Moving the Centre

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MOVING THE CENTREThe Struggle for Cultural Freedoms

1



Studies in African Literature

NEW SERIES

NGUGI WA THINOG’O Decolonising the Mind

Moving the Centre

ELDRED DUROSIMI JONES

The Writings of Wole Soyinka

SIMON GIKANDI

Reading the frican Novel Reading Chinua che!e

EMMANUEL NGARA

Ideology " Form in frican #oetry

ADEOLA JAMES (Editor)

In Their $%n &oices

frican %omen %riters talk

JANE WILKINSON (Editor)

Talking %ith frican Writers Intervie%s %ith frican 'oets( 'lay%rights " novelists

MILDRED MORTIMER

)ourneys through the French frican Novel

KENNETH HARROW (Editor)

Faces of Islam in frican *iterature

EAEP Nairobi

HEINEMANN Portso!t" (N#H#)

Ja$s %!rr$& Lo'do'



MOVING THE CENTRE

The Struggle for Cultural Freedoms

NGUGI WA THIONG’O

EAEP

NAIROBI

James Currey

London



East A*ri+a' Ed!+atio'a, P!b,is"$rs Ltd#

M-a.a Road/Wood0a,$ Gro0$

W$st,a'ds

P#O# o2 34145 Nairobi

Ja$s %!rr$& Ltd#

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ISN ::==?3=?<@4?@ (EAEP)

ISN ?@444?4?B (Ja$s %!rr$& Pa-$r)

ISN ?@444?41?@ (Ja$s %!rr$& %,ot")

Librar& o* %o'7r$ss %ata,o7i'7 i' P!b,i+atio' Data

N7!7i 9a T"io'7’o5 1:@?

Mo0i'7 t"$ +$'tr$> t"$ str!77,$ *or +!,t!ra, *r$$dos / N7!7i 9a T"io'7’o#

-# +#? (St!di$s i' A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$# N$9 s$ri$s)

A +o,,$+tio' o* ta,.s a'd $ssa&s5 +r$at$d b$t9$$' 1:@4 a'd 1::5 a'd

tra's,at$d *ro Ki.!&! b& t"$ a!t"or#

1# A*ri+a' Lit$rat!r$?t" +$'t!r&?Histor& a'd +riti+is#

# A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$ C E!ro-$a' i'*,!$'+$s# I# Tit,$# II# S$ri$s#

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3



DedicationTo my %ife

N+eeri

4



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Contents

A+.'o9,$d7$$'ts i2

Pr$*a+$ 2iii

I ;r$$i'7 %!,t!r$ *ro E!ro +$'tris 1

1# Mo0i'7 t"$ %$'tr$> To9ards a P,!ra,is o* %!,t!r$s

# %r$ati'7 S-a+$ *or a H!'dr$d ;,o9$rs to ,oo>

T"$ W$a,t" o* a %oo' G,oba, %!,t!r$ 1

# T"$ U'i0$rsa,it& o* Lo+a, K'o9,$d7$ 4

3# I-$ria,is o* La'7!a7$> E'7,is"5 a La'7!a7$ *or t"$ Wor,d

=# %!,t!ra, Dia,o7!$ *or a N$9 Wor,d 3

<# T"$ %!,t!ra, ;a+tor i' t"$ N$9?+o,o'ia, Era 3<

II ;r$$i'7 %!,t!r$ *ro %o,o'ia, L$7a+i$s 4:

<# T"$ Writ$r i' a N$o?+o,o'ia, Stat$ =

@# R$sista'+$ to Da'atio'> T"$ Ro,$ o* I't$,,$+t!a, Wor.$rs <=

:# T"$ Ro,$ o* t"$ S+"o,ar i' t"$ D$0$,o-$'t o* A*ri+a' Lit$rat!r$s @

1# Post?+o,o'ia, Po,iti+s a'd %!,t!r$ @@

<



11# I' Moi’s K$'&a5 Histor& is S!b0$rsi0$ :=

1# ;ro t"$ %orridors o* Si,$'+$> T"$ E2i,$ Writ$s a+. 1

1# I-$ria,is a'd R$0o,!tio'> Mo0$$'ts *or So+ia, %"a'7$ 1:

III ;r$$i'7 %!,t!r$ *ro Ra+is 114

13# T"$ Id$o,o7& o* Ra+is> War o' P$a+$ Wit"i'

a'd Ao'7 Natio's 11=

14# Ra+is i' Lit$rat!r$ 1=

1=# H$r %oo.5 "$r Do7> Kar$' ,i2$'’s A*ri+a 1

1<# i77,$s5 Ma! Ma! a'd I 1=

1@# ,a+. Po9$r i' ritai' 13

1:# Ma'& F$ars Wa,. to ;r$$do> W$,+o$ Ho$ Ma'd$,a 13=

I Mati7ari5 Dr$as a'd Ni7"tar$s 14

# Li*$5 Lit$ra!r$ a'd a Lo'7i'7 *or Ho$ 143

1# Mati7ari 5 a'd t"$ Dr$as o* O'$ East A*ri+a 14:

I'd$2 1<:

@



Acno!"ed#ements

The original versions have !een edited for this collection, occasionally they

have !een re%ritten or enlarged- The author and the 'u!lisher %ish to thank

the follo%ing for 'remission to use the original material.

Mo0i'7 t"$ %$'tr$> To9ards a P,!ra,is o* %!,t!r$s

The University of Leeds# Ori7i'a,,& 7i0$' as T"$ Art"!r Ra0$'s+ro*t

%oo'9$a,t" Lit$rat!r$5 L$+t!r$5 3 D$+$b$r 1::# A,so -!b,is"$d i' t"$

)ournal of Common%ealth *iterature5 o,# =5 No# 15 1::1#

%r$ati'7 S-a+$ *or a H!'dr$d ;,o9$rs to ,oo> T"$ W$a,t" o* a %oo'

%!,t!r$

The University of Yale# Addr$ss5 ori7i'a,,& $'ti+$d i'’ T"$ W$a,t" o* a

%oo' %!,t!r$’ 7i0$' at t"$ +o'*$r$'+$ o' Traditio' a'd Tra'sitio' i'

A*ri+a' L$tt$rs’5 1:? A-ri, 1::# T"$ s$+tio' d$a,i'7 9it" A*ri+a' Lit$rat!r$

9as *irst -!b,is"$d i' The Times *iterary( Su''lement 5 D$+$b$r 1::#

T"$ U'i0$rsa,it& o* Lo+a, K'o9,$d7$

The hitney H!"anities Centre# Yale a'd t"$ Yale $o!rnal of Criti%is"#

(Ori7i'a,,& -!b,is"$d as a r$s-o's$ to t"$ ai' -r$s$'tatio's b& Pro*$ssor

G$$rt a'd Pro*$ssor Good&5 S-ri'7 1::#

I-$ria,is o* La'7!a7$> E'7,is" a La'7!a7$ *or t"$ Wor,d

BBC orld &ervi%e a'd t"$ Yale $o!rnal of Criti%is"# T"is +"a-t$r 9as

ori7i'a,,& 7i0$' as a ta,. 9it" t"$ tit,$ T"$ I-$ria,is o*

:



La'7!a7$’ i' a % s$i'ar o' t"$ t"$$ E'7,is" a La'7!a7$ *or t"$ Wor,d’

t"at too. -,a+$ o' < O+tob$r 1:@@# A,so -!b,is"$d i' /ale )ournal of

Criticism5 ;a,, 1::#

T"$ %!,t!ra, ;a+tor i' t"$ N$o?+o,o'ia, Era

Ori7i'a,,& t"$ .$&'ot$ addr$ss at a +o'*$r$'+$ o' US I-$ria,is i' t"$

1::s’ "$,d at S"$**i$,d U'i0$rsit& i' A-ri, 1:@@ -a-$r 7i0$' !'d$r t"$ tit,$

;i7"ti'7 N$o?+o,o'ia,is’#

T"$ Writ$r i' a N$o?+o,o'ia, Stat$

Vita Boo's a'd Bla%' &%holar> $o!rnal of Bla%' &t!dies and Resear%h#

Ori7i'a,,& a' addr$ss at t"$ A*ri+a' Lit$rat!r$ Asso+iatio'# Nort"9$st$r'

U'i0$rsit&5 USA5 1:@4 -!b,is"$d b& ita oo.s5 J!'$ 1:@=5 !'d$r t"$ tit,$

Writi'7 A7ai'st N$o?+o,o'ia,is’ a'd s!bs$6!$'t,& -!b,is"$d i' Bla%'

&%holar !'d$r t"$ -r$sid$'t tit,$#

R$sista'+$ to Da'atio'> T"$ Ro,$ o* I't$,,$+t!a, Wor.$rs

UNICE(# A' addr$ss to t"$ +o'*$r$'+$5 "$,d i' Harar$5 1?4 Mar+" 1:@@5 o*

artists5 9rit$rs5 !si+ia's a'd i't$,,$+t!a, 9or.$rs5 o' t"$ sit!atio' o* +"i,dr$'

i' So!t"$r' A*ri+a5 -arti+!,ar,& i' Moabi6!$ a'd A'7o,a#

T"$ Ro,$ o* t"$ S+"o,ar i' t"$ D$0$,o-$'t o* A*ri+a' Lit$rat!r$s

Hans )ell *!+lishers# ;irst -!b,is"$d i' Resear%h *riorities in Afri%an

Literat!res# $dit$d b& $r't" Li'd*ors5 1:@3#

Post?+o,o'ia, Po,iti+s a'd %!,t!r$

The University of Adelaide# ;irst -!b,is"$d i' Southern Revie%5 o,# 35 No#

I5 Mar+" 1::1#

I' Moi’s K$'&a5 Histor& is S!b0$rsi0$

)ed Boo's# ;irst -!b,is"$d as t"$ ;or$9ord to 0enya1s Freedom Struggle5

$dit$d b& Mai'a 9a Ki'&atti5 1:@<#

;ro t"$ %orridors o* Si,$'+$> T"$ E2i,$ Writ$s a+.

The G!ardian (Lo'do')# P!b,is"$d i' Weekend 2uardian5 1? O+tob$r

1:@:5 !'d$r t"$ tit,$ ;ro t"$ %orridors o* Si,$'+$’#

1



I-$ria,is a'd R$0o,!tio' Mo0$$'ts *or So+ia, %"a'7$

The &i,th International Radi%al# Bla%' and Third orld Boo' (air-

Ori7i'a,,& a' addr$ss to t"$ ;air i' Lo'do'5 Mar+" 1:@<# It 9as d$di+at$d to

Wa'&iri Ki"oro t"$' i' d$t$'tio' 9it"o!t tria, i' K$'&a *or "is -r$0io!s

a+ti0iti$s i' Lo'do' as a $b$r o* t"$ %oitt$$ *or t"$ R$,$as$ o* Po,iti+a,

Priso'$rs i' K$'&a5 *o!'d$d i' Lo'do' i' J!,& 1:@#

T"$ Id$o,o7& o* Ra+is> War o' P$a+$ Wit"i' a'd Ao'7 Natio's

Li+eration- Ori7i'a,,& a' addr$ss at t"$ Ra+is a'd P$a+$ +o'*$r$'+$5

%ad$' To9' Ha,,5 Lo'do'5 1:@45 7i0$' !'d$r t"$ tit,$ Ra+is is War o'

P$a+$’#

Ra+is i' Lit$rat!r$

Ha%'ney Ra%e Relations Unit and Ha%'ney Li+rary &ervi%es# Ori7i'a,,&

7i0$' as a -!b,i+ ,$+t!r$ i' 1:@3#

H$r %oo.5 "$r Do7> Kar$' ,i2$'’s A*ri+a

Bo.ens Verden# Gi0$' as a' addr$ss to t"$ <t" a''i0$rsar& o* t"$ Da'is"

Librar& Asso+iatio'5 it 9as *irst -!b,is"$d i' 3ogens &erden as A Tr$$'do!s

S$r0i+$ i' R$+ti*&i'7 t"$ Har Do'$ to A*ri+a’5 %o-$'"a7$'5 D$+$b$r 1:@#

i77,$s5 Ma! Ma! a'd I

The G!ardian (Lo'do')# P!b,is"$d i' The 2uardian5 1 A!7!st 1:: !'d$r

t"$ tit,$ N7!7i 9a T"io'7’o> Abi0a,$'t ;$$,i'7s abo!t i77,$s’#

Ma'& F$ars Wa,. to ;r$$do> W$,+o$ Ho$ Ma'd$,a

EMERGE# P!b,is"$d i' A-ri, 1::5 !'d$r t"$ tit,$ Ma'd$,a %o$s Ho$’#

Li*$5 Lit$rat!r$ a'd a Lo'7i'7 *or Ho$

The G!ardian (Lo'do')# ;irst -!b,is"$d as G!ardia' Diar&5 < Ma& 1:@:#

Mati7ari a'd t"$ Dr$as o* O'$ East A*ri+a

Geo a7ai'$ (Hab!r7)# ;irst -!b,is"$d i' 2eo5 O+tob$r 1:@:#

11



;ro t"$ A!t"or>

I 9o!,d ,i.$ to t"a'. & -!b,is"$r Ja$s %!rr$& Ltd 9"o *irst s!77$st$d t"$

id$a o* bri'7i'7 t"$ '$9 +o,,$+tio' to7$t"$r# I' -arti+!,ar5 I 9o!,d ,i.$ to t"a'.

K$it" Sabroo. *or "is $ditoria, i'-!t t"at 7a0$ t"$ +o,,$+tio' its -r$s$'t

s"a-$#

1



Preface

T"$ tit,$ o* t"is +o,,$+tio' is ta.$' *ro t"at o* t"$ *irst Art"!r Ra0$'s+ro*t

L$+t!r$ t"at I 7a0$ at L$$ds U'i0$rsit& o' 3 D$+$b$r 1::# !t t"$ ta,.s a'd

t"$ $ssa&s t"$s$,0$s ar$ -rod!+ts o* di0$rs$ o++asio's at di**$r$'t ti$s a'd

-,a+$s#

T"$ $ar,i$st -i$+$5 4er Cook( her Dog. 0aren 3li5en6s frica5 9as 7i0$' i'

%o-$'"a7$' i' 1:@1# T"$ ta,. +r$at$d a' !-roar i' D$'ar. 9"$r$ Kar$'

,i2$'5 a,ias Isaa. Di'$s$'5 9as t"$' r$7ard$d as a sai't# A ra+ist sai't I 9as

a++!s$d o* $2a77$rati'7 d$s-it$ t"$ *a+t t"at I 9as 6!oti'7 dir$+t,& *ro "$r

boo.s5 $ut of frica a'd Shado%s on the 2rass# T"$ ,at$st -i$+$5 #ost7colonial

#olitics and Culture( is a tra's+ri-t o* a ta,. I 7a0$ at t"$ U'i0$rsit& o*

Ad$,aid$ i' S$-t$b$r 1:: d!ri'7 a o't"s to!r o* A!stra,ia# It d$s+rib$s t"$

+o'ti'!it& o* Kar$' ,i2$'s A*ri+a i'to -ost?+o,o'ia, K$'&a# Ot"$r9is$ t"$

aorit& 9$r$ +r$at$d b$t9$$' 1:@4 a'd 1::# T"!s5 9it" t"$ so,$ $2+$-tio' o*

t"$ %o-$'"a7$' -i$+$5 t"$& *a,, 9it"i' & &$ars o* $2i,$ *ro K$'&a#

T"$r$ ar$ t9o t"at 7i0$ $ s-$+ia, satis*a+tio'> English( a *anguage for

the World8 and Many /ears Walk to Freedom- Welcome 4ome Mandela9

b$+a!s$ t"$& ar$ tra's,atio's *ro t"$ Gi.!&! ori7i'a,s# T"$ *irst -i$+$ 9as

-art o* a % s$i'ar o' E'7,is" as a -ossib,$ ,a'7!a7$ *or t"$ 9or,d "$,d o'< O+tob$r 1:@@# T"$ tra's,atio' 9as ,at$r broad+ast o' t"$ % Wor,d

S$r0i+$# T"$ E'7,is" 0$rsio'5 !'d$r t"$ tit,$ English. *anguage for the

World8, a'd t"$ Gi.!&! ori7i'a,5 0iingeretha. Ruthiomi r%a Thi /oothe8 0a!a

2ith%airi95 9$r$ *irst -!b,is"$d i' t"$ 1:: ;a,, iss!$ o* t"$ /ale )ournal of

Criticism- T"$ s$+o'd -i$+$5 +oissio'$d b& EMERGE5 a N$9 For. bas$d

A*ri+a'?A$ri+a' '$9s a7ai'$5

1



9as t"$ ,$ad arti+,$ i' t"$ir Mar+" 1:: iss!$ *$at!ri'7 t"$ "istori+ r$,$as$ o*

N$,so' Ma'd$,a# !t 9"$r$as t"$ Gi.!&! ori7i'a, o* t"$ -i$+$ o' ,a'7!a7$ "as

b$$' -!b,is"$d i' t"$ Fa,$ o!r'a,5 t"$ Gi.!&! ori7i'a, o* t"$ Ma'd$,a -i$+$ is

sti,, i' & dra9$r ao'7 a 7ood '!b$r o* ot"$rs# I' t"$ir di**$r$'t d$sti'i$s5

t"$ t9o -i$+$s i,,!strat$ t"$ di**i+!,ti$s i' t"$ 9a& o* t"os$ 9riti'7 t"$or$ti+a,5

-"i,oso-"i+a,5 -o,iti+a, a'd o!r'a,isti+ -ros$ i' a' A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$5 or$o0$r

i' +o'ditio's o* $2i,$# T"$ Gi.!&! ,a'7!a7$ +o!'it& *or i'sta'+$ is ,ar7$,&

9it"i' K$'&a# T"$r$ ar$ 'o o!r'a,s or '$9s-a-$rs i' t"$ ,a'7!a7$ i'sid$ or

o!tsid$ K$'&a# T"is is tr!$ *or a,, t"$ ot"$r A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s i' K$'&a a-art

*ro t"$ A,,?K$'&a 'atio'a, ,a'7!a7$5 Kis9a"i,i# T"is $a's t"at t"os$ 9"o

9rit$ i' A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s ar$ +o'*ro't$d 9it" a d$art" o* o!t,$ts *or

-!b,i+atio' a'd t"$r$*or$ -,at*ors *or +riti+a, d$bat$ ao'7 t"os$ !si'7 t"$,a'7!a7$s# T"$& +a' o',& -!b,is" i' tra's,atio' or $,s$ borro9 s-a+$ *ro

E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s o!r'a,s a'd bot" o-tio's ar$ +,$ar,& 'ot so,!tio's# T"$

sit!atio' do$s 'ot "$,- !+" i' t"$ d$0$,o-$'t o* +o'+$-t!a, 0o+ab!,ar& i'

t"$s$ ,a'7!a7$s to +o-$ 9it" od$r' t$+"'o,o7&5 t"$ s+i$'+$s a'd t"$ arts# T"$

7ro9t" o* 9riti'7 i' A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s 9i,, '$$d a +o!'it& o* s+"o,ars a'd

r$ad$rs i' t"os$ 0$r& ,a'7!a7$s5 9"o 9i,, bri'7 i'to t"$ ,a'7!a7$s t"$ 9$a,t"

o* ,it$rat!r$ o' od$r' t$+"'o,o7&5 arts a'd s+i$'+$s# ;or t"is t"$& '$$d

-,at*ors# It is a 0i+io!s +ir+,$# So 9"i,$ t"$ t9o -i$+$s irror & +!rr$'t

i'0o,0$$'ts i' t"$ str!77,$ to o0$ t"$ +$'tr$ o* o!r ,it$rar& $'7a7$$'ts

*ro E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s to a !,ti-,i+it& o* ,o+atio's i' o!r ,a'7!a7$s5 t"$&

a,so i,,!strat$ t"$ *r!stratio's i' t"$ 9a& o* i$diat$ a'd s!++$ss*!,

r$a,isatio' !'d$r t"$ -r$s$'t +o'ditio's o* a +o'ti'$'ts disb$,i$* i' its$,*#

Ho9$0$r5 di**i+!,ti$s i' 'at!r$ a'd ,i*$ ar$ t"$r$ to b$ o0$r+o$# Wit"o!t

str!77,$ t"$r$ is 'o -ro7r$ssio'5 said H$7$,# T"$ str!77,$ to $$t t"$ +"a,,$'7$

o* d$+o,o'isi'7 t"$ ia7i'atio' +o'ti'!$s a'd t"$ t9o -i$+$s add to & ot"$r

st$-s i' t"$ 'o0$,5 draa a'd +"i,dr$'s stori$s5 i' 9"at is +,$ar,& a ,o'7

o!r'$&#

A,t"o!7" t"$s$ ta,.s 9$r$ 7i0$' a'd t"$ $ssa&s 9ritt$' *or di0$rs$

o++asio's at di**$r$'t ti$s a'd -,a+$s5 I *o!'d t"at t"$r$ ar$ +$rtai' -r$0a,$'t

ass!-tio's a'd r$+!rri'7 t"$$s a'd +o'+$r's t"at !'it$ t"$#

;irst is t"$ ass!-tio' t"at *or a *!,, +o-r$"$'sio' o* t"$

13



d&'ai+s5 di$'sio's a'd 9or.i'7s o* a so+i$t&5 a'& so+i$t&5 t"$ +!,t!ra,

as-$+ts +a''ot b$ s$$' i' tota, iso,atio' *ro t"$ $+o'oi+ a'd -o,iti+a, o'$s#

T"$ 6!a'tit& a'd 6!a,it& o* 9$a,t" i' a +o!'it&5 t"$ a''$r o* its

or7a'isatio' *ro -rod!+tio' to t"$ s"ari'7 o!t5 a**$+t5 a'd ar$ a**$+t$d b& t"$

9a& i' 9"i+" -o9$r is or7a'is$d a'd distrib!t$d# T"$s$ i' t!r' a**$+t a'd ar$

a**$+t$d b& t"$ 0a,!$s o* t"at so+i$t& as $bodi$d a'd $2-r$ss$d i' t"$ +!,t!r$

o* t"at so+i$t&# T"$ 9$a,t" a'd -o9$r a'd s$,*?ia7$ o* a +o!'it& ar$

i's$-arab,$#

T"$ ot"$r ass!-tio' is t"$ +"a'7i'7 +"ara+t$r o* a,, so+i$ti$s# Not"i'75

'ot $0$' +!,t!r$5 i' a so+i$t& +a' b$ said to "a0$ arri0$d at t"$ b$st o* a,,

-ossib,$ 9or,ds# !t si'+$ +!,t!r$ 9"i,$ b$i'7 a -rod!+t o* t"$ d$0$,o-$'t o*

t"at so+i$t& is a,so a r$-ositor& o* a,, t"$ 0a,!$s t"at "a0$ b$$' $0o,0$d b& t"$di**$r$'t so+ia, strata i' t"at so+i$t& o0$r ti$5 i' t"$ s$'s$ t"at it "o,ds a 7i0$'

so+i$t& to7$t"$r it is or$ +o's$r0ati0$ t"a' t"$ $+o'o& a'd -o,iti+a, ,i*$ o*

t"$ so+i$t& 9"i+" +"a'7$ r$,ati0$,& or$ ra-id,&# %!,t!r$ 7i0$s t"at so+i$t& its

s$,*?ia7$ as it sorts its$,* o!t i' t"$ $+o'oi+ a'd -o,iti+a, *i$,ds# It t"$r$*or$

t$'ds to a--$ar as bot" '$!tra,5 ($6!a,,& $2-r$ssi0$ o* a,, a'd a++$ssib,$ to a,,)

a'd !'+"a'7i'75 a stab,$ r$sti'7 -,a+$ *or a,, its $b$rs# H$'+$ t"$ ta,. o*

o!r 0a,!$s b& di**$r$'t so+i$ti$s# Ho9$0$r5 +"a'7$s 9"$t"$r $0o,!tio'ar& or

r$0o,!tio'ar& +a' o++!r as r$s!,t o* t"$ i't$r'a, 9or.i'7 o!t o* t"$

+o'tradi+tio's i' t"at so+i$t& i' a d$,i+at$ or $0$' t!rb!,$'t r$,atio's"i- to t"$

$2t$r'a, $'0iro'$'t# I' t"is s$'s$ so+i$t& is ,i.$ a "!a' bod& 9"i+"

d$0$,o-s as a r$s!,t o* t"$ i't$r'a, 9or.i'7 o!t o* a,, its +$,,s a'd ot"$r

bio,o7i+a, -ro+$ss$s ? t"os$ d&i'7 a'd t"os$ b$i'7 bor' a'd t"$ir di**$r$'t

+obi'atio's ? a'd a,so i' t"$ $2t$r'a, +o't$2t o* t"$ air a'd ot"$r

$'0iro'$'ta, *a+tors# T"$ air a'd *ood t"$ bod& ta.$s *ro its +o'ta+t 9it"

t"$ $2t$r'a, $'0iro'$'t ar$ di7$st$d a'd b$+o$ a' i't$7ra, -art o* t"$ bod&#

T"is is 'ora, a'd "$a,t"&# !t it a& "a--$' t"at t"$ i-a+t o* t"$ $2t$r'a,

*a+tor is too stro'7 it is 'ot ta.$' i' or7a'i+a,,&5 i' 9"i+" +as$ t"$ bod& a&

$0$' di$# ;,oods5 $art"6!a.$s5 t"$ 9i'd5 too !+" or too ,itt,$ air5 -oiso'$d or

"$a,t"& *ood5 o0$r$ati'75 o0$rdri'.i'75 ar$ a,, $2t$r'a, *a+tors or a+ti0iti$s to

do 9it" absorbi'7 t"$ $2t$r'a, a'd t"$& +a' a**$+t t"$ bod& ad0$rs$,&# T"$

sa$ 9it" so+i$t&# A,, so+i$ti$s d$0$,o- !'d$r +o'ditio's o* $2t$r'a, +o'ta+t

9it" ot"$r so+i$ti$s at t"$ $+o'oi+5 -o,iti+a, a'd +!,t!ra, ,$0$,s# U'd$r

'ora, +ir+!sta'+$s5 a 7i0$' so+i$t& is ab,$ to absorb 9"at$0$r it borro9s

14



*ro ot"$r +o'ta+ts5 di7$st it a'd a.$ it its o9'# !t !'d$r +o'ditio's o*

$2t$r'a, doi'atio'5 +o'6!$st *or i'sta'+$5 t"$ +"a'7$s ar$ 'ot as a r$s!,t o*

t"$ 9or.i'7 o!t o* t"$ +o'*,i+ts a'd t$'sio's 9it"i'5 a'd do 'ot aris$ o!t o* t"$

or7a'i+ d$0$,o-$'t o* t"at so+i$t&5 b!t ar$ *or+$d !-o' it $2t$r'a,,&#

T"is a& r$s!,t i' t"$ so+i$t& b$+oi'7 d$*or$d5 +"a'7i'7 +o!rs$

a,to7$t"$r or $0$' d&i'7 o!t# %o'ditio's o* $2t$r'a, doi'atio' a'd +o'tro,5 as

!+" as t"os$ o* i't$r'a, doi'atio' a'd o--r$ssio'5 do 'ot +r$at$ t"$

'$+$ssar& +,iat$ *or t"$ +!,t!ra, "$a,t" o* a'& so+i$t&#

T"!s5 +!,t!r$s t"at sta& i' tota, iso,atio' *ro ot"$rs +a' s"ri0$,5 dr& !- or

9it"$r a9a&# %!,t!r$s !'d$r tota, doi'atio' *ro ot"$rs +a' b$ +ri--,$d5

d$*or$d5 or $,s$ di$# %!,t!r$s t"at +"a'7$ to r$*,$+t t"$ $0$r?+"a'7i'7

d&'ai+s o* i't$r'a, r$,atio's a'd 9"i+" ai'tai' a ba,a'+$d 7i0$ a'd ta.$9it" $2t$r'a, r$,atio's ar$ t"$ o'$s t"at ar$ "$a,t"&# H$'+$ t"$ i'sist$'+$ i'

t"$s$ $ssa&s o' t"$ s!**o+ati'7 a'd !,tiat$,& d$str!+ti0$ +"ara+t$r o* bot"

+o,o'ia, a'd '$o?+o,o'ia, str!+t!r$s# A '$9 9or,d ord$r t"at is 'o or$ t"a'

t"$ 7,oba, doi'a'+$ o* '$o?+o,o'ia, r$,atio's -o,i+$d b& a "a'd*!, o* W$st$r'

'atio's5 9"$t"$r t"ro!7" t"$ U'it$d Natio's S$+!rit& %o!'+i, or 'ot5 is a

disast$r *or t"$ -$o-,$s o* t"$ 9or,d a'd t"$ir +!,t!r$s# W"i,$ t"$r$ is a '$$d

*or +!,t!r$s to r$a+" o!t to o'$ a'ot"$r a'd borro9 *ro o'$ a'ot"$r t"is "as to

b$ o' t"$ basis o* $6!a,it& a'd !t!a, r$s-$+t# T"$ +a,, *or t"$ W$st$r'?bas$d

'$9 9or,d ord$r s"o!,d b$ +o!'t$r$d b& a +o'ti'!$d +a,, *or a '$95 or$$6!itab,$ i't$r'atio'a, $+o'oi+5 -o,iti+a, a'd +!,t!ra, ord$r 9it"i' a'd

b$t9$$' 'atio's5 a 9or,d ord$r t"at r$*,$+ts t"$ di0$rsit& o* 9or,d -$o-,$s a'd

+!,t!r$s# H$'+$ t"$ str!77,$ *or +!,t!ra, *r$$dos#

Arisi'7 *ro a,, o* t"is is t"$ t"$$ o* o0i'7 t"$ +$'tr$# It is t"is t"at

ost !'d$r,i$s t"$ +o,,$+tio' a'd "$'+$ t"$ tit,$# I a +o'+$r'$d 9it" o0i'7

t"$ +$'tr$ i' t9o s$'s$s at ,$ast# O'$ is t"$ '$$d to o0$ t"$ +$'tr$ *ro its

ass!$d ,o+atio' i' t"$ W$st to a !,ti-,i+it& o* s-"$r$s i' a,, t"$ +!,t!r$s o*

t"$ 9or,d# T"$ ass!$d ,o+atio' o* t"$ +$'tr$ o* t"$ !'i0$rs$ i' t"$ W$st is

9"at 7o$s b& t"$ t$r E!ro+$'tris5 a' ass!-tio' 9"i+" d$0$,o-$d 9it" t"$

doi'atio' o* t"$ 9or,d b& a "a'd*!, o* W$st$r' 'atio's>

E!ro+$'tris sa&s Sair Ai' i' "is boo. o* t"$ sa$ tit,$ is a

+!,t!ra,ist -"$'o$'o' i' t"$ s$'s$ t"at it ass!$s t"$ $2ist$'+$ o*

1=



irr$d!+ib,& disti'+t +!,t!ra, i'0aria'ts t"at s"a-$ t"$ "istori+a, -at"s o*

di**$r$'t -$o-,$s# E!ro+$'tris is t"$r$*or$ a'ti?!'i0$rsa,ist5 si'+$ it is 'ot

i't$r$st$d i' s$$.i'7 -ossib,$ 7$'$ra, ,a9s o* "!a' $0o,!tio'# !t it do$s

-r$s$'t its$,* as !'i0$rsa,ist5 *or it +,ais t"at iitatio' o* t"$ W$st$r'

od$, b& a,, -$o-,$s is t"$ o',& so,!tio' to t"$ +"a,,$'7$s o* o!r ti$#

A,t"o!7" -r$s$'t i' a,, ar$as5 $+o'oi+ a'd -o,iti+a, a'd so o'5 t"$

E!ro+$'tri+ basis o* ,oo.i'7 at t"$ 9or,d is -arti+!,ar,& a'i*$st i' t"$ *i$,d o*

,a'7!a7$s5 ,it$rat!r$5 +!,t!ra, st!di$s a'd i' t"$ 7$'$ra, or7a'isatio' o*

,it$rat!r$ d$-art$'ts i' !'i0$rsiti$s i' a'& -arts o* t"$ 7,ob$# T"$ iro'& is

t"at $0$' t"at 9"i+" is 7$'!i'$,& !'i0$rsa, i' t"$ W$st is i-riso'$d b&

E!ro+$'tris# W$st$r' +i0i,isatio' its$,* b$+o$s a -riso'$r5 its ai,ors b$i'7 itsE!ro+$'tri+ i't$r-r$t$rs# !t E!ro+$'tris is ost da'7$ro!s to t"$ s$,*?

