Motorcycle Management Policy in Taiwan: From Dilemma to Reality !
Transforming Transportation 2013!
! Presented at Transforming Transportation 2013!
! S.K. Jason Chang, PhD!! Professor, National Taiwan University!! Advisor, Taipei City Government!
Motorcycle Management Policy in Taiwan: From Dilemma to Reality
S.K. Jason Chang, Ph.D. Professor, Na+onal Taiwan University
Advisor, Taipei City Government [email protected]
The 10th Transforming Transporta.on Annual Conference In The World Bank, Washington, DC,
Jan 17-‐18, 2013,
Agenda • Background • Traffic Engineering • Parking Management • Safety Issues • Environmental and External Effects • Concluding Remarks
Population / k㎡ >15000 5000-15000 3000-5000 1000-3000 500-1000 300-500 100-300 <100
Taipei
Taichung
Tainan & Kaohsiung
Hsinchu
Taiwan • 94% of Taiwan’s Population Live along the West Corridor (20% of land) • Area: 36,000 sq km Popula+on: 23 million • Nice Weather: Summer-‐ 28~35oC Winter: 12~25oC
Taiwan and Urban Areas • Vehicles: Cars 6.8 mi, Motorcycles 14 mi • Taipei: 3000 sq km, Pop 6.8 mi
Car-‐ 2.5 mi, Motorcycle-‐3.2 mi MRT 110 km; Pre-‐BRT 58 km
• Kaohsiung: 2200 sq km, Pop 2.8 mi Car-‐ 0.7 mi, Motorcycle-‐ 2.3 mi MRT 43km
• i-‐Bus and i-‐Taxi: high-‐quality, high availability and wide coverage.
• High Speed Rail: the journey b/w Taipei and Kaohsiung (345km) 90 minutes.
General Features of CiCes in Taiwan • Stable Urbaniza+on and Motoriza+on • Mixed Land Use + High Popula+on Density • Personal Mobility / Mixed Traffic Flow Characteris+cs: Motorcycle (40%) + Car (25%) + PT (25%) + Cycling & Walk (10%)
Taipei: MC (25%) + Car (25%) + PT (35%) + Cycling & Walk (15%)
Kaohsiung: MC (60%) + Car (20%) + PT (8%) + Cycling & Walk (12%)
• Fatality in Traffic Accidents: 80% MC
From 1982 to 2012 “Are they a transi+on step toward
full, car-‐based motoriza+on?” NO!!
CharacterisCcs of Motorcycles
9
Less space needed and easy parking
Less cost for own and use
Mixed land use Compact city environment CommuCng Cme: 10-‐20 min
Convenience
Affordability
For short trip Flexibility
High modal share
O&M Cost ($/km): MC 0.09 Car 0.38
Free parking or $0.7 per day MC: 1/6 space of car
Ownership
2000
2005
2010
2011 Growth Rate
(00~11)
PopulaCon (Age: > 20) 1,940,976 2,064,619 2,153,491 2,168,018 11.7%
Household 874,986 949,121 1,022,493 1,035,012 18.3%
Motorized Vehicle 1,715,548 2,039,320 2,259,019 2,304,532 34.2%
Motorized Vehicle per capita (MC)
0.88 (0.63)
0.99 (0.68)
1.05 (0.71)
1.06 (0.72)
20.5%
Motorized Vehicle per household (MC)
1.96 (1.38)
2.15 (1.46)
2.21 (1.47)
2.23 (1.49)
13.8%
10
Fatality – Traffic Accidents
Source: Institute of Transportation, MOTC (2011)
Motorcycles contribute 80%.
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
96年 97年 98年 99年 100年
機車
其他車種
Others Motorcycle Total M/C %
2007 643 2,325 2,968 78.34%
2008 563 2,152 2,715 79.26%
2009 490 2,038 2,528 80.62%
2010 483 2,110 2,593 81.37%
2011 514 2,119 2,633 80.48%
MC Others
Injury: Traffic Accidents
M o t o r c y c l e s contribute 90%.
