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Thompson-Nicola Regional District

Mosquito Control Pest

Management Plan

PMP Application #: TNRD-MOSQ-2011

February 8, 2011


Executive Summary

This Pest Management Plan (PMP) will serve as a strategic management tool that will

allow for the effective prevention and control of larval mosquitoes for the entire TNRD,

including all public, private and First Nations Reserve lands (by permission of the

applicable owner, agent or authority.

Currently, the TNRD carries out nuisance and vector mosquito control activities only

within Electoral Areas “A”, “J”, “L”, “O” and “P”, the City of Kamloops, the District of

Clearwater, the District of Barriere, the Village of Chase, the resort Municipality of Sun

Peaks, and the District of Logan Lake. Due to the possibility that West Nile Virus

(WNV) may be detected in other areas of the TNRD where nuisance and vector mosquito

control activities are not currently conducted (and the TNRD is directed by the Interior

Health Authority to control mosquito larvae that are potential vectors of WNV in these

areas), this PMP will apply to the entire TNRD.

Larval mosquito control will be the primary emphasis of this PMP. Since 2001,

adulticiding has never been conducted by the TNRD. The use of adulticides is included

in this PMP primarily for the purpose of giving the TNRD the legal authority to control

adult mosquitoes that are known or potential vectors of WNV if so directed by the IHA

Medical Health Officer under a Pesticide Application Order issued under section 3(1) of

the Public Health Act, West Nile Virus Control Regulation.

Adult mosquitoes are a source of annoyance and are capable arboviruses such as West

Nile Virus to both humans and domestic animals. The primary mosquito species that are

known to transmit West Nile Virus are common within the TNRD. Adult biting counts

of more than 3 per minute are intolerable for most people, and can negatively affect

outdoor worker performance and human activities. It is the TNRDs objective and

obligation to minimize both the annoyance and the potential for disease spreading caused

by mosquitoes.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) principles are used in this PMP. These principles

involve the selection of treatment option(s) that most effectively target mosquitoes while

minimizing impacts to man and the environment. The IPM techniques detailed within

this PMP include prevention and reduction of mosquito breeding habitat, as well as

physical, mechanical, biological and chemical control of larvae and adult mosquitoes.

This PMP is the legal authority for the TNRD to utilize pesticides for the purposes

indicated above.

All mosquito control activities will be undertaken in a manner that minimizes the risk to

the environment and human health, and will comply with all provisions of Section 58 of

the BC Integrated Pest Management Act (2004).


Table of Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

1.1 Thompson-Nicola Regional District ------------------------------------------------- 1

1.2 Identifying Information --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

1.2.1 Person Responsible for Managing Pests ------------------------------------------------- 1

1.2.2 Geographic Boundaries of Plan Area ------------------------------------------------- 1

1.3 Reasons for Conducting Mosquito Control ------------------------------------------------- 2

1.3.1 Nuisance Mosquito Control ------------------------------------------------- 2

1.3.2 West Nile Virus ----------------------------------------------------------- 3

1.4 Role and Term of the Plan ----------------------------------------------------------- 4

2.0 INTEGRATED MOSQUITO CONTROL PROGRAM ---------------- 5

2.1 Goals and Objectives of the TNRD Mosquito Control Program ------------------- 5

2.1.1 Goal ----------------------------------------------------------- 5

2.1.2 Objectives ----------------------------------------------------------- 5

2.2 Elements of the TNRD Integrated Mosquito Control Program ------------------------------ 5

2.3 Description of Program Employed for Mosquito Prevention ------------------------------ 6

2.3.1 Source Reduction -------------------------------------------------- 6

2.3.2 Water Management -------------------------------------------------- 7

2.3.3 Public Education -------------------------------------------------- 8

2.3.4 Personal Protective Measures and Use of Adult Mosquito Repellants ----------- 9

2.4 Identification of Mosquito Larvae ---------------------------------------- 10

2.4.1 Identification of Potential WNV Vector Mosquito Species -------------------- 10

2.4.2 How Mosquito Species Will Be Identified ------------------------------ 12

2.5 Monitoring Program for Mosquito Larvae ---------------------------------------- 12

2.5.1 Surveillance of River Levels and Snowmelt Pools ------------------------------ 13

2.5.2 Locating and Mapping Larval Mosquito Breeding Sites ------------------------------ 14

2.5.3 Meteorological Monitoring ---------------------------------------- 14

2.5.4 Surveillance of Larval Mosquitoes ---------------------------------------- 14

2.5.5 Surveillance of Adult Mosquitoes ---------------------------------------- 16

2.5.6 BCCDC System of Surveillance Activity Initiation Based on Response Level ----- 18

2.5.7 Assessing Environmental Conditions and Damage Before Insecticide Use --------- 20

2.6 Description of Injury Thresholds and How They Were Chosen and Will Be Applied ------- 20

2.6.1 Treatment Thresholds for Mosquito Larvae ------------------------------ 21

2.6.2 Treatment Thresholds for Adult Mosquitoes ------------------------------ 22

2.6.3 Treatment Decisions -------------------------------------------------- 22

2.7 Pesticide and Non Pesticide Treatment Options for Mosquito Larvae -------------------- 23

2.7.1 Physical and Mechanical Control Methods ------------------------------ 23

2.7.2 Biological Control -------------------------------------------------- 24

2.7.3 Chemical Control (Larvicides) -------------------------------------------------- 26

2.8 Pest Treatment Options for Adult Mosquitoes -------------------------------------------------- 28

2.8.1 Treatment Options for Adult Mosquitoes ---------------------------------------- 28

2.9 Treatment Selection Criteria -------------------------------------------------- 30

2.10 Post Treatment Program for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Pesticide Use ----------- 31

2.10.1 Evaluating Effectiveness of Pesticide Use on Mosquito Populations ----------------- 31

2.10.2 Post Treatment Monitoring of the Environment and Non Target Organisms ------- 32

2.10.2.1 Larviciding Treatments ---------------------------- -- 32


2.10.2.2 Adulticiding Treatments -------------------------------------- 32

3.0 OPERATIONAL INFORMATON -------------------------------------------- 33

3.1 Qualifications and Responsibilities of Persons Applying Insecticides ------------------ 34

3.2 Procedures for Safely Transporting Insecticides ------------------------------------------- 34

3.3 Procedures for Safely Storing Insecticides -------------------------------------- 35

3.4 Procedures for Safely Mixing, Loading and Applying Insecticides ------------------------- 36

3.5 Procedures for Safe Disposal of Empty Insecticide Containers & Insecticides --------- 36

3.6 Procedures for Responding to Insecticide Spills ----------------------------------------------- 37

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION STRATEGIES AND PROCEDURES - 38

4.1 Strategies to Protect Community Watersheds ------------------------------------- 38

4.2 Strategies to Protect Domestic & Agricultural Water Sources ------------------------------ 39

4.2.1 Insecticide Applications for Larval Mosquito Control --------------------------- 39

4.2.2 Insecticide Applications for Adult Mosquito Control --------------------------- 40

4.3 Strategies for Protecting Fish & Wildlife, Riparian Areas & Wildlife Habitat ------------- 41


4.3.2 Insecticide Applications for Adult Mosquito Control ---------------------------- 42

4.4 Strategies to Prevent Herbicide Contamination of Food -------------------------------------- 43


4.4.2 Insecticide Applications for Adult Mosquito Control ---------------------------- 43

4.5 Pre Treatment Inspection Procedures for Identifying Treatment Boundaries --------------- 43

4.6 Procedures for Maintaining and Calibrating Herbicide Application Equipment ------------ 44

4.7 Procedures for Monitoring Weather Conditions and Strategies for Modifying --------- 45

Application Methods for Different Weather Conditions

4.8 Insecticide Properties, Manner of Application and Equipment Used ------------------ 46

4.8.1 Properties and Use Patterns of Bacterial Larvicides ------------------ 46

4.8.2 Properties and Use Patterns of Chemical Larvicides ------------------ 48

4.8.3 Larvicide Application Methods and Equipment Used for Application ------------ 50

4.8.4 Properties and Use Patterns of Adulticides ---------------------------- 50

4.8.5 Adulticide Application Methods and Equipment Used for Application ------------ 52

5.0 REPORTING, NOTIFICATION AND CONSULTATION --------------------- 52

5.1 Reporting -------------------------------------------------------------------- 52

5.1.1 Confirmation Holder Use Records --------------------------------------- 53

5.1.2 Annual Report for Confirmation Holders --------------------------------------- 53

5.2 Notifications ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 53

5.2.1 Notification if IVMP Confirmation --------------------------------------- 54

5.2.2 Annual Notice of Intent to Treat ------------------------------------------------- 54

5.2.3 Requests to Amend the IVMP ------------------------------------------------- 54

5.2.4 Notification of Contraventions ------------------------------------------------- 54

5.2.5 Public Notification Prior to Treatment ------------------------------------------------- 55

5.2.6 Notification of Adulticiding --------------------------------------- 55

5.2.7 First Nations Notification Prior to Treatment --------------------------------------- 55

5.2.8 Posting of Treatment Notices --------------------------------------- 55

5.3 Consultations --------------------------------------------------------------------- 56

5.3.1 Public Consultations ------------------------------------------------- 56


5.3.2. First Nations Consultations ------------------------------------------------- 57

5.3.2.1 Draft Guidelines for First Nations Consultations ----------------------------- 58

5.3.3 First Nations Consultation Report ------------------------------------------------- 59

Tables

Table 1 List of Mosquito Species Present With the TNRD --------------------------- 11

Table 2 Potential WNV Vector Mosquitoes Confirmed Within TNRD Boundaries ------- 11

Table 3 BCCDC System of Timing of Surveillance Activity Initiation Based on Response Level ---- 19

Table 4 Bacterial Agents Proposed for Larval Mosquito Control ----------------------------- 25

Table 5 Insecticides (Chemical Larvicides) Proposed for Larval Mosquito Control ------------------- 27

Table 6 Minimum Water Protection Measures for Insecticides Applications for Larval

Mosquito Control -------------------------------------------------------------------- 40

Table 7 Minimum Water Protection Measures for Insecticides Applications for Adult

Mosquito Control -------------------------------------------------------------------- 41

Table 8 Examples of Trade Names of the Bacterial Larvicides Proposed for Use ------------------- 46

Table 9 Examples of Trade Names of the Chemical Larvicides Proposed for Use ------------------- 49

Table 10 Larvicide Application Method and Equipment Used for Application ------------------- 50

Table 11 Examples of Trade names of Adulticides Proposed for Use ------------------- 50

Table 12 Adulticide Application Methods and Equipment Used for Application ------------------- 52

Appendices

Appendix 1 TNRD Adulticiding Petition ----------------------------- 60

Appendix 2 Map of Plan Area ------------------------------------------------- 61


Mosquito Control Pest Management Plan February 8, 2011 1

1.0 Introduction

Provisions of the BC Integrated Pest Management Act (IPMA) and Regulations (IPMR) Sections

24(2)(c)&(h) require that the use of pesticides for larval mosquito control on more than 1 ha per year of

public land that is a body of water and managed by a single entity (such as the Thompson-Nicola Regional

District) or the management of mosquitoes on public land, other than with a bacterial pesticide applied to

a body of water be conducted under a Pest Management Plan (PMP) that has been confirmed by the BC

Ministry of Environment.

A PMP means a plan that describes:

A program for managing pest populations or reducing damage caused by pests based on

integrated pest management; and,

The methods of handling, preparing, mixing, applying, and otherwise using pesticides

within the program.

1.1 Thompson Nicola Regional District

With a population of 122,286 (2006 census), and a total area of 45,279 square kilometers, the

TNRD incorporates 11 municipalities (Ashcroft, Barriere, Cache Creek, Chase, Clearwater,

Clinton, Kamloops, Logan Lake, Lytton, Merritt and Sun Peaks), as well as 10 electoral areas that

represent the many small, unincorporated communities. The TNRD has carried out a mosquito

control program since 1972.

1.2 Identifying Information IPMR Section 58(1)

1.2.1 Responsibility for the TNRD Integrated Mosquito Control

Program IPMR Section 58(1)(b)(c)

Within the TNRD, the primary contact for information relating to this Pest Management

Plan is:

Don May, P.Eng.,

Manager of Environmental Health Services

300-465 Victoria Street

Kamloops, B.C. V2C 2A9.

Phone: (250) 377-8673 or at 1-877-377-8673.

1.2.2 Geographic Boundaries of the Area to Which This Plan

Applies IPMR Section 58(1)(a)

This Pest Management Plan (PMP) applies to the entire TNRD, including all public, private

and First Nations Reserve Lands by permission of the applicable owner, agency or



authority. Currently, the TNRD carries out nuisance and vector mosquito control activities

only within Electoral Areas “A”, “J”, “L”, “O” and “P”, the City of Kamloops, the District

of Clearwater, the District of Barriere, the Village of Chase, the resort Municipality of Sun

Peaks, and the District of Logan Lake. Due to the possibility that other electoral areas or

municipalities may be included in the nuisance program in the future, and due to the

possibility that WNV may be detected in other areas of the TNRD where nuisance and

vector mosquito control activities are not currently conducted (and the TNRD could be

directed by the Interior Health Authority to control mosquito larvae that are potential

vectors of WNV in these areas), this PMP will apply to the entire TNRD.

Traditionally, snowmelt pools on numerous bench land areas and floodwater pools along

the river valleys of the North and South Thompson watersheds and their tributaries have

been the main focus of the TNRD larviciding program. However, the program is not

limited to these habitats, and any standing water containing larvae may be considered for

larviciding treatment.

A map of the geographic boundaries to which this PMP applies is shown in Appendix 2.

1.3 Reasons for Conducting Mosquito Control

The purposes of the TNRD mosquito control program are:

To reduce mosquito populations to a tolerable nuisance level; and,

To manage and control the larval stage of those mosquito species that are known, or

potential vectors (i.e. transmitters) of West Nile Virus (WNV) and arboviruses.

Since 2003, adulticiding of nuisance mosquitoes has not been conducted by the TNRD. The

TNRD considers the application of adulticides for nuisance mosquitoes as “a last resort

control method”, to be utilized only when all other methods of control have been exhausted.

In addition, such adulticiding applications shall only be made with the written permission of

affected local residents by way of a signed petition (See Appendix 1).

The use of adulticides is included in this PMP for the primary purpose of giving the TNRD

the legal authority to control adult mosquitoes that are known or potential vectors of WNV if

so directed by the Interior Health Authority (IHA) Medical Health Officer under a Pesticide

Application Order issued under section 3(1) of the Public Health Act, West Nile Virus

Control Regulation

1.3.1 Nuisance Mosquito Control

In areas adjacent to some larval development habitat, mosquito populations can get to very

high levels. In the absence of an active mosquito control program, most of the

communities along the North and South Thompson flood plains could be seriously affected

by nuisance mosquitoes (including adverse reactions to their bites) to the point of not being

able to venture outdoors. Mosquitoes can also reach intolerable levels in some of the



higher elevation areas such as Logan Lake, Lac Le Jeune, Sun Peaks, Pinantan, and in the

bench lands surrounding the City of Kamloops.

1.3.2 West Nile Virus

West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito borne disease that was first identified in the West

Nile Valley region of Uganda in 1937. WNV is primarily a disease of birds, especially

those of the Corvid Family (crows, ravens, jays and magpies), and is transmitted from host

to host through the bites of some species of mosquitoes. While a number of mosquito

species are considered potential vectors, it is widely accepted that the primary species of

concern in western Canada are Culex tarsalis and Culex pipiens. Both of these species are

common within the TNRD. Of these two species, Culex tarsalis is considered to be the

major vector of WNV to humans, as it readily feeds on both birds and mammals. Culex

tarsalis and/or Culex pipiens have been captured in traps in all areas of the TNRD with the

exception of Sun Peaks. They were especially abundant in the North and South Thompson

Valleys and the Nicola Valley. In addition, a number of other mosquito species known to

be present within the boundaries of the TNRD have been listed as “potential” vectors of

WNV in British Columbia by the British Columbia Center for Disease Control (BCCDC),

and thus may be targeted for mosquito control under this PMP (Belton, 2007). These

include:

Culiseta incidens

Culiseta inornata

Culiseta morsitans

Aedes cinereus

Aedes vexans

Ochlerotatus canadensis

Ochlerotatus dorsalis

Ochlerotatus hendersoni

Ochlerotatus melanimon

Ochlerotatus sierrensis

Ochlerotatus sticticus

Coquillettidia perturbans

Anopheles punctipennis

Anopheles earlei

The usual way for humans to get WNV is through the bite of an infected adult mosquito.

The risk of contracting the virus is low. Of people who are infected with WNV, most will

have no symptoms at all. About 20% will develop flu-like symptoms. In rare cases (

1%), more severe complications can occur such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain),

meningitis (inflammation of the brain’s lining), or paralysis. There is currently no known

human vaccine against WNV.

