ldren w as h igher am ong Schedule t r ibes (54.5%),

Schedule Castes (47.9%) and Other backward classes (43.2%), while the category of

o thers and Caste not known repor ted 33.7% and 35.1% underweight ch i ldrenrespect ive ly . The var ia t ion in percentage of underw eight ch i ldren amo ng var ious

rel igions is also very str iking. Am ong Hindu chi ldren, 43.2% and amo ng M uslim chi ld ren

41.8% were und erw eight ch i ldren, w hi le amo ng Chr ist ian, Sikh and Jain comm unit ies, the

underw eight ch i ldren w ere 29.7%, 22%, and 24% respect ive ly .

U nderw eight chi ldren < 5 years Profile of Stat es/ UTs

The 2011 census est imates the populat ion of ch i ldren below 6 years at 158.8

mi l l ion. Near ly 40 % of these ch i ldren are undernour ished that is more than 63 mi l l ion

59.9

25

56.654.3

22

49.248.9

18.8

41.440.8

16.6

33.6

25.3

12.7

19.7

0

10

20

30

4050

60

70

% Chi ldr en stunt ed(he ight f or age)

% Chi ldr en w asted(weight for he ight )

% Chi ldren un derw eight(weight for age)

Figure 4 .7 M alnutr it ion of children and w eal th index

Low est W eal th Index

Second w eal th index

M idd le wea l th i ndex

Fourt h w eal th index

Highest w eal th index


56/226

Sour ce: National Fam ily Health Survey, M inistry of Health and Fam ily Welfare

In i t iat ion of breast feeding imm ediate ly af ter ch i ldb ir th , preferably w i th in one hour

is a recommended pract ice which is encouraged for a number of reasons, the most

impor tant be ing that , the f i rs t breast mi lk is h igh ly nutr i t ious and i t improves theim m unity po w er of t he ch i ld . How ever , Dist r ic t level Household Survey (DLHs -3 2007-08)

shows only 40.5% chi ldren are for t unate to be b reast fed w i th in one hou r of ch i ld b i r th .

01020304050

6070

Figure 4.8 Percentage of un der w eight chi ldren (


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Table 4 .3 Prevalence of Anaem ia am ong chi ldren (%)

age in month s

any anaem ia

(


58/226

Sou rce: N FHS 3 (2005 -06)

Though, pover ty is one of t he m ain cause of m alnutr i t ion am ong chi ldren in Ind ia,

there are many oth er condi t ions w hich lead to m alnutr i t ion and anaemia am ong chi ldren

w hich inc ludes the n utr i t ional statu s of m oth ers, educat ional statu s of m oth ers and oth er

social condit ions as depicted here.

Anaemia prevalence among chi ldren of (6-59 m ont hs) is m ore t han 70 percent in

Bihar, M adhya Pradesh, Ut tar Pradesh, Haryana, Chhat t isgarh, Andhra Pradesh,

Karnat aka and Jharkhan d. Anaem ia prevalence am ong chi ldren of (6-59 m ont hs) is lessthan 50 percent in Goa, M anipur , M izoram , and Kerala. For the rem ain ing States, th e

anaem ia prevalence is in t he range of 50% - 70%.

0

20

40

60

80

10 0

Lowest

wea l th i ndex

Second

wea l th i ndex

M i d d l e

w eal th index

Fourth

wea l th i ndex

Highest

w eal th index

76.4 73.6 69.3 64.856.2

Figure 4 .11 Prevalence of anae m ia am ong Chi ldren (6- 59

m onths) and we al th index

Figure 4.12 Prevalence of an aem ia am ong chi ldren (6-5 9

m onth s) in States


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NFHS 3 (2005-06) , data on micronutr ient in take was co l lected on the consumpt ion of

v i tam in A r ich foods and on the adm in ist rat ion of Vi tam in A supplement s. The survey has

shown that , socio economic condi t ions a lso p lay some ro le in the in take of

m icronut r ients, as i t had increased w i th age of ch i ldren, w i th m oth ers educat ion and th e

w ealth index of the household. The data on micronut r ient in take of ch i ldren are depicted

be low.

