MOTIVATION
is the set of internal and external forces that cause an employee to choose a course of action and engage in certain behaviors
WORK MOTIVATION
Three Elements of Work Motivation
1. Direction and Focus of the Behavior
2. Level of effort provided3. Persistence of the behavior
A MODEL OF
MOTIVATION Needs and
Drives Tension
Ability
Need Satisfaction
Performance
Opportunity
Goals and incentives
Effort Rewards
Environment
Needs and
Drives
Environment
Human Needs Primary Needs - Basic Physical needs
Secondary Needs - Social and Psychological needs
Human Needs Primary Needs - Basic Physical needs
Secondary Needs - Social and Psychological needs
Human Needs Primary Needs - Basic Physical needs
Secondary Needs - Social and Psychological needs
Motivational DrivesAchievement
Affiliation
Power
Motivational DrivesAchievement
Affiliation
Power
A drive to accomplish objectives and get ahead
Motivational DrivesAchievement
Affiliation
Power
A drive to relate people effectively.
Motivational DrivesAchievement
Affiliation
Power
A drive to influence people and situations.
Motivational DrivesAchievement
Affiliation
Power Institutional
power Personalized
Power
Needs and
Drives
Tension
Environment
Needs and
Drives
Tension
Ability
Performance
Opportunity
Goals and incentives
Effort Rewards
Environment
Three Major Rewards Fair
Treatment
Sense of Achievement
Camaraderie
Three Major Rewards Fair Treatment
Sense of Achievement
Camaraderie
Three Major Rewards Fair
Treatment
Sense of Achievement
Camaraderie
Three Major Rewards Fair
Treatment
Sense of Achievement
Camaraderie
Needs and
Drives
Tension
Ability
Need Satisfaction
Performance
Opportunity
Goals and incentives
Effort Rewards
Environment
Maslow’sHierarchyofNeeds
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
SAFETY NEEDS
LOVE, AFFECTION, AND BELONGINGNESS NEEDS
ESTEEM NEEDS
SELF-ACTUALIZATION
Self-actualization and fulfillment
needs
Safety and Security Needs
Belonging and Social Needs
Esteem and Status Needs
Physiological Needs
Work itselfAchievementPossibility of GrowthResponsibility
AdvancementRecognition
Status
Relations with supervisorsPeer relationsRelations with subordinatesQuality of Supervision
Company Policy and administrationJob security
Working conditionsPay
Growth Needs
Relatedness needs
Existence Needs
Moti
vati
on
al
Fact
ors
Main
tenan
ce
fa
ctors
MASLOW model HERZBERG model ALDERFER model
by: Jacel
BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION
Organizational Behavior Modification or OB Mod
→ Is the application in organizations of the principles of behavior modification.
→ state that a person tends to repeat behavior that is accompanied by favorable consequences (reinforcement) and tends not to repeat behavior that is accompanied by unfavorable consequences.
Law of Effect
“we learn best under pleasant surroundings”
-learning theory-
“internal needs lead to behavior”-content
theory-
“external consequences tend to determine behavior”
-OB Mod-
Social Learning
also known as vicarious learning.suggest that employees do not always have to learn directly from their own experiences.
©2005 Prentice Hall
Positive reinforcement
Reinforcement Approaches
ReinforcementManagerial Approach Action Effect Example
Provide desirable consequence
Increase probability of behavior being repeated
Highway construction supervisor receives bonus for each day a project is completed ahead of schedule.Negative
reinforcement
Remove undesirable consequence
Increase probability of behavior being repeated
Management stops raising output quotas each time workers exceed them.
Punishment Provide undesirable consequence
Decrease probability of behavior being repeated
Habitually tardy crew member is fined the equivalent of one hour’s pay each day he is late to work.
Adapted from Exhibit 12.11: Reinforcement Approaches and Their Effects
©2005 Prentice Hall
Extinction
Reinforcement Approaches
Adapted from Exhibit 12.11: Reinforcement Approaches and Their Effects
Remove desirable consequence
Decrease probability of behavior being repeated
Group member stops making unsolicited suggestions when team leader no longer mentions them in group meetings.
ReinforcementManagerial Approach Action Effect Example
Schedule of Reinforcement
Variable
FixedVariableFixed
RatioInterv
al
Intermittent
Continuous
Major Benefit of Behavior modification
1. Makes managers become more conscious motivators.
2. Encourages manager to analyze employee behavior, explore why it occurs and how often.
3. Identify specific consequences that will help change it when those consequences are applied systematically.
by: julyanne
THE EQUITY MODEL
THE EQUITY MODEL
→ developed on the belief that fair treatment or perception thereof, motivates people to keep such fairness maintained within the relationships of their colleagues and the organization.
Formula…
One’s own outcomes = Others’ outcomes One’s own inputs Others’ inputs
Equity Sensitivity→ suggest that individuals have different preference for equity.
Procedural Justice
Interpersonal TreatmentClarity of Expectation
Distributive JusticeAllocation of reward