+o'*id$'+$ o* T"ird Wor,d -$o-,$s 9"$' it b$+o$s i't$r'a,is$d i' t"$ir

i't$,,$+t!a, +o'+$-tio' o* t"$ !'i0$rs$#

T"$ s$+o'd s$'s$ is $0$' or$ i-orta't a,t"o!7" it is 'ot $2-,or$d

$2t$'si0$,& i' t"$s$ $ssa&s# Wit"i' '$ar,& a,, 'atio's toda& t"$ +$'tr$ is ,o+at$d

i' t"$ doi'a't so+ia, strat!5 a a,$ bo!r7$ois i'orit&# !t si'+$ a'& o*

t"$ a,$ bo!r7$ois i'oriti$s i' t"$ 9or,d ar$ sti,, doi'at$d b& t"$ W$st 9$

ar$ ta,.i'7 abo!t t"$ doi'atio' o* t"$ 9or,d5 i'+,!di'7 t"$ W$st5 b& a

E!ro+$'tri+ bo!r7$ois5 a,$ a'd ra+ia, i'orit&# H$'+$ t"$ '$$d to o0$ t"$+$'tr$ *ro a,, i'orit& +,ass $stab,is"$'ts 9it"i' 'atio's to t"$ r$a, +r$ati0$

+$'tr$s ao'7 t"$ 9or.i'7 -$o-,$ i' +o'ditio' o* 7$'d$r5 ra+ia, a'd r$,i7io!s

$6!a,it&#

Mo0i'7 t"$ +$'tr$ i' t"$ t9o s$'s$s ? b$t9$$' 'atio's a'd 9it"i' 'atio's ?

9i,, +o'trib!t$ to t"$ *r$$i'7 o* 9or,d +!,t!r$s *ro t"$ r$stri+ti0$ 9a,,s o*

'atio'a,is5 +,ass5 ra+$ a'd 7$'d$r# I' t"is s$'s$ I a a' !'r$-$'ta't

!'i0$rsa,ist# ;or I b$,i$0$ t"at 9"i,$ r$tai'i'7 its roots i' r$7io'a, a'd 'atio'a,

i'di0id!a,it&5 tr!$ "!a'is 9it" its !'i0$rsa, r$a+"i'7 o!t5 +a' *,o9$r ao'7

t"$ -$o-,$s o* t"$ $art"5 root$d as it is i' t"$ "istori$s a'd +!,t!r$s o* t"$di**$r$'t -$o-,$s o* t"$ $art"# T"$'5 to -ara-"ras$ Mar25 9i,, "!a' -ro7r$ss

+$as$ to r$s$b,$ t"$ -a7a' ido, 9"o 9o!,d dri'. '$+tar b!t o',& *ro t"$

s.!,,s o* t"$ s,ai'5

M& "o-$ is t"at t"is +o,,$+tio' s"o!,d +o'trib!t$ to t"$ d$bat$ abo!t "o9

b$st to 9a7$ a'd 9i' t"$ str!77,$ *or +!,t!ra, *r$$dos i'

1<



t"$ 9or,d# ;or $5 o0i'7 t"$ +$'tr$ to +orr$+t t"$ iba,a'+$s o* t"$ ,ast *o!r

"!'dr$d &$ars is a +r!+ia, st$- i' t"at dir$+tio'#

Fa,$

N$9 Ha0$'

1@



I

$reein# Cu"ture

$rom

Eurocentrism

1:



/ Mo%in# t&e Centre

To%ards a #luralism of Cultures

So$ti$ i' 1:=4 I "a'd$d a -i$+$ o* -ros$ to Pro*$ssor Art"!r Ra0$'s+ro*t i'

9"at 9as a +,ass $2$r+is$ i' ,a'7!a7$ !s$# It 9as a d$s+ri-tio' o* a

+ar-$'t$r?artist at 9or. o' 9ood# Lat$r t"is b$+a$ -art o* a ,ar7$r $0o+atio'

o* ,i*$ i' a 0i,,a7$ i' +o,o'ia, K$'&a b$t9$$' t"$ $'d o* t"$ S$+o'd Wor,d War

a'd t"$ b$7i''i'7 o* t"$ Ma! Ma! ar$d str!77,$ a7ai'st ritis" r!,$ i' 1:4#

W"$' i' 1:== I att$'d$d t"$ *irst +o'*$r$'+$ o* S+a'di'a0ia' a'd A*ri+a'

9rit$rs i' Sto+."o,5 I -r$s$'t$d it !'d$r t"$ tit,$5 Memories of Childhood # &

t"$' it "ad b$+o$ -art o* a' $0$' ,ar7$r $'t$r-ris$5 a 'o0$,5 2rain of Wheat 5

9"i+" I 9rot$ d!ri'7 & ti$ i' L$$ds# T"$ 'o0$, +a$ o!t i' 1:=<# I' t"$

+o-& t"at I si7'$d *or Art"!r Ra0$'s+ro*t I 9as "a--& to dra9 "is att$'tio' tot"$ +"a-t$r +o'tai'i'7 t"$ $2$r+is$#

I $'tio' t"$ 'o0$, b$+a!s$ i' so a'& 9a&s 2rain of Wheat

s&bo,is$s5 *or $5 t"$ L$$ds I asso+iat$ 9it" Art"!r Ra0$'s+ro*ts ti$5

9"i+" 9as a,so a si7'i*i+a't o$'t i' t"$ d$0$,o-$'t o* A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$#

T"is 9as t"$ si2ti$s 9"$' t"$ +$'tr$ o* t"$ !'i0$rs$ 9as o0i'7 *ro E!ro-$

or5 to -!t it a'ot"$r 9a&5 9"$' a'& +o!'tri$s -arti+!,ar,& i' Asia a'd A*ri+a

9$r$ d$a'di'7 a'd ass$rti'7 t"$ir ri7"t to d$*i'$ t"$s$,0$s a'd t"$ir

r$,atio's"i- to t"$ !'i0$rs$ *ro t"$ir o9' +$'tr$s i' A*ri+a a'd Asia# ;ra't;a'o' b$+a$ t"$ -ro-"$t o* t"$ str!77,$ to o0$ t"$ +$'tr$ a'd "is boo.5 The

Wretched of the Earth b$+a$ a .i'd o* ib,$ ao'7 t"$ A*ri+a' st!d$'ts

*ro W$st a'd East A*ri+a t"$' at L$$ds# I' -o,iti+s t"is o0i'7 o* t"$ +$'tr$

9as +,$ar# $t9$$' 1:= a'd 1:=35 t"$ &$ar I +a$ to L$$ds5 a'& +o!'tri$s i'

A*ri+a ,i.$ Ta'a'ia5 U7a'da5 air$5 Ni7$ria5 to $'tio' o',& a *$95 "ad

"oist$d t"$ir



'atio'a, *,a7s a'd 9$r$ si'7i'7 '$9 'atio'a, a't"$s i'st$ad o* t"os$ o* t"$ir

+o'6!$rors *ro E!ro-$ as 9as t"$ -ra+ti+$ i' t"$ +o,o'ia, $ra# K$'&a "ad 'ot

$0$' -ro-$r,& 7ot !s$d to its '$9 a't"$ s!'7 *or t"$ *irst ti$ at t"$ id'i7"t

o* 1 D$+$b$r 1:=# 2rain of Wheat +$,$brat$d t"$ or$ t"a' si2t& &$ars

o* K$'&a' -$o-,$s str!77,$ to +,ai t"$ir o9' s-a+$# T"$ -o,iti+a, str!77,$s to

o0$ t"$ +$'tr$5 t"$ 0ast d$+o,o'isatio' -ro+$ss +"a'7i'7 t"$ -o,iti+a, a- o*

t"$ -ost?9ar 9or,d5 "ad a,so a radi+a,isi'7 $**$+t i' t"$ W$st -arti+!,ar,&

ao'7 t"$ &o!'7 a'd t"is 9as b$st s&bo,is$d b& t"$ s!--ort t"$ i$t'a$s$

str!77,$ 9as $'o&i'7 ao'7 t"$ &o!t" o* t"$ si2ti$s# T"is radi+a, traditio' "ad

i' t!r' a' i-a+t o' t"$ A*ri+a' st!d$'ts at L$$ds a.i'7 t"$ ,oo. $0$'

or$ +riti+a,,& at t"$ +o't$'t rat"$r t"a' t"$ *or o* t"$ d$+o,o'isatio' -ro+$ss5

ta.i'7 t"$ir +!$ *ro ;a'o's +riti6!$ i' t"$ ri7"t,& +$,$brat$d +"a-t$r i' t"$

The Wretched of the Earth $'tit,$d T"$ Pit*a,,s o* Natio'a, %o's+io!s'$ss#

2rain of Wheat 9as bot" a +$,$bratio' o* i'd$-$'d$'+$ a'd a 9ar'i'7 abo!t

t"os$ -it*a,,s#

I' t"$ ar$a o* +!,t!r$5 t"$ str!77,$ to o0$ t"$ +$'tr$ 9as r$*,$+t$d i' t"$

tri?+o'ti'$'ta, ,it$rat!r$ o* Asia5 A*ri+a a'd So!t" A$ri+a# It 9as or$

draati+ i' t"$ +as$ o* A*ri+a a'd t"$ %aribb$a' +o!'tri$s 9"$r$ t"$ -ost?9ar

9or,d sa9 a '$9 ,it$rat!r$ i' E'7,is" a'd ;r$'+" +o'so,idati'7 its$,* i'to a

traditio'# T"is ,it$rat!r$ 9as +$,$brati'7 t"$ ri7"t to 'a$ t"$ 9or,d a'd

2rain of Wheat 9as -art o* t"at traditio' o* t"$ str!77,$ *or t"$ ri7"t to 'a$

t"$ 9or,d *or o!rs$,0$s# T"$ '$9 traditio' 9as +"a,,$'7i'7 t"$ or$ doi'a't

o'$ i' 9"i+" Asia5 A*ri+a a'd So!t" A$ri+a 9$r$ a,9a&s b$i'7 d$*i'$d *ro

t"$ +a-ita,s o* E!ro-$ b& E!ro-$a's 9"o o*t$' sa9 t"$ 9or,d i' +o,o!r?ti't$d

7,ass$s# T"$ 7ood a'd t"$ bad A*ri+a' o* t"$ ra+ist E!ro-$a' traditio'5 t"$

+,o9'i'7 M$ssrs Jo"'so's o* t"$ ,ib$ra, E!ro-$a' traditio' or $0$' t"$

abs$'+$ o* +o's+io!s'$ss o* t"$ +o,o'is$d 9or,d i' t"$ ai'str$a o* t"$E!ro-$a' ,it$rar& ia7i'atio' 9$r$ a,, b$i'7 +"a,,$'7$d b& t"$ $'$r7& o* t"$

O.o'.9os o* t"$ '$9 ,it$rat!r$ 9"o 9o!,d rat"$r di$ r$sisti'7 t"a' ,i0$ o'

b$'t .'$$s i' a 9or,d 9"i+" t"$& +o!,d 'o ,o'7$r d$*i'$ *or t"$s$,0$s o'

t"$ir t$rs5 +"ara+t$rs 9"o5 9it" t"$ir $0$r& 7$st!r$ i' t"$ir i't$ra+tio' 9it"

'at!r$ a'd 9it" t"$ir so+ia, $'0iro'$'t5 9$r$ a 0i0id ia7$ o* t"$ *a+t t"at

A*ri+a 9as 'ot a ,a'd o* -$r-$t!a, +"i,d"ood -ass$d o0$r b& "istor& as it

-ass$d *ro East to W$st to *i'd its "i7"$st $2-r$ssio' i' t"$ W$st$r' $-ir$s

o* t"$ t9$'ti$t"

1



+$'t!r&# H$7$,ia' A*ri+a 9as a E!ro-$a' &t"# T"$ ,it$rat!r$ 9as +"a,,$'7i'7

t"$ E!ro+$'tri+ basis o* t"$ 0isio' o* ot"$r 9or,ds $0$' 9"$' t"is 9as o*

9rit$rs 9"o 9$r$ 'ot '$+$ssari,& i' a7r$$$'t 9it" 9"at E!ro-$ 9as doi'7 to

t"$ r$st o* t"$ 9or,d# It 9as 'ot a 6!$stio' o* s!bstit!ti'7 o'$ +$'tr$ *or t"$

ot"$r# T"$ -rob,$ aros$ o',& 9"$' -$o-,$ tri$d to !s$ t"$ 0isio' *ro a'& o'$

+$'tr$ a'd 7$'$ra,is$ it as t"$ !'i0$rsa, r$a,it&#

T"$ od$r' 9or,d is a -rod!+t o* bot" E!ro-$a' i-$ria,is a'd o* t"$

r$sista'+$ 9a7$d a7ai'st it b& t"$ A*ri+a'5 Asia'5 a'd So!t" A$ri+a' -$o-,$s#

W$r$ 9$ to s$$ t"$ 9or,d t"ro!7" t"$ E!ro-$a' r$s-o's$s to i-$ria,is o* t"$

,i.$s o* R!d&ard Ki-,i'75 Jos$-" %o'rad or Jo&+$ %ar&5 9"os$ 9or. i' t$rs

o* t"$$s or ,o+atio' or attit!d$ ass!$d t"$ r$a,it& a'd $2-$ri$'+$ o*

i-$ria,is O* +o!rs$ t"$& r$s-o'd$d to i-$ria,is *ro a 0ari$t& o*

id$o,o7i+a, ass!-tio's a'd attit!d$s# !t t"$& +o!,d '$0$r "a0$ s"i*t$d t"$

+$'tr$ o* 0isio' b$+a!s$ t"$& 9$r$ t"$s$,0$s bo!'d b& t"$ E!ro-$a' +$'tr$ o*

t"$ir !-bri'7i'7 a'd $2-$ri$'+$# E0$' 9"$r$ t"$& 9$r$ a9ar$ o* t"$

d$0astati'7 $**$+ts o* i-$ria,is o' t"$ s!b$+t -$o-,$s5 as i' %o'rads

d$s+ri-tio' o* t"$ d&i'7 0i+tis o* +o,o'ia, ad0$'t!ris i' 4eart of Darkness5

t"$& +o!,d 'ot *r$$ t"$s$,0$s *ro t"$ E!ro+$'tri+ basis o* t"$ir 0isio'#

It 9as a+t!a,,& at Ma.$r$r$ U'i0$rsit& %o,,$7$5 b!t o!tsid$ t"$ *ora,

str!+t!r$5 t"at I *irst $'+o!'t$r$d t"$ '$9 ,it$rat!r$s *ro A*ri+a a'd t"$

%aribb$a'# I +a' sti,, r$+a,, t"$ $2+it$$'t o* r$adi'7 t"$ 9or,d *ro a +$'tr$

ot"$r t"a' E!ro-$# T"$ 7r$at traditio' o* E!ro-$a' ,it$rat!r$ "ad i'0$'t$d a'd

$0$' d$*i'$d t"$ 9or,d 0i$9 o* t"$ %a,iba's5 t"$ ;rida&s a'd t"$ r$+,ai$d

A*ri+a's o* t"$ir ia7i'atio's# No9 t"$ %a,iba's a'd t"$ ;rida&s o* t"$ '$9

,it$rat!r$ 9$r$ t$,,i'7 t"$ir stor& 9"i+"5 9as a,so & stor&# E0$' t"$ tit,$s5 ,i.$

P$t$r Abra"as Tell Freedom5 s$$$d to s-$a. o* a 9or,d t"at I .'$9 a'd a

"o-$ t"at I s"ar$d# W"$' Tr!-$r5 o'$ o* t"$ +"ara+t$rs i' G$or7$ Lai'7s'o0$,5 In the Castle of My Skin5 ta,.s o* "is s!dd$',& dis+o0$ri'7 "is -$o-,$5

a'd t"$r$*or$ "is 9or,d5 a*t$r "$ari'7 Pa!, Rob$so' si'75 L$t M& P$o-,$ Go5

"$ 9as s-$a.i'7 o* $ a'd & $'+o!'t$r 9it" t"$ 0oi+$s +oi'7 o!t o* +$'tr$s

o!tsid$ E!ro-$# T"$ '$9 ,it$rat!r$s "ad t9o i-orta't $**$+ts o' $#

I 9a't$d to 9rit$5 to t$,, *r$$do5 a'd b& t"$ ti$ I +a$ to Art"!r

Ra0$'s+ro*ts +,ass i' L$$ds i' 1:=45 I "ad a,r$ad& 9ritt$' t9o 'o0$,s5 The

River 3et%een a'd Wee' Not Child 5 a t"r$$?a+t



-,a&5 The 3lack 4ermit 5 t9o o'$?a+t -,a&s5 a'd 'i'$ s"ort stori$s# M& t"ird

'o0$,5 2rain of Wheat 5 9as to b$ 9ritt$' i' L$$ds b!t $0$' t"$ *irst t9o +arr&

$ori$s asso+iat$d 9it" L$$ds# The River 3et%een5 t"$ *irst 'o0$, to b$

9ritt$' b!t t"$ s$+o'd to b$ -!b,is"$d5 +a$5 -!t i' 1:=4 a'd t"$ ,a!'+" 9as

"$,d i' L$$ds 9it" A!sti+.s boo.s"o- a+ross t"$ road *,att$ri'7 t"$ a!t"ors

$7o 9it" a *i'$ dis-,a& o* t"$ '$9 boo.# Wee' Not Child 5 t"$ s$+o'd 'o0$, b!t

t"$ *irst to b$ -!b,is"$d b& H$i'$a'' i' 1:=35 9o' a UNES%O ;irst Pri$ i'

t"$ *irst ,a+. a'd A*ri+a' Writ$rs a'd Artists ;$sti0a, i' Da.ar# I "$ard t"$

'$9s 9"i,$ i' L$$ds# I 7ot +o'7rat!,atio's *ro a,, o0$r t"$ 9or,d# A UNES%O

-ri$ *or ,it$rat!r$ M& *i'a'+ia, 9orri$s i' L$$ds 9$r$ o0$r a'd I 0oi+$d &

"o-$s to & *$,,o9 st!d$'ts 9"o 9$r$ 'ot a ,itt,$ i-r$ss$d b& t"$ *ort!'$

b$*a,,i'7 o'$ i' t"$ir idst# Fo! +a' ia7i'$ & disa--oi't$'t 9"$' ,at$r I

,$ar't t"at t"$ -ri$ 9as "o'orar& a*t$r a,,# A' "o'orar& *irst -ri$# I "a0$ '$0$r

ta,.$d abo!t t"is -ri$ or +it$d it as o'$ o* & a++o-,is"$'t# ;ort!'at$,& I

"$ard t"$ "o'orar& '$9s a*t$r I 9as a,r$ad& i' t"$ idd,$ o* & t"ird 'o0$,5

2rain of Wheat 5 a'd I "o-$d t"at it 9o!,d 'ot 9i' a'& "o'orar& *irst -ri$# Not

9"i,$ I 9as a ritis" %o!'+i, S+"o,ar i' L$$ds a'&9a&#

Q!it$ as i-orta't as & +a,, to 9rit$ 9as a,so & d$sir$ to st!d& t"$ '$9

,it$rat!r$ *!rt"$r# ;or a ti$5 I 9as tor' b$t9$$' Jos$-" %o'rad5 9"o I "ad

*ora,,& st!di$d as a s-$+ia, -a-$r i' & !'d$r7rad!at$ st!di$s at Ma.$r$r$5

a'd G$or7$ Lai'7 9"o 9as 'ot .'o9' i' t"$ o**i+ia, +!rri+!,! at

Ma.$r$r$# Jos$-" %o'rad "ad a +$rtai' ao!'t o* attra+tio'# H$ 9as Po,is"5

bor' i' a +o!'tr& a'd a *ai,& t"at "ad .'o9' o',& t"$ -,$as!r$s o*

doi'atio' a'd $2i,$# H$ "ad ,$ar't E'7,is" ,at$ i' ,i*$ a'd &$t "$ "ad +"os$'

to 9rit$ i' it5 a borro9$d ,a'7!a7$5 d$s-it$ "is *,!$'+& i' "is 'ati0$ to'7!$ a'd

i' ;r$'+"# A'd 9"at is or$ "$ "ad ad$ it to t"$ 7r$at traditio' o* E'7,is"

,it$rat!r$# Was "$ 'ot a,r$ad& a' ia7$ o* 9"at 9$5 t"$ '$9 A*ri+a' 9rit$rs5,i.$ t"$ Iris" 9rit$rs b$*or$ !s5 F$ats a'd ot"$rs5 +o!,d b$+o$ T"$r$ 9as a'

add$d r$aso' *or "is attra+tio'# %o'rads ost i-orta't 'o0$,s 9$r$ ost,&

,o+at$d i' t"$ +o,o'ia, $-ir$> i' Asia5 A*ri+a a'd So!t" A$ri+a# T"$

$2-$ri$'+$ o* t"$ $-ir$ 9as +$'tra, to t"$ s$'sibi,it& i' "is aor 'o0$,s5

*ord )im5 4eart of Darkness5 &ictory a'd Nostromo5 'ot to $'tio' a,, t"$

ot"$r ,o'7 a'd s"ort stori$s s$t i' t"$ 0ario!s o!t-osts o* t"$ $-ir$# Noti+$ *or

i'sta'+$ t"$ doi'a'+$ o* t"$ ia7$s o* i0or& i'



4eart of Darkness o* +oa, i' &ictory o* si,0$r i' Nostromo# Nostromo5 i'

-arti+!,ar5 9as ao'7 t"$ $ar,i$st 'o0$,s to d$-i+t t"$ +oa,$s+$'+$ o* i'd!stria,

a'd ba'. +a-ita, to +r$at$ *i'a'+$ +a-ita,> 9"at L$'i' i' "is boo. Im'erialism

the 4ighest Stage of Ca'italism o'+$ d$s+rib$d as o'$ o* t"$ +r!+ia,

+"ara+t$risti+s o* od$r' i-$ria,is# A,i$'atio' !'d$r,i$s ost o* t"$ t"$$s

i' "is 'o0$,s as i' Nostromo# !t %o'rad "ad +"os$' to b$ -art o* t"$ $-ir$

a'd t"$ ora, abi0a,$'+$ i' "is attit!d$ to9ards ritis" i-$ria,is st$s

*ro t"at +"os$' a,,$7ia'+$# G$or7$ Lai'7 9as a,so bor' i' $2i,$ i' t"$

s$'s$ t"at "is *or$-ar$'ts did 'ot 7o to t"$ %aribb$a' o' a 0o,!'tar& basis# T"$

$2-$ri$'+$ o* t"$ $-ir$ 9as a,so +$'tra, to "is 'o0$,s *ro In the Castle of

My Skin to Season of dventure# %o,o'ia, a,i$'atio' !'d$r,a& a,, t"$ t"$$s i'

"is 9or. a'd "$ 9as to !'d$r9rit$ t"$ +$'tra,it& o* t"$ t"$$ i' "is 9or. i' a

boo. o* $ssa&s !'d$r t"$ tit,$> The #leasures of E5ile# !t Lai'75 !',i.$

%o'rad5 9rot$ 0$r& +,$ar,& *ro t"$ ot"$r sid$ o* t"$ $-ir$5 *ro t"$ sid$ o*

t"os$ 9"o 9$r$ +r&i'7 o!t L$t M& P$o-,$ Go# %o'rad a,9a&s ad$ $

!'$as& 9it" "is i'abi,it& to s$$ a'& -ossibi,it& o* r$d$-tio' arisi'7 *ro t"$

$'$r7& o* t"$ o--r$ss$d# H$ 9rot$ *ro t"$ +$'tr$ o* t"$ $-ir$# Lai'7

9rot$ *ro t"$ +$'tr$ o* t"os$ str!77,i'7 a7ai'st t"$ $-ir$# It s$$$d to $

t"at G$or7$ Lai'7 "ad or$ to o**$r a'd I 9a't$d to do or$ 9or. o' "ia'd o' %aribb$a' ,it$rat!r$ as a 9"o,$#

;or i* t"$ str!77,$ to s"i*t t"$ bas$ *ro 9"i+" to 0i$9 t"$ 9or,d *ro its

'arro9 bas$ i' E!ro-$ to a !,ti-,i+it& o* +$'tr$s 9as r$*,$+t$d i' t"$ '$9

,it$rat!r$s *ro Asia5 A*ri+a a'd So!t" A$ri+a5 it 9as 'ot sii,ar,& r$*,$+t$d

i' t"$ +riti+a, a'd a+ad$i+ i'stit!tio's i' t"$ '$9,& i'd$-$'d$'t +o!'tri$s5 or

i' E!ro-$ *or t"at att$r# T"$ st!d& o* t"$ "!a'iti$s $a't ,it$ra,,& t"$

"!a'it& +o'tai'$d i' t"$ +a'o'is$d traditio' o* E!ro-$a' +riti+a, a'd

ia7i'ati0$ ,it$rat!r$ a'd5 *!rt"$r5 +o'*i'$d 9it"i' t"$ ,i'7!isti+ bo!'dari$s o*$a+" o* t"$ +o,o'isi'7 'atio's# T"$ E'7,is" d$-art$'t at Ma.$r$r$5 9"$r$ I

9$'t *or & !'d$r7rad!at$ st!di$s5 9as -robab,& t&-i+a, o* a,, E'7,is"

d$-art$'ts i' E!ro-$ or A*ri+a at t"$ ti$# It st!di$d E'7,is" 9riti'7 o* t"$

ritis" is,$s *ro t"$ ti$s o* %"a!+$r5 S-$'s$r a'd S"a.$s-$ar$ !- to t"$

t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r& o* T# S E,iot5 Ja$s Jo&+$ a'd Wi,*r$d O9$'# T"is

'arro9'$ss i' t"$ st!d& o* ,it$rat!r$ bas$d o' a -!r$,& 'atio'a, traditio' 9as

a,,$0iat$d i' +o!'tri$s 9"$r$ t"$r$ 9$r$ ot"$r ,it$rat!r$

3



d$-art$'ts ? o* ;r$'+"5 *or i'sta'+$# I' s!+" i'stit!tio's t"$r$ 9$r$ +o-$ti'7

or +o-arati0$ +$'tr$s i' t"$ st!d& o* "!a'iti$s> t"$ 0$r& *a+t t"at o'$ 9as

st!d&i'7 i' a !'i0$rsit& 9"$r$ t"$r$ 9$r$ ot"$r ,it$rat!r$ d$-art$'ts $a't

t"at o'$ 9as a9ar$ o* ot"$r +!,t!r$s# !t ost o* t"$s$ d$-art$'ts 9$r$

,ar7$,& +o'*i'$d to t"$ ,a'7!a7$s o* E!ro-$ a'd 9it"i' E!ro-$ to t"$ ,it$rat!r$

-rod!+$d b& t"$ 'ati0$s o* t"at ,a'7!a7$# A$ri+a' ,it$rat!r$ d$-art$'ts 9$r$

*or i'sta'+$ +o-,$t$,& ob,i0io!s o* t"$ -o$tr& a'd *i+tio' o* t"$

A*ri+a'?A$ri+a' -$o-,$s# I' t"$ dis+!ssio' o* t"$ A$ri+a' 'o0$, *or

i'sta'+$5 Ri+"ard Wri7"t5 Ja$s a,d9i'5 Ra,-" E,,iso' 9$r$ "ard,&

$'tio'$d as -art o* t"$ +$'tra, traditio' o* t"$ A$ri+a' ,it$rar& ia7i'atio'#

It 9as -ossib,$ a,, ro!'d to 7rad!at$ 9it" a ,it$rat!r$ d$7r$$ i' a'& o* t"$

E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s 9it"o!t $0$r "a0i'7 "$ard o* A+"$b$5 Lai'75 Ta7or$5

