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Expectancy theory– Developed by Victor Vroom.– Key expectancy theory variables:
• Expectancy — belief that working hard will result in desired level of performance.
• Instrumentality — belief that successful performance will be followed by rewards.
• Valence — value a person assigns to rewards and other work related outcomes.
Management
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Figure 14.5 Elements in the expectancy theory of motivation.
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Study Question 3: What are the process theories of motivation?
Expectancy theory– Motivation (M), expectancy (E),
instrumentality (I), and valence (V) are related to one another in a multiplicative fashion:
M = E x I x V
– If either E, I, or V is low, motivation will be low.
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Figure 14.6 Managerial implications of expectancy theory.
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Study Question 3: What are the process theories of motivation?
Goal-setting theory– Developed by Edwin Locke.
– Properly set and well-managed task goals can be highly motivating.
– Motivational effects of task goals:• Provide direction to people in their work.
• Clarify performance expectations.
• Establish a frame of reference for feedback.
• Provide a foundation for behavioral self-management.
More later….Management
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Study Question 4: What role does reinforcement play in motivation?
Fundamentals of reinforcement theory …– Reinforcement theory focuses on the impact of external
environmental consequences on behavior.
– Law of effect — impact of type of consequence on future behavior.
– Operant conditioning:
• Developed by B.F.(Burrhus Frederic) Skinner.
• Applies law of effect to control behavior by manipulating its consequences.
Management