Mosquitoes are also capable of transmitting other arboviruses such as Western Equine

Encephalitis and St. Louis Encephalitis. Each of these viruses can cause

meningioencephalitis, a sometime fatal inflammation of the brain and/or spinal cord of

humans and horses. Mosquitoes can also transmit parasites such as canine heartworm.



The species of mosquitoes that are known to vector these illnesses are also common within

the boundaries of the TNRD.

As it is generally accepted that the best approach in reducing the risk of WNV and other

arboviruses is to manage, using the principles of integrated pest management (IPM), the

larval stage of those mosquito species that are known or potential vectors (i.e. transmitters),

control of mosquito larvae that are potential vectors of WNV will be included in this PMP.

1.4 Role and Term of this PMP

This PMP enables the TNRD to utilize insecticides (larvicides and adulticides) to manage and

control nuisance mosquitoes and to manage and control the larval stage of those mosquito species

that are known, or potential vectors (i.e. transmitters) of West Nile Virus (WNV) within the areas

of the TNRD discussed in Section 1.2.2. It also allows for the control of adult mosquitoes under

the Order and direction of the Medical Health Officer for the purposes of WNV risk reduction.

This PMP shall be in force for a five-year period from the date that a Pesticide Use Notice (PUN)

has been submitted to the BC Ministry of Environment (MoE), and Confirmation of the plan has

been received.

This PMP describes:

A program for managing larval and nuisance adult and WNV vector mosquitoes; and

The methods of handling, preparing, mixing, applying and otherwise using pesticides

(insecticides) within the program.

This PMP ensures:

The legal accountability with the provisions of the IPMA and IPMR, as well as all

applicable federal, provincial and regional laws and regulations;

The incorporation and use of the principles of integrated pest management;

Public awareness of, and input into, the TNRD mosquito control program;

The responsible use of pesticides (insecticides);

That the effective use of an IPM program contains strategies that take into account:

environmentally sensitive areas and land uses, the prevention of contamination of food

intended for human consumption, the protection of community watersheds and other

domestic and agricultural water sources, and the protection of fish and wildlife, riparian

areas and wildlife habitat; and

That there is continued investigation into alternative methods of mosquito control while

being vigilant in efforts to prevent human health concerns caused by the presence of

mosquitoes and by the control methods used to manage them.



2.0 Integrated Mosquito Control Program

This section pertains to the managing of larval and nuisance adult and vector mosquitoes by the TNRD

using the principles of IPM.

2.1 Goals and Objectives of the TNRD Mosquito Control

Program

2.1.1 Goal

The goal of the TNRD mosquito control program is to manage and control mosquitoes to

reduce their nuisance and potential health impacts. This goal shall be accomplished

through the following objectives:

2.1.2 Objectives

The objectives of the TNRD mosquito control program are to:

Increase public awareness of the mosquito control program through educational

initiatives;

Ensure that the mosquito control strategies that are employed are based on sound

biological, physical and chemical data;

Ensure that the best and latest techniques and materials for mosquito control are

integrated into the program;

Ensure that the control program is designed and implemented in a manner that

minimizes any adverse effects to humans, wildlife or the environment; and,

Ensure that the mosquito control program incorporates the principles of integrated pest

management (IPM).

2.2 The Elements of the TNRD Integrated Mosquito Control

Program

The 6 elements of the TNRD integrated mosquito control program are:

Prevention (Planning);

Adult and larval mosquito identification;

Monitoring (surveillance) program;

Injury thresholds and treatment decisions;

Treatment options and selection criteria; and

Post-treatment evaluations.

Each of the above IPM elements form an integral part of the TNRD program to manage

mosquitoes, and are discussed in detail below.



2.3 A Description of the Program That Will Be Employed

for Mosquito Prevention IPMR Section 58(2)(a)

Prevention is one of the most important options for successful mosquito control. In cooperation

with the BC Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC) and the Interior Health Authority (IHA), the

TNRD actively pursues and/or encourages the following preventative measures in their mosquito

control program:

Source reduction;

Water management;

Public education; and.

Personal protection and the appropriate use of adult mosquito repellants.

It must be noted that the use of adult mosquito repellants is not included within this PMP,

but will be discussed for informational purposes only.

2.3.1 Source Reduction

The TNRD actively encourages source reduction as an effective method of mosquito

control. The fact that mosquitoes require water to develop is the key to their effective

control. Without standing water there are no mosquitoes, as mosquitoes are unable to

breed or complete their life cycle without water. Source reduction is the use of mechanical

(i.e. non-chemical) methods to eliminate standing water by draining or filling areas where

water can collect, thus eliminating potential mosquito breeding sites. Since some species

of mosquitoes (e.g. Culex and Culiseta) can readily breed in containers, the TNRD

encourages landowners/occupiers to reduce standing water around their homes. Some

examples of measures that can be undertaken by homeowners to help eliminate mosquito

breeding grounds on their property include:

Eliminating standing water outdoors from empty artificial containers (e.g., flower pots,

wheel barrows, old tires, barrels, storage drums, abandoned equipment and tins cans) at

least once a week by emptying them of water, storing them in an inverted position,

drilling holes in them, disposing or covering them;

If water collection is desired, covering the top with a screen to prevent mosquitoes from

laying floating eggs;

Draining water from swimming and wading pools when not in use, or covering them so

that mosquitoes cannot lay eggs;

Keeping water off swimming pool covers and ensuring that the pump is circulating

water;

Changing water in bird baths weekly;

Installing fountains or aerators in bio-pools, reflector pools or other artificial water

bodies;

Clearing leaves and twigs from tarps, awnings, eaves troughs, storm gutters and roof

gutters throughout the summer and early fall so water doesn’t pool or collect;



Checking flat roofs frequently for standing water; ensuring drains and drainage ditches

are not clogged;

Keeping litter, decaying grass, leaves and garden debris out of street gutters/catch

basins and refuse areas to improve drainage; pumping out accumulated sludge in catch

basins or trench drains;

Avoiding over irrigating lawns and fields, and drain standing water;

Ensuring proper drainage of septic tank fields so mosquitoes cannot lay eggs;

Draining or filling in low areas to eliminate standing water;

Filling-in or leveling any depressions in the landscape caused by tire ruts or excavation;

Educating/encouraging ranchers/agricultural producers to change water weekly in

livestock watering troughs or stock with fish; and,

Stocking water gardens with fish and using pumps to circulate water can reduce

mosquitoes from these sources.

If draining or filling is not possible, many mosquito larval breeding sites such as sewage

and dairy lagoons, storm water retention ponds and farm dug-outs can be made unsuitable

for mosquito breeding through a combination of good design (e.g., steeply sloped and

graveled shore lines), water level manipulation and control of emergent vegetation.

Mowing grasses around edges every 2 weeks during the summer months is an activity that

will reduce surface water suitability for larvae. Bodies of water with sloped, graveled,

rocky or sandy shorelines generally will not support mosquitoes, as larvae will be exposed

to wave action and will have difficulty breathing and obtaining food.

Scraping of sediment from the bottom of roadside ditches every few years can make the

ditches unattractive for mosquito breeding by enhancing proper drainage. Ditches that are

slow to drain may form a series of pocket pools and support lush grasses and weeds,

thereby becoming prime larval breeding sites. Grading the channel and removing emergent

vegetation improves flow, making ditches unsuitable for most larvae. Ditches that run

along main roads and highways are generally wide, and have broad, expansive grassy pools

of shallow water that are ideal mosquito breeding sites. The TNRD will encourage the

creation of narrower, deeper channels through the center of existing broader ditches to

improve water flow and reduce the area where mosquito larvae can live. In addition, areas

or patches of flooded land adjacent to roadside ditches may also be mosquito-breeding

sites. Where practical, the TNRD will also encourage the draining of stagnant water in

these roadside ditches.

Some ditches may be fish habitat or drain directly into fish habitat. Prior to undertaking

any proposed works or undertakings in ditches or waters that may be contiguous to flowing

and/or fish bearing waters, the TNRD shall discuss the proposed work with representatives

of the BC Ministry of Environment and Fisheries and Oceans Canada.

2.3.2 Water Management

Control methods that involve water management are generally more extensive and more

expensive than some other control methods, but are permanent solutions that need be

undertaken only once. The IHA will educate/encourage their local government authorized



agents (e.g., municipalities and First Nations) and landowners/occupiers to eliminate

temporary seepage ponds, where practical. Ditching and ponding are two methods that will

be encouraged. Ditching controls mosquitoes in two ways. In some cases, water drains out

of the potential breeding sites. In others, ditching allows fish access to isolated pools

where they feed on the mosquito larvae and pupae. Ponding is a water management

technique that uses water as the management tool. Ponding turns temporary pool-breeding

mosquito breeding areas into deeper, permanent bodies of water capable of supporting fish,

beneficial aquatic insects and other mosquito predators. Ponding is generally accomplished

by raising the water level at precise times, digging new pools, impoundment, draining the

pond at the correct moment so that pupae are swept into fish bearing waters where they

have limited chance of survival due to their availability as a food source. Natural ponds do

not seem to produce the species of mosquitoes that vector WNV.

Other examples of measures that may be effective in mosquito control include eliminating

improper watering practices at agricultural operations and proper dyke maintenance at

wastewater treatment facilities. Proper watering of fields at ranching and hay farming

operations will be encouraged by the TNRD. Improper watering of fields using the flood

technique often produces swarms of mosquitoes, and will be discouraged. Over-watering

and/or flood-irrigation creates habitat that can produce hundreds of thousands of

mosquitoes. Broken irrigation pipes have, in the past, flooded ditches and produced

localized mosquito control problems.

Proper dyke maintenance and construction at wastewater treatment facilities can also aid in

reducing mosquito habitat. At the Kamloops wastewater treatment facility, for example,

habitat that might harbour mosquitoes is reduced and virtually eliminated with proper

maintenance and construction of the ponds for wastewater.

In the British Columbia dry interior, it is generally accepted that the available semi-

permanent and permanent aquatic habitat that is present is necessary to maintain waterfowl

numbers. Local biologists and environmental conservation groups are working to maintain

and/or expand natural systems that exist in the North and South Thompson River

watersheds. These areas would also include natural zones of a protected area, park,

ecological reserve or sensitive aquatic habitat that migratory birds frequent, including

wildlife sanctuaries. Although these sensitive habitat and aquatic systems will not be

targeted as part of the TNRDs water management initiatives, larval control activities may

still take place in these areas with the consent of the appropriate agencies.

The key to the successful use of source reduction and water management techniques is

education.

2.3.3 Public Education

The TNRD has, for a number of years, promoted the importance of public education as a

vital component of their WNV and nuisance mosquito control program. Public education

includes advising the public on personal protective measures that they can take to reduce

the incidence of mosquito bites. This successful approach has been greatly expanded in



recent years with the ever-increasing likelihood that WNV will be found in the interior of

British Columbia.

As part of the WNV and nuisance mosquito control program, the TNRD has developed a Mosquito

Control Education Program. Some examples of public education initiatives that the TNRD has

developed as part of this education program include:

Developing and maintaining a Mosquito Advisory Telephone Line to address public

concerns/questions regarding the TNRD nuisance mosquito and WNV control

programs, including information on:

Current control activities;

Biological control of mosquito larvae;

The mosquito larviciding program;

The mosquito adulticiding program;

Precautions to take if your area is being scheduled for spraying;

Information about mosquito life cycles and habitat;

Control mosquitoes in their area;

How to report potential pools of larvae in your area; and,

How to report concentrations of adult mosquitoes in your area.

Attending educational events such as trade shows, club meetings, outdoor festivals

and fairs, workshops, farmer’s markets, presentations to age groups from

preschoolers to seniors, information booths at public events, public meetings,

parades and rodeos, community garage sales, home and garden shows, family fun

days, arts festivals events in conjunction with statutory holidays, and

presentations/workshops held for individual First Nations;

Advertising on radio and television on topics related to WNV, including promoting

the use of mosquito repellants; and.

Developing (and keeping current) a website for information related to their nuisance

mosquito and WNV control program, including information on the WNV

surveillance program. This website can be accessed at:

http://www.tnrd.bc.ca/subpages/Environmental%20Services/Mosquito%20Control/Overview

Useful links on mosquito control and WNV included in the TNRD website include:

Health Canada http://www.westnilevirus.gc.ca

BC Center for Disease Control http://www.bccdc.ca

Interior Health Authority http://www.interiorhealth.ca

2.3.4 Personal Protection Measures and the Use of Adult

Mosquito Repellants

As part of its public education initiatives to reduce of risk of WNV, the TNRD, in

conjunction with the IHA and the BCCDC, promotes the use of the following:

http://www.tnrd.bc.ca/subpages/Environmental%20Services/Mosquito%20Control/Overview

http://www.westnilevirus.gc.ca/

http://www.bccdc.ca/

http://www.interiorhealth.ca/



Avoiding, where possible, being out between dusk and dawn, as mosquitoes that carry

WNV tend to be more active between these times;

Wearing protective clothing, especially outside in the early evening and at dawn. This

includes long-sleeve shirts or jackets and long pants that mosquitoes cannot bite

through. Pants should be tucked into socks for extra protection;

Avoiding dark coloured clothing as it can attract mosquitoes;

Using mosquito netting for babies and toddlers in cribs and strollers;

Using mosquito repellant. Putting on personal insect repellants that are federally

registered, such as those containing DEET (N,N-dithyl-m-toluamide) is an effective

way to protect you from mosquito bites. When using mosquito repellants, always

follow instructions on the label;

Avoid relying on bug zappers, devices that give off sound waves and Citrosa plants for

protection against mosquito bites; and,

Following the protective measures contained in the document entitled “Statement on

Personal Protective Measures to Prevent Arthropod Bites-Update” is available at:

http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/ccdr-rmtc/05vol31/asc-dcc-4/index-eng.php

2.4 A Description of the Program That Will Be Employed to

Identify Mosquito Larvae Targeted by the PMP IPMR

Sections 58(2)(b)(i)&(ii)

One of the most important steps in mosquito control is to correctly identify the species and its

habitat. This is particularly important because only certain mosquito species are known to be a

significant nuisance, while other species are known to be competent vectors of WNV (and related

arboviruses that cause Western Equine, Eastern Equine, St. Louis and LaCrosse Encephalitis).

Species identification allows control staff to tailor their program to meet specific objectives (i.e.,

nuisance control or vector control).

2.4.1 Identification of Potential WNV Vector Mosquito Species

within the TNRD

The TNRD (through their contractor) collects, catalogues and identifies both adult and

larval mosquitoes each year. 38 different species of mosquitoes have been captured in light

traps since 1981. During two major studies funded by WNV grants in 2004, the presence

of the following 38 mosquito species shown in Table 1 was confirmed within the

boundaries of the TNRD:

http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/ccdr-rmtc/05vol31/asc-dcc-4/index-eng.php



Table 1: List of the Mosquito Species Present within the TNRD

Anopheles earlei Anopheles freeborni Anopheles punctipennis

Aedes (Oc) campestris Aedes (Oc) canadensis Aedes (Oc) cataphylla

Aedes cinereus Aedes (Oc) communis Aedes (Oc) dorsalis

Aedes (Oc) euedes Aedes (Oc) excrucians Aedes (Oc) fitchii

Aedes (Oc) flavescens Aedes (Oc) hendersoni Aedes (Oc) hexodontus

Aedes (Oc) implicatus Aedes (Oc) increpitus Aedes (Oc) intrudens

Aedes (Oc) melanimon Aedes (Oc) mercurator Aedes (Oc) pionips

Aedes (Oc) provocans Aedes (Oc) pullatus Aedes (Oc) punctor

Aedes (Oc) sierrensis Aedes (Oc) spencerii var spencerii Aedes (Oc) sticticus

Aedes (Oc) spencerii var idahoensis Aedes vexans Culex pipiens

Mansonia (Coquillettidia) perturbans Culex tarsalis Culex territans

Culiseta morsitans Culiseta alaskaensis Culiseta incidens

Culiseta inornata Culiseta impatiens

There are numerous mosquito species found in BC that can act as vectors of WNV, and

species of birds that could act as amplification reservoirs for WNV are also present in BC.

The IHA, in conjunction with BCCDC, has compiled a list of potential WNV vector

mosquito species and their known breeding site preferences.

The list of potential WNV vector mosquito species that have been confirmed within the

boundaries of the TNRD (and their known breeding site preferences) is shown in Table 1.

Table 2: Potential WNV Vector Mosquitoes Confirmed Within TNRD Boundaries *

Mosquito Genus and

Species

Known Breeding Site Preferences

Culex tarsalis Widely distributed in ditches and permanent and semi-permanent pools in grassland and

open woodlands in the southern 1/3 of BC, on in southern Vancouver Island.