Ri+"ard Wri7"t5 Ai %$sair5 Pab,o N$r!da5 9rit$rs *ro t"at ar$a o* t"$

7,ob$ t"at "as +o$ to b$ .'o9' as t"$ T"ird Wor,d# I' s"ort5 ost !'i0$rsiti$s

t$'d$d to i7'or$ t"$ 0ast ,it$rat!r$s -rod!+$d5 a,t"o!7" i' E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s5

o!tsid$ t"$ *ora, bo!'dari$s o* E!ro-$ a'd E!roa$ri+a#

At Ma.$r$r$5 t"$r$ 9as 'o roo *or t"is '$9 ,it$rat!r$ (Ma.$r$r$ did 'ot

t"$' "a0$ a 7rad!at$ s$+tio' a'&9a&) or5 *ro 9"at I +o!,d 7at"$r5 a'&9"$r$

$,s$ at t"$ ti$# L$$ds +a$ to & r$s+!$# A %oo'9$a,t" ,it$rat!r$

+o'*$r$'+$ "ad a,r$ad& b$$' "$,d at L$$ds i' 1:=3# Wo,$ So&i'.a o'$ o* t"$

'$9 0oi+$s "ad b$$' a st!d$'t at L$$ds# Ot"$r st!d$'ts *ro Ma.$r$r$5 P$t$r

Naar$t"5 Gra't Ka$'!5 Pio iri! 9$r$ a,r$ad& t"$r$# T"$r$ "ad to b$

so$t"i'7 at t"$ U'i0$rsit& o* L$$ds a'd I *$,t t"at I "ad to 7o t"$r$ to 7$t &

s"ar$#

As it t!r'$d o!t t"$r$ 9$r$ 'o *ora, st!di$s o* t"$ '$9 ,it$rat!r$s at

L$$ds# N$it"$r t"$ T"ird Wor,d ,it$rat!r$ i' 7$'$ra, 'or t"$ %oo'9$a,t"

,it$rat!r$ or $0$' or$ 'arro9,& A*ri+a' a'd %aribb$a' ,it$rat!r$ 9$r$ t"$' a'i't$7ra, -art o* t"$ ai'str$a o* t"$ ,it$rar& +!rri+!,a# !t t"$r$ 9$r$ a,r$ad&

0isiti'7 ;$,,o9s *ro di**$r$'t -arts o* t"$ 9or,d 9"o i'trod!+$d 0isio's *ro

+$'tr$s ot"$r t"a' E!ro-$# T"$r$ 9as a,so a' o-$''$ss to t"$ 0oi+$s +oi'7

o!t o* ot"$r +$'tr$s 9"i+" $'ab,$d $ to do r$s$ar+" o' %aribb$a' ,it$rat!r$

*o+!si'7 o' t"$ t"$$ o* $2i,$ a'd id$'tit& i' %aribb$a' ,it$rat!r$ 9it"

-arti+!,ar r$*$r$'+$ to t"$ 9or. o* G$or7$ Lai'7# M& $or& o* t"$ L$$ds

o* Art"!r Ra0$'s+ro*t 9as o* a' i'stit!tio'

4



9"i+" 9as ao'7 t"$ *irst to r$+o7'is$ a'd adit t"at t"$r$ 9as so$t"i'7

9ort"9"i,$ o!t t"$r$ b$&o'd t"$ traditio'a, ,o+atio' o* t"$ E!ro-$a'

ia7i'atio' $0$' t"o!7" it "ad !s$d a -o,iti+a, d$t$ri'a't to d$ar+at$ a'

ar$a *or *ora, adissio'5 a' ar$a it +a,,$d %oo'9$a,t" ,it$rat!r$# T"$

+r$atio' o* a +"air i' %oo'9$a,t" st!di$s5 9it" Pro*$ssor Wa,s" as t"$ *irst

o++!-a't5 a'd t"$ ,a!'+" o* t"$ )ournal of Common%ealth *iterature "ad t"$

$**$+t o* ,$7itiisi'7 t"$ ,it$rat!r$ *ro t"$ '$9 +$'tr$s as 9ort"& o* s$rio!s

a+ad$i+ att$'tio' a'd dis+!ssio'# T"$ t$r %oo'9$a,t" ,it$rat!r$ 9as

9o$*!,,& i'ad$6!at$ a'd A*ri+a' a'd %aribb$a' ,it$rat!r$ "as a,9a&s sat

!'$asi,& i' it# A*ri+a' a'd %aribb$a' ,it$rat!r$ 9"$t"$r i' E'7,is" or ;r$'+" or

Port!7!$s$5 s"ar$d a or$ *!'da$'ta, id$'tit& a'd its 'at!ra, ,it$rar& a,,& 9as

t"$ $'tir$ ,it$rat!r$ o* str!77,$ $a'ati'7 *ro t"$ *or$r +o,o'is$d 9or,d o*

Asia5 A*ri+a a'd So!t" A$ri+a irr$s-$+ti0$ o* ,i'7!isti+ barri$rs# !t it did

-oi't o!t t"$ -ossibi,it& o* o0i'7 t"$ +$'tr$ *ro its ,o+atio' i' E!ro-$

to9ards a -,!ra,is o* +$'tr$s t"$s$,0$s b$i'7 $6!a,,& ,$7itiat$ ,o+atio's

o* t"$ "!a' ia7i'atio'#

W"at 9as o',& t$'tati0$ i' t"$ L$$ds o* o!r ti$5 t"$ -ossibi,it& o* o-$'i'7

o!t t"$ ai'str$a to ta.$ i' ot"$r str$as5 9as ,at$r to b$+o$ +$'tra, to t"$

d$bat$ abo!t t"$ r$,$0a'+$ o* ,it$rat!r$ i' a' A*ri+a' $'0iro'$'t t"at ra7$d i'

a,, t"$ t"r$$ East A*ri+a' !'i0$rsiti$s at Nairobi5 Dar $s Sa,aa a'd Ma.$r$r$5

a*t$r ost o* t"$ st!d$'ts 9"o "ad b$$' at L$$ds at t"$ ti$ ,at$r r$t!r'$d a'd

6!$stio'$d t"$ -ra+ti+$s o* t"$ $2isti'7 E'7,is" d$-art$'ts# T"$r$ 9as Gra't

Ka$'! i' Dar $s Sa,aa5 Ta'a'ia Pio a'd a' iri! i' Ma.$r$r$5

Ka-a,a5 U7a'da a'd I i' Nairobi5 K$'&a# I 9as "orri*i$d5 9"$' I r$t!r'$d to

K$'&a i' 1:=<5 to *i'd t"at t"$ D$-art$'t o* E'7,is" 9as sti,, or7a'is$d o'

t"$ basis t"at E!ro-$ 9as t"$ +$'tr$ o* t"$ !'i0$rs$# E!ro-$5 t"$ +$'tr$ o* o!r

ia7i'atio' E$.i$, M-"a",$,$ *ro So!t" A*ri+a5 9"o 9as t"$r$ b$*or$ $5"ad *o!7"t "ard to "a0$ so$ A*ri+a' t$2ts i'trod!+$d i'to t"$ s&,,ab!s#

Ot"$r9is$ t"$ d$-art$'t 9as sti,, ,ar7$,& ob,i0io!s to t"$ ris$ o* t"$ '$9

,it$rat!r$s i' E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s i' A*ri+a ,$t a,o'$ t"$ *a+t o* t"$ ,o'7

$2isti'7 traditio' o* A*ri+a'?A$ri+a' ,it$rat!r$ a'd t"at o* %aribb$a' -$o-,$s#

T"$ basi+ 6!$stio' 9as> *ro 9"at bas$ did A*ri+a' -$o-,$s ,oo. at t"$ 9or,d

E!ro+$'tris or A*ro+$'tris T"$ 6!$stio' 9as 'ot t"at o* !t!a, $2+,!sio'

b$t9$$' A*ri+a a'd E!ro-$ b!t t"$ basis a'd t"$ starti'7 -oi't o*

=



t"$ir i't$ra+tio'# I r$$b$r t"$ $2+it$$'t 9it" 9"i+" I a'd & t9o A*ri+a'

+o,,$a7!$s at t"$ U'i0$rsit& o* Nairobi i' t"$ &$ar 1:=@ +a,,$d *or t"$ abo,itio'

o* t"$ E'7,is" d$-art$'t as t"$' +o'stit!t$d# T"$ d$-art$'t 9as to b$

r$-,a+$d b& o'$ 9"i+" -!t T"ird Wor,d ,it$rat!r$s5 a0ai,ab,$ $it"$r dir$+t,& i'

E'7,is" or t"ro!7" tra's,atio's i'to E'7,is"5 at t"$ +$'tr$ o* t"$ s&,,ab!s

9it"o!t o* +o!rs$ $2+,!di'7 t"$ E!ro-$a' traditio'# S!+" a s&,,ab!s 9o!,d

$-"asis$ t"$ ,it$rat!r$'$ss o* ,it$rat!r$ rat"$r t"$ E'7,is"'$ss o* t"at

,it$rat!r$# T"$ d$-art$'t 9o!,d t"!s b$ r$+o7'isi'7 t"$ ob0io!s *a+t> t"at

.'o9i'7 o'$s$,* a'd o'$s $'0iro'$'t 9as t"$ +orr$+t basis o* absorbi'7 t"$

9or,d t"at t"$r$ +o!,d '$0$r b$ o',& o'$ +$'tr$ *ro 9"i+" to 0i$9 t"$ 9or,d

b!t t"at di**$r$'t -$o-,$ i' t"$ 9or,d "ad t"$ir +!,t!r$ a'd $'0iro'$'t as t"$

+$'tr$# T"$ r$,$0a't 6!$stio' 9as t"$r$*or$ o'$ o* "o9 o'$ +$'tr$ r$,at$d to

ot"$r +$'tr$s# A -,!ra,is o* +!,t!r$s a'd ,it$rat!r$s 9as b$i'7 ass!$d b& t"$

ad0o+at$s o* t"$ r$?'a$d d$-art$'ts o* ,it$rat!r$# I* t"$ d$bat$ 9as i'itiat$d

b& t"$ $2?st!d$'ts o* L$$ds5 t"$ a+t!a, i-,$$'tatio' o* t"$ '$9 str!+t!r$s

*$,, to so$ o* t"$ -ro*$ssors 9"o 9$r$ t"$r$ i' t"$ L$$ds o* t"$ si2ti$s#

Pro*$ssor Ar'o,d K$tt,$ i' Dar $s Sa,aa a'd Pro*$ssor A'dr$9 G!rr at

Nairobi 9$r$ i'str!$'ta, i' 7i0i'7 t"$ '$9 d$-art$'ts o* ,it$rat!r$ i' East

A*ri+a *ir a'd 9or.ab,$ str!+t!r$s#

It is to b$ 'ot$d t"at t"$ $diati'7 ,a'7!a7$s i' bot" t"$ '$9 ,it$rat!r$s

*ro A*ri+a a'd t"$ ,it$rat!r$ d$-art$'ts t"at 9$r$ a++oodati'7 t"$

9$r$ E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s# T"is 9as a 6!$stio' t"at 9as to "a!'t $ *or a ,o'7

ti$ !'ti, 1:<< 9"$' I start$d 9riti'7 i' Gi.!&!5 a' A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$> O'+$

a7ai' & d$+isio' *i'a,,& to o-t *or doi'7 a,, & 9riti'7s ai',& i' Gi.!&!

"ad roots i' t"$ L$$ds o* Art"!r Ra0$'s+ro*ts ti$# M& 'o0$,5 2rain of

Wheat 5 +a$ o!t i' 1:=<# Ma'& -$o-,$ 9"o "a0$ +o$'t$d o' & 9or.

"a0$ -oi't$d o!t t"$ ob0io!s +"a'7$ i' *or a'd ood# T"$ +"a'7$ i' t"$ -o,iti+a, ood 9as a r$*,$+tio' o* t"$ i't$'s$ id$o,o7i+a, d$bat$ ta.i'7 -,a+$

ao'7st bot" st!d$'ts i'sid$ Pro*$ssor Ar'o,d K$tt,$s s$i'ar o' t"$ 'o0$,

a'd o!tsid$ t"$ *ora, +,assroo# I +a$ to r$a,is$ o',& too -ai'*!,,& t"at t"$

'o0$, i' 9"i+" I "ad so +ar$*!,,& -ai't$d t"$ str!77,$ o* t"$ K$'&a -$asa'tr&

a7ai'st +o,o'ia, o--r$ssio' 9o!,d '$0$r b$ r$ad b& t"$# I' a' i't$r0i$9

s"ort,& a*t$r9ards i' t"$ :nion Ne%s5 t"$ st!d$'t '$9s-a-$r5 i' 1:=<5 I said

t"at I did 'ot t"i'. t"at I 9o!,d +o'ti'!$

<



9riti'7 i' E'7,is"> t"at I .'$9 abo!t 9"o I 9as 9riti'75 b!t *or 9"o 9as I

9riti'7 A *!,, dis+!ssio' o* t"$ -o,iti+s o* ,a'7!a7$ i' A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$ ? i' a

s$'s$ a's9$ri'7 t"at 0$r& 6!$stio' -os$d at t"$ L$$ds o* t"$ si2ti$s ? 9as to

ta.$ -,a+$ i' 1:@< 9"$' I -!b,is"$d a boo.5 Decolonising the Mind # !t t"$

ost i-orta't t"i'7 i' t"$ i$diat$ +o't$2t is t"at t"$ iss!$ o* t"$

a--ro-riat$ ,a'7!a7$ *or A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$ "ad b$$' -os$d at L$$ds i' t"$

si2ti$s# It 9as o'+$ a7ai' t"$ 6!$stio' o* o0i'7 t"$ +$'tr$> *ro E!ro-$a'

,a'7!a7$s to a,, t"$ ot"$r ,a'7!a7$s a,, o0$r A*ri+a a'd t"$ 9or,d a o0$ i*

&o! ,i.$ to9ards a -,!ra,is o* ,a'7!a7$s as ,$7itiat$ 0$"i+,$s o* t"$ "!a'

ia7i'atio'#

I b$,i$0$ t"at t"$ 6!$stio' o* o0i'7 to9ards a -,!ra,is o* +!,t!r$s5

,it$rat!r$s a'd ,a'7!a7$s is sti,, i-orta't toda& as t"$ 9or,d b$+o$s

i'+r$asi'7,& o'$# T"$ 6!$stio' -os$d b& t"$s$ '$9 ,it$rat!r$s 9"$t"$r i'

E!ro-$a' or A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s is t"is> "o9 9$r$ 9$ to !'d$rsta'd t"$

t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r&5 or *or t"at att$r t"$ t"r$$ "!'dr$d &$ars ,$adi'7 !- to t"$

t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r&5 (ass!i'75 t"at is5 t"at t"$ st!d& o* ,it$rat!r$ is 'ot si-,& a

aso+"isti+ a+t o* d9$,,i'7 9it" t"$ d$ad a ,a s+"o,ar %asa!bo' i' G$or7$

E,iots Middlemarch) S,a0$r&5 +o,o'ia,is5 a'd t"$ 9"o,$ 9$b o* '$o+o,o'ia,

r$,atio's"i-s so 9$,, a'a,&s$d b& ;ra't ;a'o'5 9$r$ as !+" -art o* t"$

$$r7$'+$ o* t"$ od$r' W$st as t"$& 9$r$ o* od$r' A*ri+a# T"$ +!,t!r$s o*

A*ri+a5 Asia a'd So!t" A$ri+a5 as !+" as t"os$ o* E!ro-$5 ar$ a' i't$7ra,

-art o* t"$ od$r' 9or,d# T"$r$ is 'o ra+$5 9rot$ Ai %sair$ i' "is *ao!s

-o$5 R$t!r' to M& Nati0$ La'd5 9"i+" "$,d *or a,, ti$ t"$ o'o-o,& o*

b$a!t&5 i't$,,i7$'+$ a'd .'o9,$d7$ a'd t"at t"$r$ 9as a -,a+$ *or a,, at t"$

r$'d$0o!s o* 0i+tor&5 "!a' 0i+tor&#

1 "a0$ 'ot$d *ro a s-$,, o* t$a+"i'7 i' t"$ USA t"at T"ird Wor,d

,it$rat!r$s t$'d to b$ tr$at$d as so$t"i'7 o!tsid$ t"$ ai'str$a# Ma'&$-it"$ts a'd ,ab$,s ra'7i'7 *ro $t"'i+ st!di$s to i'orit& dis+o!rs$s ar$

o*t$' !s$d to ,$7itiat$ t"$ir +,ais to a+ad$i+ att$'tio'# I a 'ot s!r$ o*

+o!rs$ "o9 *ar L$$ds "as 7o'$ si'+$ t"$ da&s o* Art"!r Ra0$'s+ro*t i' t"$

si2ti$s# !t t"$ ,a'7!a7$s a'd t"$ ,it$rat!r$s o* t"$ -$o-,$s o* A*ri+a5 Asia a'd

So!t" A$ri+a ar$ 'ot -$ri-"$ra, to t"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r&# T"$& ar$ +$'tra, to

t"$ ai'str$a o* 9"at "as ad$ t"$ 9or,d 9"at it is toda&# It is t"$r$*or$ 'ot

r$a,,& a 6!$stio' o* st!d&i'7 t"at 9"i+" is r$o0$d *ro o!rs$,0$s 9"$r$0$r

9$ ar$ ,o+at$d i' t"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r& b!t rat"$r

@



o'$ o* !'d$rsta'di'7 a,, t"$ 0oi+$s +oi'7 *ro 9"at is $ss$'tia,,& a -,!ra,it&

o* +$'tr$s a,, o0$r t"$ 9or,d# I'stit!tio's o* "i7"$r ,$ar'i'7 i' A*ri+a5 E!ro-$5

Asia a'd A$ri+a s"o!,d r$*,$+t t"is !,ti-,i+it& o* +!,t!r$s5 ,it$rat!r$s a'd

,a'7!a7$s i' t"$ 9a&s t"$& a,,o+at$ r$so!r+$s *or 0ario!s st!di$s# A'd $a+"

d$-art$'t o* ,it$rat!r$ 9"i,$ ai'tai'i'7 its id$'tit& i' t"$ ,a'7!a7$ a'd

+o!'tr& o* its *o!'datio' s"o!,d r$*,$+t ot"$r str$as5 !si'7 tra's,atio's as

,$7itiat$ t$2ts o* st!d&# A' E'7,is" or ;r$'+" or S-a'is" or S9a"i,i st!d$'t

s"o!,d at t"$ sa$ ti$ b$ $2-os$d to a,, t"$ str$as o* "!a' ia7i'atio'

*,o9i'7 *ro a,, t"$ +$'tr$s i' t"$ 9or,d 9"i,$ r$tai'i'7 "is or "$r id$'tit& as a

st!d$'t o* E'7,is"5 ;r$'+"5 S-a'is" or Kis9a"i,i ,it$rat!r$# O',& i' t"is 9a&

+a' 9$ b!i,d a -ro-$r *o!'datio' *or a tr!$ +oo'9$a,t" o* +!,t!r$s a'd

,it$rat!r$s#

:



0 Creatin# S'ace for a Hundred

$"o!ers to ("oom

The Wealth of a Common 2lo!al Culture

Loo.i'7 at t"$ 9or,d toda&5 o'$ s$$s a'& +o!'tri$s5 'atio's5 -$o-,$s5

+!stos5 ,a'7!a7$s5 a'd a !,ti-,i+it& o* a--ar$'t,& !'so,0ab,$ +o'*,i+ts a'd

-rob,$s# !t i' r$a,it& t"$ 9or,d is b$+oi'7 o'$# H!a' b$i'7s 9"o ,i0$ i'

s-a+$ +ir+,$ t"$ $art" 9it"i' o',& a *$9 "o!rs# T"$& +a' "ard,& s$tt,$ t"$ir $&$s

*or ,o'7 o' a'& o'$ +o!'tr& ? $0$' t"$ir o9'# O' t"$ $art" its$,*5 t"$ $as$ o*

tra's-ortatio' "as -!t $0$r& +or'$r o* t"$ 7,ob$ 9it"i' 7$'$ra, r$a+" i' a

att$r o* "o!rs5 a *ar +r& *ro t"$ da&s o* P"i'$as ;o77 a'd "is 9a7$r o* 7oi'7

ro!'d t"$ $art" i' $i7"t& da&s#

E+o'oi+ ,i'.s ar$ 6!it$ ob0io!s# T"$ ,$adi'7 *i'a'+ia, i'stit!tio's ?

ba'.s5 i's!ra'+$s5 +r$dit +ards ? o-$rat$ i' '$ar,& a,, t"$ +a-ita,s o* t"$ $art"#

Tra's'atio'a,s o* a,, .i'ds ,i'. $+o'oi+ a+ti0iti$s o* s$0$ra, +o!'tri$s so$

bra'ds b$+oi'7 a,ost 'atio'a, to a'& -$o-,$ so *ai,iar a si7"t t"$& "a0$

b$+o$ i' t"$ir dai,& ,i0$s# So a 9or.$r i' Nairobi5 K$'&a i' a' a!toobi,$

9ar$"o!s$ +a' "a0$ t"$ sa$ $-,o&$r as a'& ot"$rs i' Nort"5 %$'tra,5

So!t" A$ri+a' a'd Asia' +iti$s# M$ssrs %o+a?%o,a a'd Ma+Do'a,ds5 b$t9$$'

t"$s$,0$s5 ar$ a.i'7 t"$ 9or,d i' t"$ir o9' ia7$# It is o* +o!rs$ tr!$ t"at

t"$s$ -ro+$ss$s ar$ +o'tro,,$d b& a "a'd*!, o* W$st$r' tra's'atio'a,s# IM; a'dt"$ Wor,d a'. di+tat$ t"$ so+ia, a'd $+o'oi+ -o,i+i$s o* a'& +o!'tri$s# !t

it do$s $a' t"at a'& 9or.$rs5 a'& 'atio's5 $0$' 9"$' t"$& a& 'ot b$

+o's+io!s,& a9ar$ o* it5 ar$ ,i'.$d to t"$ sa$ +o'tro,,i'7 +$'tra, *or+$s# T"$ir

a--ar$'t,& i'di0id!a, str!77,$s a7ai'st a'& $2+$ss$s o* t"$ +$'tra, +oa'd

ar$ i'0isib,& ,i'.$d to ot"$rs# Wor.$rs *or i'sta'+$ +o!,d b$ str!77,i'7 a7ai'st

t"$ sa$ $-,o&$r $0$' t"o!7" t"$& ar$ ,o+at$d i' t"$ di**$r$'t +a-ita,s a'd

'atio's o* t"$ $art"# As *or t"$



distrib!tio' o* -o9$r5 a "a'd*!, o* W$st$r' 'atio's sti,, doi'at$ 0ario!s ot"$r

'atio's# H$'+$ t"$ $2-$ri$'+$s o* 'atio'a, ,ib$ratio' a'd $0$' t"$ i't$r'a,

so+ia, str!77,$s o* a'& 'atio's i7"t b$ s"a-$d i' a sii,ar 9a& b& t"$ *a+t

o* t"$ir b$i'7 ai$d a7ai'st t"$ -ra+ti+$s o* a +oo' $'$&#

T"os$ 7,oba, $+o'oi+ a'd -o,iti+a, -ro+$ss$s i'0ariab,& 7i0$ ris$ to

+!,t!ra, ,i'.s# T"$ $0o,!tio' o* t"$ -r$s$'t 7,oba, ord$r o0$r t"$ ,ast *i0$

"!'dr$d &$ars "as s$$' t"$ 9or,d b$i'7 doi'at$d b& a "a'd*!, o* ,a'7!a7$s

E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s o* +o!rs$ a'd t"$ +!,t!r$s t"$s$ "a0$ +arri$d 9i,, "a0$

s"a-$d t"$ doi'at$d i' sii,ar 9a&s# T"$ *a25 t"$ t$,$25 t"$ +o-!t$r5 9"i,$

*a+i,itati'7 +o!'i+atio's5 a,so $a' t"$ i'sta't s-r$ad o* i'*oratio' a'd

+!,t!r$ a+ross 'atio'a, bo!'dari$s# T$,$0isio' ia7$s 0ia sat$,,it$s $'ab,$ t"$

9"o,$ 9or,d to $2-$ri$'+$ t"$ Pa,$sti'ia' !-risi'7 i' t"$ Midd,$ East5 t"$

str!77,$ *or Aa'd,a i' So!t" A*ri+a5 t"$ ass !-risi'7s a'd +a,,s *or

d$o+rati+ a++o!'tabi,it& to t"$ -$o-,$ i' East$r' E!ro-$5 at abo!t t"$ sa$

ti$# Ma'd$,a +o!,d s-$a. to bi,,io's i' t"$ 9or,d *ro "is -,at*or at t"$

W$b,$& stadi! i' Lo'do'5 t"$ +o'+$rt i' "is "o'o!r t"$r$ b$+oi'7 -art o*

a 7,oba, i'sta't $2-$ri$'+$# His r$,$as$ *ro < &$ars i' -riso' 9as 9at+"$d b&

i,,io's# Words ,i.$ -$r$stroi.a5 7,as'ost5 aa'd,a5 a ,!ta +o'ti'!a5 -$o-,$

-o9$r5 d$o+ra+&5 so+ia,is "a0$ b$+o$ -art o* a +oo' 0o+ab!,ar&#

I' t$rs o* t"$ str!+t!r$s o* doi'atio'5 s!bordi'atio' a'd r$sista'+$5 a

+oo' 7,oba, $2-$ri$'+$ is $$r7i'7# Grad!a,,& a 0o+ab!,ar& o* +o'+$-ts o*

doi'atio' a'd r$0o,t b$+o$ -art o* a s"ar$d i't$,,$+t!a, traditio'#

Lit$rat!r$5 or$ t"a' a,, t"$ *,$$ti'7 ia7$s bro!7"t abo!t b& t"$ s+r$$' or

'$9s-ri't5 is o'$ o* t"$ or$ $'d!ri'7 !,ti'atio'a, +!,t!ra, -ro+$ss$s 9"i+"

"a0$ b$$' b!i,di'7 t"$ basis o* a s"ar$d +oo' traditio'# ;ro t"$ a'+i$'t

a'd od$r' ,it$rat!r$s 'a$s o* +"ara+t$rs ,i.$ Raa5 Si'bad5 A,i aba5 Isis

a'd Osiris5 Ab!'!9asi5 A'a'si5 H$r+!,$s5 Od&ss$!s5 A+"i,,$s5 H$,$'5 O$di-!s5

Pro$t"$!s5 Gar7a't!a a'd Pa'ta7r!$,5 ;a!st!s5 Ha,$t5 O.o'.9o5 to $'tio'

!st a *$9 arid 9rit$rs ,i.$ A$s+"&,!s5 S"a.$s-$ar$5 P!s".i'5 Dosto$0s.&5

To,sto&5 Go$t"$5 S+"i,,$r5 T"oas Ma''5 r$+"t5 Ri+"ard Wri7"t5 A,i+$

Wa,.$r5 ;a!,.'$r5 M$,0i,,$5 L! Hs!'5 Ki %"i Ha5 t"$ Gri brot"$rs5

A'd$rs$'5 %"i'!a A+"$b$5 Wo,$ So&i'.a5 A,$2 ,a G!a5 S$b$'$ O!sa'$5

1



"a0$ b$+o$ -art o* a 7,oba, i'"$rita'+$#

I'$0itab,& b$+a!s$ o* t"$ -ositio' o* doi'atio' o* E!ro-$ vis7;7vis t"$

r$st o* t"$ 7,ob$ o0$r t"$ ,ast *i0$ "!'dr$d &$ars5 E!ro-$a' ,it$rat!r$ "as

o++!-i$d a -,a+$ o* 7r$at -roi'$'+$ o' t"$ 9or,d sta7$# It "as5 !'ar7!ab,&5

7i0$' ris$ to a 7r$at "!a'isti+ traditio'# It "as 7i0$' !s *a'tasti+ ia7$s o* t"$

9or,d o* str!77,$5 o* 7r$at !-"$a0a,s5 o* +"a'7$5 o* o0$$'t# W"$'

S"a.$s-$ar$s Ki'7 L$ar br$a.s do9' !'d$r t"$ stor o++asio'$d b& t"$ *a+t

o* t"$ o,d *$!da, ord$r a'd +o'+$-tio' o* 'at!r$ b$i'7 +"a,,$'7$d to t"$ roots

b& t"$ '$9 bo!r7$ois +o'+$-tio' o* 'at!r$ a'd as.s5 9"o is t"at +a' t$,, $

9"o I a5 or t"$ assassi's i' )ulius Caesar 5 bat"i'7 t"$s$,0$s i' t"$ b,ood o*

t"$ 0i+ti5 a'd o'$ o* t"$ 9o'd$ri'7 "o9 a'& ti$s t"$ir d$$ds 9o!,d b$

d!-,i+at$d i' t"$ 9or,d i' ti$s a'd stat$s as &$t !'bor'5 +o!,d t"$& 'ot "a0$

b$$' -ai'ti'7 ia7$s o* t"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r& W"$' Ada a'd E0$ ar$ ta.$'

b& t"$ a'7$, Gabri$, o' to a "i,, !st b$*or$ t"$ir $2-!,sio' *ro -aradis$ i'

Mi,to's #aradise *ost a'd ar$ s"o9' 0isio's o* t"$ 9or,d to b$ t"$& ar$

a+t!a,,& b$i'7 7i0$' a 7,oba, 0isio' o* a,, t"$ +iti$s a'd +i0i,isatio's o* t"$

9or,d ao'7 9"i+" ar$ t"$ 7r$at A*ri+a' $-ir$s o* So'7"a& a'd t"$

t9$,*t"?+$'t!r& +it& stat$s a,o'7 t"$ K$'&a' +oast o* s!+" as Ma,i'di a'd

Mobasa#

T"$ "!a'isti+ sid$ o* E!ro-$a' ,it$rat!r$ r$*,$+ts o* +o!rs$ t"$

d$o+rati+ so+ia, str!77,$s o* t"$ E!ro-$a' -$o-,$s# !t 7i0$' t"$ doi'atio'

o* t"$ W$st o0$r t"$ r$st o* t"$ 9or,d t"ro!7" s!+" r$-r$ssi0$ "istori+a,

o$'ts as t"$ s,a0$ trad$ a'd s,a0$r&5 +o,o'ia,is a'd +!rr$'t,&

'$o?+o,o'ia,is5 t"is ,it$rat!r$ t$'ds to o-t *or si,$'+$ or abi0a,$'+$ or

do9'ri7"t +o,,aboratio'# O* +o!rs$ t"$r$ ar$ 9rit$rs 9"o s"o9 7r$at s$'siti0it&

to t"$ so+ia, $0i,s -$r-$trat$d a7ai'st ot"$r -$o-,$s> Wi,,ia ,a.$5 Wa,t

W"ita'5 r$+"t5 Sartr$ *or i'sta'+$# !t ta.$' as a 9"o,$ t"is ,it$rat!r$ +o!,d'ot a0oid b$i'7 a**$+t$d b& t"$ E!ro+$'tri+ basis o* its 9or,d 0i$9 or 7,oba,

0isio'5 a'd ost o* it5 $0$' 9"$' s&-at"$ti+5 +o!,d 'ot a,to7$t"$r $s+a-$

*ro t"$ ra+is i'"$r$'t i' W$st$r' $'t$r-ris$ i' t"$ r$st o* t"$ 9or,d#

T"$ '$ar$r 9$ +o$ to t"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r&5 t"$ or$ t"is ,it$rat!r$ s$$s

abi0a,$'t to t"$ "!a'it& o* t"os$ str!77,i'7 *ro o!tsid$ t"$ bord$rs o* t"$

W$st# To i,,!strat$ & -oi't I s"a,, +"oos$ *o!r t$2ts 9"i+" *a,, 6!it$ $asi,&

i'to a +a'o'is$d traditio' o* E'7,is" ,it$rat!r$# I a o* +o!rs$ a9ar$ o* t"$

,iitatio's o* dra9i'7



a 7$'$ra, +o'+,!sio' *ro s$,$+t$d t$2ts b!t t"$ *o!r t$2ts ar$ 6!it$ t$-ti'7

b$+a!s$ o* t"$ +$'tra,it& o* t"$ *i7!r$ o* t"$ +o,o'is$d as -$r+$i0$d b& t"$

+o,o'is$r# ;!rt"$r5 I $r$,& 9a't to i,,!strat$ a t$'d$'+& a'd 'ot a.$ a ,it$rar&

$0a,!atio'#

T"$ $0o,!tio' a'd tra's*oratio' o* t"$ *i7!r$ o* %a,iba' i' E'7,is"

,it$rat!r$ is a 7ood $2a-,$5 i' *a+t 6!it$ a r$0$,atio'5 o* t"is t$'d$'+&# W$

$$t %a,iba' i' S"a.$s-$ar$s Tem'est i' t"$ s$0$'t$$'t" +$'t!r&# I '$$d 'ot

7o i'to t"$ d$tai,s o* t"$ draa# E0$r&bod& .'o9s a,, abo!t Pros-$ro ta.i'7

o0$r t"$ is,a'd -r$0io!s,& -r$sid$d o0$r b& %a,iba' a'd "is ot"$r S&+ora2#

T"$ $2+"a'7$ b$t9$$' Pros-$ro a'd %a,iba' *o+!s$s o0$r t"$ iss!$ o*

,a'7!a7$# Pros-$ro r$i'ds t"$ "osti,$ %a,iba' t"at it 9as "$ 9"o 7a0$

%a,iba' a ,a'7!a7$>

W"$' t"o! didst 'ot5 sa0a7$5

K'o9 t"i'$ o9' $a'i'75 b!t 9o!,dst 7abb,$ ,i.$

A t"i'7 ost br!tis"5 I $'do9$d t"& -!r-os$s

Wit" 9ords t"at ad$ t"$ .'o9'

Not$ t"$ ass!-tio' t"at %a,iba's ,a'7!a7$ 9as $r$ 7abb,$# %a,iba'5 i* &o!

r$$b$r5 a's9$rs 'ot b& r$i'di'7 Pros-$ro t"at "$ too "ad a ,a'7!a7$5 b!t

b& s"o9i'7 "i t"$ !s$s to 9"i+" "$ "ad -!t "is .'o9,$d7$ o* Pros-$ros

to'7!$#

Fo! ta!7"t $ ,a'7!a7$ a'd & -ro*it o' t

Is5 I .'o9 "o9 to +!rs$# T"$ r$d -,a7!$ rid &o!