Other Veh Motorcycle Total M/C % 2007 21,340 174,298 195,638 89.09% 2008 19,682 184,616 204,298 90.37% 2009 19,261 201,444 220,705 91.27% 2010 22,858 243,089 265,947 91.41% 2011 23,860 262,916 286,776 91.68%
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
96年 97年 98年 99年 100年
機車
其他車種
Source: Institute of Transportation, MOTC (2011)
MC Others
Traffic Accidents-Fatality in Urban Area
Total Motorcycle M/C % Taipei 145 79 54.48%
New Taipei 385 168 62.45% Taichung 404 275 68.07% Tainan 368 225 61.14%
Kaohsiung 385 290 75.32%
0 50
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
臺北市 新北市 臺中市 臺南市 高雄市
其他車種
機車
l Urban area has comparaCvely lower MC fatality. Traffic management, enforcement and speed are key factors.
總數最高
機車比例最高
Source: Institute of Transportation, MOTC (2011)
• Actually Paid / Should Pay Walk: 100.0% Bike: 96.6% Motorcycle: 34.8% Car: 59.6% Taxi: 47.8% Bus: 81.6% Metro: 89.7%
Personal mobility of using private motorized mode has been heavily subsidized by social resources
Motorcycle pay far less than should pay (including External Cost)
Source: hfp://michaelturton.blogspot.com
The “convenience” of motorcycles provide necessary mobility for economy. However, lack of policy, management and pricing scheme has caused huge social loss.
• Na+onal policy on motorcycle
• Benefits iden+fied w/ a good management on safety and environmental issues
• PCE of Motorcycle: 0.15~0.45 in various mixed rate and composi+ons Source: Dr. Kent Wang, DG of Kaohsiung DOT (2011)
30 Years Re-think about the Role of Motorcycle and Management
Bus only
Bus only
Bike
Bike Walk Walk
Energy Efficiency of Motorcycle
Source: Vision of Low Carbon Transportation, MOTC, 2011.
17
Motorcycle: 0.024 liter per trip km, same as Bus.
Domestic air
Motorcycle
High Speed Train
Bus Car Taxi
Conventional Rail
Metro
Motorcycle Management Traffic Engineering
Parking, Enforcement and Policy
Source: Lung, Chang and Hong (1986)
Traffic Engineering and RegulaCon
Junction: Safety and Efficiency -Motorcycle Floodgate -Two Stage Left Turn
Left Turn for Motorcycles first cross the street parallel and reach the waiting area to cross the main street
Traffic Engineering and RegulaCon Junction: Safety and Efficiency Motorcycle Floodgate
Source: Lung, Chang and Hong (1986)
Speed Limit and Lane Regulation for Motorcycles
Parking Management
Before After
7
Before After
27
Side Walk Clear Program
30
Intermodal Mobility MC+ Metro, Railway & Ferry
Parking Fee
- Motorcycle Helmet Law - Motorcycle w/ Bus and Heavy Vehicle - Enforcement and Education
Motorcycle Safety
Motorcycle Safety Manual
1994, Trial Law of Helmet in Taipei City A pilot study showed an increase in helmet use from 21% to 79% and a 56% reduction in motorized vehicle–related fatality. 1997, National Helmet Law A 50.2% reduction in motorized vehicle–related fatality from 1998 to 2008.
Helmet
Source: Implementation of a Motorcycle Helmet Law in Taiwan and Traffic Deaths Over 18 Years, America Medical Association, 2011.
Pre-BRT has reduced 85% of motorcycle-related accidents in those corridors.
Motorcycle w/ Bus & Truck
�
�
�
�
Enforcement and Education
Education and Training 1. Wear Hamlet and other safety equipment 2. Watch closely on your partner seating behind you 3. Respect right of way 4. Keep reasonable distance and follow the signal 5. Always respect Pedestrian 6. Always think about family……
Environmental Issues 1. Stop two stroke MC since 2004 2. New Energy: e2W
e2W 1. Demo Project: Peng Hu Island Low
Carbon Village: 5,000 MCs w/ subsidy $250~$1,200 per MC +300 staCons, powered by solar and wind.
2. NaConal Encouragement Project: 15,000 MCs per year subsided with US$800 per MC.
Concluding Remarks ¡ Clear Management Policy. ¡ Research on Mixed Traffic Flow and Travel Behaviors.
¡ External Cost and Social Equity. ¡ Speed and Safety. ¡ New Energy Applica+on: M2W vs. e2W.
¡ Interna+onal Coopera+on.
Thanks [email protected]
Transforming Transportation 2013!
! Co-organized by EMBARQ and The World Bank!! More information at:!! EMBARQ.org!! worldbank.org/transport!
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Transforming Transportation 2013!
