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Tushar Negi 7blue Rollno.=48 Submitted to Inderjot mam

Movement in animals and plants

Types of movements Locomotion Types of curvature

Locomotion Animal locomotion, in

ethology, is any of a variety of movements or methods that animals use to move from one place to another. Some modes of locomotion are (initially) self-propelled, e.g., running, swimming, jumping, flying, soaring and gliding.

Movements of curvature The movements which allow organs of

plants to move in or the other direction is called movements of curvature. These movements are of two types i.e. mechanical (found in non living organs of plant) and another is vital movements (found in living organs of plants).

Movement in animals In its brief hunting sprints, it

is the fastest of all land animals. Animal locomotion, in ethology, is any of a variety of movements or methods that animals use to move from one place to another. Some modes of locomotion are (initially) self-propelled, e.g., running, swimming, jumping, flying, soaring and gliding.

Types of Locomotion

There are three types of locomotion :- Amoeba Paramoecium

Amoeba Amoeba is a type

of cell or organism which has the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudopods Amoebas do not form a single taxonomic group; instead, they are found in every major lineage of eukaryotic organism. Amoeboid cells occur not only among the protozoa but also in fungi, algae, and animals

Paramoecium Paramecium is a genus of

unicellular ciliated protozoan, commonly studied as a representative ... to place the genus within the Linnaean system of taxonomy, adopted the name Paramecium, but changed the spelling to Paramœcium.

Euglena  Euglena is the best known and

most widely studied member of the class Euglenoidea, a diverse group containing some 54 genera and at least 800 species. Species of Euglena are found in fresh and salt waters. They are often abundant in quiet inland waters where they may bloom in numbers sufficient to color the surface of ponds and ditches green or red 

Hydra  is a genus of small, fresh-

water animals of the phylum Cnidaria and class Hydrozoa, native to the temperate and tropical regions.  Biologists are especially interested in Hydra because of their regenerative ability – they appear not to ageor die of old age.

Movement in Human Beings The Skeleton The human skeleton is the internal

framework of the body. It is composed of 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to 206 bones by adulthood after some bones have fused together . The bone mass in the skeleton reaches maximum density around age 30. The human skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton is formed by thevertebral column, the rib cage, the skull and other associated bones. The appendicular skeleton, which is attached to the axial skeleton, is formed by the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle and the bones of the upper and lower limbs.

Connective Tissue They are of three types:-1. Tendons2. Ligaments3. Cartilages

Tendons A tendon or sinew is a tough

band of fibrou connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone and is capable of with standing tension.

Tendons are similar to ligaments; both are made of collagen. Ligaments join one bone to another bone, while tendons connect muscle to bone

LIGAMENT a ligament is the

fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones and is also known as articular ligament,articular larua, fibrous ligament, or true ligament.

Cartilages Cartilage is a flexible elastic tissue,

connecting the joins between bones, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many more other body components. It is not as hard and rigid as bone, but it is stiffer and less flexible than muscle.

Because of its rigidity, cartilage often serves the purpose of holding tubes open in the body. Examples include the rings of the trachea, such as the cricoid cartilage and carina, thetorus tubarius at the opening of the pharyngotympanic/auditory tube, the ala of the nostrils, and the auricle/pinna of the ear.

Joints They are of Two types of joints:-1. Fixed joints2. Movable joint

Fixed joints These joints are also called

"fixed" or "immovable"joints, because they do not move. These joints have no joint cavity and are connected via fibrous connective tissue. The skull bones are connected by fibrous joints. Sutures are found between bones of the skull.

Movable joints A joint in which the

opposing bony surfaces are covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage or fibro cartilage and in which some degree of free movement is possible. Also called diarthrodial joint, diarthrosis,synarthrosis, synovial joint.

Types of movable joints There are three types of movable

joints:-1. Pivot joint2. Hinge joint3. Ball and socket joint

Muscles Muscle is a soft tissue

found in most animals. Muscle cells contain protein filaments of actin and myosin that slide past one another, producing a contraction that changes both the length and the shape of the cell. Muscles function to produce force and motion

Movement in Plants There are two types of movements in

plants:-1. Tropic movements2. Nastic movement

Tropical movements There are four types of tropical

movements:-1. Phototropism2. Geotropism3. Hydrotropism4. Thigmotropism