;or ,$ar'i'7 $ &o!r ,a'7!a7$#

T"$ -,a& is i't$r$sti'7 i' t"at it "as a,, t"$ ia7$s t"at ar$ ,at$r to b$ r$9or.$d

i'to a ra+ist traditio' -arti+!,ar,& i' -o-!,ar E!ro-$a' ,it$rat!r$ abo!t t"$

+o,o'is$d -$o-,$s> t"$ sa0a7$ as a ra-ist5 ,a&5 a ,o0$r o* 9"is.&5 st!-id5

+a''iba,isti+# !t t"$ ai' t"i'7 is t"at S"a.$s-$ar$ do$s 7i0$ to %a,iba' t"$

+a-a+it& or t"$ 0oi+$ to sa& 'o# %a,iba' is i'0$st$d 9it" $'$r7&# A'd

r$$b$r t"at at t"$ ti$5 E!ro-$ "as o++!-i$d o',& a ,itt,$ +or'$r o* t"$

7,ob$#

W$ $$t %a,iba' i' a di**$r$'t 7!is$ i' t"$ $ar,& $i7"t$$'t" +$'t!r&5 sa& i'

t"$ +"ara+t$r o* ;rida& i' Da'i$, D$*o$s Ro!inson Crusoe# A7ai' t"$ stor& o*

t"$ s"i-9r$+.$d Robi'so' %r!so$ is 9$,, .'o9'# !t 'ot$ t"$ -ro+$ss o*

%r!so$ +o'*$rri'7 "!a'it& o'



;rida&# It is do'$ t"ro!7" ,a'7!a7$# W"$' t"$& *irst $$t5 ;rida& do$s a+t!a,,&

!tt$r or s-$a. so$ 9ords a'd %r!so$5 t"$ 'arrator5 is s!**i+i$'t,& o0$d to

sa& t"at t"o!7" I +o!,d 'ot !'d$rsta'd t"$5 &$t I t"o!7"t t"$& 9$r$ -,$asa't

to "$ar# !t i' s!bs$6!$'t $'+o!'t$rs b$t9$$' t"$ t$a+"$r a'd t"$ st!d$'t5 9$

'$0$r r$a,,& 7$t to "$ar5 or$ abo!t ;rida& "a0i'7 a ,a'7!a7$>

I' a ,itt,$ ti$ I b$7a' to s-$a. to "i a'd t$a+" "i to s-$a. to $ a'd

*irst I ad$ "i .'o9 t"at "is 'a$ 9as ;rida& 9"i+" 9as t"$ da& I sa0$d

"is ,i*$ I ,i.$9is$ ta!7"t "i to sa& Mast$r5 a'd t"$' ,$t "i .'o9 t"at

9as to b$ & 'a$#

A'd 'o9 s$$ t"$ r$s!,ts>

I 9as 7r$at,& -,$as$d 9it" "i a'd ad$ it & b!si'$ss to t$a+" "i

$0$r&t"i'7 t"at 9as -ro-$r to a.$ "i !s$*!,5 "a'd&5 a'd "$,-*!, b!t

$s-$+ia,,& to a.$ "i s-$a. a'd !'d$rsta'd $ 9"$' I s-a.$ a'd "$ 9as

t"$ a-t$st s+"o,ar t"at $0$r 9as5 a'd -arti+!,ar,& 9as so $rr&5 so

+o'sta't,& di,i7$'t5 a'd so -,$as$d 9"$' "$ +o!,d b!t !'d$rsta'd $ or

a.$ $ !'d$rsta'd "i5 t"at it 9as 0$r& -,$asa't to ta,. to "i#

D$*o$ "as t"$ !s!a, ia7$s o* +a''iba,is5 triba, 9ars a'd sa0a7$r& b!t

;rida& a,so is 7i0$' a 0oi+$ "$ is5 *or i'sta'+$5 ad$ to do!bt so$ o* %r!so$s

$2-,a'atio' o* t"$ ori7i's o* t"$ !'i0$rs$# !t t"$r$ is 'o ,a'7!a7$ o* r$0o,t5

'ot"i'7 +,os$,& r$s$b,i'7 t"$ $'$r7& o* t"$ s$0$'t$$'t"?+$'t!r& %a,iba'# A'd

r$$b$r t"at b& t"is ti$ E!ro-$ "as o++!-i$d a bit or$ o* t"$ 7,ob$ a'd

A*ri+a "as b$+o$ a "!'ti'7 7ro!'d *or 9"at r$s!,t$d i' o'$ o* t"$ bi77$st

*or+$d ass $2od!s o* -$o-,$s i' "istor&# Nor o* +o!rs$ to *or7$t t"$ i,,io's

.i,,$d i' t"$ -ro+$ss#

W$ o0$ to a'ot"$r t$2t 9"i+" +o0$rs t"$ 'i'$t$$'t" +$'t!r& a'd t"$ &$ars

o* $'tr& i'to t"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r&# T"$ t$2t5 4eart of Darkness b& Jos$-"

%o'rad5 9as *irst -!b,is"$d i' 1:# & t"is ti$ +o,o'ia,is "as b$+o$

-o,i+& a'd t"$ 9or,d is di0id$d ao'7 a "a'd*!, o* o--r$ssor 'atio's# To b$

s!r$5 %o'rads t$2t is o'$ o* t"$ ost 7ri--i'7 $0o+atio's o* t"$ "orror o*

i-$ria,is -arti+!,ar,& i' its +o,o'ia, 7!is$# H$ d$b!'.s a,, t"$ do?7ood'$ss

asso+iat$d 9it" t"$ 'i'$t$$'t"?+$'t!r& E!ro-$a' +o,o'ia, $'t$r-ris$ i' A*ri+a#

3



H$ is $0$' a9ar$ o* t"$ ra+is i'"$r$'t i' s!+" $'t$r-ris$s# T"ro!7" t"$

+"ara+t$r o* t"$ 'arrator5 t"$r$ is t"is 0$r& t$,,i'7 +o$'t>

T"$& 9$r$ 'o +o,o'ists t"$ir adi'istratio' 9as $r$,& a s6!$$$ a'd

'ot"i'7 or$5 I s!s-$+t# T"$& 9$r$ +o'6!$rors5 a'd *or t"at &o! o',& 9a't

br!t$ *or+$ ? 'ot"i'7 to boast o*5 9"$' &o! "a0$ it5 si'+$ &o!r str$'7t" is

!st a' a++id$'t arisi'7 *ro t"$ 9$a.'$ss o* ot"$rs# T"$& 7rabb$d 9"at

t"$& +o!,d 7$t *or t"$ sa.$ o* 9"at 9as to b$ 7ot# It 9as !st robb$r& 9it"

0io,$'+$5 a77ra0at$d !rd$r o' a 7r$at s+a,$5 a'd $' 7oi'7 at it b,i'd#

T"$ +o'6!$st o* t"$ $art"5 9"i+" ost,& $a's t"$ ta.i'7 it a9a& *ro

t"os$ 9"o "a0$ a di**$r$'t +o-,$2io' or s,i7"t,& *,att$r 'os$s t"a'

o!rs$,0$s5 is 'ot a -r$tt& t"i'7 9"$' &o! ,oo. i'to it too !+"#

I' t"$ t$2t t"$r$ is 'o i'di0id!a, %a,iba'# H$r$ %o'rad ass!$s t"$ +o,,$+ti0$

*i7!r$ o* t"os$ A*ri+a's 9"o a++o-a'& Mar,o9$ i'to t"$ i't$rior o* t"$

+o'ti'$'t# T"$& ar$ 'ot 7i0$' a 0oi+$5 $2+$-t5 i'dir$+t,&5 t"ro!7" t"$ 'arrator

9"$' t"$& $2-r$ss a 9is" to $at t"$ir $'$i$s# T"$& "a0$ ot"$r9is$ b$$'

di0$st$d o* a,, $'$r7&# T"$ o',& 9ords !tt$r$d ar$ b& a W$st$r'is$d bo&5 a'

Ari$, *i7!r$5 9"o a''o!'+$s> Mr K!rt5 "$ d$ad#

T"$ *o!rt" t$2t 9as -!b,is"$d i' 1:@< a'd it is b& %o$t$$5 o* E!ro-$a'd$s+$'t5 bor' i' So!t" A*ri+a5 t"is ,ast o!t-ost o* $-ir$# H$ r$9or.$d t"$

;rida& stor& i' t"$ 'o0$, "$ +a,,$d Foe5 9"i+" 9as t"$ ori7i'a, 'a$ o* Da'i$,

D$*o$# O'$ 9o!,d "a0$ t"o!7"t t"at %o$t$$ ,i0i'7 i' So!t" A*ri+a 9o!,d

bri'7 '$9 a'd $2+iti'7 i'si7"ts i'to t"$ r$,atio's"i-s b$t9$$' t"$ +o,o'is$r a'd

t"$ +o,o'is$d# T"$ 'o0$, +o$s o!t a*t$r S"ar-$0i,,$5 a*t$r So9$to5 a'd i' t"$

idst o* t"$ ar$d str!77,$ 9a7$d b& t"$ A*ri+a' -$o-,$ !'d$r U."o'to 9$

Si9$# !t t"at is 'ot t"$ -oi't# W"at i't$r$sts $ is t"at "$r$ ;rida&s to'7!$

is a+t!a,,& -!,,$d o!t# H$ "as 'o to'7!$5 'o 0oi+$5 'o ,a'7!a7$5 a'd "ard,& a'&

$'$r7&# %o$t$$s t9$'ti$t"?+$'t!r& ;rida&5 9ritt$' o' t"$ $0$ o* So!t" A*ri+a'

-$o-,$s *i$r+$ d$t$ri'atio' to 7$t rid o* E!ro-$a' doi'atio'5 is a *ar +r&

*ro t"$ $'$r7& o* -rot$st a'd s$,* a**iratio' i' S"a.$s-$ar$s s$0$'t$$'t"

+$'t!r& %a,iba' +r$at$d at a ti$ 9"$' So!t" A*ri+a 9as o',& b$7i''i'7 to b$

t"$ ob$+t o* -,!'d$r b& E!ro-$a' -o9$rs#

T"$ a!t"ors o* t"$ *o!r t$2ts +o!,d 'ot b$ a++!s$d o* b$i'7 i'

4



s&-at"& 9it" t"$ E!ro-$a' +o,o'ia, $'t$r-ris$# I* a'&t"i'75 t"$& ar$ o--os$d

or at t"$ 0$r& ,$ast s+$-ti+a,# !t t"$& +arr& i' t"$s$,0$s a +o,,aboratio'ist

t$'d$'+& 9"i,$ t"$& r$ai' o!tsid$ t"$ +$'tra, str$a o* +o's+io!s,&

+o,,aboratio'ist ,$tt$rs#

T"$ +o,,aboratio'ist ,it$rat!r$5 ost,& -o-!,ar ,it$rat!r$5 9as do9'ri7"t

ra+ist# I s"a,, 'ot "$r$ d9$,, o' t"is si'+$ it "as b$$' dis+r$dit$d $'o!7" i' a,,

s$rio!s dis+o!rs$# Its 0$r& si-,is s-$a.s ,o!d,& $'o!7" abo!t its i't$'tio's#

T"$ A*ri+a' 9as o*t$' d$-i+t$d i' t"$ dia$tri+a,,& o--os$d -o,ariti$s o* t"$

7ood a'd t"$ bad5 t"$ 'ob,$ a'd t"$ sa0a7$# T"$ 7ood5 t"$ 'ob,$ a'd t"$

i't$,,i7$'t 9as t"$ +"ara+t$r 9"o +o?o-$rat$d 9it" t"$ +o,o'ia, -ro+$ss# T"$

bad a'd t"$ !7,& 9as t"$ A*ri+a' 9"o o--os$d +o,o'ia,is#

T"!s5 i* -$o-,$ 9$r$ r$a,,& to d$-$'d o' E!ro-$a' ,it$rat!r$5 $0$' at its

b$st5 t"$& 9o!,d 7$t a 0$r& distort$d -i+t!r$ o* t"$ od$r' 9or,d5 its $0o,!tio'

a'd its +o't$-orar& b$i'7# T"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r& is a -rod!+t o* i-$ria,ist

ad0$'t!ris5 tr!$5 b!t a,so o* r$sista'+$ *ro t"$ -$o-,$ o* t"$ T"ird Wor,d#

T"is r$sista'+$ is o*t$' r$*,$+t$d i' t"$ ,it$rat!r$ o* t"$ T"ird Wor,d a'd it is a'

i't$7ra, -art o* t"$ od$r' 9or,d5 -art o* t"$ *or+$s 9"i+" "a0$ b$$' +r$ati'7

a'd ar$ sti,, +r$ati'7 t"$ "$rita7$ o* a +oo' +!,t!r$# T"$& +o$ *ro Asia#

T"$& +o$ *ro So!t" A$ri+a# T"$& +o$ *ro A*ri+a# A'd t"$& +o$ *ro

t"$ o--r$ss$d 'atio'a, s$+tors a'd so+ia, strata i' Nort" A$ri+a5 A!stra,asia

a'd E!ro-$# T"$ T"ird Wor,d is a,, o0$r t"$ 9or,d# T"$r$ is o* +o!rs$ 'o

abso,!t$ !'i*orit& i' t"is ,it$rat!r$ a'd 9it"i' its$,* as a od$r' traditio'5 a

t9$'ti$t"?+$'t!r& traditio'5 it +arri$s a,, sorts o* t$'d$'+i$s# L$t $ +o'+$'trat$

o' ,it$rat!r$ *ro t"$ A*ri+a' +o'ti'$'t#

T"$r$ ar$5 as &o! .'o95 t"r$$ traditio's i' t"$ ,it$rat!r$ *ro A*ri+a# ;irst

is t"at o* t"$ ora, traditio' or orat!r$# It is t"$ ,it$rat!r$ -ass$d o' *ro o!t"

to $ar5 7$'$ratio' to 7$'$ratio'# It +o'sists o* so'7s5 -o$s5 draa5 -ro0$rbs5

ridd,$s5 sa&i'7s a'd it is t"$ ri+"$st a'd o,d$st o* "$rita7$s# ;!rt"$ror$5 it is

sti,, 0$r& !+" a,i0$ a'd r$adi,& i'+or-orat$s '$9 $,$$'ts# It +a' b$

$2tr$$,& si-,$ or 0$r& +o-,$2 d$-$'di'7 o' t"$ ti$5 -,a+$ a'd t"$

o++asio'# I +a' t"i'. o* 'o b$tt$r d$o'stratio' o* t"is traditio' t"a' i' t"$

r$ar.ab,$ r$+ordi'7 o* t"$ $<idi Saga b& J# P %,ar.# H$r$ t"$ $-i+ o* Oidi

a'd "is 7ra'dot"$r Or$a$ is to,d o0$r a -$riod o* s$0$' 'i7"ts# T"$ s$+tio'

d$a,i'7 9it" t"$ $d!+atio' o* t"$ $-i+ "$ro5 Oidi5 b& "is 0$r& d$a'di'7

7ra'dot"$r5 is a r$ar.ab,$ $2a-,$

=



o* 'arrati0$ i' orat!r$ 9"i,$ t"$ s+$'$ i'0o,0i'7 t"$ $-o9$r$'t o* Oidi

i,,!strat$s $0$' or$ r$ar.ab,& t"$ *!sio' o* t"$atr$5 draa5 -o$tr&5 a7i+5

rit!a,5 !si+5 so'75 a!di$'+$ -arti+i-atio'5 t"$ r$a, a'd t"$ ar0$,,o!s i'

orat!r$# Ao'7 t"$ A7i.!&! o* K$'&a t"$r$ !s$d to b$ a Gi.!&! -o$tr&

*$sti0a,5 or s"a,, I sa&5 +o-$titio'5 9"i+" dr$9 ,ar7$ +ro9ds# T"$ b$st -o$ts o*

t"$ 0ario!s r$7io's 9o!,d $$t i' t"$ ar$'a5 ,i.$ i' a batt,$5 a'd +o-$t$ 9it"

9ords a'd i'sta't +o-ositio's# T"$s$ -o$ts "ad $0$' d$0$,o-$d a *or o*

"i$ro7ra-"i+s 9"i+" t"$& .$-t to t"$s$,0$s# T"is .i'd o* *$sti0a, 9as .i,,$d

b& t"$ ritis" *or t"$& did 'ot 9a't +ro9ds o* -$o-,$ $$ti'7 a'd -ra+tisi'7

t"i'7s t"at t"$&5 i' t"$ +o,o'ia, adi'istratio'5 +o!,d 'ot !'d$rsta'd# T"$

i-orta'+$ o* t"$ ora, traditio' is t"at t"ro!7" its a7$'+& A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s i'

t"$ir ost a7i+a, *or "a0$ b$$' .$-t a,i0$# O'$ o* t"$ "i7"$st d$0$,o-$'ts

o* t"is 9as t"$ griot traditio' i' W$st A*ri+a# W"o,$ $-i+s a'd "istori$s o*

*ai,i$s a'd 'atio's 9$r$ ba'.$d i' t"$ $ori$s o* t"$s$ .$$-$rs o* t"$

9ord#

T"$ s$+o'd traditio' is t"at o* A*ri+a's 9riti'7 i' E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s

-arti+!,ar,& i' t"os$ o* t"$ *or$r +o,o'is$rs# T"is is +,$ar,& a -rod!+t o* t"$

*ata, $'+o!'t$r b$t9$$' A*ri+a a'd E!ro-$ i' t9o 9a&s# ;irst is t"$ 6!$stio' o*

,a'7!a7$ +"oi+$ a'd t"is ,i'.s it i'$0itab,& to t"$ ,it$rat!r$s +arri$d b&

E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s# T"is ,it$rat!r$ is bra'd$d 9it" t"$ E!ro-$a''$ss o* t"$

9ord# A +as$ o* b,a+. s.i's i' 9"it$ ,i'7!isti+ as.s S$+o'd,&5 it aros$ o!t o*

a'd 9as 7$'$ra,,& i's-ir$d b& t"$ 7r$at a'ti?+o,o'ia, r$sista'+$ o* t"$ A*ri+a'

ass$s# M!+" o* t"$ ,it$rat!r$ 9as i'itia,,& o*t$' a r$a+tio' to t"$ +o'+$-tio'

o* t"$ !'i0$rs$ i' E!ro-$a' ,it$rat!r$ i' 9"i+" t"$ A*ri+a' 9as d$-i+t$d as t"$

'$7atio' o* "istor&# It "ad do'$ a r$ar.ab,$ ob i' r$?dra9i'7 t"$ ia7$s o*

t"$ 9or,d as -r$0io!s,& dra9' b& t"$ ,it$rat!r$ o* E!ro-$# It "as r$s+!$d t"$

9or,d d$*i'$d b& E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s *ro t"$ tota, 7ri- o* E!ro+$'tris# !ti' a'ot"$r s$'s$ it +o'ti'!$d a'd $0$' aid$d i' t"at E!ro+$'tris b& its 0$r&

+"oi+$ o* ,a'7!a7$s# I' ot"$r 9ords it do$s 'ot r$a,,& att$r "o9 !+" %a,iba'

is ab,$ to +!rs$ i' E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s# H$ +a' do 0$r& r$ar.ab,$ t"i'7s 9it"

it as 9$ +a' s$$ i' The Tem'est 5 i' t"at 7r$at -o$ti+ $0o+atio' o* %a,iba's ,o0$

o* t"$ is,a'd a'd "is tota, id$'ti*i+atio' 9it" its ,a'ds+a-$# !t i' so *ar as "$

"as 'ot b$$' *or+$d to aba'do' "is ,a'7!a7$5 as "a--$'$d i' t"$ +as$ o* t"$

A*ri+a' dias-ora5 "$ is a++$-ti'7 Pros-$ros ra+ist ass!-tio's abo!t

<



t"$ !'i0$rs$ a'd +o'trib!ti'7 to Pros-$ros ,i'7!isti+ !'i0$rs$# H$ a++$-ts t"at

o',& b& ado-ti'7 t"$ E!ro-$a' to'7!$ +a' "$ a'a7$ to $2-r$ss "is "!a'it&

ad$6!at$,&# H$ "as +o,,!d$d i' Pros-$ros !-rooti'7 o* t"$ A*ri+a' to'7!$ ,a

%o$t$$ t"$ A*ri+a' -$asa't a'd 9or.$r i' t"is ,it$rat!r$ r$a--$ars o' t"$

sta7$ o* 9or,d "istor& s-$a.i'7 'ot "is 7abb,$ b!t -$r*$+t E'7,is"5 ;r$'+" or

Port!7!$s$5 a r$ar.ab,$ +as$ o* ,it$rar& s!r7$r& a'd tra's-,a't si'+$ i' r$a,it&

t"$ ass$s o* A*ri+a' -$o-,$ do +o'ti'!$ s-$a.i'7 a'd !si'7 a'd +r$ati'7 i'

A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s# Not$ t"at t"$ '$9 %a,iba' +o$s to Pros-$ros ,i'7!isti+

"i7" tab,$ 9it" a' o**$ri'75 a ,i'7!isti+ bott,$ o* 9i'$ so to s-$a.# T"!s5 t"is

traditio' "as tri$d to *or7$ a' id$'tit& b& borro9i'7 0$r& "$a0i,& *ro A*ri+a'

,a'7!a7$s5 t"at is *ro t"$ ri+" "ar0$st o* orat!r$ as d$0$,o-$d b& A*ri+a'

,a'7!a7$s o0$r t"$ &$ars# !t 'ot$ a,so t"at %a,iba' is 'ot borro9i'7 *ro

Pros-$ro to $'ri+" "is o9' 7abb,$# O' t"$ +o'trar&# H$ s$$s "is ro,$ as t"at o*

borro9i'7 *ro "is o9' 7abb,$ to $',ar7$ t"$ -ossibi,iti$s o* Pros-$ros

,a'7!a7$s# H$ 7i0$s 'ot"i'75 abso,!t$,& 'ot"i'75 ba+. to "is ,a'7!a7$s# T"is

!,tiat$,& is t"$ tra7$d& o* t"$ E!ro-"o'$ traditio' 9"i+" "as +o$ to 9$ar

t"$ as. o* A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$# It is 'o9 a +as$ o* b,a+. s.i's i' 9"it$ as.s

9$ari'7 b,a+. as.s#

I' t"$ ar$a o* $+o'oi+s a'd 7$o7ra-"&5 it is t"$ ra9 at$ria,s o* 7o,d5

diao'ds5 +o**$$5 t$a5 9"i+" ar$ ta.$' *ro A*ri+a a'd -ro+$ss$d i' E!ro-$

a'd t"$' r$so,d to A*ri+a# I' t"$ ar$a o* +!,t!r$5 t"$ ra9 at$ria, o* A*ri+a'

orat!r$ a'd "istori$s d$0$,o-$d b& A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s ar$ ta.$'5 r$-a+.a7$d

t"ro!7" E'7,is" or ;r$'+" or Port!7!$s$ a'd t"$' r$so,d ba+. to A*ri+a# I'

bot" +as$s o'$ is 'ot 6!$stio'i'7 t"$ 6!a,it& o* t"$ -rod!+ts *or t"is is 'ot

r$a,,& 9"at is at iss!$#

T"$ t"ird traditio' is t"at o* A*ri+a's 9riti'7 i' A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s# I' t"$

-r$?+o,o'ia, $ra5 t"is 9as a i'orit& traditio' ao'7 t"$ 'atio's i' t"at 'ota'& o* t"$ A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s "ad b$$' r$d!+$d to 9riti'7# !t it "as a,9a&s

b$$' t"$r$ a'd as Pro*$ssor Abio,a Ir$,$ "as -oi't$d o!t it is t"$s$ ,a'7!a7$s

9"i+" +o'tai' t"$ +,assi+a, $ra o* A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$5 a -r$?+o,o'ia, traditio'# It

is t"$ o'$ t"at o9's t"$ ,ab$,5 t"$ tit,$5 t"$ 'a$5 A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$# It "as

b$$' o0$rs"ado9$d b& t"$ or$ r$+$'t E!ro-"o'$ traditio'# !t A*ri+a'

,a'7!a7$s ar$ +oi'7 ba+.# T"$ ,a'7!a7$ d$bat$ "as doi'at$d $0$r& si'7,$

,it$rat!r$ +o'*$r$'+$ to do 9it" A*ri+a o0$r t"$ ,ast *$9 &$ars a'd it is 7oi'7 to

+o'ti'!$ to do so 9it" $0$'

@



7r$at$r a77r$ssi0$ i'sist$'+$ as 9$ *a+$ t"$ t9$'t&?*irst +$'t!r&# To t"$ o,d

0oi+$s o* %"$i." A'ita Dio- a'd Da0id Dio- +a,,i'7 *or r$+o''$+tio' 9it" t"at

traditio' ar$ '$9$r 0oi+$s *ro t"$ ora, traditio' addi'7 to t"$ +o'ti'$'ta,

+"or!s o* +o'+$r'# T"$ Soa,i -o$t o* t"$ ora, traditio'5 Mo"a$d Isai, o*

Gar+$5 "as 7o'$ so *ar as to a++!s$ t"$ $d!+at$d A*ri+a's o* +oitti'7

tr$aso' a7ai'st t"$ir o9' ,a'7!a7$s>

O" & *ri$'ds5 t"$ Soa,i ,a'7!a7$ is 0$r& -$r-,$2$d

It is a,, a'2i$t& i' its -r$s$'t +o'ditio'

T"$ 0a,!$ o* its 9ords a'd $2-r$ssio's ar$ b$i'7 7a77$d b& its o9'

-$o-,$Its 0$r& ba+. a'd "i-s ar$ bro.$'5 a'd it a++!s$s its o9' s-$a.$rs o*

'$7,$+t

It is 9$$-i'7 9it" d$$- sorro9

It is b$i'7 or-"a'$d a'd its 0a,!$ is 0a'is"i'7#

A r$+o''$+tio' 9it" t"$ +,assi+ traditio' o* o!r ,a'7!a7$s to $2-r$ss t"$

+o't$-orar& 9or,d 9i,, 'ot b$ a' $as&5 9a,.o0$r .i'd o* tas.# Writi'7 i'

A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s "as a'& di**i+!,ti$s a'd -rob,$s# Prob,$s o* ,it$ra+&#

Prob,$s o* -!b,is"i'7# Prob,$s o* t"$ ,a+. o* a +riti+a, traditio'# Prob,$s

o* ort"o7ra-"&# Prob,$s o* "a0i'7 0$r& a'& ,a'7!a7$s# i' t"$ sa$ +o!'tr&#

Prob,$s o* "osti,$ 7o0$r'$'ts 9it" a +o,o'is$d $'ta,it&# Aba'do'$'t b&

so$ o* t"os$ 9"o +o!,d "a0$ bro!7"t t"$ir 7$'i!s ? d$o'strat$d b& t"$ir

$2+$,,$'t -$r*ora'+$ i' *or$i7' ,a'7!a7$s ? to d$0$,o- t"$ir o9' ,a'7!a7$s#

I' s"ort5 ,it$rat!r$ i' A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s s!**$rs *ro a ,a+. o* a stro'7

traditio'5 +r$ati0$ a'd +riti+a,# Writ$rs i' A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s ar$ "a0i'7 to +r$at$

s$0$ra, traditio's si!,ta'$o!s,& -!b,is"i'75 +riti+a, 0o+ab!,ar&5 ort"o7ra-"&5

a'd $0$' 9ords# !t it "as t"$ ad0a'ta7$ o* b$i'7 ab,$ to $stab,is" a 'at!ra,

7i0$ a'd ta.$ r$,atio's"i- to t"$ ri+" "$rita7$ o* orat!r$# A*ri+a' 9rit$rs i'

