Chapter 12 ,13 &14
Motivation, Emotion,
Stress & Health
Motivation
Motivation
a need or desire that energizes
and directs behavior
Instinct
complex behavior that is rigidly
patterned throughout a species
and is unlearned
Motivation
Drive-Reduction Theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an
aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates
an organism to satisfy the need
Drive-reducing
behaviors
(eating, drinking)
Need
(e.g., for
food, water)
Drive
(hunger, thirst)
Motivation
Homeostasis
tendency to maintain a balanced or
constant internal state
regulation of any aspect of body
chemistry around a particular level
Incentive
a positive or negative environmental
stimulus that motivates behavior
Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs begins at the
base with
physiological
needs that must
first be satisfied
then higher-level
safety needs
become active
then
psychological
needs become
active
Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s
fullest and unique potential
Esteem needs Need for self-esteem,
achievement, competence, and independence; need for
recognition and respect from others
Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and
predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable
Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong
and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation
Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst
Motivation-Hunger
Glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in
the blood
provides the major source of
energy for body tissues
when its level is low, we feel
hunger
Motivation-Hunger
Set Point
the point at which an individual’s
“weight thermostat” is supposedly set
when the body falls below this weight,
an increase in hunger and a lowered
metabolic rate may act to restore the
lost weight
Basal Metabolic Rate
body’s base rate of energy expenditure
Motivation-Hunger
The
hypothalamus
controls
eating and
other body
maintenance
functions
Motivation-Hunger
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
usually an adolescent female
Bulimia Nervosa
disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
Sexual Motivation
Sex
a physiologically based motive, like hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values
Sexual Response Cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson excitement
plateau
orgasm
resolution
Sexual Motivation
Refractory Period
resting period after orgasm, during
which a man cannot achieve another
orgasm
Estrogen
a sex hormone, secreted in greater
amounts by females than by males
Sexual Motivation
Sexual Orientation
an enduring sexual attraction toward
members of either one’s own gender
(homosexual orientation) or the other
gender (heterosexual orientation)
Motivation at Work
Flow
a completely, involved, focused state of
consciousness, with diminished awareness of
self and time, resulting from optimal
engagement of one’s skills
Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology
the application of psychological concepts and
methods to optimizing human behavior in
workplaces
Motivation at Work
Personnel Psychology
sub-field of I-O psychology that focuses on
employee recruitment, selection, placement,
training, appraisal, and development
Organizational Psychology
Sub-field of I-O psychology that examines
organizational influences on worker
satisfaction and productivity and facilitates
organizational change
Motivation at Work
Structured Interview
process that asks the same job-
relevant questions of all applicants
rated on established scales
Achievement Motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment
for mastery of things, people, or ideas
for attaining a high standard
Motivation
Task Leadership
goal-oriented leadership that sets
standards, organizes work, and focuses
attention on goals
Social Leadership
group-oriented leadership that builds
teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers
support
Motivation
Theory X
assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money
workers should be directed from above
Theory Y
assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity
Emotion
Emotion
a response of the whole
organism
physiological arousal
expressive behaviors
conscious experience
James-Lange
Theory of Emotion Experience of emotion is awareness of
physiological responses to emotion-
arousing stimuli
Fear
(emotion)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Cannon-Bard
Theory of Emotion
Emotion-arousing
stimuli simultaneously
trigger:
physiological
responses
subjective experience
of emotion
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Fear
(emotion)
Emotion-
Lie Detectors
Polygraph
machine commonly used in attempts to
detect lies
measures several of the physiological
responses accompanying emotion
perspiration
cardiovascular
breathing changes
Emotion--
Lie Detectors
Is 70% accuracy good?
Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually
guilty
test all employees
285 will be wrongly accused
What about 95% accuracy?
Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty
test all employees (including 999 innocents)
50 wrongly declared guilty
1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (~2%)
Experienced Emotion
Catharsis
emotional release
catharsis hypothesis
“releasing” aggressive energy (through
action or fantasy) relieves aggressive
urges
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
people’s tendency to be helpful when
already in a good mood
Experienced Emotion
Subjective Well-Being
self-perceived happiness or
satisfaction with life
used along with measures of
objective well-being
physical and economic indicators
to evaluate people’s quality of life
Experienced Emotion
Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
tendency to form judgments relative to a
“neutral” level
brightness of lights
volume of sound
level of income
defined by our prior experience
Relative Deprivation
perception that one is worse off relative to
those with whom one compares oneself
Stress and Health
Behavioral Medicine
interdisciplinary field that integrates
behavioral and medical knowledge and
applies that knowledge to health and disease
Health Psychology
subfield of psychology that provides
psychology’s contribution to behavioral
medicine
Stress and Illness
Leading causes of death in the US in 1900
and 2000
Stress and Illness
Stress
the process by
which we
perceive and
respond to
certain events,
called stressors,
that we appraise
as threatening or
challenging
Pituitary hormone in the
bloodstream stimulates
the outer part of the adrenal
gland to release the stress
hormone cortisol
Sympathetic nervous
system releases the
stress hormones
epinephrine and
norepinephrine
from nerve endings
in the inner part of
the adrenal glands
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Adrenal glands
Cerebral cortex (perceives stressor)
Stress and Illness
General
Adaptation
Syndrome
Selye’s concept
of the body’s
adaptive
response to
stress in three
stages
Stress
resistance
Phase 1 Alarm
reaction (mobilize
resources)
Phase 2 Resistance (cope with stressor)
Phase 3 Exhaustion (reserves depleted)
The body’s resistance to stress can
last only so long before exhaustion sets in
Stressor
occurs
Stressful Life Events
Catastrophic Events
earthquakes, combat stress, floods
Life Changes
death of a loved one, divorce, loss of job,
promotion
Daily Hassles
rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress,
burnout
Stressful Life Events
Chronic Stress by Age
Stress and the Heart
Coronary Heart Disease
clogging of the vessels that
nourish the heart muscle
leading cause of death in many
developed countries
Stress and the Heart
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for
competitive, hard-driving, impatient,
verbally aggressive, and anger-prone
people
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for
easygoing, relaxed people
Stress and Disease
Psychophysiological Illness
“mind-body” illness
any stress-related physical illness
some forms of hypertension
some headaches
distinct from hypochondriasis--
misinterpreting normal physical
sensations as symptoms of a disease
Stress and Disease
Lymphocytes
two types of white blood cells that are
part of the body’s immune system
B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow
and release antibodies that fight bacterial
infections
T lymphocytes form in the thymus and,
among other duties, attack cancer cells,
viruses, and foreign substances
Stress and Disease
Conditioning of
immune
suppression
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(immune
suppression)
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(immune
suppression)
CS
(sweetened
water)
CS
(sweetened
water) CR
(immune
suppression)
Stress and Disease
Negative emotions and health-related
consequences
Unhealthy behaviors
(smoking, drinking,
poor nutrition and sleep)
Persistent stressors
and negative
emotions
Release of stress
hormones
Heart
disease
Immune
suppression
Autonomic nervous system effects
(headaches, hypertension)
Promoting Health
Aerobic
Exercise
sustained
exercise that
increases heart
and lung fitness
Depression
score
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3 Before treatment
evaluation
After treatment
evaluation
No-treatment group
Aerobic exercise
group
Relaxation treatment
group
Promoting Health
Biofeedback
system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state blood pressure
muscle tension
Promoting Health
Complementary and Alternative
Medicine
unproven health care treatments not
taught widely in medical schools, not
used in hospitals, and not usually
reimbursed by insurance companies