Sou rce: N FHS 3 (2005 -06)

The Annual Heal th Survey (2010-11) conducted am ong the 8 Em pow ered Act ion

Group States and Assam also co l lected data on some imp or t ant ind icators re lated t o

m icronu t r ien t in take nu t r i t ion among ch ild ren .

T bl 4 4 I di t Chi ld t i t i A l H lth S 2010 11

05

101520253035

404550

% of ch i ldren 6-

3 5 mo n t h sconsum ing food

r i ch w i th V i taminA in last 24 hours

% of ch i ldren 6-

3 5 mo n t h sconsum ing food

r ich wi th I ron inlast 24 hours

% of ch i ldren 6-

59 m onth s g ivenV i tam in A

supplement inlast 6 m on ths

% of ch i ldren 6-

59 m onths g ivenI ron supplem ent

in last 7 days

% of ch i ldren 6-

59 m onths l iv ingin households

using adequat elyiod ised salt

47.1

14.6

18.2

4. 7

47.5

Figure 4.13 M icronut ient intake am ong chi ldren


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Table 4 .4 Indicators on Chi ld nutr i t ion Annua l Heal th Survey 2010-11Assam Bihar Chattisga

rh

Jharkhand M adhya

Pradesh

Odisha Rajasthan Uttar

Pradesh

Ut ta ra

khand

taken (%)

Chi ldren w i th

b i r th w eightless th an 2.5

Kg. (%)

26.1 22.4 15.8 36.3 28.6 22.3 38.7 28.2 24.1

BREASTFEEDIN G AND SUPPLEM ENTATION

Chi ldren

breast fed

wi th in one

hour o f b i r th

(%)

69.6 30.3 63.9 37.9 61.5 71.5 48.6 32.9 63.2

Chi ldren(aged 6-35

mon ths)

exclusively

breast fed for

at le ast six

m onth s (%)

39.2 28.5 47.5 45.6 36.8 24.8 24.7 17.7 38.2

Sour ce: Annual Health survey 2010-11, Off ice of the Registrar General of India

As per t he Ann ual Health Surv ey 2010-11, amo ng t he AHS Stat es, th e percent age

of ch i ldren b reast fed w i th in one h our w as h ighest (71.5%) in Odisha (71.5%) and low est inBihar (30.3%).

69.6

30.3

63.937.9

61.5 71.548.6

32.9

63.2

20406080

Figure 4.14 Chi ldren b reastfed w ithin one hour of bir th

(%) EAG States & ASSAM (201 0-11)


61/226

underw eight ch i ldren by 2015. Al l -Ind ia t rend of t he proport ion of underweight (severe

and m odera te ) children be low 3 years of age shows India is go ing slow in e l im inat ing the

ef fect o f malnutr i t ion. From est imated 52% in 1990, the propor t ion of underweight

ch i ldren below 3 years is required to be reduced to 26% by 2015. The propor t ion of

underw eight ch i ldren has decl ined by only 3 percentage points dur ing 1998-99 to 2005-

06, ie f rom about 43% to about 40% and at th is h istor ica l ra te of decl ine, the m easure isexpec ted to come d ow n to abou t 33% on ly by 2015 .

Conclusion

In fant and young chi ld feeding pract ices in par t icu lar cont inue to be a ser ious

challenge to reduce m alnutr i t ion amon g chi ldren. In sp ite of unprecedented econom ic

grow th, im provem ents in ch i ldhood nut r i t ional st atus in Ind ia over the last decade havebeen s low. The status of var ious aspects of nutr i t ion among chi ldren points towards

urgent need to take the ca l l for aggressive awareness campaigns a long wi th improved

52.01

51.5 42.7 40.4

26.00

32.85

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1990 est 1992-93 1998-99 2005-06

Figure 4.15 Prevalence o f Un der W eight Chi ldren

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