A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s ar$ 7i0i'7 so$t"i'7 ba+.5 "o9$0$r ti'&5 to t"$

d$0$,o-$'t o* A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s#

T"at is 9"& I sti,, b$,i$0$ t"at d$s-it$ t"$ "!$ a'd +r& abo!t r$d!+tio'is5

'ati0is5 ba+.9ard,oo.i'7'$ss *ro t"$ E!ro-"o'ist o--o'$'ts o* t"is

d$0$,o-$'t5 9riti'7 i' A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s sti,, "o,ds t"$ .$& *or t"$ -ositi0$

d$0$,o-$'t o* '$9 a'd 0ita, traditio's i' A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$ as 9$ *a+$ t"$

t9$'t&?*irst +$'t!r&# Ma'&

:



or$ -$o-,$ ar$ *a+i'7 !- to t"$ +r$ati0$ '$+$ssit& o* 9riti'7 i' A*ri+a'

,a'7!a7$s a'd to do *or A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s 9"at S-$'s$r5 S"a.$s-$ar$ a'd

Mi,to' did *or E'7,is" 9"at %$r0a't$s did *or S-a'is" 9"at Rab$,ais did *or

;r$'+" 9"at Marti' L!t"$r5 Go$t"$ a'd S+"i,,$r did *or t"$ G$ra' ,a'7!a7$

9"at P!s".i'5 Go7o, a'd To,sto& did *or R!ssia' 9"at E,ias Lo''rot o* t"$

;i''is" +,assi+5 t"$ 0alevala5 did *or ;i''is" i'd$$d 9"at a,, 9rit$rs i' "istor&

"a0$ do'$ *or t"$ir ,a'7!a7$s# I' s"ort t"$& ar$ "$ar.$'i'7 to t"$ r$s+!$ +a,, b&

t"$ Soa,i -o$t 6!ot$d $ar,i$r#

A*ri+a' 9rit$rs i' A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s ar$ $'7a7$d i' t"$ 7r$at ad0$'t!r$

a'd draa o* +r$ati'7 a '$9 a'd 7r$at traditio'# I' t"is tas. t"$& "a0$ at ,$ast

t9o 7r$at r$s$r0oirs> t"$ "$rita7$s o* orat!r$ a'd o* 9or,d ,it$rat!r$ a'd

+!,t!r$#

A,, 7r$at 'atio'a, ,it$rat!r$s "a0$ root$d t"$s$,0$s i' t"$ +!,t!r$ a'd

,a'7!a7$ o* t"$ -$asa'tr&# T"$ Ho$ri+ Iliad a'd $dyssey5 as 9as a,, Gr$$.

draa5 9$r$ root$d i' t"$ ,$7$'ds a'd stori$s t"at $0$r&bod& .'$9# T"$

R!ssia' 9rit$rs o* t"$ 'i'$t$$'t" +$'t!r& -arti+!,ar,& P!s".i'5 root$d t"$ir

9or. i' t"$ +!,t!r$ o* t"$ -$asa'tr&# T"$ 0alevala5 t"$ *o!'di'7 t$2t o* od$r'

;i''is" ,it$rat!r$ a'd ,a'7!a7$5 9as root$d i' t"$ *o,.,or$ o* t"$ -$asa'tr&# T"$

ora, traditio' 9i,, t"$' b$ t"$ basis or t"$ *o!'datio' o* t"$ '$9 traditio' i'

A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$#

A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s !st 'ot b$ a*raid o* a,so borro9i'7 *ro t"$ b$st i'

9or,d +!,t!r$# A,, t"$ d&'ai+ +!,t!r$s o* t"$ 9or,d "a0$ borro9$d *ro ot"$r

+!,t!r$s i' a -ro+$ss o* !t!a, *$rti,isatio'# I' "is 0$r& i't$r$sti'7 $ssa& o' t"$

r$,atio's"i-s b$t9$$' ,a'7!a7$s a'd +!,t!r$s From the #rehistory of Novelistic

Discourse5 a."ti' "as t"is to sa& o' t"$ d$0$,o-$'t o* Lati'>

Lati' ,it$rar& ,a'7!a7$ i' a,, its 7$'$ri+ di0$rsit& 9as +r$at$d i' t"$ ,i7"t o*

Gr$$. ,it$rar& ,a'7!a7$# Its 'atio'a, disti'+ti0$'$ss a'd t"$ s-$+i*i+ 0$rba,

t"o!7"t -ro+$ss i'"$r$'t i' it 9$r$ r$a,is$d i' +r$ati0$ ,it$rar&

+o's+io!s'$ss i' a 9a& t"at 9o!,d "a0$ b$$' abso,!t$,& i-ossib,$ !'d$r

+o'ditio's o* o'o7,ossia# A*t$r a,, it is -ossib,$ to ob$+ti0is$ o'$s o9'

-arti+!,ar ,a'7!a7$5 its i't$r'a, *or5 t"$ -$+!,iariti$s o* its 9or,d 0i$95 its

s-$+ia, ,i'7!isti+ "abit!s o',& i' t"$ ,i7"t5 o* a'ot"$r ,a'7!a7$ b$,o'7i'7 to

so$bod& $,s$5 9"i+" is a,ost as !+" o'$s o9' as o'$s o9' 'ati0$

,a'7!a7$#

3



O'$ +o!,d add t"$ r"$tori+a, 6!$stio'> a'd is it -ossib,$ to +o'+$i0$ o* t"$

d$0$,o-$'t o* Gr$$. ,it$rat!r$ a'd +!,t!r$ 9it"o!t E7&-tia' ? a'd ot"$r

M$dit$rra'$a' +!,t!r$s A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s5 as 9$ "a0$ s$$'5 "a0$ +o'trib!t$d

i$'s$,& to t"$ d$0$,o-$'t o* E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s a'd $2t$'d$d t"$ir

-ossibi,iti$s t"ro!7" t"$ E!ro-"o'$ ,it$rar& traditio' o* t"$ od$r' A*ri+a'

$2-$ri$'+$# I'd$$d t"$ '$9 $5ford English Dictionary "as +a'o'is$d 6!it$ a

'!b$r o* '$9 9ords *ro Kis9a"i,i a'd ot"$r A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s#

A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s 9i,, borro9 *ro o'$ a'ot"$r t"$& 9i,, borro9 *ro

t"$ir +,assi+a, "$rita7$s t"$& 9i,, borro9 *ro t"$ 9or,d *ro t"$ %aribb$a'5

*ro A*roa$ri+a5 *ro Lati' A$ri+a5 *ro t"$ Asia' ? a'd *ro t"$

E!ro-$a' 9or,ds# I' t"is5 t"$ '$9 9riti'7 i' A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s 9i,, do t"$

o--osit$ o* t"$ E!ro-"o'$ -ra+ti+$> i'st$ad o* b$i'7 a--ro-riat$d b& t"$ 9or,d5

it 9i,, a--ro-riat$ t"$ 9or,d a'd o'$ "o-$s o' t$rs o* $6!a, $2+"a'7$5 at t"$

0$r& ,$ast5 borro9 o' its o9' t$rs a'd '$$ds#

T"$ 7ro9t" a'd t"$ d$0$,o-$'t o* t"$ '$9 A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$ i' A*ri+a'

,a'7!a7$s 9i,, "a0$ 0ast i-,i+atio's *or +riti+a, s+"o,ars"i-# %!rr$'t,& 'o

$2-$rt o' t"$ so?+a,,$d A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$ '$$d $0$r s"o9 $0$' t"$ s,i7"t$st

a+6!ai'ta'+$ 9it" a'& A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$# %a' &o! ia7i'$ a -ro*$ssor o*

;r$'+" ,it$rat!r$ a'd +!,t!r$ 9"o do$s 'ot .'o9 a si'7,$ 9ord o* ;r$'+"

U'*ort!'at$,& it is 'ot !st t"$ +as$ o* 'o'?A*ri+a' s+"o,ars# A*ri+a' s+"o,ars o*

A*ri+a' r$a,iti$s '$$d '$0$r s"o9 a'& a+6!ai'ta'+$ 9it" A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s5

$0$' 9it" t"$ir ot"$r to'7!$s# A' A*ri+a'?,a'7!a7$s?bas$d +riti+a,

s+"o,ars"i- 9o!,d "a0$ a 0$r& 0ita, ro,$ to -,a& i' t"$ *!rt"$r d$0$,o-$'t o*

t"$ '$9 A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$# T"$ E!ro-"o'$ 9o!,d o++!-& its -ro-$r -,a+$ as a'

a--$'da7$ o* E!ro-$a' ,it$rat!r$ or as a *oot'ot$ i' A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$#

It is t"$s$ r$0ita,is$d A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s rooti'7 t"$s$,0$s i' t"$ traditio's

o* orat!r$ a'd o* 9ritt$' A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$5 i's-ir$d b& t"$ d$$-$st as-iratio's

o* t"$ A*ri+a' -$o-,$ *or a $a'i'7*!, so+ia, +"a'7$5 9"i+"?9i,, a,so b$ b$st

-,a+$d to 7i0$ a'd r$+$i0$ *ro t"$ 9$a,t" o* o!r +oo' +!,t!r$ o' a' $6!a,

basis#

Sii,ar +as$s +a' b$ ad$ *or t"$ ,it$rat!r$ o* Asia a'd So!t" A$ri+a

o0$r t"$ ,ast *o!r "!'dr$d &$ars# T"$s$ ,it$rat!r$s 7ro9i'7 i' t"$ s"ado9 o*

bot" 7r$at +,assi+a, -asts a'd o* E!ro-$a' ,it$rat!r$s5 so$ti$s bitt$r,&

r$sisti'7 t"$ir a--$a,5 at ot"$r ti$s

31



borro9i'7 *ro t"$5 b!t absorbi'7 t"$ borro9$d *$at!r$s to +r$at$ t"$ir

!'i6!$ traditio's5 +r$ati'7 so to s-$a. t"$ir o9' s-a+$ i' a 9or,d doi'at$d b&

+!,t!ra, i-$ria,is *ro t"$ W$st5 a,, add to t"$ ,it$rat!r$ a'd +!,t!r$ o*

r$sista'+$# T"$& ar$ a' i't$7ra, -art o* 9"at a.$s !- t"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r&

a'd t"$ *o!'datio' o* t"$ ,it$rat!r$ a'd +!,t!r$s o* t"$ t9$'t&?*irst +$'t!r&# T"$

,a'7!a7$s a'd ,it$rat!r$s o* Asia5 A*ri+a a'd So!t" A$ri+a5 t"$ ,it$rat!r$s o*

-$o-,$s o* 'o'?E!ro-$a' sto+. b!t 9"o ar$ 'o9 -art o* t"$ $+o'oi+5 -o,iti+a,

a'd +!,t!ra, r$a,it& o* t"$ W$st5 ar$ a,, +r$ati'7 s-a+$ *or a "!'dr$d *,o9$rs to

b,oo o' a 7,oba, s+a,$ a'd t"$ or7a'isatio' o* +!,t!ra, st!di$s a,, o0$r t"$

9or,d s"o!,d r$*,$+t t"is !,ti?+o,o!r$d r$a,it& o* t"$ "!a' +r$ati0$ str$a#

T"$ +o'ti'!$d doi'atio' o* t"$ 9or,d b& a "a'd*!, o* E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s

a'd ,it$rat!r$s +a' o',& a.$ t"$ 9or,d -oor$r 'ot ri+"$r# T"$ tra'sitio' i'

A*ri+a'5 Asia'5 So!t" A$ri+a'5 Nort" A$ri+a' a'd E!ro-$a' ,$tt$rs is

to9ards traditio's t"at 9i,, *r$$,& 7i0$ a'd ta.$5 o' t"$ basis o* $6!a,it& a'd

!t!a, r$s-$+t5 *ro t"is 0ast "$rita7$ o* "!a' +r$ati0it&#

T"$ 9$a,t" o* a +oo' 7,oba, +!,t!r$ 9i,, t"$' b$ $2-r$ss$d i' t"$

-arti+!,ariti$s o* o!r di**$r$'t ,a'7!a7$s a'd +!,t!r$s 0$r& !+" ,i.$ a

!'i0$rsa, 7ard$' o* a'&?+o,o!r$d *,o9$rs# T"$ *,o9$r'$ss o* t"$ di**$r$'t

*,o9$rs is $2-r$ss$d i' t"$ir 0$r& di0$rsit&# !t t"$r$ is +ross?*$rti,isatio'

b$t9$$' t"$# A'd 9"at is or$ t"$& a,, +o'tai' i' t"$s$,0$s t"$ s$$ds o* a

'$9 toorro9#

3



1 T&e )ni%ersa"ity

of Loca" *no!"ed#e

T"$r$ ar$ t9o r$aso's 9"& I a dra9' to9ards Pro*$ssor G$$rts $-"asis o'

t"$ i-orta'+$ o* ,o+a, .'o9,$d7$ or o* starti'7 *ro t"$ -arti+!,ar to t"$

7$'$ra,# As a 9rit$r5 a 'o0$,ist5 I ,i.$ to s$$5 i' t"$ 9ords o* Wi,,ia ,a.$5

t"$ 9or,d i' a 7rai' o* sa'd5 or i' t"os$ o* a' A*ri+a' -ro0$rb 6!ot$d b&

Pro*$ssor G$$rt i' "is boo. Lo+a, K'o9,$d7$> ;a+t a'd La9 i' %o-arati0$

P$rs-$+ti0$5 to 7$t 9isdo *ro a' a't "$a-# A 'o0$,ist is a,ost 9"o,,&

d$-$'d$'t o' t"$ -arti+!,ar# W"at$0$r "$ a& "a0$ to sa& abo!t ,i*$5 it !st b$

root$d i' t"$ -arti+!,ariti$s o* dai,& $2-$ri$'+$# %oi'7 *ro t"at -art o* t"$

7,ob$5 +a,,$d5 *or ,a+. o* a b$tt$r 9ord5 t"$ T"ird Wor,d5 I a s!s-i+io!s o* t"$

!s$s o* t"$ 9ord a'd t"$ +o'+$-t o* t"$ !'i0$rsa,# ;or 0$r& o*t$'5 t"is "as

$a't t"$ W$st 7$'$ra,isi'7 its $2-$ri$'+$ o* "istor& as t"$ !'i0$rsa,$2-$ri$'+$ o* t"$ 9or,d# W"at is W$st$r' b$+o$s !'i0$rsa, a'd 9"at is T"ird

Wor,d b$+o$s ,o+a,# Lo+a,it& b$+o$s $as!r$d b& t"$ d$7r$$ o* its dista'+$

*ro t"$ $tro-o,is o* t"$ W$st$r' 9or,d# T"!s Pro*$ssor G$$rts 9ar'i'7

abo!t t"$ r$,ati0it& o* t$rs5 $0$' o* t"$ ,o+a, a'd t"$ !'i0$rsa,5 is ti$,&5 *or5

i' o!r +as$5 t"$ E!ro+$'tri+ basis o* s$$i'7 t"$ 9or,d "as o*t$' $a't

ar7i'a,isi'7 i'to t"$ -$ri-"$r& t"at 9"i+" +o$s *ro t"$ r$st o* t"$ 9or,d#

O'$ "istori+a, -arti+!,arit& is 7$'$ra,is$d i'to a ti$,$ss a'd s-a+$,$ss

!'i0$rsa,it&# I' t"at s$'s$5 s"i*ti'7 t"$ *o+!s o* -arti+!,arit& to a -,!ra,it& o*

+$'tr$s5 is a 9$,+o$ a'tidot$#

Ho9$0$r5 I s"ar$ Pro*$ssor Good&s !'$as$ abo!t t"$ t$'d$'+& to s$$ t"$

!'i0$rsa, a'd t"$ ,o+a, i' abso,!t$ o--ositio' to $a+" ot"$r# Pro*$ssor G$$rt

ta,.s o* +o'*!sio' i' t"$ so+ia, a'd "!a' s+i$'+$s o0$r t"r$$ 'otio's5 o* t"$

!'i0$rsa,5 t"$ 7$'$ra,isatio'5 a'd t"$ ,a9# A7ai' "$ ta,.s as i* t"$ t"r$$

+at$7ori$s ar$ !t!a,,& o--os$d5 9"i+"

3



i' *a+t 7o$s a7ai'st t"$ ,o7i+ o* "is obs$r0atio' abo!t 9isdo +oi'7 *ro a'

a't "$a-# T"$ a't "$a- is -arti+!,ar# Wisdo is a 7$'$ra,isatio' t$'di'7

to9ards t"$ !'i0$rsa, +odi*i$d i'to a -ro0$rb# T"$ -ro+$ss o* +o7'itio' b$7i's

9it" 'oti'75 obs$r0i'7 t"$ -arti+!,ar a'd t"$' 9or.i'7 o!t 9"at is 7$'$ra, *ro

t"$ -arti+!,ar# ;ro t"$ 7$'$ra,5 a r$7!,ati'7 -ri'+i-,$5 a ,a95 $$r7$s 9"i+"

+a' ta.$ t"$ *or o* t"$ !'i0$rsa,# T"$ !'i0$rsa,5 t"$ ,a95 a'd t"$ 7$'$ra, ar$

t"$' t$st$d a7ai'st t"$ 7ro!'d o* -arti+!,arit& i' -ra+ti+$# Pra+ti+$ is bot" t"$

starti'7 -oi't a'd t"$ t$sti'7 7ro!'d o* o!r +o'+$-t!a,isatio' o* t"$ 9or,d#

W"at is '$$d$d is 'ot so !+" t"$ r$+o0$r& o* -ra+ti+a, -"i,oso-"& as t"$

r$+o0$r& o* t"$ -"i,oso-"& o* -ra+ti+$#

T"$ -rob,$ aris$s *ro t"$ t$'d$'+& to s$$ t"$ ,o+a, a'd t"$ !'i0$rsa, i'

$+"a'i+a, o--ositio' a'd t"$ r$,ati0it& o* +!,t!r$s i' a t$-ora, 7ro!'d o*

$6!a,it& a,ost as i* +!,t!r$s 9it"i' a 'atio' a'd b$t9$$' 'atio's "a0$

d$0$,o-$d o' -ara,,$, bars to9ards -ara,,$, $'ds t"at '$0$r $$t5 or i* t"$&

$$t5 t"$& do so i' i'*i'it&# T"$ !'i0$rsa, is +o'tai'$d i' t"$ -arti+!,ar !st as

t"$ -arti+!,ar is +o'tai'$d i' t"$ !'i0$rsa,# W$ ar$ a,, "!a' b$i'7s b!t t"$ *a+t

o* o!r b$i'7 "!a' do$s 'ot a'i*$st its$,* i' its abstra+tio' b!t i' t"$

-arti+!,arit& o* r$a, ,i0i'7 "!a' b$i'7s o* di**$r$'t +,i$s a'd ra+$s# W$ +a'

ta,. o* t"$ "!a' +a-a+it& *or ,a'7!a7$s b!t t"at +a-a+it& a'i*$sts its$,* i'

r$a, +o'+r$t$ ,a'7!a7$s as s-o.$' b& di**$r$'t -$o-,$s o* t"$ $art"# I' ot"$r

9ords5 9$ r$a,is$ ,a'7!a7$ as a !'i0$rsa, "!a' -"$'o$'o' 'ot i' its

abstra+t !'i0$rsa,it& b!t i' its -arti+!,arit& as t"$ di**$r$'t ,a'7!a7$s o* t"$

$art"# E0$' t"$ ,iit$d !'i0$rsa,it& o* a si'7,$ ,a'7!a7$5 sa& E'7,is"5 is

r$a,is$d t"ro!7" t"$ ,a'7!a7$ as a+t!a,,& s-o.$'# !t it is a,so *ro t"$

-arti+!,arit& o* t"$s$ '!$ro!s !tt$ra'+$s t"at 9$ +a' r$+o7'is$ 7$'$ra,

*$at!r$s t"at +a' a.$ !s ta,. o* E'7,is" as a ,a'7!a7$ di**$r$'t *ro5 sa&5

Kis9a"i,i# T"$r$ ar$ ot"$r +at$7ori$s i' Pro*$ssor G$$rts stat$$'t a'd *root"$r -i$+$s t"at r$i'*or+$ t"is t$'tati0$ *$$,i'7 t"at "$ t$'ds to $-"asis$

!t!a, o--ositio' o* -"$'o$'a i'st$ad o* s$$i'7 t"$ ,i'.a7$s a'd t"$r$*or$

t"$ r$a, di**$r$'+$s# I a7r$$ 9it" Pro*$ssor Good& t"at $a'i'7 a'd a+"i'$r&

ar$ 'ot '$+$ssari,& o--os$d abso,!t$s# T"$ "&dro,o7ist a& 0$r& 9$,, b$ a

s9i$r# At a'& rat$ i* t"$r$ is 'o 9at$r t"$r$ +a' '$0$r b$ a s9i$r a'd t"$

"&dro,o7ist 9"o +a' a.$ -ossib,$ t"$ r$a,isatio' o* a+t!a, 9at$r a& b$ t"$

a.$r o* a s9i$r#

33



W"i+" bri'7s $ to & ,ast obs$r0atio'# %!,t!r$ d$0$,o-s 9it"i' t"$

-ro+$ss o* a -$o-,$ 9r$st,i'7 9it" t"$ir 'at!ra, a'd so+ia, $'0iro'$'t# T"$&

str!77,$ 9it" 'at!r$# T"$& str!77,$ 9it" o'$ a'ot"$r# T"$& $0o,0$ a 9a& o* ,i*$

$bodi$d i' t"$ir i'stit!tio's a'd +$rtai' -ra+ti+$s# %!,t!r$ b$+o$s t"$ +arri$r

o* t"$ir ora,5 a$st"$ti+ a'd $t"i+a, 0a,!$s# At t"$ -s&+"o,o7i+a, ,$0$,5 t"$s$

0a,!$s b$+o$ t"$ $bodi$'t o* t"$ -$o-,$s +o's+io!s'$ss as a s-$+i*i+

+o!'it&# T"at +o's+io!s'$ss i' t!r' "as a' $**$+t o' "o9 t"$& ,oo. at t"$ir

0a,!$s5 at t"$ir +!,t!r$5 at t"$ or7a'isatio' o* -o9$r5 a'd at t"$ or7a'isatio' o*

t"$ir 9$a,t" $2tra+t$d *ro 'at!r$ t"ro!7" t"$ $diatio' o* t"$ir ,abo!r# Wit"i'

a 7i0$' +o!'it& a'& +"a'7$ i' a'& o* t"$ aor as-$+ts o* t"$ir ,i0$s5 "o9

t"$& a'a7$ t"$ir 9$a,t" *or i'sta'+$5 or t"$ir -o9$r5 a& 9$,, bri'7 abo!t

+"a'7$s at a,, t"$ ot"$r ,$0$,s a'd t"$s$ i' t!r' 9i,, bri'7 abo!t !t!a, a+tio'

a'd r$a+tio' o' a,, t"$ ot"$r as-$+ts# H$r$ t"$r$ is 'o sti,,'$ss b!t +o'sta't

o0$$'t a'd t"$ -rob,$ 9it" t"$ st!d& o* +!,t!r$s5 'o att$r *ro 9"at

a+ad$i+ +$'tr$5 is "o9 to st!d& t"$ i' t"$ir o0$$'t a'd ,i'.a7$s to ot"$r

-ro+$ss$s i' t"at so+i$t& or +o!'it&# It is ,i.$ st!d&i'7 a ri0$r i' its 0$r&

o0$$'t5 t"at is i' its 0$r& b$i'7 as a ri0$r# W"at I 'ot$d5 or t"o!7"t I 'ot$d5

i' Pro*$ssor G$$rts stat$$'t is t"$ a,ost tota, $2+,!sio' o* 'otio's o*

str!77,$5 o0$$'t a'd +"a'7$#

!t +!,t!r$s do 'ot a,9a&s d$0$,o- o!t o* t"$ 9or.i'7s?o!t o*

+o'tradi+tio's 9it"i' t"$s$,0$s or 9it" t"$ ot"$r *$at!r$s o* t"at so+i$t& o',&#

T"$& a,so d$0$,o- i' a' $2t$r'a, $'0iro'$'t o* +o'ta+t 9it" ot"$r so+i$ti$s#

T"is +o'ta+t +a' b$ o'$ o* "osti,it&5 i'di**$r$'+$5 or o* !t!a, 7i0$ a'd ta.$#

T"$ sa$ is o* +o!rs$ tr!$ o* t"$ d$0$,o-$'t i' t"o!7"t a'd $0$' i' a+ad$i+

dis+i-,i'$s# T"$r$ ar$ i't$r'a, ar7!$'ts 9it"i' a dis+i-,i'$ a'd a,so ar7!$'ts

arisi'7 *ro +o'ta+t 9it" ot"$r t"o!7"ts a'd dis+i-,i'$s bri'7i'7 abo!t

so$ti$s 9"at Pro*$ssor G$$rt "as $,s$9"$r$ ar7!$d as t"$ b,!rri'7 o*7$'r$s or t"$ r$*i7!ratio' o* so+ia, t"o!7"t#

O0$r t"$ ,ast *o!r "!'dr$d &$ars t"$ d$0$,o-$'ts i' t"$ W$st "a0$ 'ot

!st b$$' t"$ r$s!,t o* i't$r'a, so+ia, d&'ai+s5 b!t a,so t"$ir r$,atio's"i- 9it"

A*ri+a5 Asia a'd So!t" A$ri+a# !t bot" t"$ i't$r'a, r$,atio's"i-s 9it"i'

t"$ a'd t"$ir $2t$r'a, r$,atio's 9it" A*ri+a5 Asia a'd So!t" A$ri+a5 "a0$ 'ot

b$$' t"os$ o* $6!a,it& b!t o* doi'a'+$ a'd doi'atio' at t"$ $+o'oi+5

-o,iti+a,

34



a'd +!,t!ra, ,$0$,s# T"$ s,a0$ trad$ a'd s,a0$r& bri'7i'7 abo!t ass r$,o+atio'

o* -$o-,$s +o,o'ia,is bri'7i'7 abo!t5 i$'s$ $+o'oi+5 -o,iti+a,5 +!,t!ra,

a'd -s&+"o,o7i+a, 0io,$'+$ o' +o,o'is$d +o!'iti$s5 "a0$ $a't t"at t"$r$ is

'o +!,t!r$ 9"i+" "as 'ot b$$' a**$+t$d ad0$rs$,& or ot"$r9is$ b& t"os$

r$,atio's"i-s o* doi'a'+$ a'd doi'atio'# !t t"$& "a0$ a,so b$$' a**$+t$d

b& t"$ traditio's o* r$sista'+$ *ro t"$ doi'at$d# T"is $2t$r'a, doi'atio'

a'd t"$ r$sista'+$ to it +a' b$ -ara,,$,,$d5 i' t"$ +o,o'is$d +o!'iti$s a'd i'

t"$ doi'ati'7 'atio's5 9it" t"$ i't$r'a, dis$-o9$r$'t o* -$o-,$s a'd

r$sista'+$ to t"is# A'& st!d& o* +!,t!r$s 9"i+" i7'or$s str!+t!r$s o* doi'atio'

a'd +o'tro, a'd r$sista'+$ 9it"i' 'atio's a'd b$t9$$' 'atio's a'd ra+$s o0$r

t"$ ,ast *o!r "!'dr$d &$ars is i' da'7$r o* 7i0i'7 a distort$d -i+t!r$# W$st$r'

s+"o,ars"i- *or i'sta'+$ "as 'ot $s+a-$d *ro t"$ ra+is 9"i+" '$+$ssari,&

aros$ o!t o* t"os$ str!+t!r$s# Dis+i-,i'$s ,i.$ a't"ro-o,o7& a'd $t"'o7ra-"&

i'itia,,& $a't t"$ st!d& o* t"os$ r$ot$ +o!'iti$s 9"i+" s$$ to "a0$

so$ r$ot$ r$s$b,a'+$ to o!rs -$r"a-s t"$& ar$ t"$ issi'7 so+ia, ,i'. to

o!r arri0a, at t"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r& o* t"$ W$st a'd t"$ r$st o* !s5 to borro9 a

-"ras$ *ro %"i'9$i!s boo. o* t"$ sa$ tit,$# T"$ -$rsist$'+$ o* a +$rtai'

0o+ab!,ar& ? t"$ -riiti0$5 t"$ triba, +o!'it&5 si-,$r so+i$ti$s is a

r$i'd$r o* t"$ r$ot$ .i's"i- b$t9$$' s+"o,ars"i- a'd +o,o'ia,is# E0$' t"$or7a'isatio' o* dis+i-,i'$s a'd s&,,abi +a' b$ a**$+t$d b& t"at "istor&# O0$r t"$

,ast so a'& &$ars 0oi+$s *ro t"os$ 'atio's a'd s$+tors o* t"$ +o!'iti$s

9"i+" 9$r$ doi'at$d "a0$ b$$' s-$a.i'7 o!t5 'ai'7 t"$ir 9or,d so to s-$a.#

!t 9"at "as b$$' t"$ -,a+$ o* A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$s5 A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s5 A*ri+a'