Culex pipiens Across the southern Province and on Vancouver Island. Common mosquito in artificial

containers (catch basins, rain barrels and paddling pools) and drainage ditches,

particularly those contaminated with organic matter.

Aedes (Oc) canadensis Entire Province. A woodland species that breeds in temporary pools – sites that fill with

melted snow, or sites that are submerged by later spring or summer rainfall.

Aedes (Oc) hendersoni In the southeastern part of the Province. Uncommon. Breeds in tree cavity and shaded

artificial containers.

Aedes (oc) dorsalis Coastal and Interior. Coastal salt marshes around the Georgia Strait, flood pastures in

the dry interior.

Aedes (Oc) melanimon Interior. Flooded pastures.

Aedes (Oc) sierrensis On the coast and south part of the Province. In tree cavities and shaded artificial

containers.

Mansonia

(Coquillettidia)

perturbans

Southern Province, Vancouver Island and Georgia Strait. In permanent cattail marshes.

Culiseta inornata Widely distributed. Almost any slow moving or stagnant water, but seldom in artificial

containers.



Of the above mosquito species, Culex tarsalis and/or Culex pipiens were found throughout

the TNRD (except at Sun Peaks). These two species are generally recognized and accepted

as the primary vectors of WNV within British Columbia. The most prevalent of the

nuisance mosquito species in the TNRD is Aedes vexans.

In addition to the species listed in Table 1, the BCCDC reports WNV isolates from 62

different mosquito species that could play a minor role as secondary vectors of WNV and

accelerate transmission among birds during periods of virus amplification.

2.4.2 How Mosquito Species Will Be Identified

The identification of mosquito species targeted by the plan will be accomplished through

the:

Identification of adult mosquitoes retrieved from traps placed throughout the TNRD by

the TNRDs trained mosquito control contractors or entomologists during field

monitoring/surveillance. All mosquitoes will be identified to the genus level; and, if

required,

Sent to the BCCDC laboratory for confirmation of identity.

2.5 A Description of the Monitoring Program That Will Be

Employed Before or During the Pesticide Use for

Assessing Mosquito Larval Populations, Environmental

Conditions and Damage Caused by Mosquito Larvae,

Including a Description of the Monitoring Methods, the

Frequency of Monitoring, and the Data That Will be

Collected IPMR Sections 58(2)(c)(i)(ii)(iii)

With respect to mosquitoes (larval and adult), monitoring is generally referred to by the term

surveillance. Surveillance of larval mosquito populations is important for:

The early detection of arbovirus (e.g. WNV) activity;

The early detection of nuisance mosquito species;

Guiding decisions about appropriate control methods; and,

Monitoring the effectiveness of control measures.

Because infection and/or illness in animal hosts (e.g. birds) often precedes human illness,

surveillance for illness, mortality, or evidence of infection in animals is just as important as

surveillance for human cases of WNV or other arbovirus infection. Consequently, surveillance

activities for WNV include additional surveillance activities over those normally conducted for

other pest complexes (e.g. invasive plants, rodents, plant diseases).



The TNRD conducts the following types of surveillance as part of their annual WNV and nuisance

mosquito control program:

Surveillance of river levels, snow pack, and snowmelt pools;

Locating and mapping of larval mosquito breeding sites/habitats;

Meteorological monitoring;

Surveillance of larval mosquitoes;

Surveillance of adult mosquitoes.

The TNRD is not directly involved in surveillance for WNV in humans or in dead birds (i.e.

corvids).

Human surveillance within the TNRD is carried out with the cooperative efforts of several

stakeholders including the BCCDC Epidemiology and Laboratory Services, the Canadian Blood

Services (CBS), the BC Transplant Society, and the IHA.

Surveillance of dead corvids within the TNRD is carried out/coordinated by the IHA, the BCCDC,

and the Animal Health Center (AHC). BC Ministry of Agriculture and Food undertakes all

testing. Additional agencies that may have a role in corvid surveillance include the Canadian

Wildlife Service, wildlife rehabilitation centers and other wildlife personnel (e.g., BC Environment

wildlife staff), animal control officers (e.g., SPCA or conservation officers) and municipal park

employees. On the TNRD website, there is a link to the “Dead Bird Sighting Report Form”, which

the TNRD encourages members of the public to complete and submit to the BCCDC.

2.5.1 Surveillance of River Levels and Snowmelt Pools

There are over 450 known mosquito larval development sites within the TNRD. These are

classified as:

Snowmelt Pools– are generally found on numerous bench land areas and breeding

grounds along the flood plains of the North and South Thompson watersheds and

their tributaries, as well as in early spring ponds and marshes in the grasslands and

Logan Lake area. These areas can become active very early in the spring and can

produce large numbers of nuisance mosquito species;

Floodwater – sites along the North and South Thompson rivers that become active

breeding sites as water levels rise and can produce large numbers of nuisance

mosquito species; and,

West Nile Virus – sites that hold water throughout the summer and attract

mosquito species such as Culex tarsalis, Culex pipiens, and Culiseta inornata, the

primary vectors of WNV.

TNRD contract mosquito control staff monitors the level of the North Thompson River at

McLure on a daily basis from mid-March through mid-July to help determine which sites

may become active with mosquito larvae. In conjunction with monitoring the levels of the

North Thompson River, the contract staff access and record snow pack levels, ambient air

temperature and current precipitation trends. These are used to try to predict when the



peaks of the river will occur, and also to determine when and where larval surveillance

should be carried out.

2.5.2 Locating and Mapping of Larval Mosquito Breeding Sites

Under this PMP, the TNRD will continue its efforts during the mosquito-breeding season

to identify larval development habitats, to update maps to clearly delineate larval

development habitat, and to record the information collected. The TNRD has developed an

electronic database that enables staff and contractors to access larval development site data

quickly and accurately. This database, which is continuously being updated, supplements

the written data that is collected in the field. The database currently includes the following

information:

The status of the land (public or private);

The location and size of the larval development;

Larval development site data (mosquito species present and surveillance history);

Historical data (history of treatments); and,

Location/proximity of environmental features requiring protection (e.g. fish and

wildlife, riparian areas and wildlife habitat, wildlife sanctuaries, beehive locations,

organic gardens).

The TNRD has a photographic collection of known larval development sites and the

mapping of all larval development sites using GPS/GIS for inclusion into the database and

subsequent viewing. Maps and data of the larval development sites are updated every two

weeks. The information recorded on the database will be available to update the WNV

Larval Database maintained by the BCCDC to allow them to obtain the latest information

on the program and the status of current control operations.

2.5.3 Meteorological Monitoring

Different vertebrate hosts and mosquito vector species respond to meteorological changes

in different ways, depending on geographic location and other factors. The TNRD will

monitor the factors that may promote the development and survival of large WNV larval

vector and nuisance mosquito populations. This includes monitoring rainfall, North

Thompson River levels and flooding events (to try and predict when the peaks of the river

will occur, and also to determine when and where snowmelt pool surveillance should be

carried out), water and air temperature (for larval development). Temperature is also

important for extrinsic incubation of the virus within the mosquito. Also, mosquito larvae

develop more rapidly in warmer water, and consequently may produce more generations

during the growing season, enabling WNV to amplify and risk transmission to humans to

increase.

2.5.4 Surveillance of Larval Mosquitoes

The TNRD will conduct larval surveillance in areas previously identified as known or

potential breeding sites (including catch basin sampling), with high priority given to sites



where the mosquitoes present are nuisance mosquito species or potential WNV vector

species.

As was mentioned earlier, additional support information that will be collected/recorded in

conjunction with larval surveillance includes monitoring rainfall, river levels and snow

pack. Knowledge of these latter factors is critical in determining when larval development

may first occur in a specific location. River levels and amount of precipitation generally

dictate the number and location of sites that will become flooded and thus become breeding

grounds for many species of mosquitoes.

Monitoring Methods, Frequency of Monitoring and Data Collected

Regular surveillance of larval mosquito populations will be undertaken by TNRD

contractors throughout the mosquito larval breeding season to determine when and if

treatment is required (based on threshold levels). Larvicides have been shown to be most

effective when the mosquito larvae are actively feeding and when the larvae are at the right

stage (instar) of development. The results of larval surveillance will be used to:

Define the nature and extent of the mosquito problem within the control area based

on larval surveys;

Calculate the amount of larvicide that may be required to treat the total surface area

of the infested pools if this treatment option is chosen;

Give direction to daily mosquito control operations;

Determine the proximity of environmentally sensitive areas, including organic

farms and fish and wildlife habitat, to the larval breeding sites;

Determine which larval breeding sites can be eliminated from future surveillance;

Generate the data needed to determine if larviciding should be done (i.e. the

treatment threshold has been reached or surpassed); and,

Identify the species of mosquito present at a breeding site, to evaluate the potential

for WNV transmission or nuisance.

The most common tool that is used to determine the density (numbers) of mosquito larvae

is a dipper. With this device, a 300 ml sample of water from a suspected breeding site is

checked for the presence of mosquito larvae. The number of larvae present and their

development stage (instar) is recorded, and the process repeated at several locations to

determine the average density. The results of this sampling are used to make a treatment

decision, and later, they will also be used to document treatment effectiveness, as the

numbers of mosquito larvae present after treatment can be compared with pre-treatment

levels.

Recent changes to the IPMR have eliminated, with respect to mosquitoes, the requirement

to conduct larval monitoring/surveillance of storm water basins/catch basins. It is the

TNRDs intent, however, to monitor a representative number of catch basins for the

presence and density of mosquito larvae, so that treatment efficacy can be documented in

the event that larviciding is undertaken. A net or tea strainer that can slide between the

grate openings is generally used to monitor catch basins. A representative sample of



individual catch basins is generally used to estimate population over a large area, as

sampling all catch basins can be dangerous for applicators due to traffic.

Sampling will be undertaken as required, based on meteorological factors such as rainfall,

temperature, river levels or flooding events. The results of sampling will be used to make a

treatment decision by determining if larvae are present or absent.

2.5.5 Surveillance of Adult Mosquitoes

The TNRD may utilize several recognized methods to measure adult mosquito populations

before a decision to start an adulticiding program is made. Before adulticides are

considered for the control of nuisance adult mosquitoes, the adult mosquito surveillance

program must confirm an increase in the population above a pre-determined threshold.

Alternatively, the imminent risk of disease transmission in an area (such as the confirmed

presence of WNV in mosquito larvae, corvids or humans), may trigger a decision by a

Medical Health Officer to issue an Order to adulticide even when the adult mosquito

population is below the normal numerical threshold for taking action for controlling

nuisance species.

Monitoring Methods, Frequency of Monitoring and Data Collected

There have been approximately 38 species of mosquitoes recorded in the TNRD. Some of

these species are persistent and ferocious biters of humans, some are known/potential

vectors of WNV, and others never bite humans at all.

Historically, the TNRD surveillance staff maintain upwards of 40 “adult mosquito-

trapping” stations within the TNRD. These stations have been visited weekly to restock the

mosquito attractant (dry ice) and to collect any mosquitoes captured. The samples are taken

to a lab where they are examined under a microscope to determine their species. The

abundance of each species is recorded, and the information collected used by mosquito

control staff in making treatment decisions. The number of sampling stations will be

determined annually based on available funding.

The methods that the TNRD may utilize to monitor/measure adult population levels and

trends include:

New Jersey light traps;

Centers for Disease Control light traps;

Gravid breeding traps;

Mosquito emergent traps;

Sweep nets; and,

Landing counts.

New Jersey Light Trap (NJLT) - gives an objective measure of adult mosquito activity.

The NJLT is the standard, mechanical, mosquito light trap used in most mosquito

control programs. It is only effective in monitoring those adult mosquitoes that are



attracted to light, and generally also traps other flying insects that are attracted to the

light. A small fan blows adult mosquitoes through a funnel into a killing jar or bag

when they approach the light. The trap is hung approximately 2 meters above the

ground in an open area near trees and shrubs, but away from competing light and

buildings. The traps are operated from dusk until dawn, and are powered either by

electric line or by battery. Samples of adult mosquitoes captured are removed weekly

during the control season. The mosquitoes are identified by species and the population

density determined.

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Light Trap - is a miniature version of the NJLT that

operates on a 6 volt battery and can be used anywhere. It is less expensive than the

NJLT, does not require permanent installation, and collects mainly mosquitoes as

opposed to large numbers of moths and other flying insects. The TNRD uses carbon

dioxide (generally a block of dry ice placed in a beverage cooler and “piped” to the area

of the trap’s fan) as supplemental bait for the trap. The addition of the dry ice allows

for sampling on moonlit nights, sampling in areas where lights may conflict with the

light trap, or for daylight sampling of mosquito species that are not attracted to lights.

Samples of adult mosquitoes captured are removed weekly during the control season.

The mosquitoes are identified by species and the population density determined.

Gravid Breeding Traps - are designed to trap adult female mosquitoes that lay their eggs

on the surface of standing water (i.e. Culex, Culiseta, and Anopheles mosquitoes). This

type of trap uses stagnant water as the main attractant to catch gravid female

mosquitoes that are looking for a place to lay eggs. As the female hovers near the

stagnant water, she becomes trapped in the air current and is sucked into a net.

Mosquito Emergent Traps - catch adult mosquitoes that have just finished their aquatic

life cycle in a breeding site. These types of traps are generally used to catch a

representative sample from a given pond and can be used to determine the mosquito

species composition for a given water body.

Sweep Nets - may be used to collect adult mosquitoes that are attracted to the presence of

the mosquito control technician. They are generally used for the collection of isolated

samples in areas of outbreaks or near new habitat that has been found. Collections

using sweep nets are usually undertaken in conjunction with conducting landing counts

or prior to treating for adult mosquitoes in problem areas. Samples of adult mosquitoes

captured are removed weekly during the control season. The mosquitoes are identified

by species and can point mosquito control staff in the direction of larval development

habitat as different species of mosquitoes favour different types of larval development

habitats.

Landing (Biting) Counts - are commonly used by TNRD representatives as an index of

adult mosquito activity. With this technique, the average landing count of mosquitoes

per minute on one exposed forearm is determined. This technique involves rolling up

the sleeve to expose the forearm and sitting quietly for a designated period of time,

usually 5 or 10 minutes. During this time, an assistant with a battery or mouth-

aspirated respirator may be present to collect each mosquito that lands on the arm.



Netted outwear can be worn to aid in the comfort of those doing the test. Bite counts

are normally conducted from 30 minutes before sunset to 30 minutes after sunset

(unless sampling day-biting mosquito species). Sampling may also be undertaken in

areas where mosquitoes have been reported to be a nuisance and where spraying to

reduce their numbers is being considered as a treatment option or in areas in close

proximity to breeding sites that have shown a high level of larvae or pupae during

sampling.

The advantages of this technique are that it can be used:

To provide justification for source reduction projects;

As a technique to only count biting mosquitoes (females);

To determine if adulticiding is required (based on treatment thresholds);

For evaluating the effectiveness of adulticiding;

To assist in locating major larval habitats and improving larval surveillance;

To determine the species composition of biting populations;

To determine where to place light traps; and,

To compare populations of nuisance mosquitoes with light trap data.

2.5.6 The BCCDC System of Surveillance Activity Initiation

Based on Response Level

The BCCDC has adopted a system of response levels (0, I, IIa, IIb, III) associated with

increasing risk for WNV activity affecting humans. Initiation of meteorological, corvid,

larval and adult mosquito, and human surveillance as well as identification of mosquito

breeding grounds, species distribution and composition are based on response level, and is

summarized in Table 3.

The TNRD, under this PMP, will adopt the BCCDC system of timing of surveillance

activity initiation based on the response levels shown in this table with respect to

meteorological and mosquito (larval and adult) surveillance.



Table 3: The BCCDC System of Timing of Surveillance Activity Initiation Based on

Response Level

Response

Level

Meteorological

Surveillance **

Corvid

Surveillance *

Mosquito Surveillance ** Human Surveillance *

0 Passive surveillance of

confirmed cases

I Dead corvid

surveillance and

testing for WNV

Identify breeding sites/larval

habitat for potential WNV vectors

1. Passive surveillance of

confirmed cases

2. Begin planning for passive

surveillance of suspected or

probable cases

IIa Monitor rainfall

and temperature

patterns

1. Dead corvid

surveillance and

testing for WNV

2 Consider

mammal

surveillance

1. Determine geographic

distribution of mosquito species

within the jurisdiction

2. Determine the distribution,

species composition and relative

abundance of adult mosquito

populations in selected localities


3. Mosquito trapping, species

identification, pooling, and testing

for WNV

1. Passive surveillance of

suspect or probable cases

2. Begin planning for active

surveillance of clinical and

confirmed cases

IIb Monitor rainfall

and temperature

patterns

1 Dead corvid

surveillance and

testing for WNV

2 Consider live

bird and mammal

surveillance








for WNV

Passive surveillance of suspect

or probable cases

III Monitor rainfall

and temperature

patterns

1 Dead corvid

surveillance and

testing

2 Consider live

bird and mammal

surveillance








for WNV

Active surveillance of clinical

and confirmed cases

* Surveillance of dead corvids within the TNRD is carried out/coordinated by the IHA, the BCCDC, and the

Animal Health Center (AHC). Human surveillance within the TNRD is carried out with the cooperative efforts

of several stakeholders including the BCCDC Epidemiology and Laboratory Services, the Canadian Blood

Services (CBS), the BC Transplant Society, and the IHA.

