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Moving Day 1 May 1901 (La Patrie)
Segregation inMontreal 1881 - 1901
Experiments with the H-GIS‘Montréal, l’avenir du passé’
by Sherry Olson, Jason Gilliland, Danielle Gauvreau,and Patricia Thornton,with help from everybody
Connecting past and present Historical maps are digitized, rectified & georeferenced, and integrated with databanks from taxroll or census
StreetsCity blocksLotsBuildingsHouseholdsIndividuals
Building the ‘MAP’ H-GIS
182518461880190319492000
1846 1880
Maison bâtie avant 1852, démolie 1898 Collection Notman, Musée McCord
By 1898, 3/4 lived in houses like these
L'habitat ancien
L'habitat nouveau
Holiday
Dillon
Screen shot shows 2 census households, the Dillons and the Hollidays,
living in Point St-Charles, with family members reported in the census of 1881
Censushousehold head
Censusfamilymembers
Taxroll ofoccupants
Propertyowner roll
Lovell’sdirectory
3 sources5 tables
Map link tocensus division
Map link to lot
Map linkto pointMap layers
from Goad
Databases are hooked together as map layers
Diversity revealed at finer scales
Montreal, 1881
20-4950-7980-169170-299300-710
Median rent in street ($/year)
CBD
MontRoyal
Montreal 1880
Status differences
at the block level
Protestant high
French high
Ir ish h ig h
French high
Protestant high
Irish h igh
Irish m iddle
French m iddle
Protestant middle
French m iddle
Protestant middle
Irish m iddle
Irish low
French low
Protestant low
French low
Protestant low
Irish low
People of the same social status but different origins?
Among familieswith 2 or more servants
Among familieswith 1 servant
Among familieswith no servantor who supply a servant
Segregation measured between Protestant and Irish Catholics (at left), between Irish Catholics and French, between French and Protestants (at right)
Concentrations and levels of diversity by district in 1901
Montreal ‘double duplex’:Segregation / diversity is built into the urban habitat
Boiler room
Coal
Sugar house
Sugar house
Storage yellow liquor
Storage yellow liquor
Carpenter shop
Boiler room
Filter
Filter
Kiln
Steam engines
St Lawrence Sugar Refinery, Filter pots crashed, knocking out a wall of 6-story syrup house, 6:30am, outside doors locked, no fire escapes, 6 deaths (Star 15 July 1887).Risks to the male labour force were great, employers were rarely held responsible.
0 10 20 30
A
B
C
D
E
F
0 10 20 30
A
B
C
D
E
F
0 10 20 30
A
B
C
D
E
F
In models of the risk of mortality of infants,cultural affiliation had a powerful impact;for children 1-4 years old, economic status of the household weighed more heavily.
French Catholic
Irish Catholic
Anglo Protestant
Low (labourers)
High merchants)
Infant mortality in Montreal 1880
0
5
10
15
20
25
French Canadian Irish Catholic Anglo Protestant Total
Dea
ths
per
100
fri
st d
ay s
urv
ivo
rs
Post-neonatal infant mortality
Neonatal infant mortality
Occupational status
Is spatial segregation a factor?Environmental factors were intercorrelated.
Bourgois-Pichat distribution of deaths by season and cultural group, Montreal 1880
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
cum
ula
tive
dea
ths
pet
100
0 fi
rsd
day
su
rviv
ors
French summer
English summer
French rest of year
English rest of year
Vulnerability of infants was affected by age, seasonalrisks, and age at which they were weaned
Months 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Choice of dwelling
Longerbreast-feeding
Infantsurvival
Later m arriage
Severalwage-earners
Schooling& saving
Higherlifetimeincom e
M other ’s health
Birthspacing
Family strategies for survival and upward mobility
PI
F
Marriages between groups, 9/10 an Irish Catholic woman
People moved to the city to improve their life chances.Risks were greater for babies and small children, for French Canadianwomen and babies, for labourers, and for Irish Catholic men and boys.In each community, of the children who survived, 40% moved up.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1842 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901
Pe
rce
nt
Bourgeoisie
Clerks
Skilled
Semi-skilled
Labourers
Upward mobility observed 1842-1901among Irish Catholic household heads
Source : Census, Montreal, Ryan samples
The trend among 'headsof household' reflects thereplacement of Irish-bornimmigrant fathers by theirsons.
• Methodological caution
• Segregation is multidimensional
• Need to understand stability
• Need to understand diversity
• Segregation and diversity are built
into the urban habitat
Using the H-GIS
to observe segregation
Using the H-GIS
• Getting beyond mapping
• Multivariate analysis
• Risking hypotheses
• Putting space into the model
• The problem of scale
to model mortality