-o,iti+a, a'd -"i,oso-"i+ t"o!7"t i' t"$ or7a'isatio' o* d$-art$'ts t"at "o!s$

0ario!s dis+i-,i'$s T"$ 9or,d o* a+ad$i+ st!d& is sti,, a,ost 9"o,,&

doi'at$d b& t"at 9"i+" "as b$$' i'itiat$d *ro t"$ ,a'7!a7$s a'd +$'tr$s o*

-o9$r i' t"$ W$st#

T"is do$s 'ot $a' t"at so+i$ti$s +a''ot b$ st!di$d b& -$o-,$ *ro ot"$r

+o!'iti$s# !t 9"$t"$r st!d&i'7 ot"$r +o!'iti$s5 o!r +o!'iti$s or

a'& ot"$r so+ia, -"$'o$'o'5 it is i-orta't to s$$ -"$'o$'o' i' 'at!r$5

so+i$t&5 $0$' i' a+ad$ia5 'ot i' its iso,atio' b!t i' its d&'ai+ +o''$+tio's

9it" ot"$r -"$'o$'a# It is i-orta't to r$$b$r t"at so+ia, a'd i't$,,$+t!a,

-ro+$ss$s5 $0$' a+ad$i+ dis+i-,i'$s5 a+t a'd r$a+t o' $a+" ot"$r 'ot a7ai'st a

s-atia, a'd t$-ora, 7ro!'d o* sti,,'$ss b!t o* +o'sta't str!77,$5 o*

3=



o0$$'t5 a'd +"a'7$ 9"i+" bri'7s abo!t or$ str!77,$5 or$ o0$$'t5

a'd +"a'7$5 $0$' i' "!a' t"o!7"t#

I' a sit!atio' o* *,!25 t"$ $**$+ti0$ !s$ o* t"$ d$,i+at$ s.i,,s o* 'a0i7ati'7

o!r 9a& t"ro!7" a& 0$r& 9$,, d$-$'d o' 9"$t"$r 9$ ar$ s9ii'7 a7ai'st

or 9it" t"$ +!rr$'ts o* +"a'7$ or *or t"at att$r 9"$t"$r 9$ ar$ +,$ar i' 9"at

dir$+tio' 9$ ar$ s9ii'75 to9ards or a9a& *ro t"$ s$a o* o!r +o''$+tio's

9it" o!r +oo' "!a'it&# Lo+a, .'o9,$d7$ is 'ot a' is,a'd !'to its$,* it is

-art o* t"$ ai'5 -art o* t"$ s$a# Its ,iits ,i$ i' t"$ bo!'d,$ss !'i0$rsa,it& o*

o!r +r$ati0$ -ot$'tia,it& as "!a' b$i'7s#

3<



2 Im'eria"ism of Lan#ua#e

English( a *anguage for the World8

E0$r&o'$ i' t"$ 9or,d "as a ,a'7!a7$5 $it"$r t"$ ,a'7!a7$ o* "is or "$r -ar$'ts

or o'$ ado-t$d at birt" or at a ,at$r sta7$ i' ,i*$# So 9"$' 9$ +o'sid$r E'7,is"

as a -ossib,$ ,a'7!a7$ *or t"$ 9or,d5 9$ ar$ a,, dra9i'7 *ro t"$ ,a'7!a7$s

a'd +!,t!r$s i' 9"i+" 9$ ar$ root$d# T"$ to-i+ a,so bri'7s !- t"$ 6!$stio' o*

+"oosi'7 o'$ ,a'7!a7$ *ro ao'7 a'& ,a'7!a7$s# W"at 9$ ar$ t"$r$*or$

dis+!ssi'7 is t"$ r$,atio's"i- b$t9$$' E'7,is" a'd t"$ 0ario!s ,a'7!a7$s o* t"$

9or,d# I' s"ort5 9$ ar$ r$a,,& ta,.i'7 abo!t t"$ $$ti'7 o* ,a'7!a7$s#

E0$r& ,a'7!a7$ "as t9o as-$+ts# O'$ as-$+t is its ro,$ as a' a7$'t t"at

$'ab,$s !s to +o!'i+at$ 9it" o'$ a'ot"$r i' o!r str!77,$ to *i'd t"$ $a's

*or s!r0i0a,# T"$ ot"$r is its ro,$ as a +arri$r o* t"$ "istor& a'd t"$ +!,t!r$ b!i,t

i'to t"$ -ro+$ss o* t"at +o!'i+atio' o0$r ti$# I' & boo. Decolonising

the Mind I "a0$ d$s+rib$d ,a'7!a7$ as t"$ +o,,$+ti0$ $or& ba'. o* a -$o-,$#

T"$ t9o as-$+ts ar$ i's$-arab,$ t"$& *or a dia,$+ti+a, !'it&#

Ho9$0$r5 $it"$r o* t"$s$ t9o as-$+ts +a' b$+o$ or$ -ro'o!'+$d t"a'

t"$ ot"$r5 d$-$'di'7 i' t"$ +ir+!sta'+$s s!rro!'di'7 t"$ !s$ o* a ,a'7!a7$5

a'd -arti+!,ar,& t"os$ s!rro!'di'7 a' $'+o!'t$r b$t9$$' ,a'7!a7$s# ;or

i'sta'+$5 ar$ t"$ t9o ,a'7!a7$s $$ti'7 o' t$rs o* $6!a,it& a'd

i'd$-$'d$'+$ T"$ 6!a,it& o* t"$ $'+o!'t$r b$t9$$' ,a'7!a7$s bot" i' t"$ -ast

a'd i' t"$ 9or,d toda&5 a'd "$'+$ t"$ doi'a'+$ o* o'$ as-$+t o0$r t"$ ot"$r at

a 7i0$' ti$5 "as b$$' d$t$ri'$d b& t"$ -r$s$'+$ or abs$'+$ o* i'd$-$'d$'+$

a'd 6!a,it& b$t9$$' t"$ 'atio's i'0o,0$d#

L$t $ 7i0$ o'$ or t9o $2a-,$s# S+a'di'a0ia's .'o9 E'7,is"# !t t"$&

do 'ot ,$ar' E'7,is" i' ord$r *or it to b$+o$ t"$ $a's o*

3@



+o!'i+atio' ao'7 t"$s$,0$s i' t"$ir o9' +o!'tri$s5 or *or it to b$+o$

t"$ +arri$r o* t"$ir o9' 'atio'a, +!,t!r$s5 or *or it to b$+o$ t"$ $a's b&

9"i+" *or$i7' +!,t!r$ is i-os$d o' t"$# T"$& ,$ar' E'7,is" to "$,- t"$ i'

t"$ir i't$ra+tio's 9it" E'7,is" -$o-,$5 or 9it" s-$a.$rs o* E'7,is"5 to *a+i,itat$

+o$r+$5 trad$5 to!ris5 a'd ot"$r ,i'.s 9it" *or$i7' 'atio's# ;or t"$

E'7,is" is o',& a $a's o* +o!'i+atio' 9it" t"$ o!tsid$ 9or,d# T"$

Ja-a'$s$5 t"$ W$st G$ra's5 a'd a 7ood '!b$r o* ot"$r -$o-,$s *a,, i' t"$

sa$ +at$7or& as t"$ S+a'di'a0ia's> E'7,is" is 'ot a s!bstit!t$ *or t"$ir o9'

,a'7!a7$s# 5

W"$' 'atio's $$t o' t$rs o* i'd$-$'d$'+$ a'd $6!a,it&5 t"$& t$'d to

str$ss t"$ '$$d *or +o!'i+atio' i' t"$ ,a'7!a7$ o* t"$ ot"$r# T"$& +"oos$

t"$ ,a'7!a7$ o* t"$ ot"$r $r$,& to $as$ +o!'i+atio' i' t"$ir d$a,i'7s 9it"

o'$ a'ot"$r# !t 9"$' t"$& $$t as o--r$ssor a'd o--r$ss$d5 as *or i'sta'+$

!'d$r i-$ria,is5 t"$' t"$ir ,a'7!a7$s +a''ot $2-$ri$'+$ a 7$'!i'$,&

d$o+rati+ $'+o!'t$r# T"$ o--r$ssor 'atio' !s$s ,a'7!a7$ as a $a's o*

$'tr$'+"i'7 its$,* i' t"$ o--r$ss$d 'atio'# T"$ 9$a-o' o* ,a'7!a7$ is add$d to

t"at o* t"$ ib,$ a'd t"$ s9ord i' -!rs!it o* 9"at Da0id Li0i'7sto'$5 i' t"$

+as$ o* 'i'$t$$'t"?+$'t!r& i-$ria,is5 +a,,$d %"ristia'it& -,!s 4 -$r+$'t5

Toda& "$ 9o!,d "a0$ -robab,& d$s+rib$d t"$ sa$ -ro+$ss as %"ristia'it&5

d$bt5 -,!s 3 -$r+$'t i' d$bt s$r0i+i'7# I' s!+" a sit!atio'5 9"at is at sta.$ is

,a'7!a7$ as or$ t"a' a si-,$ $a's o* +o!'i+atio'#

N$$d,$ss to sa&5 t"$ $'+o!'t$r b$t9$$' E'7,is" a'd ost so?+a,,$d T"ird

Wor,d ,a'7!a7$s did 'ot o++!r !'d$r +o'ditio's o* i'd$-$'d$'+$ a'd $6!a,it&#

E'7,is"5 ;r$'+"5 a'd Port!7!$s$ +a$ to t"$ T"ird Wor,d to a''o!'+$ t"$

arri0a, o* t"$ ib,$ a'd t"$ s9ord# T"$& +a$ +,ao!ri'7 *or 7o,d5 b,a+. 7o,d?

i' +"ai's5 or 7o,d t"at s"i'$s as s9$at i' *a+tori$s a'd -,a'tatio's# I* it 9as t"$

7!' 9"i+" ad$ -ossib,$ t"$ i'i'7 o* t"is 7o,d a'd 9"i+" $**$+t$d t"$ -o,iti+a, +a-ti0it& o* t"$ir o9'$rs5 it 9as ,a'7!a7$ 9"i+" "$,d +a-ti0$ t"$ir

+!,t!r$s5 t"$ir 0a,!$s5 a'd "$'+$ t"$ir i'ds# T"$ ,att$r 9as att$-t$d i' t9o

9a&s5 bot" o* 9"i+" ar$ -art o* t"$ sa$ -ro+$ss#

T"$ *irst 9as to s!--r$ss t"$ ,a'7!a7$s o* t"$ +a-ti0$ 'atio's# T"$ +!,t!r$

a'd t"$ "istor& +arri$d b& t"$s$ ,a'7!a7$s 9$r$ t"$r$b& t"ro9' o'to t"$

r!bbis" "$a- a'd ,$*t t"$r$ to -$ris"# T"$s$ ,a'7!a7$s 9$r$ $2-$ri$'+$d as

i'+o-r$"$'sib,$ 'ois$ *ro t"$ dar.

3:



To9$r o* ab$,# I' t"$ s$+o'dar& s+"oo, t"at I 9$'t to i' K$'&a5 o'$ o* t"$

"&'s 9$ 9$r$ ta!7"t to si'7 9as a d$s-$rat$ +r& *or d$,i0$ra'+$ *ro t"at

dar.'$ss# E0$r& or'i'75 a*t$r 9$ -arad$d o!r -"&si+a, +,$a',i'$ss *or

i's-$+tio' i' *ro't o* t"$ U'io' Ja+.5 t"$ 9"o,$ s+"oo, 9o!,d troo- do9' to

t"$ +"a-$, to si'7> L$ad .i'd,& ,i7"t aidst t"$ $'+ir+,i'7 7,oo5 ,$ad t"o!

$ o'# O!r ,a'7!a7$s 9$r$ -art o* t"at 7,oo# O!r ,a'7!a7$s 9$r$ s!--r$ss$d

so t"at 9$5 t"$ +a-ti0$s5 9o!,d 'ot "a0$ o!r o9' irrors i' 9"i+" to obs$r0$

o!rs$,0$s a'd o!r $'$i$s#

T"$ s$+o'd od$ o* +a-ti0atio' 9as t"at o* $,$0ati'7 t"$ ,a'7!a7$ o* t"$

+o'6!$ror# It b$+a$ t"$ ,a'7!a7$ o* t"$ $,$+t# T "os$ i'd!+t$d i'to t"$ s+"oo,

s&st$5 a*t$r "a0i'7 b$$' si*t$d *ro t"$ ass$s o* t"$ -$o-,$5 9$r$ *!r'is"$d

9it" '$9 irrors i' 9"i+" to s$$ t"$s$,0$s a'd t"$ir -$o-,$ as 9$,, as t"os$

9"o "ad -ro0id$d t"$ '$9 irrors# I' s"ort5 t"$& 9$r$ 7i0$' a ,a'7!a7$ +a,,$d

E'7,is" or ;r$'+" or Port!7!$s$# T"!s $6!i--$d 9it" t"$ ,i'7!isti+ $a's o*

$s+a-$ *ro t"$ dar. To9$r o* ab$,5 t"$ '$9,& ordai'$d5 or t"os$ r$ad& to b$

ordai'$d as s$r0a'ts o* t"$ '$9 ord$r5 "ad t"$ir i'ds s&st$ati+a,,& r$o0$d

*ro t"$ 9or,d a'd t"$ "istor& +arri$d b& t"$ir ori7i'a, ,a'7!a7$s# T"$&

,oo.$d5 or 9$r$ ad$ to ,oo.5 to a dista't '$o' ,i7"t o' a *ara9a& "i,, *,as"i'7

o!t t"$ 9ord EUROPE# H$'+$*ort" E!ro-$ a'd its ,a'7!a7$s 9o!,d b$ t"$

+$'tr$ o* t"$ !'i0$rs$#

T"$ ;r$'+"5 *ait"*!, to t"$ -"i,oso-"i+a, a'd a$st"$ti+ traditio's o* t"$ir

+!,t!r$5 "ad 7i0$' t"$ 9"o,$ -ro+$ss a 'a$> assimilation- T"$ E'7,is"5 ,$ss

a$st"$ti+a,,& a'd -"i,oso-"i+a,,& i'+,i'$d5 si-,& +a,,$d it education# !t

L!7ard5 a so,di$r?t!r'$d?adi'istrator 9"o 'o'$t"$,$ss r$tai'$d t"$ b,!'t'$ss

o* a i,itar& a'5 "ad -ro0id$d t"$ .$& to !'d$rsta'di'7 9"at ,a& b$"i'd t"is

-ra7ati+ $d!+atio' -ro7ra$5 o'$ t"at 9as o*t$' *or!,at$d i' bits a'd

-i$+$s> indirect rule# H$ "ad +oi'$d t"$ -"ras$ to r$*$r to t"$ -ra+ti+$ o*+o?o-ti'7 +"i$*s to *a+i,itat$ ritis" r!,$ i' A*ri+a# I' *a+t5 s!bs$6!$'t

$d!+atio'a, -ra+ti+$ -rod!+$d or$ *ait"*!, +"i$*s *or t"$ s&st$ as a 9"o,$

t"a' t"os$ 9"o "ad b$$' a--oi't$d $ar,i$r b& L!7ard# T"$ -oi't "o9$0$r is

t"at t"$ ast$r& o* t"$ E'7,is" ,a'7!a7$ 9as t"$ $as!r$ o* o'$s r$adi'$ss *or

$,$+tio' i'to t"$ ba'd o* t"$ $,$+t#

I' Decolonising the Mind I "a0$ d$s+rib$d "o9 t"$ -ro+$ss o* a,i$'atio'

*ro o!r o9' ,a'7!a7$s 9it" t"$ a+6!isitio' o* a '$9 o'$

4



a+t!a,,& 9or.$d# I "a0$ to,d o* i'sta'+$s o* +"i,dr$' b$i'7 -!'is"$d i* t"$&

9$r$ +a!7"t s-$a.i'7 t"$ir A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s# W$ 9$r$ o*t$' +a'$d or ad$ to

+arr& -,a6!$s i's+rib$d 9it" t"$ 9ords I a st!-id or I a a' ass# I' so$

+as$s5 o!r o!t"s 9$r$ st!**$d 9it" -i$+$s o* -a-$r -i+.$d *ro t"$

9ast$-a-$r bas.$t5 9"i+" 9$r$ t"$' -ass$d *ro o'$ o!t" to t"at o* t"$ ,at$st

o**$'d$r# H!i,iatio' i' r$,atio' to o!r ,a'7!a7$s 9as t"$ .$&# Loo. !- !'to

t"$ "i,,s 9as t"$ +o'sta't +a,,> t"at 9as 9"$r$ t"$ ,i7"t *ro E!ro-$ s"o'$5 a'd

t"$ 7at$9a& to it 9as E'7,is"# T"$ E'7,is" ,a'7!a7$ 9as t"$ b$ar$r o* a,,

.'o9,$d7$ i' t"$ arts a'd s+i$'+$s# A++ordi'7 to Gr$$. traditio'5 Ar+"i$d$s

+o!,d "a0$ o0$d t"$ 9or,d "ad "$ "ad a *ir 7ro!'d o' 9"i+" to sta'd# I'

t9$'ti$t"?+$'t!r& A*ri+a "$ 9o!,d "a0$ b$$' ad0is$d to sta'd o' t"$ *ir

7ro!'d o* t"$ E'7,is" ,a'7!a7$ i' ord$r to o0$ t"$ 9or,d# I'd$$d *or so$ o*

!s5 E'7,is" 9as ad$ to ,oo. as i* it 9as t"$ ,a'7!a7$ s-o.$' b& God#

O'$ o* o!r E'7,is" t$a+"$rs5 iro'i+a,,& a S+otsa'5 !s$d to !r7$ !s to

*o,,o9 t"$ *ootst$-s o* %"rist i' t"$ !s$ o* t"$ E'7,is" ,a'7!a7$# As &o! .'o95

9"$' &o!'7 -$o-,$ ,$ar' a '$9 ,a'7!a7$5 t"$& t$'d to *a0o!r t"$ "$a0i$st a'd

,o'7$st o* 9ords b$+a!s$ s!+" 9ords so!'d or$ ,$ar'$d# T"$ t$a+"$r 9o!,d

t$,, !s t"at J$s!s %"rist !s$d t"$ si-,$st E'7,is"# T"$ ib,$ +o'tai'$d t"$

7r$at$st s$'t$'+$ i' E'7,is" ,it$rat!r$ 9"i+" "a--$'$d a,so to b$ t"$ s"ort$st# It

9as ,$*t to a st!d$'t to r$i'd "i t"at J$s!s -robab,& s-o.$ H$br$95 a'd t"at

t"$ ib,$ *ro 9"i+" t"$ Ki'7 Ja$s $rsio' "ad b$$' tra's,at$d5 9as or$

,i.$,& to "a0$ b$$' 9ritt$' i' H$br$9# I 'ot$ t"at %"rist s-o.$ Araai+ a'd

'ot H$br$9 a'd t"at t"$ N$9 T$sta$'t 9as 9ritt$' i' Gr$$.# To +orr$+t t"$

+"i,ds is+o'+$-tio' is "ard,& to 9$a.$' "is -oi't5 9"i+" r$tai's its -o,$i+a,

tr!t" 9it" r$s-$+t to t"$ t$a+"$rs ass!-tio's#

Fo! a& t"i'. t"at I a ta,.i'7 abo!t so$ attit!d$s to t"$ E'7,is"

,a'7!a7$ t"at -r$0ai,$d t"irt& &$ars a7o# W$,,5 &o! ar$ 0$r& 9ro'7# R$+$'t,&5o' & 9a& to $r,i' 9it" & i'd 0$r& !+" o' t"is s$i'ar5 I +"a'+$d to

o-$' t"$ Lo'do' Evening Standard o* < O+tob$r 1:@@5 a'd +a$ a+ross a'

arti+,$ +o'+$r'i'7 t"$ ritis" $d!+atio' s$+r$tar& K$''$t" a.$rs 0isit to t"$

So0i$t U'io'# T"$ -a-$r to,d !s "o9 a.$r "ad b$$' aa$d to *i'd E'7,is"

b$i'7 s-o.$' i' a +$rtai' -art o* t"$ So0i$t U'io'> J!st t"i'. o* it# T"$r$ I 9as

i' No0osibirs.# T9o t"o!sa'd i,$s *ro a'&9"$r$5 a'd &$t t"$ -$o-,$ +o!,d

s-$a. E'7,is" -$r*$+t,&# T"$&0$ '$0$r b$$' to E'7,a'd or A$ri+a# !t t"$&

r$ad o!r +,assi+s# T"at is 9$,, a'd

41



7ood# A'& 7ro!- ,$ar'i'7 t"$ ,a'7!a7$ o* a'ot"$r 7ro!- is a -ositi0$ t"i'7# !t

9"& 9$r$ t"$s$ +iti$'s o* No0osibirs. -!tti'7 so !+" 9or. i'to -$r*$+ti'7

t"$ir E'7,is" A++ordi'7 to K$''$t" a.$r5 as 6!ot$d b& t"$ sa$ iss!$ o* t"$

Standard 5 t"$r$ 9as a d$$-$r oti0$> T"$ R!ssia's asso+iat$ E'7,a'd 9it"

-ro7r$ss5 so t"$& 9or. t"oro!7",& a'd 0$r& "ard at t"$ir E'7,is"# T"$& 9a't to

7$t a9a& *ro t"$ o,d?*as"io'$d tota,itaria' stat$?+o'tro,,$d so+i$t&# Fo! "a0$

"$ard it *or &o!rs$,0$s# So+ia,is5 9"i+" is o',& s$0$'t& &$ars o,d5 is a,r$ad&

o,d?*as"io'$d# %a-ita,is5 9"i+" is *o!r "!'dr$d &$ars o,d5 is od$r'# !t t"$

-oi't to 'ot$ *or o!r ar7!$'t is t"at $0$' toda& E'7,is" is t"$ $a's o* ta.i'7

-$o-,$ a9a& *ro t"$ 7,oo o* so+ia,is i'to t"$ ,i7"t o* od$r'

+a-ita,is#

L$t $ 'o9 r$,at$ to &o! 0$r& bri$*,& "o9 so$ o* !s 9$r$ ta.$' b&

E'7,is" *ro t"$ dar. ab$,i+ to9$rs o* 'i'$t$$'t"?+$'t!r& A*ri+a to t"$

od$r'it& o* t9$'ti$t"?+$'t!r& +o,o'ia, A*ri+a# I' & -riar& s+"oo, 9$ 9$r$

ta!7"t E'7,is" *ro a t$2t !'d$r t"$ 7$'$ra, s$ri$s O2*ord R$ad$rs *or A*ri+a#

W$ !s$d to r$ad t"$ stor& o* a bo& +a,,$d Jo"' a'd a 7ir, +a,,$d Joa'# A'd it

t"!s +a$ to -ass t"at5 9"i,$ sti,, i' & 0i,,a7$ a'd b$*or$ I .'$9 t"$ 'a$s o*

a'& ot"$r to9's i' K$'&a5 I a,r$ad& .'$9 abo!t a to9' +a,,$d O2*ord 9"$r$

t"$ t9o +"i,dr$' 9$r$ bor' a'd a'ot"$r +a,,$d R$adi'75 9"$r$ Jo"' a'd Joa'

9$'t to ?s+"oo,# W$5 t"$ '$9 r$ad$rs5 *o,,o9$d t"$ 9"$r$0$r t"$& 9$'t# O'$

da& 9$ 9$'t to 0isit a'ot"$r to9' +a,,$d Lo'do' 9$ 9$'t to a oo a'd 9a,.$d

a,o'7 t"$ ba'.s o* t"$ ri0$r T"a$s# It 9as a s!$r "o,ida&# O"5 "o9 a'&

ti$s did t"$ ri0$r T"a$s a'd t"$ ritis" Ho!s$s o* Par,ia$'t b$+.o' to !s

*ro t"$ -a7$s o* o!r E'7,is" ,a'7!a7$ t$2t boo.s E0$' toda&5 9"$' , "$ar

t"$ 'a$ o* t"$ ri0$r T"a$s or tra0$, i' its 0i+i'it&5 I sti,, r$$b$r Joa' a'd

Jo"'# A'd O2*ord r$-r$s$'ts to $ ,$ss t"$ 7r$at s$at o* $2+,!si0$ s+"o,ars"i-

t"at it is s!--os$d to b$ t"a' t"$ $2+,!si0$ "o$ o* t"$ *i+titio!s Jo"' a'd Joa'o* & -riar& s+"oo, t$2tboo.#

Do't 7$t $ 9ro'7# I do 'ot t"i'. it a bad t"i'7 *or a ,a'7!a7$ to b$

ta!7"t i' t"$ 7$o7ra-"i+a,5 +!,t!ra,5 or "istori+a, s$tti'7 o* t"$ ,a'd 9"i+"

-rod!+$s it# A*t$r a,,5 $0$' t"$ +o!'i+ati0$ as-$+t o* a ,a'7!a7$ +a''ot b$

di0or+$d *ro its +!,t!ra, $b,$s ? t"$ T"a$s *or t"$ E'7,is" ,a'7!a7$5 t"$

Ei**$, To9$r *or t"$ ;r$'+"5 t"$ L$a'i'7 To9$r o* Pisa *or t"$ Ita,ia'5 t"$ Gr$at

Wa,, o* %"i'a

4



*or t"$ %"i'$s$5 M$++a *or t"$ Arabi+5 Mobasa *or t"$ Kis9a"i,i# To .'o9 a

,a'7!a7$ i' t"$ +o't$2t o* its +!,t!r$ is a trib!t$ to t"$ -$o-,$ to 9"o it

b$,o'7s5 a'd t"at is 7ood# W"at "as5 *or !s *ro t"$ *or$r +o,o'i$s5 t9ist$d

t"$ 'at!ra, r$,atio' to ,a'7!a7$s5 bot" o!r o9' a'd t"os$ o* ot"$r -$o-,$s5 is

t"at t"$ ,a'7!a7$s o* E!ro-$ ? "$r$5 E'7,is" ? 9$r$ ta!7"t as i* t"$& 9$r$ o!r

o9' ,a'7!a7$s5 as i* A*ri+a "ad 'o to'7!$s $2+$-t t"os$ bro!7"t t"$r$ b&

i-$ria,is5 b$ari'7 t"$ ,ab$, MADE IN EUROPE#

T"!s E'7,is" a'd t"$ A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s '$0$r $t as $6!a,s5 !'d$r

+o'ditio's o* $6!a,it&5 i'd$-$'d$'+$5 a'd d$o+ra+&5 a'd t"is is t"$ root o* a,,

s!bs$6!$'t distortio's# T"$& $t 9it" E'7,is" as t"$ ,a'7!a7$ o* t"$

+o'6!$ri'7 'atio'5 a'd o!rs as t"$ ,a'7!a7$ o* t"$ 0a'6!is"$d# A' o--r$ssor

,a'7!a7$ i'$0itab,& +arri$s ra+ist a'd '$7ati0$ ia7$s o* t"$ +o'6!$r$d 'atio'5

-arti+!,ar,& i' its ,it$rat!r$5 a'd E'7,is" is 'o $2+$-tio'# I do 'ot 9a't to 7o

i'to t"is as-$+t o* t"$ ,a'7!a7$ "$r$# Ma'& st!di$s i' t"is ar$a "a0$ a,r$ad&

b$$' do'$# S!**i+$ it to sa& t"at so$ 9or.s b$ari'7 t"$s$ o**$'si0$ ia7$s5

,i.$ t"os$ o* E,s-$t" H!2,$&5 Kar$' ,i2$'5 Rid$r Ha77ard5 Rob$rt R!ar.5

Ni+"o,as Mo'sarrat5 to 'a$ !st a *$95 *o!'d t"$ir 9a& i'to t"$ s+"oo,

E'7,is" +!rri+!,!# Ia7i'$ it> i* t"$ A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s "ad a,, di$d5 A*ri+a'

-$o-,$ 9o!,d "a0$ "ad to d$*i'$ t"$s$,0$s i' a ,a'7!a7$ t"at "ad s!+" a

'$7ati0$ +o'+$-tio' o* A*ri+a as its ,$7a+&#

W"at -r$0$'t$d o!r ,a'7!a7$s *ro b$i'7 +o-,$t$,& s9a,,o9$d !- b&

E'7,is" a'd ot"$r o--r$ssor ,a'7!a7$s 9as t"at t"$ r!ra, a'd !rba' ass$s5

9"o "ad r$*!s$d to s!rr$'d$r +o-,$t$,& i' t"$ -o,iti+a, a'd $+o'oi+ s-"$r$s5

a,so +o'ti'!$d to br$at"$ ,i*$ i'to o!r ,a'7!a7$s a'd t"!s "$,-$d to .$$- a,i0$

t"$ "istori$s a'd +!,t!r$s t"$& +arri$d# T"$ ass$s o* A*ri+a 9o!,d o*t$' d$ri0$

t"$ str$'7t" '$$d$d i' t"$ir $+o'oi+ a'd -o,iti+a, str!77,$s *ro t"os$ 0$r&

,a'7!a7$s# T"!s t"$ -$o-,$s o* t"$ T"ird Wor,d "ad r$*!s$d to s!rr$'d$r t"$irso!,s to E'7,is"5 ;r$'+"5 or Port!7!$s$#

!t t"$ T"ird Wor,d 9as 'ot t"$ o',& -,a+$ 9"$r$ E'7,is" tri$d to 7ro9 o'

t"$ 7ra0$&ard o* ot"$r -$o-,$s ,a'7!a7$s# E0$' i' ritai' I "a0$ "$ard sii,ar

+o-,ai'ts *ro r$7io's 9"os$ ori7i'a, ,a'7!a7$s "ad b$$' s9a,,o9$d !- b&

E'7,is" or i' r$7io's 9"$r$ t"$& ar$ -!tti'7 !- a ,ast dit+" str!77,$ to -r$0$'t

t"$ir ,a'7!a7$s *ro b$i'7 .i,,$d a'd b!ri$d *or$0$r#

O'+$ a7ai'5 I a 'ot o',& ta,.i'7 abo!t +o-,ai'ts t"at I "$ard

4



a'& &$ars a7o# W"$' I r$t!r'$d *ro W$st $r,i'5 I "a--$'$d to o-$' a

'$9s-a-$r5 t"$ Morning Star o* 1 O+tob$r 1:@@5 o',& to *i'd a' arti+,$ b& L&'

Mari$rid o* t"$ W$,s" La'7!a7$ So+i$t& -rot$sti'7 t"$ +o'ti'!i'7 d$+,i'$ o*

t"$ W$,s" ,a'7!a7$>

I' r$+$'t &$ars5 r!ra, ar$as5 9"i+" "a0$ *or d$+ad$s b$$' +o'sid$r$d

stro'7"o,ds o* t"$ ,a'7!a7$5 "a0$ b$+o$ +o-,$t$,& A'7,i+is$d as

ordi'ar& 9or.i'7?+,ass -$o-,$ "a0$ b$$' s&st$ati+a,,& -ri+$d o!t o* t"$ir

'ati0$ ar$as#

P$r"a-s so$ r$ad$rs ar$ as.i'7 at t"is -oi't 9"& it s"o!,d b$ so

i-orta't to r$tai' s!+" a ,a'7!a7$ as W$,s"#

I* 9$ +o'sid$r it i-orta't *or a -$o-,$ to b$ a9ar$ o* t"$ir -ast i'

ord$r to b$ ab,$ to s"a-$ t"$ir *!t!r$5 #t"$' it is -oi't$d,& r$,$0a't# ;or

7$'$ratio's5 t"$ W$,s" 9or.i'7 +,ass 9as !tt$r,& d$-$'d$'t o' t"$ W$,s"