* Meteorological surveillance and larval and adult mosquito surveillance is undertaken by the TNRD under this

PMP



2.5.7 Assessing Environmental Conditions and Damage Caused

by Mosquitoes Before Insecticide Use

Damage Caused by Mosquito Larvae

Unlike other types of pests, mosquito larvae do not cause direct environmental damage or

affect environmental conditions. Potential damage caused by mosquito larvae is related to

the potential of some species (as adults) to cause a nuisance and/or to transmit WNV and

other arbovirus to humans and some animals.

Damage Caused by Mosquito Adults

Nuisance mosquito species can seriously affect humans (including adverse reactions to their

bites) to the point of not being able to venture outdoors. In addition, there are several species

of mosquitoes that are known or potential vectors of WNV with the geographic boundaries of

this PMP.

The primary direct damage potential of mosquito adults is the ability of some species to

transmit WNV disease to humans and animals. In the last 5 years, serious WNV outbreaks

that were spread by mosquitoes have overwhelmed medical systems, killed people,

livestock, pets and wildlife. The environmental damage that mosquito adults can do, and

the environmental conditions that they may affect are indirect, primarily because of their

bites. Adult mosquitoes can, and do, interfere with a variety of recreational activities by

limiting the use of outdoor areas, especially when they are present in high numbers. This

indirect damage is most pronounced in areas of high population density.

Studies have also shown that numerous outdoor work activities (e.g., agriculture, forestry,

construction) are negatively impacted by the presence of large numbers of biting

mosquitoes.

From an economic viewpoint, dairy and beef cattle have been shown to have smaller

weight gains when exposed to both constant annoyance and being bitten while grazing or

feeding. In addition, some people exhibit an allergic reaction to the bites that requires

medical attention.

2.6 Description of Injury Thresholds That Will be Applied in

Deciding Whether a Pesticide Treatment is Necessary,

and an Explanation of How the Thresholds Were Chosen

and Will be Applied IPMR Sections 58(2)(d)(i)&(ii)

With respect to mosquitoes, injury thresholds are generally referred to as treatment thresholds. As

part of its program to control nuisance adult mosquitoes and species of mosquitoes that are known

or potential vectors of WNV, the TNRD has established treatment thresholds for both larval

mosquito populations and adult mosquito populations.



2.6.1 Treatment Thresholds for Mosquito Larvae

The treatment threshold for mosquito larvae is based on the number of mosquito larvae

detected in a sample that would normally result in a potential source of adult mosquito

annoyance if the mosquito larvae were allowed to develop into adults unchecked.

Mosquito Species That Are Not Known or Potential WNV Vectors

The treatment threshold for mosquito larvae is determined by the certified pesticide

applicator and takes into account a number of variables. The applicator makes a decision

as to whether the numbers of larvae present are likely to cause a nuisance if allowed to

develop to adults.

As a general guideline, the treatment threshold for nuisance mosquito larvae is an average

of three larvae per 300 ml dip. This threshold was selected, as it is the standard that has

been used in British Columbia and other areas of Canada and the United States. The

TNRD, however, will consider exceptions to this rule. In some cases, an applicator may

decide that an average of three larvae per dip may not be sufficient numbers for treatment.

For example, if the larval development site is very small and a good distance from the

public, the applicator may decide that allowing the larvae to develop will not pose a

nuisance problem and, therefore, no treatment would be necessary. The technician may

also determine that the site is likely to dry-up prior to the larvae emerging. Conversely, a

technician may encounter a site that is very large and deep with larvae distributed

throughout the water column. In this case, it may be difficult to capture three larvae in a

dip, however the cumulative number of larvae at the site can be extremely high, and

treatment would be warranted. Based on the above scenarios, certified pesticide

applicators working for the TNRD will make the final decision as to whether or not to carry

out larval treatment. No larviciding will be conducted on private property without the

consent of the landowner.

Mosquito Species That Are Known or Potential WNV Vectors

At the discretion of the IHA Chief Medical Health Officer, and based on the current

Response Level, the treatment threshold for mosquito larvae that are known or

potential vectors of WNV can be reduced to one larva per 300 ml sample (for all

habitats, including catch basins). In addition, when the treatment threshold for 30 %

of all catch basins in a given area has been exceeded, then treatment is warranted for

all catch basins that hold water.

The above thresholds are based on the average number of larvae present in the dip samples

that are taken. The number of samples taken is directly related to the size of the site. Small

puddles would require only one or two samples, but a large, flooded hay field would

require numerous samples to be taken from various spots around the perimeter. The

samples are intended to reflect the average for the site.



2.6.2 Treatment Thresholds for Mosquito Adults

The data from adult mosquito surveillance will be used to help decide at which infestation

level to initiate a treatment decision. For nuisance adulticiding, this decision level will be

based on landing (biting) counts.

The treatment threshold for nuisance mosquito adults is biting counts greater than 3

per minute on one exposed forearm.

Other factors that may influence the decision to initiate nuisance adult mosquito control

will also include:

Complaints from the public and workers in outdoor areas (i.e. public pressure);

The population density of the area from where the complaints are received

(generally remote areas of low population density are not treated); and,

The size of the area from where the complaints have been received.

The above factors can exert a great deal of public pressure on the TNRD to undertake

nuisance adult mosquito control, especially when treatment thresholds have not been

exceeded. This is why it is particularly important for treatment decisions to be made using

established and recognized treatment thresholds.

The decision of adulticide for WNV mitigation will be carried out only under the

direction of the IHA Chief Medical Health Officer (MHO). The MHO will consider

mosquito trap counts, cases of infected birds and horses, and the overall risk to

human health. The MHO is not bound to work under a pre-determined threshold.

2.6.3 Treatment Decisions

Adulticiding is a term used to describe the application or spraying of insecticides for adult

mosquito control (nuisance or WNV vector). With an effective source reduction and

larviciding program as the main focus and thrust of this PMP, the TNRD believes that, in

most cases, adulticiding should not be necessary. Adulticiding is generally considered as a

last resort in this integrated mosquito control program.

The decision to adulticide is not based solely on the adult mosquito threshold levels

described in Section 2.6.2. It is TNRD policy to undertake mosquito adulticiding only if

written requests (petition) have been received from residents in the proposed treatment

area. In signing the Request for Mosquito Control petition (a copy of which can be found

in Appendix 1), the residents indicate that they have been advised of the requirements for

adulticiding and the properties of the pesticides involved. They further agree to

adulticiding being undertaken provided that the TNRD mosquito control contractor carry

out adult mosquito control within the requirements of the BC Integrated Peat Management

Act and Regulations and the commitments made within this PMP. The TNRD also

maintains a policy that adult mosquito control will not be considered unless an effort has

been made previously in the season to control mosquitoes through larviciding. This means



that a landowner cannot refuse access to his or her property for larviciding activities and

then later in the summer request adulticiding. This also means that if a landowner fails to

report an unpredictable flood event (for example, flooded irrigation fields, broken irrigation

pipes, broken dams, etc,), they would be ineligible for adulticiding as larviciding had not

been attempted.

2.7 Pest Treatment Options Including a Description of the

Pesticide and Non-Pesticide Treatment Methods of

Controlling Mosquito Larvae That May Be Used, the

Rationale for Selecting the Treatment Methods, and the

Benefits and Limitations of Each Treatment Method IPMR

Sections 58(2)(e)(i)(ii)(iii)

IPM involves the use of different techniques to control the larvae of nuisance mosquitoes and the

larvae of mosquitoes that are potential vectors of WNV. Control of these larval mosquito species

will be the primary emphasis of the TNRD program. The treatment options that the TNRD will

employ to control the larvae of nuisance mosquitoes and the larvae of mosquitoes that are potential

vectors of WNV include:

Physical and mechanical methods (prevention);

Biological control options; and,

Chemical (insecticide) control options.

2.7.1 Physical and Mechanical Control Methods

The physical and mechanical control options that the TNRD both promotes and utilizes to

control the larvae of nuisance mosquitoes and the larvae of mosquitoes that are potential

vectors of WNV include have been described in Section 2.3.1 (Source Reduction) and

Section 2.3.2 (Water Management).

Rationale/Selection Criteria for Physical/Mechanical Control

Mosquitoes require water to develop. Removal of standing water sources, as described in

section 2.3.2, will effectively control mosquito larvae.

Benefits of Physical/Mechanical Controls

The use of physical/mechanical controls to eliminate standing water provides an effective,

long-term solution to controlling mosquito larvae, and may preclude the need for using

chemical control measures.



Limitations of Physical/Mechanical Controls

Draining or filling in natural wetlands will generally not control mosquito larvae. If

drained, a wetland will still hold water from periodic rainfall, flooding and snowmelt. The

shallow depressions may produce more mosquitoes than healthy wetlands. Filling in

natural wetlands will usually force the water to move elsewhere, creating flooding or

additional wetlands where mosquitoes can develop. Finally, draining or impacting natural

wetlands can result in legal action being taken, as these important habitats are protected by

legislation administered by the BC Ministry of Environment

2.7.2 Biological Control

Biological control involves the release or introduction of bacterial agents to reduce larval

mosquito populations. The biological control agents proposed for use under this PMP are

bacterial agents belonging to the genus Bacillus, and include Bacillus thuringiensis

subspecies israelensis and (Bti) Bacillus sphaericus.

The bacterial agents proposed for controlling the larvae of nuisance mosquitoes and the

larvae of WNV vector mosquito species, the species that they control (based on label

claims), and the habitats where they are registered for use, are shown in Table 4.



Table 4: Bacterial Agents Proposed for Larval Mosquito Control

Active Ingredient Mosquito Species

Controlled

Habitats Where Registered For Use

Bacillus thuringiensis

israelensis (Bti)

strain H-14 (AM65-

52 and BMP-144)

All mosquito species Temporary and permanent pools in pastures and

woodlots, irrigation or roadside ditches, natural

marshes or estuarine areas, catch basins, sewage

lagoons, storm water retention areas, snowmelt

pools, tidal water and salt marshes. May be used in

permanent, fish bearing bodies of water or waters

that have permanent, direct, surface-water

connections with fish bearing bodies of water if the

BCCDC has advised the public that it has identified

the WNV in mosquitoes in the region of the

Province where the pesticide is to be applied, and

the mosquitoes to be treated are vectors of WNV.


israelensis (Bti)

strain SA3A

All mosquito species Flood water, pastures, standing ponds, ditches, tidal

water and salt marshes, catch basins, storm water

retention areas, water polluted with sewage, water

with moderate organic content, and water with a

high level of suspended solids. May be used in

permanent, fish bearing bodies of water or waters

that have permanent, direct, surface-water






Bacillus sphaericus

WSP for catch basin,

WDG and CG for

surface waters

Culex spp., Culiseta

spp. (catch basins)

Culex spp., Culiseta

spp., Aedes vexans,

Aedes triseriatus

(waste tires)

Other Aedes spp.

and Ochlerotatus

spp. have varying

degrees of

susceptibility

Freshwater marshes, salt marshes, flood plains,

flooded fields, pastures, wetlands, ponds, storm

water retention/detention and seepage ponds,

wastewater sewage effluent, sewage lagoons,

oxidation ponds, log ponds, impounded waste

water, septic ditches, drainage ditches including

open storm sewers and irrigation ditches. May be

used in permanent, fish bearing bodies of water or

waters that have permanent, direct, surface-water








Rationale/Selection Criteria for Using Biological Agents to Control Mosquito Larvae

The best time to initiate a program to control the larvae of nuisance mosquitoes and the

larvae of WNV vector mosquito species is before the adult mosquitoes emerge.

Mosquitoes are most efficiently and economically controlled when they are concentrated as

larvae in their breeding site.

The primary selection criteria for using biological bacterial agents from the genus Bacillus

is that they are well suited for use in an integrated pest (mosquito) management program.

They have been shown to have minimal impact on most other beneficial organisms that

may be present in mosquito breeding sites. Apart from mosquito larvae, biological

bacterial agents belonging to the genus Bacillus have been shown to be toxic to only black

flies and some chironomid (midge) larvae.

Benefits of Using Biological Agents to Control Mosquito Larvae

During the spore-forming stage of their life cycle, biological bacterial agents from the

genus Bacillus produce a protein crystal protoxin that is activated by the alkaline conditions

in the host digestive system and is then toxic to the larvae. The benefits of using these

products are that they pose little risk to the applicator when they are being applied or

through exposure after application and that they have little or no acute toxic impact on non-

target species.

Limitations of Using Biological Agents to Control Mosquito Larvae

The primary limitation in using biological bacterial agents from the genus Bacillus to

control mosquito larvae is the limited treatment-time window that is available. Treatments

are generally only very effective on 2nd

and early 3rd

instar larvae, with treatments against

later development stages (i.e., late 3rd

or 4th

instar larvae) being only partly effective unless

higher application rates are used. Consequently, an increased frequency of monitoring may

be required to ensure that applications are made within the treatment-time window. In the

case of Bti as formulated in Vectobac and Aquabac, the secondary limitation is that because

of the rapid breakdown of these products in water through exposure to sunlight and aquatic

microorganisms (generally 48 to 72 hours), treatments would have to be repeated if

monitoring confirms the presence of mosquito larvae. Bacillus sphaericus formulated as

VectoLex does not have this limitation as it has a prolonged action of up to 30 or more

days.

2.7.3 Chemical Control (Larvicides)

An insecticide is a term given to a pesticide used to manage or control unwanted insects

(such as mosquitoes). A larvicide is an insecticide that targets the larval stage of an insect

(such a mosquito). In the context of this PMP, the only chemical larvicide proposed for use

to control mosquito larvae contains the active ingredient methoprene.

Under this PMP, the use of methoprene will be restricted to applications in storm

water catch basins and human-made, self-contained water bodies.



The insecticide (chemical larvicide) proposed for controlling larvae of nuisance mosquitoes

and larvae of WNV vector mosquito species, the species that it controls (based on label

claims), and the habitats where it is registered for use, are shown in Table 5.

Table 5: Insecticides (Chemical Larvicides) Proposed for Larval Mosquito Control

Active Ingredient Mosquito Species

Controlled

Habitats Where Registered For

Use

methoprene Culex spp., Culiseta spp.,

Anopheles spp., Aedes spp.,

Psorophora spp.

Storm water catch basins and human-

made self-contained water bodies.

Rationale/Selection Criteria for Using Chemical Larvicides Containing Methoprene

to Control Mosquito Larvae in Storm Water Catch Basins and Human-Made Self-

Contained Water Bodies

As was noted earlier, mosquitoes are most effectively and economically controlled when

they are in the larval stage and are concentrated in a breeding site (such as a storm water

catch basin or a human-made, self-contained, water body).

Chemical larvicides containing the active ingredient methoprene keep mosquito larvae in

the juvenile or immature stage (i.e., are insect growth regulators). Rather than controlling

mosquito larvae through direct toxicity, methoprene interferes with the mosquito life cycle,

preventing the larvae from reaching maturity. The mosquitoes die in the pupal stage or as

the adult mosquitoes attempt to emerge from the pupal skin.

The primary selection criteria for larvicides containing methoprene is its minimal impact

on most other beneficial organisms that may be present in breeding sites where it is

applied. Results from field studies in Ontario has indicated that there was no lasting

adverse effects on populations of invertebrates or other non-target aquatic organisms when

used in catch basins as part of the WNV management program (Ontario Ministry of

Environment Summary Report of Activities to Manage WNV, 2005).

Benefits of Using Chemical Larvicides Containing Methoprene to Control Mosquito

Larvae in Storm Water Catch Basins and Human-Made Self-Contained Water Bodies

The primary benefits of using products containing methoprene are that they pose little risk

to the applicator when they are being applied, or being exposed to them indirectly after

they are applied. Also, similar to bacterial agents from the genus Bacillus, preventing the

larvae from becoming adult mosquitoes minimizes the area that needs to be treated, and can

reduce overall chemical use by reducing or eliminating the need for applying chemicals to

kill adult mosquitoes.



In addition, methoprene products have residual activity when applied in the pellets or

briquette formulation. Both formulations release effective levels of insect growth regulator

for 30 days under typical environmental conditions, thus minimizing the need for numerous

re-treatments.

