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Motivation in Sport
Motivation -- Overview
One of the more important themes in psychology
Widely researched in sport & exercise What factor(s) lead us to engage in the
behaviors that we do?
Katie Spotz
Interview w D. Sawyer (iSkysoft)
Motivation
Motivation -- Purpose for or cause of an action:» Energizes behaviors, &» Directs that energy toward a goal» It is the Energy for Action
Human behavior directed by physiological needs and psychological needs/wants» Hunger/thirst» Need for connection/contact/sex» Need for stimulation/exploration» Need to improve self, to live up to one’s
potential
Motivation Terms
Intrinsic motivation» Motivation derived from an internal source
Extrinsic motivation» Motivated by some outside force
Motivation is a function of individual via environment
Interactionist model of motivation
Combined effect of personal (individual factors) & (environment) situational factors
Lewin (1936) B = f(P, E)
Example: Bo Eason
Optimal Motivational Profile
What might an optimal profile look like?» Self-discipline» Enjoyment» Realistic self-confidence» Attitude toward failure (growth vs. fixed mindset)» Goal-directed» Other factors?
Participatory Motives
Some questions:» Why do people start participating?» Why do people stop participating or decide
to continue?» Research is primarily conducted with youth
sport
Participatory Motives
Parents are initial socializing agents Peers begin to increase in importance
around age 10 and continue to increase with age
11
Participatory Motives
»Self-Determination Theory– Developed at U of Rochester (Deci & Ryan)
– Not sport-specific
– A broad framework for studying motivation
– Proposes that we have three basic psychological needs: Autonomy, competence, and relationship
– For more, see: Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.
You never hear…
“Dr., how can I motivate my two-year old to play?!”
Why not?
Autonomy
The urge to be a ¨causal agent” in one’s own life.» Volition, willingness, and choice» Interest and enjoyment» Acting in concert with deeply held values» Leads to more creativity and persistence, teamwork,
and psychological/physical health(Compare this to “controlled” motivation, which is the carrot/stick
model. Typically, whether coerced or rewarded, the person usually works towards the shortest path to success.)
Competence Seeking to achieve
mastery The inherent reward of
success/mastery We should structure sports
and practices so that competence is gained (at any level). Think about deliberate practice…
Relatedness
We are SOCIAL animals:
We have a need to:» Connect» Interact» Experience caring for and from others