,a'7!a7$ a'd +!,t!r$#

No9 it a--$ars t"at t"$ W$,s" ,a'7!a7$ i' Wa,$s is !'d$r t"r$at o*

d$at"# T"at5 i'd$$d5 is t"$ +ost o* &!--i$*i+atio' i' t"is -arti+!,ar -art o*

ritai'# S"o!,d it di$ t"$' t"$ "istor& o* a 9"o,$ -$o-,$ 9o!,d b$ a +,os$d

boo. *or a'& -$o-,$#

As so+ia,ists 9$ .'o9 t"at +a-ita,ist +!,t!r$ s$$.s to d$'& 9or.i'7

-$o-,$ t"$ir ri7"t*!, -,a+$ i' t"$ir o9' "istor& so t"at it a& 'ot b$ a

so!r+$ o* i's-iratio' *or t"$ir +o'ti'!$d str!77,$ i' t"$ -r$s$'t#

La'7!a7$ too is d$'i$d t"$ *or sii,ar r$aso's#

La'7!a7$s do 'ot 7ro95 a7$ a'd di$# T"$& do 'ot b$+o$ irr$,$0a't to

t"$ od$r' a7$ d!$?to so$ i'tri'si+ *a!,t i' t"$ir +o-ositio'# #

T"$& ar$ ,ost 9"$' t"$ -r$doi'a't +,ass i' so+i$t& "as 'o !s$ *or

t"$#

T"$ d$+,i'$ o* t"$ W$,s" ,a'7!a7$ "as roots i' t"$ i'$6!a,it& -r$0ai,i'7

b$t9$$' t"$ 'atio'a,iti$s t"at i'"abit$d t"$ t9o ,i'7!isti+ r$7io's# E0$'

K$''$t" a.$r5 9"$' ta,.i'7 abo!t t"$ s-r$ad o* E'7,is" i' R!ssia5 did 'ot

sa&5 *ro 9"at o'$ 7at"$rs i' r$adi'7 t"$ r$-ort i' t"$ Evening Standard 5 t"at

t"$ So0i$ts ,oo.$d !- to ritai' *or -ro7r$ss# T"$& ,oo.$d to E'7,a'd5 t"$

ori7i'a, "o$ o* t"$ E'7,is" ,a'7!a7$#

Toda&5 t"$ W$st E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s a'd A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s ar$ 9"$r$ t"$&

ar$

43



i' r$,atio' to o'$ a'ot"$r5 'ot b$+a!s$ t"$& ar$ i'"$r$'t,& -ro7r$ssi0$

or ba+.9ard b!t b$+a!s$ o* t"$ "istor& o* o--r$ssio' o' o'$ "a'd5 a'd t"$

r$sista'+$ to t"at o--r$ssio' o' t"$ ot"$r# T"at "istor& o* o--r$ssio' dat$s ba+.

a ,o'7 ti$5 b!t it is b$st s&bo,is$d b& t"$ $r,i' %o'*$r$'+$ o* 1@@3 at

9"i+" A*ri+a5 *or $2a-,$5 9as +ar0$d !- i'to 0ario!s s-"$r$s o* i'*,!$'+$ o*

t"$ E!ro-$a' -o9$rs# Toda& 9$ +a' s$$ t"at E'7,is"5 o!tsid$ its "o$ bas$ i'

ritai' a'd t"$ U'it$d Stat$s5 "as *ir,& ta.$' root i' a,, r$s-$+ts o',& i' t"os$

ar$as o* t"$ 7,ob$ ? a'd t"$s$ ar$ 6!it$ +o'sid$rab,$ ? 9"i+" "a0$ b$$' 9it"i'

t"$ A'7,o?A$ri+a' $+o'oi+ a'd -o,iti+a, $-ir$ str$t+"i'7 *ro Q!$$'

i+toria to Ro'a,d P# R$a7a'# T"$s$ ar$ a,so t"$ ar$as i' 9"i+"

'$o?+o,o'ia,is "as ta.$' *ir root# T"$ r!,$rs o* t"$s$ '$o?+o,o'i$s *$$, t"at

t"$& s"ar$ t"$ sa$ o!t,oo. as t"$ r!,$rs o* t"$ U'it$d Stat$s a'd ritai'

b$+a!s$5 6!it$ a-art *ro a'& ot"$r t"i'7s t"$& "a0$ i' +oo'5 t"$& s-$a.

t"$ sa$ to'7!$ a'd s"ar$ t"$ 0a,!$ s&st$s o* t"$ E'7,is" s-$a.i'7 r!,i'7

+,ass$s t"$ 9or,d o0$r#

T"$ +o's$6!$'+$s o* t"at "istor& o* i'$6!a,it& a'd o--r$ssio' +a' b$ s$$'

i' $a+" o* t"$ a**$+t$d +o!'tri$s i' A*ri+a5 -arti+!,ar,& i' t"$ i't$r'a, r$,atio's

b$t9$$' t"$ 0ario!s +,ass$s a'd i' t"$ $2t$r'a, r$,atio's 9it" ot"$r +o!'tri$s#

I' t"$s$ +o!'tri$s5 E'7,is"5 ;r$'+"5 a'd Port!7!$s$ o++!-& t"$ +$'tr$ sta7$#

T"$& ar$ t"$ o**i+ia, ,a'7!a7$s o* i'str!+tio'5 o* adi'istratio'5 o* +o$r+$5

trad$5 !sti+$5 a'd *or$i7' +o!'i+atio's# I' s"ort5 t"$& ar$ t"$ ,a'7!a7$s o*

-o9$r# !t t"$& ar$ sti,, s-o.$' o',& b& a i'orit& 9it"i' $a+" o* t"$

'atio'a,iti$s t"at a.$ !- t"$s$ +o!'tri$s# T"$ aorit& o* t"$ 9or.i'7 -$o-,$

i' A*ri+a r$tai' o!r A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s# T"$r$? d *or$ t"$ aorit& o* t"$ -$o-,$

ar$ $2+,!d$d *ro +$'tr$ sta7$ si'+$ t"$& do 'ot "a0$ ast$r& o* t"$ ,a'7!a7$

o* -o9$r# T"$& ar$ a,so $2+,!d$d *ro a'& $a'i'7*!, -arti+i-atio' i' od$r'

dis+o0$ri$s# E'7,is"5 ;r$'+"5 a'd Port!7!$s$ ar$ t"$ ,a'7!a7$s i' 9"i+" t"$A*ri+a' -$o-,$ "a0$ b$$' $d!+at$d *or t"is r$aso' t"$ r$s!,ts o* o!r r$s$ar+"

i'to s+i$'+$5 t$+"'o,o7&5 a'd o* o!r a+"i$0$$'ts i' t"$ +r$ati0$ arts ar$ stor$d

i' t"os$ ,a'7!a7$s# T"!s a ,ar7$ -ortio' o* t"is 0ast .'o9,$d7$ is ,o+.$d !- i'

t"$ ,i'7!isti+ -riso' o* E'7,is"5 ;r$'+"5 a'd Port!7!$s$# E0$' t"$ ,ibrari$s ar$

r$a,,& E'7,is" (or i'd$$d ;r$'+" or Port!7!$s$) ,a'7!a7$ *ortr$ss$s

i'a++$ssib,$ to t"$ aorit&# So t"$ +!,ti0atio' o* t"$s$ ,a'7!a7$s a.$s *or

or$ $**$+ti0$ +o!'i+atio' o',& b$t9$$' t"$ $,it$ a'd t"$ i't$r'atio'a,

E'7,is"?s-$a.i'7 bo!r7$oisi$# I' s"ort t"$ $,it$ i' A*ri+a is5

44



i' ,i'7!isti+ t$rs5 +o-,$t$,& !-root$d *ro t"$ -$o-,$s o* A*ri+a a'd ti$d to

t"$ W$st#

As *or $2t$r'a, r$,atio's b$t9$$' A*ri+a a'd t"$ 9or,d5 A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s

"ard,& o++!-& a'& -,a+$ o* "o'o!r# O'+$ a7ai' t"$ir -,a+$ "as b$$' o++!-i$d

b& E'7,is"5 ;r$'+"5 or Port!7!$s$# Ao'7 t"$ o**i+ia, ,a'7!a7$s at t"$ U'it$d

Natio's t"$r$ is 'ot a si'7,$ ,a'7!a7$ o* A*ri+a' ori7i'# I' *a+t it is i't$r$sti'7

t"at o* t"$ *i0$ +o'ti'$'ts5 t"$ o',& o'$ 'ot r$-r$s$'t$d ,i'7!isti+a,,& at t"$

U'it$d Natio's is A*ri+a# It is s!r$,& ti$ t"at Kis9a"i,i5 or Ha!sa5 Wo,o*5

S"o'a5 A"ari+5 or Soa,i b$ ad$ o'$ o* t"$ o**i+ia, ,a'7!a7$s o* t"$ U'it$d

Natio's Or7a'isatio' a'd a,, its or7a's b!t t"at is a att$r *or a'ot"$r s$i'ar#

At -r$s$'t 9$ ar$ dis+!ssi'7 E'7,is" as a -ossib,$ ,a'7!a7$ *or t"$ 9or,d#

I "a0$ so *ar dis+!ss$d or -oi't$d o!t o',& t"$ ra+ist traditio' o* t"$

E'7,is" ,a'7!a7$# As a ,a'7!a7$ o* i-$ria,is5 it +o!,d 'ot b!t b$ ar.$d b&

t"$ 0$r& dis$as$ it +arri$d# !t as t"$ ,a'7!a7$ o* t"$ -$o-,$ o* ritai' a'd

A$ri+a5 it a,so "as a d$o+rati+ traditio'5 r$*,$+ti'7 t"$ d$o+rati+ str!77,$s

a'd "$rita7$ o* t"$ ritis" a'd A$ri+a' -$o-,$# I' its d$o+rati+ traditio' it

"as add$d to t"$ +oo' -oo, o* "!a' +r$ati0it& i' t"$ arts5 *or i'sta'+$5

9it" s!+" 7r$at 'a$s as S"a.$s-$ar$5 Mi,to'5 ,a.$5 S"$,,$&5 Di+.$'s5

%o'rad5 $r'ard S"a95 Gra"a Gr$$'$5 to 'a$ o',& a *$9# I a 'ot s!r-ris$d

t"at K$''$t" a.$r *o!'d So0i$t +"i,dr$' i' Sib$ria r$adi'7 so$ o* t"$s$

+,assi+s o* t"$ E'7,is" ,a'7!a7$# I* "$ "ad a,so 7o'$ to $0$' t"$ r$ot$st

0i,,a7$ i' A*ri+a "$ i7"t 0$r& 9$,, "a0$ *o!'d or$ +"i,dr$' str!77,i'7 9it"

Di+.$'s5 a,o'7sid$ r$+"t5 a,a+5 S"o,o."o05 a'd o* +o!rs$ S$b$'$

O!sa'$5 A,$2 ,a G!a5 $i$ra5 a'd ot"$r A*ri+a' 9rit$rs# A ,ot o* t"is

at$ria, 9o!,d b$ a0ai,ab,$ i' E'7,is" tra's,atio'# T"at sid$ o* t"$ E'7,is"

,a'7!a7$ is i-orta't5 a'd it is -art o* t"$ +oo' "$rita7$ o* "!a'.i'd

a,o'7 9it" 9"at "as b$$' +o'trib!t$d b& ot"$r ,a'7!a7$s5 i'+,!di'7 t"os$ *roA*ri+a# !t E'7,is" as a ,a'7!a7$ *or t"$ 9or,d is a'ot"$r att$r#

E'7,is"5 a ,a'7!a7$ *or t"$ 9or,d It 9o!,d +$rtai',& b$ 7ood *or $a+"

+o!'tr& i' t"$ 9or,d to "a0$ a ,a'7!a7$ i' 9"i+" a,, 'atio'a,iti$s i'"abiti'7 its

bo!'dari$s +o!,d -arti+i-at$# It 9o!,d b$ $6!a,,& 7ood i* t"$ 9or,d "ad a

,a'7!a7$ i' 9"i+" a,, t"$ 'atio's o* t"$ $art" +o!,d +o!'i+at$# A +oo'

,a'7!a7$ o* +o!'i+atio' 9it"i' a +o!'tr&5 a +oo' ,a'7!a7$ o*

+o!'i+atio' *or t"$

4=





art o* tra's,atio' a'd i't$r-r$tatio' s"o!,d b$ a' i't$7ra, s!b$+t i' s+"oo,s5 b!t

it is sad to 'ot$ t"at i' t"$ E'7,is" $d!+atio' s&st$ a'd i' E'7,is" +!,t!r$

7$'$ra,,&5 t"$ art o* tra's,atio' do$s 'ot $'o& t"$ sa$ stat!s as t"$ ot"$r arts#

T"ro!7" tra's,atio's5 t"$ di**$r$'t ,a'7!a7$s o* t"$ 9or,d +a' s-$a. to o'$

a'ot"$r# E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s "a0$ a,9a&s +o!'i+at$d 9it" o'$ a'ot"$r

s!+" t"at toda& it is -ossib,$ to r$ad '$ar,& a,, t"$ +,assi+s o* R!ssia'5 ;r$'+"5

or G$ra' ,it$rat!r$ a'd -"i,oso-"& i' a'& o* t"os$ ,a'7!a7$s5 t"a'.s to t"$

art o* tra's,atio'# !t t"$r$ is 0$r& ,itt,$ !t!a, tra's,atio' b$t9$$' A*ri+a'

,a'7!a7$s a'd5 sa&5 E'7,is" a'd ;r$'+"# A'd t"$ +o,o'ia, doi'a'+$ o*

E'7,is" a'd ;r$'+" i' A*ri+a' ,i0$s "as ad$ A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s so s!s-i+io!s

o* o'$ a'ot"$r t"at t"$r$ is "ard,& a'& i't$r?A*ri+a' +o!'i+atio'# I' a'&

+as$5 0$r& *$9 r$so!r+$s5 i* a'&5 'atio'a,,& or i't$r'atio'a,,&5 "a0$ b$$' -!t

i'to t"$ d$0$,o-$'t o* A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s# T"$ b$st i'ds ao'7 ,$tt$r$d

A*ri+a's "a0$ b$$' +"a''$,,$d i'to t"$ d$0$,o-i'7 o* E'7,is"5 ;r$'+"5 a'd

Port!7!$s$# !t5 di**i+!,t as t"$ +as$ a& b$5 i't$r,a'7!a7$ +o!'i+atio'

t"ro!7" tra's,atio' is +r!+ia,# I* o' to- o* a,, o* t"is t"$r$ 9$r$ o'$ +oo'

,a'7!a7$5 t"$' t"$ di**$r$'t ,a'7!a7$s o* t"$ 9or,d +o!,d *!rt"$r +o!'i+at$

9it" o'$ a'ot"$r 0ia t"$ i't$r'atio'a, +oo' ,a'7!a7$# I' t"at 9a&5 9$ +o!,d

b!i,d a r$a, *o!'datio' *or a +oo' 9or,d +!,t!r$ t"at is *ir,& root$d i'5 a'ddra9s its r$a, s!st$'a'+$ *ro5 a,, t"$ -$o-,$s o* t"$ 9or,d 9it" t"$ir disti'+t

$2-$ri$'+$s a'd ,a'7!a7$s# O!r i't$r'atio'a,is 9o!,d b$ tr!,& root$d i' a,,

t"$ -$o-,$s o* t"$ 9or,d#

W"$' t"$r$ is r$a, $+o'oi+5 -o,iti+a,5 a'd +!,t!ra, $6!a,it& ao'7 'atio's

a'd t"$r$ is democracy( t"$r$ 9i,, b$ 'o r$aso' *or a'& 'atio'5 'atio'a,it&5 or

-$o-,$ to *$ar t"$ $$r7$'+$ o* a +oo' ,a'7!a7$5 b$ it Kis9a"i,i5 %"i'$s$5

Maori5 S-a'is"5 or E'7,is"5 as t"$ ,a'7!a7$ o* t"$ 9or,d# A ,a'7!a7$ *or t"$

9or,d A 9or,d o* ,a'7!a7$s T"$ t9o +o'+$-ts ar$ 'ot !t!a,,& $2+,!si0$ -ro0id$d t"$r$ is i'd$-$'d$'+$5 $6!a,it&5 d$o+ra+&5 a'd -$a+$ ao'7 'atio's#

I' s!+" a 9or,d5 E'7,is"5 ,i.$ a,, t"$ ot"$r ,a'7!a7$s5 +a' -!t i' a'

a--,i+atio'5 a'd d$s-it$ its "istor& o* i-$ria,ist a77r$ssio' a7ai'st ot"$r

,a'7!a7$s a'd -$o-,$s5 E'7,is" 9o!,d a.$ a +r$dib,$ +a'didat$# S!+"

a--,i+a'ts !st i' t"$ $a'ti$ 9or. "ard to r$o0$ s!+" '$7ati0$ 6!a,iti$s

as ra+is5 s$2is5 'atio'a,

4@



%"a!0i'is5 a'd '$7ati0$ ia7$s o* ot"$r 'atio'a,iti$s a'd ra+$s so as to $$t

t"$ +rit$ria o* a++$-ta'+$ as a ,a'7!a7$ *or t"$ 9or,d# I' t"is r$s-$+t Kis9a"i,i

9o!,d a.$ a' $2+$,,$'t +a'didat$ *or t"$ 9or,d ,a'7!a7$# It a,r$ad& "as t"$

ad0a'ta7$ o* '$0$r "a0i'7 7ro9' i' t"$ 7ra0$&ard o* ot"$r ,a'7!a7$s#

Kis9a"i,i "as +r$at$d s-a+$ *or its$,* i' A*ri+a a'd t"$ 9or,d 9it"o!t

dis-,a&i'7 a'& 'atio'a, +"a!0i'is# T"$ -o9$r o* Kis9a"i,i "as 'ot d$-$'d$d

o' its $+o'oi+5 -o,iti+a,5 or +!,t!ra, a77ra'dis$$'t# It "as 'o "istor& o*

o--r$ssio' or doi'atio' o* ot"$r +!,t!r$s# A'd &$t Kis9a"i,i is 'o9 s-o.$' as

a aor ,a'7!a7$ i' East$r'5 %$'tra,5 a'd So!t"$r' A*ri+a as 9$,, as i' a'&

ot"$r -arts o* t"$ 9or,d#

I "a0$ 'ot"i'7 a7ai'st E'7,is"5 ;r$'+"5 Port!7!$s$5 or a'& ot"$r ,a'7!a7$

*or t"at att$r# T"$& ar$ a,, 0a,id i' as *ar as t"$& ar$ ,a'7!a7$s a'd i' as *ar as

t"$& do 'ot s$$. to o--r$ss ot"$r 'atio's5 'atio'a,iti$s5 a'd ,a'7!a7$s# !t i*

Kis9a"i,i or a'& ot"$r A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$ 9$r$ to b$+o$ t"$ ,a'7!a7$ *or t"$

9or,d5 t"is 9o!,d s&bo,is$ t"$ da9' o* a '$9 $ra i' "!a' r$,atio's b$t9$$'

t"$ 'atio's a'd -$o-,$s o* A*ri+a a'd t"os$ o* ot"$r +o'ti'$'ts# ;or t"$s$

r$aso's I *or o'$ 9o!,d ,i.$ to -ro-os$ Kis9a"i,i as t"$ ,a'7!a7$ *or t"$

9or,d#

Translated from the 2ikuyu !y Wangui %a 2oro and Ngugi %a Thiong6o

4:



3 Cu"tura" +ia"o#ue

for a Ne! ,or"d

%!,t!r$ is a -rod!+t o* a -$o-,$s "istor&# !t it a,so r$*,$+ts t"at "istor& a'd

$bodi$s a 9"o,$ s$t o* 0a,!$s b& 9"i+" a -$o-,$ 0i$9 t"$s$,0$s a'd t"$ir

-,a+$ i' ti$ a'd s-a+$# %!,t!ra, +o'ta+t +a' t"$r$*or$ -,a& a 7r$at -art i'

bri'7i'7 abo!t !t!a, !'d$rsta'di'7 b$t9$$' -$o-,$s o* di**$r$'t 'atio's#

I'st$ad o* ara$'ts a'd '!+,$ar 9$a-o's5 i'st$ad o* i-osi'7 o'$s o9'

0$rsio' o* d$o+ra+& o' ti'& is,a'ds a'd +o'ti'$'ts t"ro!7" Ra-id or Lo9

D$-,o&$'t ;or+$s5 ,$t -$o-,$ o* t"$ 9or,d dia,o7!$ to7$t"$r t"ro!7" +!,t!r$#

!t 9"at +!,t!r$ ar$ 9$ ta,.i'7 abo!t %!,t!ra, +o'ta+t o' 9"at basis It is

$as& to id$'ti*& t9o 9arri'7 traditio's o* +!,t!r$ i' A*ri+a toda&#

;irst5 t"$ i-$ria,ist traditio'# I-$ria,is5 t"$ +o'6!$st a'd t"$

s!b!7atio' o* t"$ $'tir$ ,abo!r -o9$r o* ot"$r +o!'tri$s b& t"$ +o'+$'trat$d

+a-ita,5 or o'$& -o9$r5 o* a'ot"$r +o!'tr& +a$ to r$a,is$ t"at t"$ $+o'oi+

$2-,oitatio' a'd t"$ -o,iti+a, doi'atio' o* a -$o-,$ +o!,d '$0$r b$ +o-,$t$

9it"o!t +!,t!ra, a'd "$'+$ $'ta, a'd s-irit!a, s!b!7atio'# T"$ $+o'oi+ a'd

-o,iti+a, +o'6!$st o* A*ri+a 9as a++o-a'i$d b& +!,t!ra, s!b!7atio' a'd t"$

i-ositio' o* a' i-$ria,ist +!,t!ra, traditio' 9"os$ dir$ $**$+ts ar$ sti,, b$i'7

*$,t toda&#

U'd$r +o,o'ia,is t"is too. t"$ *or o* d$stro&i'7 -$o-,$s ,a'7!a7$s5

"istor&5 da'+$s5 $d!+atio'5 r$,i7io's5 'ai'7 s&st$s5 a'd ot"$r so+ia,

i'stit!tio's t"at 9$r$ t"$ basis o* t"$ir s$,*?+o'+$-tio' as a -$o-,$# W"it$

ad0$'t!r$rs a'd *ort!'$ "!'t$rs a,so sto,$ -r$+io!s 9or.s o* art# So$ o* t"$s$

sto,$' it$s +a' sti,, b$ s$$' i' a'& "i7",& r$-!tab,$ !s$!s i' a'&

+a-ita,s o* t"$ W$st# !t

=



or$ i-orta't i' its '$7ati0$ +o's$6!$'+$s 9as t"$ 9"o,$sa,$ d$str!+tio' o*

artisti+ +r$atio's $it"$r $,ti'7 t"$ i'to bars o* 7o,d5 or5 *ir$d b& a +r!sadi'7

%"ristia' $a,5 si-,& b!r'i'7 t"$ as s&bo,s o* 9it+"+ra*t or 7ra0$' ia7$s

o* t"$ d$0i,# %o,o'ia,is 9$'t *or t"$ *,att$'i'7 or *ossi,isatio' o* its 0i+tis

+!,t!r$s#

O' t"is 9ast$,a'd o* its +r$atio'5 +o,o'ia,is $r$+t$d a' art i' 9"i+"

E!ro-$ 9as a,9a&s at t"$ +$'tr$# I' a'& -ai'ti'7s o* t"$ +o,o'ia, -$riod5 t"$

9"it$ ad0$'t!r$r 9as a,9a&s at t"$ +$'tr$ o* a+tio' 9it" t"$ ra&s o* ,i7"t

radiati'7 o!t9ards *ro "i# A*ri+a's 9$r$ ba+.7ro!'d s"ado9s $r7i'7 9it"

t"$ o!t$r dar.'$ss a'd t"$ 'at!ra, ,a'ds+a-$# A 0ariatio' o* t"$ 9"it$ t"$$ i't"$ arts 9as t"$ -r$s$'tatio' o* a 9"it$ God5 J$s!s5 ir7i' Mar& a'd t"$ a'7$,s

i' "$a0$' as t"$ !'i0$rsa, r$,i7io'# I' s+"oo,s5 A*ri+a' st!d$'ts 9$r$

$'+o!ra7$d to -ai't +o,,aborators 9it" +o,o'ia,is i' 7ood -ositi0$ +o,o!rs#

W"$r$ t"$ *i7!r$ o* a -ossib,$ b,a+. J$s!s a--$ar$d5 it 9as i' "is "!b,$

s!bs$r0i$'+$ to 0io,$'+$# Ot"$r doi'a't *i7!r$s i' s!+" s+"oo,s a'd +o,,$7$s

9$r$ o* b,a+. %"ristia' art&rs5 a art&rdo +o'*$rr$d o' t"$ basis o* t"$ir

"o,& $a, i' +o,,aborati'7 9it" t"$ +o,o'ia, $'$i$s o* t"$ir -$o-,$# Fo! 9i,,

*i'd a 0ariatio' o* t"$ sa$ t"$$ i' ,it$rat!r$ $'+o!ra7$d *or !s$ i' t"$

s+"oo,s o* t"$ -$riod# U- ;ro7s S,a0$r& b& oo.$r T# Was"i'7to'5 a boo. t"at

ar7!$d t"at s,a0$r& "ad a+t!a,,& b$$' 6!it$ b$'$*i+ia, to b,a+. -$o-,$ 9as i'

a'& s+"oo, ,ibrari$s a'd +,assroos a,, o0$r A*ri+a#

;i'a,,& t"is +o,o'ia,is r$+o7'is$d as tr!,& A*ri+a' o',& art a'd artisti+

a+ti0iti$s 9"i+" 9$r$ +o-,$t$,& $-ti$d o* a,, $a'i'7*!, +o't$'t# T"!s

,i*$,$ss +ar0$d *i7!r$s o* 7ira**$s a'd $,$-"a'ts 9$r$ -arad$d as a!t"$'ti+a,,&

A*ri+a' !st as $-t& a+robati+ da'+i'7 a'd bodi,& +o'tortio's 9$r$ sii,ar,&

-arad$d *or t"$ +o,o'ia, 7o0$r'or a'd 0isiti'7 di7'itari$s# T"!s +o,o'ia,is

9as 'ot $'tir$,& a0$rs$ to asso+iati'7 its$,* to r$a+tio'ar& ba+.9ard $,$$'ts

i' -$o-,$s +!,t!r$s 9"i+" it or$ o*t$' t"a' 'ot *ossi,is$d i' !s$!s or

-arad$d as irr$,$0a't5 stati+ traditio'a,is ,ab$,,$d as t"$ a!t"$'ti+ r$'a'ts

a'd a'i*$statio' o* tr!$ A*ri+a' +!,t!r$#

T"$ i-$ria,ist +!,t!ra, traditio' i' its +o,o'ia, *or 9as $a't to

!'d$ri'$ -$o-,$s b$,i$* i' t"$s$,0$s a'd a.$ t"$ ,oo. !- to t"$

E!ro-$a' +!,t!r$s5 ,a'7!a7$s a'd t"$ arts5 *or a $as!r$$'t

=1



o* t"$s$,0$s a'd t"$ir abi,iti$s# It 9as $a't to !'d$ri'$ t"$ir b$,i$* i' t"$ir

+a-a+it& to str!77,$ s!++$ss*!,,& *or +o'tro, o* t"$ir 9"o,$ so+ia, a'd 'at!ra,

$'0iro'$'t#

U'*ort!'at$,& t"$ sa$ +o'ti'!$s i' t"$ A*ri+a o* toda&# I'd$-$'d$'+$

9"i+" at t"$ 0$r& ,$ast s"o!,d "a0$ $a't t"$ ,ib$ratio' o* a -$o-,$s

-rod!+ti0$ *or+$s *ro *or$i7' +o'tro, 9as i' ost +as$s $r$,& a +"a'7$ o*

*or *ro +o,o'ia, $+o'oi+ a'd -o,iti+a, arra'7$$'t a'd -ra+ti+$s to a or$

0i+io!s '$o?+o,o'ia, arra'7$$'t# So$ o* t"$s$ r$7i$s "a0$ 7o'$ so *ar !-

t"$ '$o+o,o'ia, -at" t"at t"$& "a0$ +$d$d t"$ir t$rritor& *or !s$ b& US i,itar&

*or+$s a'd t"!s *or a sa,, +oissio' *$$ t"$s$ r$7i$s "a0$ -!t t"$ir $'tir$ -o-!,atio's at t"$ $r+& o* 9"o$0$r is o++!-&i'7 t"$ W"it$ Ho!s$# T"is is

r$*,$+t$d i' t"$ '$9 r$7i$s attit!d$ to +!,t!r$# W"at is5 t"$r$*or$5 o*t$'

o**i+ia,,& -arad$d as a!t"$'ti+ A*ri+a' +!,t!r$ toda& is 0irt!a,,& a r$-$at o* t"$

+o,o'ia, traditio'> to!rist art5 da'+$s5 a+robati+ +o'tortio's $-ti$d o* t"$

+o't$'t o* str!77,$5 or $,s$ s!bs$r0i$'t t"$atr$5 !si+ a'd *i, t"at a,9a&s

-rais$s t"$ ,$ad$r as *a!,t,$ss a'd ib!$d 9it" a 9isdo t"at +o$s to "i

dir$+t,& *ro "$a0$'# T"is o**i+ia,,& sa'+tio'$d A*ri+a' +!,t!r$ ,oo.s o!t9ards

*or a,,ia'+$s i' t"$ ost ba+.9ard $,$$'ts i' W$st$r' +!,t!r$#

!t *ort!'at$,& t"$r$ is a'ot"$r traditio' i' A*ri+a' +!,t!r$# T"is is a

-atrioti+ 'atio'a, traditio' d$0$,o-i'7 i' r$sista'+$ a'd o--ositio' to

i-$ria,ist?sa'+tio'$d A*ri+a' +!,t!r$# U'd$r +o,o'ia,is t"is 9as a +!,t!r$

9"i+" t"ro!7" so'7s5 da'+$s5 -o$tr&5 draa5 s-o.$ o* a'd r$*,$+t$d -$o-,$s

r$a, '$$ds as t"$& str!77,$d a7ai'st a--a,,i'7 9or.i'7 +o'ditio's i' t"$

s$tt,$r?o++!-i$d *ars a'd i' *a+tori$s or 9"i+"? sa'7 o* t"$ir "o-$s as t"$&

too. !- ars a7ai'st +o,o'ia, $2-,oitatio' a'd -o,iti+a, o--r$ssio'# W"$t"$r i'

s+!,-t!r$5 -o$tr&5 so'7s5 or da'+$s5 t"$ -atrioti+ arts ,oo.$d to t"$ -ast *or

-ro7r$ssi0$ $,$$'ts i' *or b!t a,9a&s i'$+t$d t"$ 9it" a '$9 +o't$'t bor'

o* t"$ !r7$'t -r$s$'t t"at rais$d t"$ to a "i7"$r ,$0$,# At t"$ sa$ ti$5 t"$

-atrioti+ r$sista'+$ arts 9$r$ 'ot a*raid o* i'+or-orati'7 '$9 *ors#

D!ri'7 t"$ +o,o'ia, -$riod t"$ -ra+titio'$rs o* t"is +!,t!r$ 9$r$ o*t$'

ai,$d5 ai$d or $0$' .i,,$d# T"$ir so'7s5 da'+$s a'd $0$' t"$ir s+!,-t!r$s

9$r$ o*t$' ba''$d# %o,o'ia, K$'&a *or i'sta'+$ sa9 s!+" -o-!,ar5 b!t

-o,iti+a,,&?+o's+io!s5 da'+$s a'd so'7s ,i.$ Ka'&$7$'&!ri a'd M!t"iri7!