Limitations of Using Chemical Larvicides Containing Methoprene to Control

Mosquito Larvae in Storm Water Catch Basins and Human-Made Self-Contained

Water Bodies

There are some disadvantages associated with the application of methoprene. At present,

methoprene is much more expensive than Bti. In the laboratory, high doses of methoprene

have been shown to be slightly toxic to non-target organisms such as some crustaceans and

fish. In the field, when applied according to label directions, toxic concentrations are not

reached, and the product is undetectable in the environment within a few days.

Altosid Pellets will only be considered for use in human-made water bodies that would

never become contiguous with running water. Ideal locations for use would include

agricultural fields that are repeatedly flooded by over-irrigation and are producing repeated

generations of mosquitoes, and catch basins. The greatest disadvantage is that applicators

are unable to assess the efficacy of a treatment until after the larvae pupate, and, if the

treatment failed, adult mosquitoes may be abundant.

2.8 Pest Treatment Options Including a Description of the

Treatment Methods of Controlling Adult Mosquitoes

That May Be Used, the Rationale for Selecting the

Treatment Methods, and the Benefits and Limitations of

Each Treatment Method IPMR Sections 58(2)(e)(i)(ii)(iii)

2.8.1 Treatment Options for Adult Mosquitoes

The only treatment option for adult mosquito control is the use of adulticides. An

adulticide is an insecticide that targets the adult stage of an insect (such as a mosquito). In

the context of this PMP, adulticides may be used for controlling adult nuisance mosquitoes

and adult WNV vector mosquito species. Aerial application of adulticides will not be

undertaken under this PMP.

Adulticides proposed for targeting mosquito adults under this PMP are:

malathion;

pyrethrin + piperonyl butoxide; and,

pyrethrin + piperonyl butoxide + n-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboxide.



The properties and use patterns, manner of application and equipment used for application

of the adulticides proposed for use for adult mosquito control under this PMP will be

discussed in section 4.8.

It should be noted that the insecticides proposed for adult mosquito control are the same as

those approved under recently expired PMP No.116-024-2006/2011, issued to the TNRD

for control the larvae of nuisance mosquitoes and the larvae of mosquitoes that are

potential vectors of WNV.

As was noted earlier, ground adulticiding will only be undertaken if:

The treatment threshold for biting counts has been exceeded, there has been a

written request from residents wanting nuisance mosquito adulticiding in the

proposed treatment area, all environmental regulations can be met, and a previous

attempt at control has been made by conducting larviciding. Adulticiding for adult

mosquitoes has not been undertaken by the TNRD since 2003, and would only be

considered under rare circumstances; OR,

The provincial health officer or a medical health officer has issued a Pesticide

Application Order under section 3(1) of the Public Health Act, West Nile Virus

Control Regulation:

3 (1) The provincial health officer or a medical health officer may order a local

government to apply pesticides to any area within the jurisdiction of the local

government if satisfied that the application of pesticides is necessary to protect the

public health through the prevention or removal of a health hazard prescribed in

section 2.

2 The following are prescribed as health hazards for the purpose of this

regulation:

(a) the West Nile virus;

(b) any agent or condition that transmits, or contributes to the transmission

of, the West Nile virus.

Rationale/Selection Criteria for Using Adulticides to Control Adult Mosquitoes

The rationale for using adulticides to control the adults of nuisance mosquitoes and the

adults of mosquitoes that are potential vectors of WNV is generally a combination of:

The failure of larviciding programs to control mosquito larva; and,

Surveillance results have provided evidence that the risk of outbreak of WNV is

significant, or there is an unacceptable level of adult mosquitoes in a localized area.

Benefits of Using Adulticides to Control Adult Mosquitoes

The benefits of using adulticides to control adult mosquitoes include:



Breaking the zoonotic cycle that is amplifying the WNV virus and reducing the

chances of being bitten;

A 75-85% control (i.e., kill rate) is generally achieved within 8 hours of application;

Are effective against all species of mosquitoes;

Degrade rapidly in the environment, especially in moist soil;

Display low toxicity to birds and mammals;

The Pest Management Regulatory Agency of Health Canada has indicated that the

continued use of the adulticides proposed for use under this PMP for adult mosquito

control will not pose a significant health concern when used in residential areas;

and,

They must be applied only between sunset and sunrise IPMR section 78(4)(c) ,

thus reducing the chance of exposure to humans, domestic animals and honeybees.

Limitations of Using Adulticides to Control Adult Mosquitoes

The primary limitations to the use of the adulticides proposed for use are:

Their rapid rate of degradation (especially at high air temperatures), may necessitate

additional treatments if surveillance results still show high levels of adult mosquitoes

(that have moved from un-treated areas into treated areas, or from subsequent hatches);

They are highly toxic to most insects, including beneficial species;

They are highly toxic to honeybees. Registered beekeepers must be notified prior to

nuisance adulticide treatments to determine the location of colonies, and to ensure that

mitigation measures are in place to protect foraging bees;

Prior to ground based applications, signs advising of the treatment must be posted at

least 24 hours prior to treatment at the main access points to the treatment areas or

individual landowners must be notified; and,

Adulticide applications cannot be made to control adult mosquitoes located in areas

within 10 metres of water bodies due to the high toxicity of the active ingredients

proposed for use to both fish and aquatic insects. An additional buffer zone is also

recommended based on spray width of equipment.

2.9 Treatment Selection Criteria

Prior to the selection of a treatment method for mosquito larviciding or the control of nuisance

adult mosquitoes or adult mosquitoes that are potential vectors of WNV, the following

considerations shall be taken into account, as appropriate:

Recording the site location and site characteristics, including the recording of localized

weather conditions including temperature, wind speed and direction, and precipitation (the

Ministry of Environment is currently reviewing the requirement for documenting weather

conditions during granular larviciding activities, and should the Ministry amend the IPMR

with respect to documenting weather conditions for granular larviciding, the TNRD will

follow the requirement of the Regulation);

Considering if the infestation is within a community watershed, and, if so, what strategies

would be required for its protection with the treatment method chosen;



Considering if the infestation is within or adjacent to fish and wildlife, riparian areas or

wildlife habitat, and, if so, what strategies would be required for their protection with the

treatment method chosen;

Considering if the infestation is within 30 meters of domestic or agricultural water sources,

and, if so, what strategies would be required for their protection with the treatment method

chosen;

Considering if the infestation is adjacent to areas where food for human consumption is

grown or found, and, if so, what strategies would be required for their protection with the

treatment method chosen; and,

Considering if there are human activities associated with the site of the infestation, and, if

so, what strategies would be required for their protection with the treatment method chosen.

2.10 Description of the Monitoring Program for Evaluating

the Effectiveness of the Pesticide Use on Pest Populations

and the Environment, Including Effects on Organisms

Other Than Targeted Pests, By Comparison With the

Information Collected During Pre-Treatment

Monitoring IPMR Sections 58(2)(f)(i)(ii)(iii)

Post-treatment monitoring of larval or adult mosquitoes is undertaken to allow comparison

with pre-treatment population levels so that the effectiveness of the control method(s)

employed can be determined.

2.10.1 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Pesticide Use on Pest

Populations

The monitoring methods and data collected that will be used to assess larval and adult

mosquito populations after controls have been applied will be the same as those employed

before control. These methods have been previously discussed in sections 2.5.4 (larval

surveillance) and 2.5.5 (adult surveillance).

As was noted earlier, recent changes to the IPMR have eliminated, with respect to

mosquitoes, the requirement to conduct pre-treatment and post-treatment larval

monitoring/surveillance of storm water basins/catch basins.

Generally, post-treatment surveillance of adult mosquito populations will be done using

(CDC) light traps, gravid traps, New Jersey light traps, and/or bite counts. The numbers of

adult mosquitoes trapped will be compared with pre-treatment levels to document the

effectiveness of the treatment. All of the insecticides proposed for use under this PMP for

adult mosquito control are effective, if applied at label application rates, within 8 hours of

application. Consequently, post-treatment monitoring will generally be conducted within

14 days (preferably within 24 to 48 hours, if possible) of adulticiding treatments having

been applied.



All of the biological insecticides proposed for use under this PMP for larval mosquito

control, if applied at label application rates, cause the mosquito larvae to stop feeding

within hours of application and death within days. Consequently, post-treatment levels of

larval mosquito populations could be conducted within 24 to 48 hours of larviciding

treatments, but will generally be conducted within 14 days of larviciding treatments having

been applied.

Larval sampling methods and data collected will be the same as with pre-treatment

monitoring (i.e., using dip samples). The numbers of larvae observed during the post-

treatment observations will be compared with pre-treatment numbers so that the

effectiveness of larviciding can be documented.

2.10.2 Post-Treatment Monitoring of the Environment and

Non-Target Organisms

2.10.2.1 Post-Treatment Evaluation of Environmental Impacts

and Non-Target Effects Resulting from Larviciding

Treatments

As was discussed earlier, larvicides containing methoprene or biological bacterial

agents belonging to the genus Bacillus have been shown to have no adverse

environmental impacts when applied according to label directions, and no lasting

adverse effects on populations of invertebrates or other non-target aquatic

organisms. Consequently, post-treatment monitoring of non-target organisms and

environmental effects will not be undertaken.

2.10.2.2 Post-Treatment Evaluation of Environmental Impacts

and Non-Target Effects Resulting from Adulticiding

Treatments

The TNRD will implement environmental protection strategies and procedures prior

to conducting adulticiding treatments under this PMP. These strategies and

procedures will be directed at:

Protection of community watersheds (discussed in section 4.1);

Protection of water sources (domestic and agricultural) and bodies of water

(discussed in section 4.2);

Protection of fish and wildlife, riparian areas, and wildlife habitat (discussed in

section 4.3);

Preventing pesticide contamination of food intended for human consumption

(discussed in section 4.4);

Identifying treatment area boundaries during pre-treatment inspections (for

protection of human health and the environment) (discussed in section 4.5);



Maintaining and calibrating pesticide application equipment (discussed in

section 4.6);

Monitoring weather conditions and modifying pesticide application methods for

different weather conditions (discussed in section 4.7);

Public notification and bystander protection when applying adulticides. This

would include posting treatment notices with the required form and content at

the required locations, and notification of all residents in the proposed treatment

area (discussed in sections 5.2.6 and 5.2.8) and,

Procedures for notifying registered beekeepers and procedures for protecting

colonies when applying adulticides (discussed in section 5.2.6).

In addition to monitoring the effectiveness of the pesticide use on pest populations and the

environment, all contract work evaluated by the TNRD will ensure:

Compliance with the commitments made in this PMP;

Compliance with the Integrated Pest Management Act and Regulations; and

The efficacy of the work that has been undertaken by the contractor.

When evaluating the results of both chemical and non-chemical controls undertaken,

TNRD representatives shall also consider, as appropriate, the following:

Whether the targeted pests (i.e., mosquito larvae or adults) were affected by the

control option chosen, and if the level of control was acceptable;

Whether the treatment method used was effective;

Whether environmentally sensitive areas were adequately protected;

For treatments involving insecticides, whether the application rate needs to be

adjusted based on the results;

Whether there was any observable off-site insecticide movement or impact on

surrounding areas; and

Whether the established PFZs and NTZs were appropriate for the treatment method

that was employed.

3.0 Description of Operational Information That Will Be

Followed Under the PMP IPMR Section 58(3)(a)

The operational information included in this section includes procedures that will be followed under the

PMP for:

Qualifications and responsibilities of persons applying pesticides;

Safely transporting pesticides;

Safely storing pesticides;

Safely mixing, loading and applying pesticides;

Safe disposal of empty pesticide containers and unused pesticides; and,

Responding to pesticide spills.



The transportation, storage, handling, application and disposal of pesticides are governed by federal and

provincial legislation. All persons working with pesticides will follow safe handling practices including

workplace requirements for Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) labeling and

worker education. The required practices for pesticide applicators are detailed in:

Workers’ Compensation Board of British Columbia Occupational Health and Safety Regulation

(BC Reg. 296/97) as amended – Sections 6.70 to 6.109;

B.C Ministry of Environment (2005 or current edition) Handbook for Pesticide Applicators and

Dispensers; and,

Worker's Compensation Board of British Columbia (2009) Standard Practices for Pesticide

Applicators.

3.1 Qualifications of Persons Applying Pesticides

The transportation, storage, handling, application and disposal of pesticides are governed by

federal and provincial legislation. All persons working with pesticides will follow safe handling

practices including workplace requirements for Workplace Hazardous Materials Information

System (WHMIS) labeling and worker education. The required practices for pesticide applicators

are detailed in:

Worker's Compensation Board of British Columbia (1998) Occupational Health and Safety

Regulation – BC Regulation 96/97 as amended by BC Regulation 185/99 – Sections 6.70 to 6.109.

B.C Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks (1995) Handbook for Pesticide Applicators

and Dispensers.

Worker's Compensation Board of British Columbia (1990) Standard Practices for Pesticide

Applicators.

Any individual or company (i.e., a contractor) that provides a service to the TNRD by applying

commercial or industrial pesticides must have a valid B.C Pesticide User Licence, and each

supervising applicator must have a valid B.C. Pesticide Applicator Certificate in the Mosquito and

Biting Fly category.

Under the BC Integrated Pest Management Act and Regulations, a certified pesticide applicator

can supervise up to 4 uncertified assistants, provided the assistants are within continuous auditory

or visual range at all times while applying pesticides. Individuals must carry proof of their

applicator certification with them when applying pesticides for inspection purposes.

3.2 Description of Procedures for Safely Transporting

Insecticides IPMR Section 58(3)(a)(i)

The transportation of pesticides shall comply with all current legislation, federal and provincial,

governing their transport. In addition, personnel shall follow these procedures for safely

transporting insecticides proposed for use under this PMP:



Limit the amount of insecticides that will be carried in any one vehicle. The quantity shall

be no more than what is necessary for each project, except where transportation occurs

between storage facilities;

Ensure that insecticides are carried in a compartment that is secured against spillage and

unauthorized removal. The compartment shall be separate from food and drinking water,

personal safety equipment, spill containment equipment and people;

Inspect all insecticide containers for defects prior to transporting. Keep insecticides in their

original containers and with original labels. If original labels are not available, the

insecticides shall be placed in appropriate containers that have the trade name, active

ingredient concentration and insecticide registration number affixed to the outside of the

container;

Ensure that all transport vehicles are equipped with a first aid kit, fire extinguisher, spill

contingency plan and kit, and that the vehicle operator has been trained on how to handle

spills;

Ensure that all documents and placards are carried in, or placed on, transport vehicles if

required under the Transport of Dangerous Goods Act, R.S.B.C 1996, c. 458, and

regulations, the IPMA or the IPMR; and,

Read and understand the insecticide labels and the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for

all insecticides being transported.

3.3 Description of Procedures for Safely Storing Insecticides [IPMR Section 58(3)(a)(ii)]

The majority of the insecticides proposed for use in this PMP will be stored at the TNRD Shop

site, located at 660 Mission Flats Road, Kamloops, B.C. All other insecticide storage shall be on

premises owned or controlled by TNRD contractors. The storage of insecticides shall comply with

all current federal and provincial legislation governing their storage. In addition, the TNRD and

their contractors shall follow these procedures for safely storing insecticides proposed for use

under this PMP:

Ensure that insecticides are stored in accordance with the IPMA, IPMR and the Worker's

Compensation Board of British Columbia (2009) Standard Practices for Pesticide

Applicators;

Keep insecticides in their original containers and with original packaging. If original

packaging is not available, the insecticides shall be placed in appropriate containers that

have the trade name, active ingredient concentration and insecticide registration number

affixed to the outside of the container;

Ensure that storage facilities are locked when left unattended, ventilated to the outside

atmosphere, are entered only by persons authorized to do so, and that there is a placard

affixed and maintained on the outside of each door leading into the storage area bearing, in

block letters that are clearly visible, the words “WARNING – CHEMICAL STORAGE –

AUTHORIZED PERSONS ONLY”; and,

Keep storage facilities separate from work and living areas, and away from food,

flammable materials, bodies of water and water sources.

In addition, the TNRD and contractors working under this PMP shall notify the appropriate fire

department of the presence of the insecticides on the premises.



Some contractors may store insecticides on a temporary basis in vehicles or trailers when

performing a number of insecticide treatments for the TNRD. The vehicle and/or trailer is then

considered a mobile storage unit. The person responsible for the insecticide storage will ensure

that all insecticides are stored in a locked canopy, trailer or similar arrangement, separate from the

driver and personal protective gear.

