PsychologyMOTIVATION

AND GROUP DYNAMICS

B.Ed. 2015-16

M.VijayalakshmiAssistant Professor

Unit VMOTIVATION

AND GROUP DYNAMICS

Motivation: Definition, types of motivation, factors influencing motivation – Theories of motivation: Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, McClelland’s theory of Achievement Motivation – Its educational implications – Level of Aspiration – Promoting Achievement motivation among learners – Group dynamic: Meaning, definitions, types and characteristics – Transactional Analysis (TA)

Meaning

• Latin Word ‘movere’ – ‘to put into action or to move’

• Cycle of process that activates a movement in an organism

• Process of arousing, maintaining and controlling interest in a goal directed pattern of behaviour

Definition

• Motivation acts to arouse, sustain and direct behaviour

-Travers• Motivation acts an as interest

control factor in learning-Crow and crow

Definition of Motives• Motives generally refer to biological,

social and learned factors that initiate, sustain and stop goal directed behaviour of organisms• Physiological or psychological and

act from within the organism

Characteristics of Motives

• Psychological process• Internal process – need or want• Directs our efforts towards the goal• Brings energy metabolism• Sustain the attention• Restless to achieve the goal

Classification of Motives

Motives

Primary (Biogenic)Hunger, thirst, escape

from pain, sex etcSecondary (Sociogenic)

Psychologic

al (Security,

freedom,

adventure, etc)

Social(Socia

l appro

val, Social affiliation,

Gregariousness, acquisition

etc

Personal

(Competen

cy, self-

concept,

Values,

achieveme

nt etc)

Types of Motivation

Intrinsic/Internal/

Natural/Primary

Extrinsic/External/Artificial/Incentive/Secondary

Motivation Cycle

Goal MotivatedBehaviour

MotiveTension

Incentive or

Relief

Reduction of need and getting relieved of

tension

Needs Wants Tensions

SatisfactionActions

Theories of Motivation

Maslow’s -Hierarchy of Needs

McClelland’s -Theory of Achievement Motivation

Maslow’s -Hierarchy of Needs

• Proposed by Abraham Maslow (1954)• Modified by Root (1970)• Seven Categories• Many and Multiple – are not equal

importance – arranged hierarchically• Aspire for a higher order needs only

when the lower order needs get fulfilled

Maslow’s – Hierarchy of Needs

SELF ACTUALISATION

AESTHETIC NEEDS

ACHIEVEMENT NEEDS

ESTEEM NEEDSLOVE & BELONGINGNESS

NEEDSSAFETY AND SECURITY

NEEDSPHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS

Social or Psychological

Needs

Deficiency Needs - D

Growth Needs - G

Biological Needs

Physiological Needs

Food, Water, Shelter, Sex, etc – basic and fundamental needs

Safety and Security Needs

Future expectationsExample: Insurance against future, Keeping a bank balance, investing in LIC etc

Affiliational Needs (Belongingness and Love )

Affection, praise, warmth, acceptance, approval, affiliation, etc

Self-Esteem Needs

Achievement, status, self-respect, self-confidence, feelings of strength and adequacy

Achievement Needs

Intellectual domination and cognitive competencies

Aesthetic Needs Concerned with appreciation of order and beauty

Self-Actualization Needs

Self-fulfilment, self-expression, fulfilment of potentialities, working and one’s own mental personality

Educational Implications• Enable them to function at a higher level of

motivation• Physical and psychological safety – Feels vital

in the class• To maintain realistic level of aspiration –

assignment• Enhance the attraction and minimize the

dangers of growth needs• Curriculum should be drastically changed and

periodically revised

McClelland’s -Theory of Achievement Motivation

• Formulated by McClelland and his associates in 1951 at Harvard

Environment cueAffective arousal in the organism Denoted symbolical expression -

N-Ach (need for achievement)

i. A need for successii. A need to avoid failureMotto - ‘The pursuit of excellence’

- Striving to achieve a standard of excellence in actions

Suitable methods to develop achievement motivation in students• Narrating the biographies of great

men• Providing a proper school

environment• Making the pupils to involve in

group work

Measurement of Achievement Motivation

• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) - Storiesi. What is going on in the picture?ii. What has led upto the scene?iii. What is most likely to happen?iv. What is being thought of?

Level of Aspiration

• Developed by Kurt Lewin• The level of future performance in a

familiar task which an individual, knowing his level of past performance in the task, explicitly undertakes to reach

- Frank

Factors that affect the Level of Aspiration

a) Success and failureb) Personalityc) Group standardsd) Rewards and punishmentse) Social class

Uses of Level of Aspiration

• Increases his self-confidence• Helps in setting one’s goal realistically• Success stimulates one to strive for further

success• Avoids failure• Helps to know how much one has to try and

work hard to reach his goal

Promoting Achievement Motivation among Learners

• Developing a new motive is realistic and reasonable

• Relate with future life of the students and assign independent responsibility

• Make clear - New motive will improve their self-image

• Emphasize – improvement on prevailing cultural values

• Committed to achieving concrete goals in life• To keep record of their progress towards

their goal• Self-study should be emphasized• Effort to develop conducive social climate in

the class

Group DynamicsMeaning

• The change of behaviour through interaction in the group

• Forces which operate in group situations• Studies the structure of the group and

other phenomenon which emerge out of group interaction

Group DynamicsDefinition

• Field of inquiry dedicated to advancing knowledge about the nature of the groups, the laws of their development and their interrelations with individuals, other groups and larger institutions- Cartwright and Zandar

Types of Group Dynamics

Face-to-face group

The hang-over group

Abstract group

Characteristics

Common goal Organized structure

Motivation Leadership

Characteristics

Common goals, interests and idealsSimilar Behaviour and AttitudesControl of the GroupMutual ObligationSense of OnenessInfluence of the Group CharacteristicsPsychological relationship between members

Patterns relationship

Stars

Isolates

Rejected

Mutual pairs

Chains and cliques

Transactional Analysis (TA)

• Developed by Eric Berne• A theory of personality and social action

and a clinical method of psychotherapy based on the analysis of all possible transactions between two or more people on the basis of specially defined ego-states

Theory of Transactional Analysis

Structural Analysis

Transactional Analysis

Game Analysis

Script Analysis

Structural Analysis

• Segregation and analysis of the parent, adult and child ego-states which comprise individual personality.

• To establish the predominance of reality-testing ego states and freeing them from contamination by archaic and foreign elements

A – Parent ego-state

B – Adult ego-state

C – Child ego-state

Transactional Analysis

Complementary transactions

Crossed transactions

Ulterior transactions

Game Analysis

Second degree game Third degree game

TA ProcessName -----------------------------------Address ------------------------Initial Session-Date --------------------------------Reference Source Positions Symptoms Current Present Childhood Stamps Situation Figuresgames

Client’s Complaints

Contracts: Datesmade and completed.

Advantages of TA

• TA is self-help psychology• TA is non-threatening psychology• TA is psychology of change• TA is immediately effective• TA is for all• Useful in industry

Credit to the Sources

Images are taken from INTERNET Sources

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