3.4 Description of Procedures for Safely Mixing, Loading

and Applying Insecticides IPMR Section 58(3)(a)(iii)

Procedures for safely mixing, loading and applying insecticides shall comply with all current

federal and provincial legislation. In addition, personnel shall follow these procedures for safely

mixing, loading and applying insecticides proposed for use under this PMP:

Ensure that all mixing, loading and application of insecticides is carried out by Certified

Pesticide Applicators, and that all manufacturer’s recommendations, as specified on the

insecticide labels, are adhered to;

All mixing, loading and application of insecticides shall be undertaken in a safe manner;

All mixing and loading shall be undertaken only in areas at least 15 meters from, and

selected to prevent, any spilled insecticides from entering pesticide-free zones, no treatment

zones, bodies of water (except for larvicides), fish or wildlife habitat, water sources, or

other environmentally sensitive areas;

Ensure that containers used to mix, prepare or apply insecticides are not washed or

submerged in any body of water;

Ensure that eye wash station(s), protective clothing, safety spill kits, spill response plans, a

copy of this PMP, each insecticide product’s MSDS, emergency telephone numbers and

first aid supplies are present and available at or near the treatment site; and

To follow all directions and restrictions on insecticide product labels, including adhering to

the recommended re-entry times to treated areas unless personal protective equipment is

worn.

3.5 Description of Procedures for Safe Disposal of Empty

Insecticide Containers and Unused Insecticides IPMR Section 58(3)(a)(iv)

The safe disposal of empty insecticide containers and unused insecticides shall comply with all

current federal and provincial legislation governing their disposal. In addition, personnel shall

follow these procedures for safely disposing of empty insecticide containers and unused

insecticides proposed for use under this PMP:

Ensure that all insecticide waste is disposed of in a manner consistent with the

requirements of the Environmental Management Act, S.B.C. 2003, c. 53 and the Hazardous

Waste Regulation B.C. Reg. 63/88, as appropriate;



Ensure that empty insecticide containers are returned to the insecticide distributor as part of

their recycling program (if applicable); or triple rinsed or pressure rinsed, altered so that

they cannot be reused, and disposed of in a permitted sanitary landfill or other approved

disposal site; and

Ensure that all leftover insecticide mix is stored for future use in a manner consistent with

the requirements specified in Section 3.3.

3.6 Description of Procedures for Responding to Pesticide

Spills IPMR Section 58(3)(a)(v) The procedures for responding to insecticide spills shall comply with all current federal and

provincial legislation governing spill response. In addition, personnel shall follow these

procedures for responding to spills involving insecticides proposed for use under this PMP:

Spill treatment equipment shall be present or near storage (including mobile storage),

mixing and loading sites and shall include: personal protective equipment, absorbent

material, neutralizing material, a long handled broom, shovel, and a waste-receiving

container with lid;

A copy of an approved spill response plan shall be at or near each work site, and all

personnel working on the project shall be familiar with its contents;

All personnel shall be protected from insecticide contamination by wearing appropriate

protective clothing and safety gear;

Any person exposed to insecticide shall be moved away from the place of the spill;

First aid shall be administered, if required;

The source of the spill shall be stopped;

The spilled material shall be stopped from spreading by creating a dam or ridge;

The project supervisor shall ensure that operations cease until the spill is contained and the

source is repaired;

Absorbent material shall be spread over the spill, if applicable, to absorb any liquid;

The absorbent material shall be collected in garbage bags or containers with contents

clearly marked;

Contaminated soil or other material shall be removed from the spill site and placed in

garbage bags or containers;

The person responsible for the project shall contact the BC Environment, Environmental

Protection Program for disposal requirements;

When more than 5 liters or 5 kg of insecticide are spilled, the person responsible for the

project shall immediately report to the BC Provincial Emergency Program by telephoning

1-800-663-3456 or, where that is not practical, to the local police or nearest detachment of

the RCMP, and to the appropriate regional office of the BC Ministry of Environment,

Integrated Pest Management Program; and,

An approved representative of the TNRD shall be notified of the details related to the spill

as soon as practical by the contractor project supervisor.



4.0 Description of Environmental Protection Strategies and

Procedures That Will Be Followed Under the PMP IPMR Sections 58(3)(b)(c), 63, 64, 71, 73, 78

All mosquito control activities proposed for use within this PMP (both chemical and non-chemical) will

incorporate:

Strategies to protect community watersheds IPMR Section 58(3)(b)(i) ;

Strategies to protect water sources (domestic and agricultural) and bodies of water IPMR Section

58(3)(b)(i)(ii), ;

Strategies to protect fish and wildlife, riparian areas, and wildlife habitat IPMR Section 58(3)(b)(ii) ;

Strategies to prevent pesticide contamination of food intended for human consumption IPMR

Section 58(3)(b)(iii) ;

Pre-treatment inspection procedures for identifying treatment area boundaries IPMR Section

58(3)(b)(iv) ;

Procedures for maintaining and calibrating pesticide application equipment IPMR Section

58(3)(b)(v) ;

Procedures for monitoring weather conditions and strategies for modifying pesticide application

methods for different weather conditions IPMR Section 58(3)(b)(vi) ; and,

Procedures for conducting pre-treatment inspections of proposed treatment areas (for protection of

human health and the environment) IPMR Sections 71(1)(a)(iii), 71(c) .

4.1 Strategies to Protect Community Watersheds IPMR Section 58(3)(b)(i)

The TNRD shall confirm the location and geographic boundaries of community watersheds within

the plan area prior to the use of insecticides for larval or adult mosquito control. If required, a

database maintained by the BC Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Integrated Land Management

Bureau (ILMB) will be accessed for this information.

The former Forest Practices Code of British Columbia Act contained “guidelines” to protect

community watersheds during pesticide applications. Although the use of these guidelines are not

legally binding, the applicable “guidelines” that the TNRD will implement as part of their

strategies to protect community watersheds include:

Verifying the location of community watersheds within the PMP area;

Not storing insecticides within a community watershed for more than 24 hours prior to

their use, and removed from the community watershed within 7 days of their use, unless

they are stored in a permanent structure;

Maintaining legislated no treatment zones (NTZ) or pesticide free zones (PFZ) around all

lakes, streams and other bodies of water within the community watershed when mosquito

adulticides are being proposed for use (see table for specific details); and,

Discontinuing insecticide applications if insecticide residues or insecticide breakdown

products are detected at a community watershed water intake, and refraining from further



insecticide applications until the local Medical Health Officer has been satisfied that all

required measures have been implemented to preserve water quality.

Definitions: Pesticide-free zone (PFZ) – an area of land that must not be treated with pesticides, and

must be protected from pesticides moving into it. It is measured as the horizontal distance

from the high water mark.

No-treatment zone (NTZ) – an area of land that must not be treated with pesticides.

Body of water – any watercourse or body of water, such as a stream, river, wetland, or

lake, but not including a human-made, self-contained body of water or structure of water.

4.2 Strategies to Protect Water Sources (Domestic and

Agricultural) and Bodies of Water IPMR Section 58(3)(b)(i)(ii)

The TNRD shall ensure that strategies are developed and implemented, if required, that identify

and protect water sources (domestic and agricultural) and bodies of water prior to the application

of larvicides and adulticides. The PFZs and NTZs that will be maintained to protect water sources

and bodies of water will be consistent with the standards specified in the IPMR.

4.2.1 Insecticide Applications for Larval Mosquito Control

A recent amendment to the IPMR stipulates that mosquito larvicides cannot be applied to

permanent, fish bearing bodies of water or waters that have permanent, direct, surface-

water connections with fish bearing bodies of water unless the BCCDC has advised the

public that it has identified the WNV in mosquitoes in the region of the Province where the

pesticide is to be applied, and the mosquitoes to be treated are vectors of WNV.

With the exception of determining the location of permanent, fish bearing bodies of water

or waters that have permanent, direct, surface-water connections with fish bearing bodies

of water, strategies for the protection of water sources and bodies of water will not be

implemented during insecticide use for larval mosquito control.

With the exception of methoprene use in catch basins and human-made, self-contained

water bodies, all larvicides proposed for use under this PMP to control larvae of WNV

vector mosquito species are bacterial agents belonging to the genus Bacillus. Bacterial

agents are very low in toxicity and environmental impact. Methoprene use for larval

mosquito control will be restricted to applications in catch basins and human-made, self-

contained water bodies. When used in closed water systems, methoprene products have

been shown to pose minimal risk to nearby water sources.

Table 6 describes the minimum water protection measures that shall be implemented

during insecticide applications for larval mosquito control under this PMP.



Table 6: Minimum Water Protection Measures Specified in the IPMR for

Insecticide Applications for Larval Mosquito Control

IPMR

Section

Required Distance

Bacterial Insecticides Must maintain a 30 m NTZ* around a water supply

intake or well used for domestic or agricultural purposes,

including water for livestock or for irrigation of crops

71(3) Exempted from NTZ requirements by Section 71(12)

IPMR

Must maintain a NTZ between an outdoor pesticide use

area and a body of water* that is sufficient to prevent the

release of pesticide spray or runoff into the body of water


IPMR

A minimum10 m PFZ* must be maintained around or

along bodies of water, dry streams and classified

wetlands

73(1) Exempted from PFZ requirements by Section 78(2)

IPMR

Must not be used in permanent, fish bearing bodies of

water or waters that have permanent, direct, surface-

water connections with fish bearing bodies of water.

78(1) Exempted from this requirement by Section 78(1.1)

IPMR if the BCCDC has advised the public that it

has identified the WNV in mosquitoes in the region

of the Province where the pesticide is to be applied,

and the mosquitoes to be treated are vectors of WNV

Storm water catch basins 73(1) Exempted by Section 73(4) IPMR

Methoprene

Must maintain a NTZ between an outdoor pesticide use

area and a body of water that is sufficient to prevent the

release of pesticide spray or runoff into the body of water


IPMR in relation to use in a storm water catch basin

A minimum 10 m PFZ must be maintained around or

along bodies of water, dry streams and classified

wetlands

71(3) The application of methoprene to a body of water for

the purpose of managing mosquitoes is exempted

from this requirement

Must maintain a 30 m NTZ around a water supply intake

or well used for domestic or agricultural purposes,

including water for livestock or for irrigation of crops

71(3) 30 meter NTZ*

Must not be used in permanent, fish bearing bodies of

water or waters that have permanent, direct, surface-


78(1) Exempted from this requirement by Section 78(1.1)

IPMR if the BCCDC has advised the public that it

has identified the WNV in mosquitoes in the region

of the Province where the pesticide is to be applied,

and the mosquitoes to be treated are vectors of WNV

* Section 71(4) of the IPMR states that the 30 meter NTZ may be reduced if the confirmation holder for this PMP

is reasonably satisfied that the smaller zone will ensure that pesticide from the use will not enter the water

supply, intake or well.

4.2.2 Insecticide Applications for Adult Mosquito Control

Table 7 describes the minimum water protection measures that shall be implemented

during insecticide applications for adult mosquito control under this PMP. .



Table 7: Minimum Water Protection Measures Specified in the IPMR for

Insecticide Applications for Adult Mosquito Control

IPMR

Section

Required Distance

Adulticide Applications (All Insecticides)

Around a water supply intake or well used for domestic or agricultural

purposes, including water for livestock or for irrigation of crops

71(3) 30 meter NTZ

Must maintain a NTZ between an outdoor pesticide use area and a

body of water that is sufficient to prevent the release of pesticide spray

or runoff into the body of water

71(5) 10 meter NTZ

Must maintain a PFZ around or along bodies of water, dry streams and

classified wetlands

73(1) 10 meter PFZ

* Section 71(4) of the IPMR states that the 30 meter NTZ may be reduced if the confirmation

holder for this PMP is reasonably satisfied that the smaller zone will ensure that pesticide

from the use will not enter the water supply, intake or well.

4.3 Strategies to Protect Fish and Wildlife, Riparian Areas

and Wildlife Habitat IPMR Section 58(3)(b)(ii)


All of the bacterial larvicides proposed for use within this PMP are low or very low in

toxicity to fish and aquatic organisms. Although larvicides containing the active ingredient

methoprene are generally of very low to moderate toxicity to most non-target organisms

when used at label rates, there is some evidence of higher mortality to amphibians such as

frogs, salamanders and toads. For these reasons, within the TNRD mosquito larviciding

program, methoprene will only be used in storm water catch basins or human made self-

contained water bodies. Further information on the properties and use patterns of the

bacterial and non-bacterial larvicides proposed for use under this PMP can be found in

Section 4.8 of this document.

As was noted in Table 6, Section 78(1) of the IPMR states that mosquito larvicides (both

bacterial and non-bacterial) must not be used in permanent, fish bearing bodies of water or

waters that have permanent, direct, surface-water connections with fish bearing bodies of

water. This table further advises that PMP holders will be exempt from this requirement by

Section 78(1.1) IPMR if the BCCDC has advised the public that it has identified the WNV

in mosquitoes in the region of the Province where the pesticide is to be applied, and the

mosquitoes to be treated are vectors of WNV. The TNRD will comply with these

requirements during their larviciding programs under this PMP.

In addition to the PFZ and NTZ requirements specified in Table 6, the TNRD and its’

contractors shall exercise caution when working with mosquito larvicides adjacent to

riparian areas, sensitive wildlife habitat, and permanent, fish bearing bodies of water or



waters that have permanent, direct, surface-water connections with fish bearing bodies of

water.

The strategies that will be employed to protect riparian areas, sensitive wildlife habitat, and


water connections with fish bearing bodies of water during the application of bacterial and

non-bacterial larvicides include:

Determining and mapping/recording the location of riparian areas, sensitive wildlife

habitat, and permanent, fish bearing bodies of water or waters that have permanent,

direct, surface-water connections with fish bearing bodies of water, and ensure the

locations are provided to all personnel prior to application of mosquito larvicides;

Preventing fueling of machinery/application equipment or mosquito larvicide mixing

within 15 meters of riparian areas, sensitive wildlife habitat, and permanent, fish

bearing bodies of water or waters that have permanent, direct, surface-water

connections with fish bearing bodies of water; and,

Preventing cleaning up or disposal of larvicides or their containers within 15 meters of

riparian areas, sensitive wildlife habitat, and permanent, fish bearing bodies of water or

waters that have permanent, direct, surface-water connections with fish bearing bodies

of water.


In addition to the PFZ’s and NTZ’s specified in the Table 6, the TNRD and its’ contractors

shall exercise caution when working with adulticides adjacent to, and within sensitive

ecosystems including riparian areas and sensitive wildlife habitat.

Riparian areas are usually belts of trees and shrubs that occur next to the banks of streams,

lakes and wetlands. Near stream vegetation is essential for both stabilizing stream banks

and regulating water temperatures. Riparian areas frequently contain the highest numbers

of plant and animals species (biodiversity), and contain critical habitats, home ranges and

travel corridors for wildlife.

Endangered wildlife species are protected under the federal Species at Risk Act (SARA).

All pesticide use under this PMP shall be undertaken in a manner to ensure that endangered

wildlife species are not impacted.

The strategies that will be employed to protect riparian areas, endangered wildlife species

and wildlife habitat during the application of adulticides include:

No fueling of machinery or pesticide mixing within 15 meters of riparian zones;

No clean up or disposal of pesticide materials within 15 meters of riparian zones;

and,

Installation of flagging or use of coloured stakes around known or suspected

riparian areas, sensitive wildlife habitat (including endangered wildlife species) to

indicate PFZ and/or NTZ boundaries.



Further information on the properties and use patterns of the adulticides proposed for use

under this PMP can be found in Section 4.8 of this document.

4.4 Strategies to Prevent Contamination of Food Intended

for Human Consumption IPMR Section 58(3)(b)(iii)


Due to their chemical properties and to their use exclusively in aquatic areas, the larvicides

proposed for use in this PMP will not cause contamination of food intended for human

consumption. Consequently, strategies to prevent contamination of food intended for

human consumption will not be implemented during insecticide use (bacterial or non-

bacterial) for larval mosquito control.


Insecticide applications for adult mosquito control have the potential to cause a temporary

contamination of food intended for human consumption as a result of residues landing on

food crops such as berries, vegetable gardens and fruit trees. As will be discussed in

Section 4.8, adulticides are broken down quickly by sunlight and with increased air

temperatures, generally remaining active for less than 24 hours after their application by

the ULV equipment proposed for use under this PMP. As will be discussed further in

Section 5.2.5 (Notification of Adulticiding), the TNRD has developed and implemented

strategies to prevent contamination of food intended for human consumption during

insecticide applications for adult mosquito control. These strategies are primarily directed

towards beekeepers, organic farms, agricultural producers, and residential properties where

food for human consumption may be growing.

4.5 Pre-Treatment Inspection Procedures for Identifying

Treatment Area Boundaries IPMR Sections 58(3)(b)(iv) &71(1)(a)(c)

Section 58(3)(b)(iv) of the IPMR requires that a PMP include a description of the pre-treatment

inspection procedures for identifying treatment area boundaries. Section 71(1)(a)(c) of the IPMR

requires that a confirmation holder to do all of the following before the pesticide use:

Ensure that each individual who will be using the pesticide is informed of the boundaries of

the proposed treatment area, the requirements for personal protection, and the pesticide use

procedures required to protect human health and the environment; and,

Carry out an inspection of the treatment area to ensure that the applicable regulatory

requirements and standards can be met in carrying out the use.



To ensure that the above regulatory requirements are met, the TNRD will establish and implement

the following strategies and procedures prior to the application of mosquito larvicides and

adulticides, as applicable:

Ensure that the contractor has conducted a pre-treatment inspection of the proposed

treatment site to establish/confirm treatment area boundaries and to confirm the location of:

o Domestic and agricultural wells and water supply intakes, including water for

livestock or for irrigation of crops;

o Bodies of water, dry streams and classified wetlands;

o Permanent, fish bearing bodies of water or waters that have permanent, direct,

surface-water connections to fish bearing bodies of water;

o Riparian areas and sensitive wildlife habitat; and,

o Other sensitive environmental features requiring protection

Based on the results of the pre-treatment inspection, identify, mark/flag the locations of

NTZs and/or PFZs that are required;

Conduct a pre-treatment meeting and/or site visit with all personnel involved in all

insecticide treatments to ensure that:

o They will have a copy of the PMP in their possession;

o They are aware of the treatment area boundaries and the locations of all required

NTZs and/or PFZs; and,

o They are able to meet the appropriate regulatory requirements and standards when

applying insecticides. For adulticide applications, this would include posting

treatment notices with the required form and content at the required locations, or

notifying all residents in the proposed treatment area. These requirements will be

further discussed in Sections 5.2.5 (Notification of Adulticiding) and 5.2.7 (Posting

of Treatment Notices).

4.6 Procedures for Maintaining and Calibration Pesticide

Application Equipment IPMR Section 58(3)(b)(v)

All pesticide application equipment used by the TNRD and its’ contractors shall be safe, clean, in

good repair, compatible and appropriate for the larvicide or adulticide being applied.

Calibration shall be undertaken on a regular basis throughout the spray season to ensure that the

equipment is being operated in accordance with the original design. Output from sprayers is not

constant from day to day due to wear of pumps and nozzles. Proper calibration is also dependent

on other factors such as the operator who is using the equipment.

The TNRD shall undertake the following general procedures to ensure that the ULV adulticiding

equipment is functioning as intended:



Each day prior to use, the sprayer fittings and hoses shall be checked for leaks and signs of

wear; and,

Prior to any adulticiding applications in a given year (and during the season as necessary,

depending on the frequency of sprayer use), each sprayer shall be calibrated using oil to

determine flow rate. During the initial application of adulticides, the droplet size will be

determined using a droplet analyzer to ensure that the size of the spray droplets is both

correct for maximum effectiveness and is in compliance with product label requirements.

Flow rate, speed of travel and swath width must be maintained and will be constantly monitored by

the applicator during all ULV applications. For example, the instructions on a Malathion ULV

insecticide label states:

“ For control of adult mosquitoes over a 90 meter swath width with non-thermal aerosols of

Malathion using the ULV method, use a flow rate of 28 ml to 42 ml per minute at a truck speed of 8

km/hour. Flow rate must be constantly monitored by the operator to maintain uniform control of

discharge”.

Calibration of backpack blowers and aerial application equipment used to apply granular

formulations of larvicides will be conducted daily prior to larviciding treatments being undertaken.

As these products broadcast spread the larviciding granules, the applicators must be aware of the

spread pattern and its correlation to application rate. Spread-pattern “posters” are displayed at the

spray contractor’s office and at the TNRD storage shed. Applicators will be trained on the

appropriate use of backpack granular applicators prior to use so that they are able to adjust their

calibration as they walk through and around standing water (i.e. to walk slower or faster).

4.7 Procedures for Monitoring Weather Conditions and

Strategies for Modifying Pesticide Application Methods

for Different Weather Conditions IPMR Section 58(3)(b)(vi)

As currently required by Section 35(1)(i) of the IPMR, prior to, and periodically during larviciding

and adulticiding applications, measurements will be made to record weather conditions.

Specifically, measurements will be made and recorded of:

Wind speed and direction;

Precipitation; and,

Air temperature.

It should be noted that amendments are currently being considered to Section 35(1)(i) of the IPMR

that would eliminate the requirement for recording wind speed, temperature and precipitation

during the granular application of larvicides for mosquito control. If this amendment shall come

into force during the term of this PMP, the TNRD shall comply with all amended regulations.

Environment Canada shall be consulted for up to date local forecasts and predictions as to future

rainfall events. Every effort shall be made to ensure that weather conditions are suitable for

insecticide application, and are consistent with pesticide label requirements.



Adulticiding applications will be terminated/suspended if any of the following apply:

The maximum/minimum temperature stated on the insecticide label is exceeded; or,

Unprotected people enter the treatment area; or,

The wind speed exceeds 8 km/hr; or,

The wind speed and direction causes the insecticide to drift outside the treatment area

and/or miss the intended target.

During Larviciding applications (hand application, backpack blower application or helicopter

application), the following weather conditions will be considered:

Weather forecasts will be consulted, and conditions at the treatment site will be observed.

In significant rain events, aerial application may be postponed;

When wind speeds reach a level that causes the granular larvicides to drift outside of the

treatment area (i.e. the applicator is no longer able to control the placement of the granules

accurately), the application will be postponed; and,

Air temperature will be recorded.

4.8 The Identification of Insecticides Proposed for Use, Their

Properties, Manner of Application and Equipment

Required for Application IPMR Section 58(3)(c)

4.8.1 Properties and Use Patterns of Bacterial Larvicides

Examples of Trade Names under which the active ingredients of the bacterial larvicides

proposed for use are currently sold are shown in Table 8:

Table 8: Examples of Trade Names of the Bacterial Larvicides Proposed for Use

Active Ingredient Examples of Trade Names and PCP # *

Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti)

strain H-14 (AM65-52)

Vectobac 600L (PCP # 19455)

Vectobac 1200L (PCP # 21062)

Vectobac 200G (PCP # 18158)

Mosquito Dunks Biological Mosquito Control (PCP # 28888)

Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti)

strain H-14 (BMP-144)

Aquabac 200G (PCP # 26862)

Aquabac XT (PCP # 26860)

Aquabac II XT (PCP # 27376)

Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) strain

SA3A

Teknar Granule (PCP # 19239)

Teknar HP-D (PCP # 19241)

Bacillus sphaericus

WSP for catch basin, WDG and CG for surface

waters

Vectolex WDG (PCP # 28007)

Vectolex CG (PCP # 28008)

Vectolex WSP (PCP # 28009)

* PCP # refers to the registration number of the product under the Pest Control Products Act (Canada)



Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) Strain H-14 (AM65-52 and MP-144)

Bti is the active ingredient found in several bacterial agents registered for use in Canada.

Bti is formulated as a liquid, or as a granule combined with natural corn products. Bti is a

naturally occurring bacterium that produces a crystal that is lethal to mosquito larvae when

eaten. The Bti spores that are consumed contain a crystallized toxin that is dissolved by

alkaline fluids in the larvae’s stomach. The toxin ruptures stomach cells in the mosquito

larvae, causing their death.

The duration of Bti effectiveness depends on the mosquito species, the formulation of the

product and the organic content of the water. Bti is not considered to have residual action,

as only larvae present in the sites at the time of application are affected. As a result,

repeated applications of the product may be necessary throughout the season as new

generations of larvae appear in the breeding sites. Studies have shown that when applied at

label rates, Bti poses little direct or indirect toxic effects to non-target invertebrate species

or fish.

Timing of Bti applications is very important. Although the most effective control is

achieved when treating 2nd

and 3rd

instar mosquito larvae, Bti is also effective on 1st instar

and early 4th

instar larvae. Late in 4th

instar and during pupation, the product is no longer

effective because the mosquito is not feeding. The limited treatment window for the

effective use of Bti products may limit the effectiveness of its use. Bti products should not

be applied when it is raining.

This strain of Bti can be applied to temporary and permanent pools in pastures and

woodlots, irrigation or roadside ditches, natural marshes or estuarine areas, catch basins

and sewage lagoons. If the BCCDC has advised the public that it has identified the WNV

in mosquitoes in the region of the Province where the pesticide is to be applied, and the

mosquitoes to be treated are vectors of WNV, Bti products may also be applied to



This strain of Bti will not be applied to any water sites that serve as a source of treated,

finished drinking water.

Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) Strain SA3A

Strain SA3A of Bti can be effective in controlling all instars of mosquito larvae when

applied at the label rates. It can be applied to flood water, pastures, standing ponds,

ditches, tidal water and salt marshes, catch basins, storm water retention areas, water

polluted with sewage, water with moderate organic content, irrigation water and water with

a high level of suspended solids. If the BCCDC has advised the public that it has identified

the WNV in mosquitoes in the region of the Province where the pesticide is to be applied,

and the mosquitoes to be treated are vectors of WNV, Bti products may also be applied to





This strain of Bti will not be applied to any water sites that serve as a source of treated,


Bacillus sphaericus

Bacillus sphaericus (Bs) is a naturally occurring bacterium that acts as an endotoxin to

mosquito larvae. These products contain living sporulated bacteria and a crystal protoxin

that is released by alkaline conditions in the gut. The toxin will destroy the lining of the

intestine of the mosquito larvae that then releases lethal chemicals into the blood’s

haemocoel. The bacteria will recycle, and spores from dead larvae can remain suspended

for extended periods of time. The duration of activity depends on many biotic and abiotic

factors. Three products containing Bacillus sphaericus are registered for larval mosquito

control and, depending on the product, can be used for larval control in catch basins and

waste tires, or in certain water bodies.

In catch basins, it has been shown to effectively control Culex spp. and Culiseta spp., while

hand or ground applications have been shown to effectively control Culex spp., Culiseta

spp. and Aedes triseriatus in waste tires. When used at label rates, it will control several

species of mosquito larvae in freshwater marshes, salt marshes, flood plains, flooded fields

and pastures, wetlands, ponds, storm water detention/retention and seepage ponds,

wastewater sewage effluent, sewage lagoons, oxidation ponds, log ponds, impounded waste

water, septic ditches, drainage ditches including open storm sewers and irrigation ditches.

If the BCCDC has advised the public that it has identified the WNV in mosquitoes in the

region of the Province where the pesticide is to be applied, and the mosquitoes to be treated

are vectors of WNV, Bs products may also be applied to permanent, fish bearing bodies of

water or waters that have permanent, direct, surface-water connections with fish bearing

bodies of water.

Studies have shown that when applied at label rates, Bs poses little direct or indirect toxic

effects to no-target invertebrate species or fish.

One benefit of Bs is that it has residual action. The bacteria will continue to replicate as

new generations of mosquitoes appear in the sites. Consequently, only one or two

applications of the product may be necessary to maintain control over the entire season.

This strain of Bs will not be applied to any water sites that serve as a source of treated,


4.8.2 Properties and Use Patterns of Chemical Larvicides

Methoprene

Methoprene is the active ingredient found in several insecticidal larvicides registered for

use in Canada. Examples of Trade Names under which methoprene is currently sold are

shown in Table 9:



Table 9: Examples of Trade Names of the Chemical Larvicide Proposed for Use


methoprene Altosid Pellets (PCP # 21809)

Altosid Granules (PCP # 22676)

Altosid Liquid Larvicide (PCP # 28070)

Altosid XR Briquets (PCP # 27694)


Methoprene is a synthetic mimic of a naturally occurring growth hormone (called juvenile

hormone) that keeps insects in the juvenile or immature stage. When applied to habitat

with larvae, methoprene interferes with the mosquito life cycle and prevents the mosquito

from reaching maturity. The mosquito dies during the pupal stage or as the adult mosquito

attempts to emerge from the pupal case. Methoprene has been shown to be effective in

controlling Culex, Culiseta, Aedes, Anopheles and Psoraphora spp.

Methoprene is of very low to moderate toxicity to terrestrial non-target organisms when

used at label rates. In aquatic habitats, this product can have a wide range of toxicity to

invertebrates and fish. Under this PMP methoprene will only be used in storm water catch

basins or to man-made bodies of water that would never become contiguous with natural

bodies of water. A recent amendment to the IPMR section 71(5) has exempted

methoprene from the requirement to maintain a no-treatment zone when used in storm

water runoff catch basins for the management of mosquitoes. This amendment was made

followed a determination that the use of methoprene would have no likely environmental

impact when used in this aquatic habitat. Studies have shown that methoprene breaks

down quickly in water and soil and will not leach into groundwater.

Methoprene is available in pellet or briquet formulations. Application should occur early

in the season when larvae start to develop, and should be continued through the last brood

of the season. Methoprene generally remains active for up to 30 days under typical

environmental conditions, but some formulations remain active for up to 150 days.

Because methoprene is an insect growth regulator, proper timing of applications is critical.

The effectiveness of methoprene in preventing mosquito larvae from developing into adult

stages will be monitored for all application. Pupae should be reared to adults to assess

effectiveness of the product on adult mosquitoes.

If the BCCDC has advised the public that it has identified the WNV in mosquitoes in the

region of the Province where the pesticide is to be applied, and the mosquitoes to be treated

are vectors of WNV, products containing methoprene may also be applied to permanent,

fish bearing bodies of water or waters that have permanent, direct, surface-water

connections with fish bearing bodies of water.

Products containing methoprene will not be applied to any water sites that serve as a source

of treated, finished drinking water.



4.8.3 Larvicide Application Methods and Type of Equipment

Used for Application

Under this PMP, the manner in which each larvicide active ingredient is applied, and the

equipment generally used to apply them is shown in Table 10:

Table 10: Larvicide Application Methods and Type of Equipment Used for

Application

Active Ingredient Manner of

Application

Equipment Used for Application


israelensis (Bti)

strain H-14 (AM65-52 and

BMP-144)

Ground and aerial Manual placement, backpack sprayer, truck-

mounted power hose and nozzle, granular

spreader, helicopter, fixed wing aircraft


israelensis (Bti) strain SA3A

Ground and aerial Manual placement, backpack sprayer, truck-



Bacillus sphaericus

WSP for catch basin, WDG and

CG for surface waters

Ground and aerial

Manual placement, backpack sprayer, truck-



methoprene Ground Manual placement of briquettes or backpack

sprayer or manual placement of pellets

4.8.4 Properties and Use Patterns of Adulticides

Examples of Trade Names under which active ingredients of the adulticides proposed for

use are currently sold are shown in Table 11:

Table 11: Examples of Trade Names of the Adulticides Proposed for Use


malathion Fyfanon ULV (PCP # 9337)

Pro Malathion ULV Insecticide (PCP # 14597)

Malathion 95 ULV (PCP # 25638)

Gardex Malathion ULV Concentrate (PCP # 16198)

pyrethrin + piperonyl butoxide Pyrocide Fogging Formula 7067 for ULF Mosquito Adulticiding (PCP # 13378)

Pyrenone 25-5 M.A.G. Liquid Insecticide (PCP # 14632)

pyrethrin + piperonyl butoxide+

bicycloheptene dicarboximide

Gardex Industrial Micro Spray Concentrate (PCP # 11855)




Malathion

Malathion is the active ingredient found in several mosquito adulticides registered for use

in Canada. Malathion is a non-systemic (contact), wide-spectrum organophosphorous

insecticide that is registered for use to control sucking and chewing insects on fruits and

vegetables, and to control adult mosquitoes, flying insects, animal parasites, and head and

body lice. Ecologically, malathion is moderately toxic to birds, has a wide range of

toxicity to fish, and is highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates, amphibians and honeybees.

Malathion will break down rapidly in sunlight, with a reported half-life in air of about 1.5

days. The half-life of a pesticide is the time that it takes for the active ingredient to break

down to one half of the originally applied concentration. This rapid breakdown of

malathion in air results in applications providing only temporary relief, at best, from adult

mosquitoes.

All applications of malathion under this PMP will be by ultra-low volume ground

applications. This technique produces droplet sizes that have the greatest impact on adult

mosquitoes, while posing minimal risk to the human population.

Adulticides containing malathion will only be applied between the official times of sunset

and sunrise.

Pyrethrin + Piperonyl Butoxide

Pyrethrins are botanical materials extracted from dried flowers of the chrysanthemum

family. They have excellent knockdown properties and leave no dangerous residues. They

are unstable when exposed to light, moisture or air. Piperonyl butoxide is a synergist,

which is a chemical that lacks pesticidal effects on its own, but enhances the pesticidal

properties of the pesticide that it is formulated with. Pyrethrins work by contact, affecting

the nervous system of the adult mosquito. The piperonyl butoxide inhibits the ability of the

mosquito to break down the pyrethrin, increasing the duration of its effectiveness and

reducing the amount of pesticide required.

Pyrethrin and piperonyl butoxide are considered to be low to very low in toxicity to

mammals, both on skin contact and if ingested. Depending on the species, both pyrethrins

and piperonyl butoxide are moderately to highly toxic to fish, honeybees, aquatic

invertebrates and other beneficial insects.

All applications of pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide under this PMP will be by ultra-low

volume ground applications. This technique produces droplet sizes that have the greatest

impact on adult mosquitoes, while posing minimal risk to the human population.

The main advantage in using adulticides that contain pyrethrin + piperonyl butoxide over

adulticides containing malathion is that they are effective when applied in cooler ambient

temperatures.

Adulticides containing pyrethrin + piperonyl butoxide will only be applied between the

official times of sunset and sunrise.



Pyrethrin + Piperonyl Butoxide + N-Octyl Bicycloheptene Dicarboximide

N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboxide is a synergist used to enhance the pesticidal properties

of pyrethrins. The information presented above with respect to piperonyl butoxide is also

applicable to this synergist.

4.8.5 Adulticide Application Methods and Type of Equipment

Used for Application

Under this PMP, the manner in which each adulticide active ingredient is applied, and the

equipment generally used to apply them is shown in Table 12:

Table 12: Adulticide Application Methods and Type of Equipment Used for

Application

Active Ingredient Manner of

Application

Equipment Used for Application

malathion Ground Aerosol generators (thermal

foggers and cold foggers) and

ultra-low volume (ULV) sprayers

pyrethrin + piperonyl butoxide Ground Aerosol generators (thermal



pyrethrin + piperonyl butoxide + N-

octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide

Ground Aerosol generators (thermal



5.0 Reporting, Notification and Consultation

5.1 Reporting

Accurate record keeping allows both plan holder (i.e. the TNRD) and the Administrator, IPMA, to:

Monitor the quantity of insecticide used;

Ensure compliance with the IPMR;

Ensure compliance with the commitments made in this PMP; and,

Ensure compliance with the contents of the Pesticide Use Notice.

The TNRD will ensure that their contractors maintain each of the required records

described below:



5.1.1 Confirmation Holder Use Records

Each contracting firm that applies insecticides under this plan must maintain daily records

of insecticide use.

Section 37(1) of the IPMR describes the requirements for these records. The following

records must be kept for each treatment location and day of use:

The date and time of the insecticide use;

The trade name of each insecticide used and its registration number under the federal

Act;

For each insecticide used, the method and rate of application and the total quantity

used;

The prevailing meteorological conditions including temperature, precipitation and

velocity and direction of the wind, these conditions should be measured at the

beginning of each day before starting treatment, re-measured if obvious changes in

environmental conditions occur throughout the day, and re-measured at the end of any

treatment day (adulticiding applications); and,

A record for each piece of the holder’s insecticide application equipment that requires

calibration showing when the equipment was calibrated and the data upon which its

calibration was based (adulticiding applications).

In addition to maintaining daily records of insecticide use, each contracting firm that

applies insecticides under this PMP will maintain pre and post-treatment records of sites.

5.1.2 Annual Report for Confirmation Holders

In accordance with Section 39 of the IPMR, the TNRD will provide to the Regional

Administrator, IPMA, the following information for each calendar year by January 31 in

the next calendar year for operations conducted under this PMP during the calendar year:

The name and address of the confirmation holder, and their confirmation number;

Trade name and active ingredient of the insecticide(s) applied, including their PCP

numbers;

Locations and total area treated (ha); and,

Quantity of each active ingredient applied (kg).

5.2 Notifications

The TNRD commit to providing the following notifications with respect to this PMP:



5.2.1 Notification of PMP Confirmation

The TNRD will, within 7 days of the plan confirmation date, make available, for the term

of the confirmation, a copy of the confirmation and the PMP with relevant maps at their

local office to allow inspection by the public.

5.2.2 Annual Notice of Intent to Treat

As per section 42 of the IPMR, for the purpose of an annual Notice of Intent to Treat, the

TNRD will prepare and retain detailed maps showing the treatment locations for the

applicable calendar year, which indicate the following for each treatment location:

The proposed treatment areas; and

The geographic or other sensitive features that require a PFZ or NTZ.

The plan holder will forward, in writing, to MoE, at least 21 days prior to treatment in each

year during which the PMP is in effect, an Annual Notice of Intent to Treat (NIT) for the

following year. The NIT will be submitted to each Regional Office of MoE within whose

geographic boundaries insecticide applications are being proposed. This NIT will identify:

Name and business location of confirmation holder(s);

Proposed treatment areas;

Proposed treatments;

Insecticides proposed for use and their method of application; and,

The total area proposed for treatment.

5.2.3 Requests to Amend the PMP

The TNRD will forward, in writing, to MoE, amendments requested for the PMP.

Amendment requests to add new application techniques or similar changes will not require

further public advertising or First Nations consultation, provided that the amendment

request is within land owned or controlled by the TNRD, or other lands with the permission

of the land owner/occupier. Amendments to add new active ingredients will require

further public advertising and/or First Nations consultation.

5.2.4 Notification of Contravention

Section 72(1)(d) of the IPMR requires that a confirmation holder give written notice to the

administrator on a contravention of the IPMA or IPMR that involves the release of a

pesticide into the environment. The TNRD commits to abiding by this requirement.

In addition, the TNRD has implemented guidelines for contracting firms that apply

insecticides under this plan to ensure compliance. Failure of the contractor to observe the

following requirements may be cause for removal of authorization to work under this plan

or for contractor dismissal:



Violation of the requirements of the IPMA or the IPMR;

Mixing of insecticides in inappropriate locations such as near environmentally sensitive

zones;

Failure to use adequate personal protective equipment when required by the product

label;

Application of treatment insecticides within prohibited zones;

Improper cleanup or reporting of spills;

Application of insecticides by uncertified personnel without appropriate supervision;

Improper disposal of unused insecticides or containers;

Improper equipment calibration;

Application of insecticides under inappropriate or unsafe conditions;

Failure to properly complete and maintain daily operating logs or records; or,

Handling, storing, mixing, transporting, or applying insecticides in a manner that

violates product labels.

5.2.5 Public Notification Prior to Treatment

Notification of individuals, communities and organizations in the time and manner as

agreed during the public consultation process, will be completed prior to treatments. The

plan holder will maintain a record of all public notifications for each treatment area.

5.2.6 Notification of Adulticiding

Prior to adulticiding being conducted in a local area (as a result of a signed petition), the

TNRD shall notify all residents in the proposed treatment area. This notification includes

the date, time and location of the proposed adulticiding, the name of the pesticide proposed

for use, and information on recommended precautions to take prior to spraying and

immediately after spraying.

5.2.7 First Nations Notification Prior to Treatment

Notification of First Nations in the time and manner as agreed during the First Nations

consultation process will be completed prior to treatments. The plan holder will maintain a

record of all First Nations notifications for each treatment area.

5.2.8 Posting of Treatment Notices

If required, Treatment Notices will be posted prior to treatments in locations so that they

are clearly visible and legible from each approach maintained by the plan holder for

public/contractors to access the treatment area or at locations where due diligence would

seem to require them. The signs shall remain posted for 24 hours following insecticide

application, and contain the following information:

The trade name and active ingredient of the insecticide that will be used;



The date and time of the insecticide used;

The purpose of the treatment;

The method of application;

Precautions to be taken to prevent harm to people entering the treatment area;

The PMP confirmation number;

The plan holder(s) contact information; and,

For each treatment location, the applicator will maintain a record of where notices were

posted.

The Treatment Notices shall be:

A minimum size of 550 sq. cm;

Water resistant;

Display the title “Notice of Pesticide Use” in bold letters that are clearly legible to a

person approaching the treatment area. Substitution of “pesticide” with “insecticide” or

another appropriate category of pesticide is permissible.

5.3 Consultations

5.3.1 Public Consultations

Prior to submitting a Pesticide Use Notice to MoE for PMP confirmation, the plan holder

will carry out a consultation process with the public throughout the proposed PMP area.

The objectives of conducting consultations when this PMP is at the draft stage are:

To increase public awareness of the PMP process and of the principles of Integrated

Pest Management which are embodied in the PMP;

To ensure that the public have an opportunity to identify concerns, and for the plan

holder(s) to address those concerns before the PMP is finalized and a Pesticide Use

Notice submitted for confirmation;

To ensure a transparent and accountable review process for the PMP;

To educate the public on the need to manage the larval stage of those mosquito species

that are known or potential vectors of WNV; and,

To explain how the planning process that is described in the PMP recognizes the need

to protect human health and the environment.

The public will be consulted of the PMP development via notices in local community

newspapers within the geographic boundaries of the TNRD. Although only certain areas

within the TNRD currently have an active larviciding program, is proposed that the PMP

will apply to the entire TNRD. The primary reason for this is to ensure that the TNRD

will have the legal authority to expand their current program into areas where there is

currently no active mosquito control if known or potential vectors of WNV are found, or

there is evidence from surveillance that WNV has been found in these areas.



As per Section 61(1) of the IPMR, at least 45 days before submitting a Pesticide Use

Notice, the first of 2 notices, at least 40 cm2 in size, will be published within a 2 week

period in newspapers circulated in the various communities (or nearest communities). The

published advertisements shall be placed in the main or legal sections of the newspapers

with the heading “ DEVELOPMENT OF A PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN “. The

notices shall cover a minimum of 40 square cm. and contain the following information:

(a) Pest Management Plan number,

(b) name, address, telephone and fax number of the PMP applicant, (c) purpose(s) of proposed pest management,

(d) all pest management methods in the proposed Pest Management Plan

( pesticide and non-pesticide ), (e) proposed geographic area of, and description/distance from the nearest community

to the proposed area,

(f) trade name and common name of all proposed pesticides,

(g) commencement and completion for the PMP,

(h) location where the PMP application and maps of the proposed treatment areas

may be examined in detail, and

(j) the paragraph :

“ A person wishing to contribute information about a treatment site, relevant to the

development of the pest management plan, may send copies of the information to the

applicant at the address above within 30 days of the publication of this notice”

During the public consultation process, the draft PMP will be accessible by the public in

various locations, as stated in the public notifications, and on the TNRD website to allow

the public to view and download the PMP text and the maps.

5.3.2 First Nations Consultations

First Nations consultations will be conducted in compliance with Section 61(2) of the

IPMR. This legislation requires that:

“If a proposed pesticide use under a pest management plan has the potential to

significantly impact an individual or a member of an organization or community, the

confirmation holder must make reasonable efforts, starting at least 45 days before

submitting a pesticide use notice to the administrator, to contact and consult these

individuals”

Apart from meeting this legislative requirement, the objectives of conducting First Nations

consultations were:

To increase First Nation awareness of the PMP process and of the principles of

Integrated Pest Management which are embodied in the PMP;

To ensure that First Nations have an opportunity to identify concerns, and for the plan

holder(s) to address those concerns before the PMP is finalized and a Pesticide Use

Notice submitted for confirmation;

To ensure a transparent and accountable review process for the PMP;



To educate First Nations on the need to manage the larval stage of those mosquito

species that are known or potential vectors of WNV; and,

To explain how the planning process that is described in the PMP recognizes the need

to protect human health and the environment.

5.3.2.1 Draft Guidelines for First Nations Consultation

When the Integrated Pest Management Act (IPMA) and Regulation (IPMR) was

introduced in December 2004, the provincial government made a commitment to

develop and implement procedures for First Nation consultation. Appropriate

consultation is necessary when industry or government agencies develop plans for pest

management activities that may potentially adversely impact First Nations' rights or

title interests.

The Ministry of Environment has prepared interim draft guidelines that are now to be

used by pest managers as guidance when First Nations consultation is required. These

draft guidelines are largely based on previous requirements for First Nations

consultation under the former Pesticide Control Act. The Ministry asks that proponents

(persons who prepare Pest Management Plans, and give the Ministry Pesticide Use

Notices) use the interim Draft Guidelines when pest management activities are in areas

where a First Nation asserts aboriginal interests or has treaty rights. The Ministry will

monitor industry use of the guidelines. In instances where aboriginal interests or treaty

rights might be adversely impacted by pest management activities under the IPMA, the

Ministry will assess the proponent's conduct and fulfillment of the consultation steps in

the guidelines.

Many of the 33 First Nations within the geographic area covered by the PMP have been

previously engaged in consultation by existing mosquito control PMP holders. In

addition, many of these First Nations have also received grants for mosquito larviciding

in 2008 administered by the Union of BC Municipalities (from funding obtained from

the Ministry of Healthy Living and Sports), and many have entered into partnerships

with the TNRD or local governments in a larviciding program.

It is proposed that consultation be conducted with these 33 First Nations to confirm that

there are no adverse effects on their land and resource use. Because the precise

locations of areas that may require larviciding or adulticiding cannot be determined at

the development stage of the PMP, First Nations will be asked, as part of the continuing

consultation process, if they wish to be advised of proposed treatments once precise

locations where larviciding or adulticiding may occur have been determined.

The First Nations within the geographic area covered by the PMP include:

Adams Lake Indian Band

Ashcroft Indian Band

Bonaparte Indian Band

Coldwater Indian Band

Cook’s Ferry Indian Band



High Bar First Nation

Kamloops Indian Band

Kanaka Bar Indian Band

Little Shuswap Indian Band

Lower Nicola Indian Band

Lytton First Nation

Neskonlith Indian Band

Nicomen Indian Band

Nooaitch Indian Band

Oregon Jack Creek Indian Band

Shackan Indian Band

Siska Indian Band

Simpcw First Nation

Skeetchestn Indian Band

Skuppah Indian Band

Upper Nicola Indian Band

Whispering Pines/Clinton Indian Band

Boothroyd Indian Band

Boston Bar Indian Band

Bridge River Indian Band

Cayoose Creek Indian Band

Lillooet (T’it’q’et) Administration

Mount Currie Indian Band

Seton Lake Indian Band

Splatsin Indian Band

Spuzzum Indian Band

Ts’kw’aylaxw First Nation

Xaxl’ip Indian Band

5.3.3 First Nations Consultation Report kk

In order to facilitate Ministry consideration of the adequacy of First Nations

consultations and of the plan holder response to any issues raised, the plan holder

will prepare a report that describes the consultation process and outcomes. This

report will be submitted to the Administrator, IPMA, in conjunction with the

submission of the Pesticide Use Notice application.



Appendix 1 Thompson Nicola Regional District Adulticiding Petition

Request for Adult Mosquito Control

Community and/or Street __________________________________ Date:_______________

WE, the undersigned, having been advised of the requirements for adulticiding and the properties of the pesticides

involved, request that the TNRD mosquito control contractor attend at our area and carry out adult mosquito control

as required according to the terms and conditions of the BC Integrated Pest Management Act and Regulations and

the applicable sections of the TNRD Pest Management Plan.

NAME (print) STREET ADDRESS PHONE # SIGNATURE

Terms and Conditions for Adulticiding

As the main emphasis of the TNRD mosquito control program is mosquito larval control, residents are advised that

adulticiding will not completely and forever eliminate mosquitoes from any given neighbourhood. Adulticiding

will provide temporary relief for perhaps two to three days and the final determination whether or not to spray will

be made by the contractor at the time of the site inspection. Spraying will also be restricted to the late evening when

bee activity is low and only if weather conditions permit. No applications will be conducted within any wildlife

sanctuary and no aerial adulticiding will be carried out.

The pesticides used for adulticiding (Resmethrin and Malathion) are toxic to mosquitoes as well as several other

airborne household and garden insects. When used as intended, these pesticides are safe to humans, however,

precautions must always be taken to provide maximum possible protection. Area residents are advised to take the

following precautions during spraying activities:

All residents, especially children and pets, should be brought indoors when applications are being made;

Close all windows and doors, and turn off air conditioners;

Advise the applicator immediately if you are aware of any beehives in the area;

Children and pets should be kept from playing in any areas that may still be wet from spraying;

Home-grown fruits and vegetables should not be eaten for 24 hours after spraying has occurred, and should

then be washed or peeled before being eaten;

Bring in any laundry or children’s toys that may be in your yard; and, Cover ornamental ponds that contain

fish.

For current information on TNRD mosquito control activities or to leave a message regarding problem areas, call

the Mosquito Hotline at (250) 372-5700.

To speak to a TNRD representative about mosquito control, call the Environmental Health Services Department at

(250) 377-8673 or toll-free at 1-877-377-8673. The fax number for the TNRD is (250) 372-5048.



Appendix 2 Map of the Geographic Boundaries of the PMP Area

The red border ----- indicates the geographic boundaries of the PMP area

The blue ----- border indicates the geographic boundaries of the area that historically and currently

has an active mosquito larviciding program.

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