a+t!a,,& ba''$d b& t"$

=



+o,o'ia, a!t"oriti$s# Ma! Ma! 9rit$rs a'd -o$ts 9$r$ ai,$d 9it"o!t tria, or

$,s$ .i,,$d# U'*ort!'at$,&5 $0$' a*t$r i'd$-$'d$'+$ t"$ '$9 r$7i$s ai'tai'$d

t"is "osti,it& to 'atio'a, -atrioti+ +!,t!r$s t"at r$*,$+t$d -$o-,$s tota,

o--ositio' to?t"$ +o'ti'!$d -,!'d$r o* t"$ir ,abo!r a'd 9$a,t" b& i-$ria,is

a'd its ,o+a, b,a+. a,,i$s# Artists a'd 9rit$rs b$,o'7i'7 to t"is traditio' "a0$

b$$' ai,$d5 ai$d a'd .i,,$d# P$asa't a'd 9or.$r?bas$d t"$atr$ o0$$'ts

"a0$ ?b$$' ba''$d# %!,t!ra, +$'tr$s b!i,t b& t"$ $**orts o* -$asa'ts a'd

9or.$rs "a0$ b$$' d$stro&$d#

I a 'ot ta,.i'7 o* abstra+tio's# Not so ,o'7 a7o5 t"r$$ tr!+.,oads o* ar$d

-o,i+$$' 9$r$ s$'t b& t"$ Moi?Ka'! r$7i$ to Kairiit"! %o!'it& a'd%!,t!ra, %$'tr$ i' Li!r!5 K$'&a a'd ra$d t"$ -$o-,$s o-$'?air t"$atr$ to t"$

7ro!'d# T"$ adi'istratio' ba''$d a'& t"$atr$ a+ti0iti$s i' t"$ ar$a# F$t t"$

sa$ r$7i$ 9as 6!it$ "a--& to s-o'sor E,s-$t" H!2,$&s t$,$0isio' 0$rsio' o*

"$r s$tt,$r $oirs ;,a$ Tr$$s o* T"i.a at abo!t t"$ sa$ ti$ t"at it 9as5

ba''i'7 t"$ K$'&a -$o-,$s i't$r-r$tatio' o* t"$ sa$ "istor&# T"!s a *$9

o't"s a*t$r & o9' -,a& Mait! N!7ira 9as sto--$d5 a 9ors$ *at$ $t t"$

a!t"or o* t"$ -,a&5 Ki,io +"a "a.i# A, Ai' Mar!i 9as d$tai'$d 9it"o!t tria,

*or o0$r t9o &$ars at 0ario!s a2i! s$+!rit& -riso's i' t"$ +o!'tr& a*t$r "is

-,a& ta,.i'7 abo!t t"$ +o'ditio's o* 9or.$rs 9as -$r*or$d at t"$ U'i0$rsit&

o* Nairobi # # # L$adi'7 K$'&a' 9rit$rs ,i.$ Abd!,ati* Abd!,,a5 Kia'i G$+a!5

N7!7i 9a Miri5 'o9 ,i0$ i' $2i,$# F$t t"$ sa$ r$7i$ 9i,, 7o +a- i' "a'd to

W$st$r' +a-ita,s to s$$. aid5 $0$' *or +!,t!r$# So 9$ +a''ot b$ ta,.i'7 abo!t

t"$ sa$ +!,t!r$5 $0$' A*ri+a' +!,t!r$5 or ar$ 9$

I-$ria,is i' its +o,o'ia, *or 9as 'ot ab,$ to d$stro& a -$o-,$s *i7"ti'7

+!,t!r$# I +a' *ir,& sa& t"is> t"at I-$ria,is i' its '$o?+o,o'ia, +,ot"$s 9i,,

'ot b$ ab,$ to d$stro& t"$ *i7"ti'7 +!,t!r$ o* t"$ A*ri+a' -$asa'tr& a'd 9or.i'7

+,ass *or t"$ si-,$ r$aso' t"at t"is +!,t!r$ is a -rod!+t a'd a r$*,$+tio' o* r$a,

,i*$ str!77,$s 7oi'7 o' i' A*ri+a toda&# Fo! +a' d$stro& a -$o-,$s +!,t!r$

+o-,$t$,& o',& b& d$stro&i'7 t"$ -$o-,$ t"$s$,0$s a'd I s!--os$ t"at 9$ +a'

sa*$,& ,$a0$ t"at tas. to t"os$ 9"o t"i'. t"at t"$& +a' 9i' a ,iit$d '!+,$ar 9ar

so t"at t"$& +a' +o'ti'!$ to $at !-5 !'o,$st$d5 !'+o't$st$d5 t"$ r$so!r+$s o*

t"$ -$o-,$ o* Asia5 A*ri+a a'd So!t" A$ri+a#

T"$ r$sista'+$ +!,t!r$ a'd 0a,!$s o* t"$ A*ri+a' -$asa'tr& a'd

=



9or.i'7 +,ass "a0$ 'o basi+ +o'tradi+tio' 9it" t"$ d$o+rati+ a'd "!a'isti+

+!,t!r$s a'd 0a,!$s o* t"$ E!ro-$a' a'd A$ri+a' -$o-,$s# T"$s$ +a' "o,d a

$a'i'7*!,5 *r!it*!, dia,o7!$# T"is is t"$ dia,o7!$ a'd +o'ta+t 9$ !st

+o'ti'!$ to aid5 $'+o!ra7$ a'd s!--ort b& $0$r& $a's at o!r dis-osa,#

=3



4 T&e Cu"tura" $actor in

t&e Neo-co"onia" Era

T"$ t9o ost ob0io!s *$at!r$s o* i-$ria,is toda& ar$ its '$o+o,o'ia, *or

a'd t"$ ,$ad$rs"i- o* t"$ USA# !t t"$ t9o ar$ 'ot $'tir$,& '$9 i' t"$ "istor&

o* od$r' i-$ria,is#

T"$ USA5 or or$ -r$+is$,& its +o'stit!$'t -arts5 9as bor' i' t"$ $ra o* t"$

-riiti0$ a++!!,atio' o* +a-ita, 9it" t"$ A*ri+a' bas$d s,a0$ trad$5 s,a0$r&

a'd s$i?s,a0$r& b$i'7 +$'tra,# T"$ USAs o9' +a-ita,is b$7i's its &o!t"*!,

sta7$ 9it" t"$ d$+,aratio' o* i'd$-$'d$'+$ a'd do$s 'ot +o$ o* a7$ !'ti, its

-o,iti+a, "$7$o'& o0$r t"$ s,a0$?o9'i'7 r!ra, $+o'oi$s o* t"$ so!t"$r'

Stat$s# T"is +oi'+id$d 9it" t"$ "i7" 'oo' o* ,aiss$?*air$ +a-ita,is i' E!ro-$5

t"$ $ra o* i'd!stria, +a-ita,is5 9it" ritai' boasti'7 o* its ro,$ as t"$ 9or.?

s"o- o* t"$ 9or,d#

T"$ 0$r& tri!-" o* t"$ E!ro-$a' ,aiss$?*air$ +a-ita,is 9it" its

i'+r$asi'7 '$$d *or t"$ s$+!rit& o* t"$ so!r+$s o* ra9 at$ria,s a'd *or +o'tro,

o* bot" t"$ "o$ a'd *or$i7' ar.$ts 9as a,r$ad& t!r'i'7 +o-$titio' i'to its

o--osit$> o'o-o,& E!ro-$a' +a-ita,is 9as $'t$ri'7 its i-$ria,ist sta7$

9it" o'o-o,& at "o$ a'd abroad b$+oi'7 t"$ 'atio'a, +,ario' +a,,# T"$

s!bs$6!$'t 7r$$d *or +o,o'i$s i' A*ri+a 9as bar$,& +o0$r$d b& t"$ 0$rba,

7ra'di,o6!$'+$ abo!t dis+o0$r&5 $2-,oratio'5 issio'ar&?do?7ood'$ss5

t$,$s+o-i+ -"i,a't"ro-&> it 9as si-,$ 'atio'a, i'7ois b!t 6!it$ -ro*itab,$9$ari'7 t"$ ba''$r o* s-r$adi'7 +i0i,isatio' to t"$ 9or,d# T"$ s&bo, o* t"$

'$9 t!r' i' t"$ *ort!'$s o* E!ro-$a' +a-ita,is 9as t"$ 1@@3 $r,i'

+o'*$r$'+$ 9"i+" +ar0$d A*ri+a !- i'to +o,o'i$s a'd s-"$r$s o* i'*,!$'+$ o*

t"$ 0ario!s E!ro-$a' -o9$rs a'd t"$ir +a-ita,ist asso+iatio's# T"$ USAs

+a-ita,is5 $$r7i'7 *ro its &o!t"*!, sta7$ to +,ais o* ad!,t"ood 9as a .$$'

obs$r0$r at t"$ +o'*$r$'+$#

=4



T"!s b& t"$ ti$ t"$ USAs +a-ita,is at!r$d i'to t"$ i-$ria,ist sta7$5

t"$ 9or,d "ad a,r$ad& b$$' di0id$d i'to +o,o'i$s a'd s$i+o,o'i$s o* t"$ ri0a,

E!ro-$a' i-$ria,iss# T"$ USA +o!,d o',& t!r' to t"$ '$9,& i'd$-$'d$'t

+o!'tri$s o* %$'tra, a'd So!t" A$ri+a 9"i+" "ad b$$' dis$'7a7i'7

t"$s$,0$s *ro t"$ 9$a.$r E!ro-$a' -o9$rs o* Port!7a, a'd S-ai'# T"!s t"$

-assa7$ o* US +a-ita,is i'to i-$ria,is a,ost i$diat$,& too. o' a

'$o?+o,o'ia, *or# $t9$$' 1@:: a'd 1:1<5 t"$ ar$d *or+$s o* t"$ USA "ad

i't$r0$'$d i' at ,$ast s$0$' So!t" A$ri+a' +o!'tri$s a'd %aribb$a' is,a'ds5

so$ $'o&i'7 t"is !'i'0it$d ar$d 0isitatio' or$ t"a' t"r$$ ti$s#

I't$r0$'tio' I'0asio' is t"$ +orr$+t 9ord si'+$ t"$s$ 0i+tis 9$r$# i'

i't$r'atio'a, ,a9# so0$r$i7' i'd$-$'d$'t +o!'tri$s# !t t"$ USA 9as 'ot

i't$r0$'i'7 to r!,$ dir$+t,& b!t to d$*$'d +o-rador +,ass$s a'd i'sta,, +,i$'t

r$7i$s t"at 9o!,d o0$rs$$ t"$ soot" o-$ratio' a'd s$+!rit& o* t"$ USAs

$+o'oi+ i't$r$sts#

!t b& t"$ ti$ t"$ USA "ad start$d5 a'd t!r'$d i'to ro!ti'$5 its

i't$r0$'tio's to ai'tai' '$o?+o,o'i$s i' %$'tra, a'd So!t" A$ri+a5 a'ot"$r

9or,d s"att$ri'7 $0$'t "ad ta.$' -,a+$> i' 1:1<5 t"$ 7r$at O+tob$r R$0o,!tio'

i' R!ssia "ad !s"$r$d5 o' to t"$ "istori+a, sta7$5 t"$ $ra o* so+ia,is# A'd so5

t"$ USA i-$ria,is 9"i+" "ad ta.$' o' t"$ '$o?+o,o'ia, *or as o--os$d to

t"$ +o,o'ia, *or o* t"$ o,d$r E!ro-$a' -o9$rs5 did so i' t"$ $ra o* so+ia,is

a'd o* t"$ 'atio'a, ,ib$ratio' str!77,$s 'o9 irr$0o+ab,& i'*,!$'+$d b& t"$

O+tob$r so+ia,ist r$0o,!tio'#

Ho9$0$r5 !'ti, t"$ ad0$'t o* t"$ S$+o'd Wor,d War5 +o,o'ia,is r$ai'$d

t"$ doi'a't *or o* i-$ria,is# Wit" t"$ 9$a.$'i'7 o* t"$ o,d i-$ria,ist

-o9$rs b& t"$ 9ar t"$ !-s!r7$ o* 'atio'a, ,ib$ratio' str!77,$s t"$ r$s!r7$'t

d$o+rati+ 9or.i'7?+,ass str!77,$s 9it"i' t"$ o,d i-$ria,ist b$ast a'd t"$

i'+r$asi'7 tri!-" o* so+ia,is5 t"$ '$o?+o,o'ia, *or i'to 9"i+" a r$tr$ati'7E!ro-$a' i-$ria,is 9as $'+asi'7 its$,* $0$'t!a,,& +a$ i'to as+$'da'+&#

T"$ USA5 "ard,& s+at"$d b& t"$ 9ar a'd 9it" *ar or$ $2-$ri$'+$ i' t"$ '$9

*or5 7rad!a,,& ass!$d t"$ ,$ad$rs"i-# T"$ USA *or i'sta'+$ r!s"$d to bri'7

So!t"?East Asia5 i$t'a b$i'7 t"$ b$st $2a-,$ o* t"is5 !'d$r its i'*,!$'+$5

d$t$ri'$d to ta.$ o0$r a*t$r t"$ ;r$'+" "ad r$tr$at$d#

& t"$ $'d o* t"$ si2ti$s5 ost o* t"$ '$9,& i'd$-$'d$'t +o!'tri$s i' Asia

a'd A*ri+a "ad +o-,$t$d t"$ tra'sitio' *ro

==



+o,o'i$s to '$o?+o,o'i$s# A 'ati0$ '$o?+o,o'ia, $,it$ 9as 'o9 *,&i'7 t"$ *,a7s

a'd a'a7i'7 t"$ ari$s a'd t"$ -o,i+$ r$ad& to +r!s" t"$ -o-!,atio'5

$'s!ri'75 b& $0$r& i,itar& a'd -o,iti+a, tri+. -ossib,$5 t"$ stabi,it& '$+$ssar&

*or t"$ +o'ti'!$d W$st$r' +o'tro, o* t"$ $+o'o& 9"i,$ ,o!d,& +,aii'7 t"$ir

'o'?a,i7'$'t i' i't$r'atio'a, a**airs# T"$ USA "ad b$+o$ t"$ ai' 7!ardia'

o* t"$ '$o?+o,o'ia, r$7i$s5 ari'7 t"$ir i,itar& $'s!ri'7 t"$ +o'ti'!$d *,o9

o* 9$st$r' *i'a'+ia, aid -a+.a7$s a'd o*t$' r$ad& to i't$r0$'$5 dir$+t,& or

i'dir$+t,&5 t"ro!7" o'$ o* t"$ *or$r E!ro-$a' +o,o'ia, -o9$rs5 to -ro- !- a

t"r$at$'$d r$7i$# O0$r t"$ &$ars5 t"$ USA b$+a$ t"$ ai' a7$'+& *or t"$

d$stabi,isatio' o* a'& +o!'tr& i' Asia a'd A*ri+a a'd So!t" A$ri+a t"at

,$a'$d a bit too "$a0i,& o' t"$ sid$ o* so+ia, +"a'7$ or t"at 9a't$d to br$a.

t"$ '$o?+o,o'ia, +"ai's aro!'d its $+o'o&5 -o,iti+s a'd +!,t!r$# T"$ USA 9as

'ot $0$' s"& o* dir$+t i'0asio's as i' t"$ +as$ o* Gr$'ada i' t"$ $i7"ti$s# !t

its ai' $a's o* d$stabi,isatio' i' t"$ +o!'tri$s ,$a'i'7 to9ards *!'da$'ta,

so+ia, +"a'7$ 9as t"$ +r$atio'5 *o,,o9$d !- b& a+ti0$ s!--ort5 o* *a.$ *r$$do

*i7"t$rs ,i.$ t"$ Ni+ara7!a' %o'tras a'd A'7o,a' U'ita# Toda& t"$ US i,itar&

bas$s ar$ $0$r&9"$r$ i' Asia5 A*ri+a a'd So!t" A$ri+a5 t"$ ar$as t"at !s$d to

b$ t"$ so,$ doai' o* E!ro-$a' +a-ita,#

!t d$s-it$ t"$s$ 7,ari'7 r$a,iti$s5 t"$ t9o *$at!r$s o* od$r' i-$ria,is ?

t"$ '$o?+o,o'ia, *or a'd t"$ USA *a+tor ?ar$ 'ot o*t$' s!**i+i$'t,& at t"$

*or$*ro't o* t"$ +o's+io!s'$ss o* t"os$ $'7a7$d i' t"$ a'ti?i-$ria,ist str!77,$s

toda&# T"$s$ t9o *$at!r$s ar$ 'ot -art o* t"$ 7$'$ra, ass +o's+io!s'$ss i' t"$

sa$ 9a& t"at +o,o'ia,is a'd t"$ ,$ad$rs"i- o* t"$ o,d E!ro-$a' o--r$ssor

'atio's !s$d to b$ -$r+$i0$d a'd "$'+$ s!++$ss*!,,& *o!7"t o!t#

N$o?+o,o'ia,is a'd t"$ US ,$ad$rs"i- o* it do 'ot $0o.$ t"$ sa$ s$'s$ o*

"orror as t"$ o,d +o,o'ia,is a'd t"$ o--r$ssor 'atio's o* E!ro-$ !s$d to

$0o.$ i' t"$ 7$'$ra, ia7i'atio' a'd i' -o,iti+a, -ra+ti+$# I' so$ 6!art$rs t"$USA is 'ot $0$' s$$' as a' i-$ria,ist -o9$r#

A,, t"is is -art,& d!$ to t"$ s!++$ss o* t"$ +!,t!ra, as-$+t o* od$r'

i-$ria,is# %!,t!ra, +o'tro, toda& "as b,!'t$d -$r+$-tio's a'd or$ so t"$

*$$,i'7s abo!t t"os$ -$r+$-tio's# %!,t!ra, +o'tro, !t 9$ ar$ 'o ,o'7$r i' t"$

da&s o* t"$ ;r$'+" -o,i+i$s o* assii,atio' or o* t"$ ritis" $d!+atio'a, -o,i+i$s

o* +r$ati'7 a +o-,ia't 'ati0$ idd,$ +,ass# T"$ USA is 'ot i' s!+" dir$+t

=<



a'a7$$'t o* a'& o* t"$s$ t$rritori$s as to +o'tro, a'd i'*,!$'+$ +!,t!ra,

-o,i+i$s a'd# -ra+ti+$s# W$ a& +o'+$d$ i'dir$+t or $0$' dir$+t $+o'oi+

+o'tro,5 b!t +!,t!ra, +o'tro,

I' *a+t $0$' 9"$r$ '$o?+o,o'ia,is a'd t"$ USA a'd t"$ doi'a't ro,$ o*

t"$ USA ar$ r$+o7'is$d5 a ,ot o* ,it$rat!r$ is d$0ot$d to t"$ $+o'oi+ a'd

-o,iti+a, as-$+ts o* od$r' i-$ria,is to t"$ a,ost tota, $2+,!sio' o* t"$

+!,t!ra, *a+tor# W"$r$ t"$ +!,t!ra, *a+tor is ta.$' i'to a++o!'t5 it is o*t$'

r$,$7at$d to t"$ o!t$r $d7$s o* t"$ ass!$d r$a, +o'+$r's> t"$ $+o'oi+ a'd t"$

-o,iti+a,# T"is is -art,& b$+a!s$ t"$ ar$as o* +!,t!r$ a'd -s&+"o,o7& ar$ 'ot as

$asi,& 6!a'ti*iab,$ as t"$ ar$as o* $+o'o& a'd -o,iti+s# !t it is a,so d!$ to t"$

*ai,!r$ to r$+o7'is$ t"$ i't$7rat$d a'd dia,$+ti+a, +"ara+t$r o* t"$ 0ario!s

as-$+ts t"at a.$ !- t"$ tota,it& o* od$r' i-$ria,is#

It is o* +o!rs$ tr!$ t"at i-$ria,is5 i' 9"at$0$r *or a'd 7!is$5 ais at

t"$ +o-,$t$ o9'$rs"i-5 a'a7$$'t a'd +o'tro, o* t"$ $'tir$ s&st$ o*

-rod!+tio'5 $2+"a'7$ a'd distrib!tio' o* t"$ 9$a,t" i' its "o$ bas$ a'd t"os$

o* ot"$r 'atio's a'd t$rritori$s# T"is 9as -$r*$+t,& +,$ar i' t"$ o,d +o,o'ia,

s&st$# T"$ bo!r7$oisi$ o* t"$ o--r$ssor 'atio's o* E!ro-$ "ard,& dis7!is$d

t"$ *a+t t"at t"$& 9$r$ o' a issio' o* $+o'oi+ -,!'d$r# Toda&5 US *i'a'+$

+a-ita, a'd t"$ USA?bas$d tra's'atio'a,s ar$ $6!a,,& o' a issio' o* $+o'oi+

robb$r& a'd t"$*t o* t"$ r$so!r+$s5 t"$ ,abo!r5 a'd t"$ -rod!+$ o* t"$ $'tir$

T"ird Wor,d# T"$ 'atio's o* Asia5 A*ri+a a'd So!t" A$ri+a ar$ b,$$di'7

!'d$r t"$ 9$i7"t o* !'-a&ab,$ d$bts# A tra0$,,$r i' a'& o'$ o* t"$

tri?+o'ti'$'ta, +o!'tri$s 9i,, *i'd t"$ sa$5 *ai,iar 'a$s> IM; Wor,d a'.

G$'$ra, Motors5 ;ir$sto'$5 D$, Mo't$5 %o+a?%o,a5 Ma+Do'a,ds $t+ Esso5

%a,t$25 Mobi, oi,5 $t+ Hi,to'5 S"$rato'5 $t+ a'd o* +o!rs$ ot"$r sii,ar,&

*ai,iar si7's *ro Ja-a' a'd W$st$r' E!ro-$# I' s"ort t"$ sa$ ti'& 7ro!- o*

*i'a'+ia,5 i'd!stria, a'd +o$r+ia, i't$r$sts *ro t"$ USA a'd t"$ W$st7$'$ra,,& sti,, +o'tro, t"$ $+o'oi$s o* t"$ 0ario!s T"ird Wor,d +o!'tri$s#

T"$ $+o'oi+ 7o$s "a'd i' "a'd 9it" -o,iti+a, +o'tro,# U'd$r +o,o'ia,is

-o,iti+a, +o'tro, 9as o*t$' dir$+t t"ro!7" t"$# s$tt,$r r$-r$s$'tati0$s or t"ro!7"

a 9"it$?+o'tro,,$d 'ati0$ adi'istratio' a'd o* +o!rs$ t"ro!7" t"$ +o,o'ia,

ar& a'd -o,i+$ *or+$s# U'd$r t"$ '$o?+o,o'ia, *or5 +o'tro, is $2$r+is$d

t"ro!7" a +o-rador bo!r7$oisi$# U'd$r t"$ USAs ,$adi'7 ro,$ i' t"$

a'a7$$'t o*

=@



t"$ '$o?+o,o'ia, s&st$5 t"is ta.$s t"$ -arti+!,ar *or o* $r$+ti'7 a'd

s!--orti'7 t"$ ost r$a+tio'ar& a'd t"$ ost r$-r$ssi0$ +i0i, or i,itar&

di+tators"i-s i' t"$ 9or,d ? Pi'o+"$ts %"i,$5 Sooas Ni+ara7!a5 Mar+os

P"i,i--i'$s5 So!t" Kor$a5 K$'&a5 E, Sa,0ador5 $t+ ar$ !st a *$9 $2a-,$s ? *or

as ,o'7 as t"$& 7!ara't$$ t"$ +o'ti'!$d doi'a'+$ o* USA i't$r$sts#

T"$ $'tir$ $+o'oi+ a'd -o,iti+a, +o'tro, is $**$+ti0$,& *a+i,itat$d b& t"$

+!,t!ra, *a+tor# I' a'& +as$5 $+o'oi+ a'd -o,iti+a, +o'tro, i'$0itab,& ,$ads to

+!,t!ra, doi'a'+$ a'd t"is i' t!r' d$$-$'s t"at +o'tro,# T"$ ai't$'a'+$5

a'a7$$'t5 a'i-!,atio'5 a'd obi,isatio' o* t"$ $'tir$ s&st$ o* $d!+atio'5

,a'7!a7$ a'd ,a'7!a7$ !s$5 ,it$rat!r$5 r$,i7io'5 t"$ $dia5 "a0$ a,9a&s $'s!r$d

*or t"$ o--r$ssor 'atio' -o9$r o0$r t"$ tra'sissio' o* a +$rtai' id$o,o7&5 s$t

o* 0a,!$s5 o!t,oo.5 attit!d$s5 *$$,i'7s $t+5 a'd "$'+$ -o9$r o0$r t"$ 9"o,$ ar$a

o* +o's+io!s'$ss# T"is i' t!r' ,$ads to t"$ +o'tro, o* t"$ i'di0id!a, a'd

+o,,$+ti0$ s$,*?ia7$ o* t"$ doi'at$d 'atio' a'd +,ass$s as 9$,, as t"$ir ia7$

o* t"$ doi'ati'7 'atio's a'd +,ass$s#

& t"!s +o'tro,,i'7 t"$ +!,t!ra, a'd -s&+"o,o7i+a, doai'5 t"$ o--r$ssor

'atio' a'd +,ass$s tr& to $'s!r$ t"$ sit!atio' o* a s,a0$ 9"o ta.$s it t"at to b$ a

s,a0$ is t"$ 'ora, "!a' +o'ditio'# I* t"$ $2-,oit$d a'd t"$ o--r$ss$d o* t"$

$art" +a' 0i$9 t"$s$,0$s a'd t"$ir -,a+$ i' t"$ !'i0$rs$ as t"$& ar$ 0i$9$d b&

t"$ i-$ria,ist bo!r7$oisi$5 t"$' t"$& +a' b$+o$ t"$ir o9' -o,i+$$'5 'o

,o'7$r ab,$ to s$$ a'& si7'i*i+a't +o'tradi+tio' b$t9$$' t"$ir o9' +o'ditio'

a'd t"at o* t"$ o--r$ssor 'atio's a'd +,ass$s#

I' t"$ $ra o* +,assi+a, +o,o'ia,is5 t"is $'ta, +o'tro, 9as $**$+t$d t"ro!7"

t"$ +o'*i'$d 9a,,s o* t"$ +o,o'ia, s+"oo,> !t 7$'$ra,,& t"$r$ 9as a s&st$ati+

assa!,t o' -$o-,$s ,a'7!a7$s5 ,it$rat!r$5 da'+$s5 'a$s5 "istor&5 s.i' +o,o!r5

r$,i7io's5 i'd$$d t"$ir $0$r& too, o* s$,* d$*i'itio'# I' t"$ir -,a+$ 9$r$ i-os$d

t"$ ,a'7!a7$s5 ,it$rat!r$s5 r$,i7io's5 'a$s5 "istori$s o* t"$ +o,o'isi'7 'atio's

a'd +,ass$s# ;ort!'at$,& t"$ +o,o'ia, s+"oo, a'd t"$ +"!r+"$s +o!,d 'ot ta.$ i'

t"$ 9"o,$ -o-!,atio'# So o',& a ti'& $,it$ 9as $d!+at$d i'to t"$ +!,t!r$5 0a,!$s5

o!t,oo.5 a'd +o's+io!s'$ss o* t"$ i-$ria,ist bo!r7$oisi$# So$ $0$' r$0o,t$d

a'd oi'$d t"$ ass$s5 !ti,isi'7 t"$ir 0$r& .'o9,$d7$ o* t"$ +!,t!r$ o* t"$

o--r$ssor to a- o!t strat$7i$s a'd ta+ti+s *or 'atio'a, s$,*?s!r0i0a,#

T"is t"oro!7",& +o,o'is$d -$tt& bo!r7$oisi$ 9as t"$ +,ass t"at

=:



i'"$rit$d t"$ a'a7$$'t o* t"$ +o,o'ia, stat$ !'d$r '$9 *,a7s rais$d a,o*t at

i'd$-$'d$'+$#

It r$+$i0$d a,ost +o-,$t$,& i'ta+t t"$ +o,o'ia, ar&5 t"$ -o,i+$5 t"$

adi'istrati0$ str!+t!r$s a'd -$rso''$,5 t"$ !di+iar&5 a'd o* +o!rs$ t"$ $'tir$

-riso' s&st$ as d$0$,o-$d a'd r$*i'$d b& +o,o'ia,is# T"$ir issio' b$+a$

t"at o* o0$rs$$i'7 t"$ +o'ti'!it& o* t"$ +o,o'ia, stat$ i' a '$9 7!is$5 t"$

'$o?+o,o'ia, 7!is$# T"$& ar$ ab,$ to +arr& o!t t"$ir issio' 9it" abso,!t$

+o'0i+tio' b$+a!s$ t"$& "a0$ i'"$rit$d t"$ sa$ 9or,d o!t,oo.5 $0$' vis7;7vis

t"$s$,0$s5 *or$r,& "$,d b& t"$ i-$ria,ist bo!r7$oisi$# T"is is s$$' *or

i'sta'+$ i' A*ri+a 9"$r$ i' a '$o+o,o'ia, r$7i$ t"$ sa$ o,d disr$7ard o*

A*ri+a' ,i0$s +o'ti'!$# I' *a+t !'d$r '$o?+o,o'ia,is5 t"$ +!,t!ra, a'd t"$

-s&+"o,o7i+a, as-$+ts o* i-$ria,is b$+o$ $0$' or$ i-orta't as

i'str!$'ts o* $'ta, a'd s-irit!a, +o$r+io'#

Toda& t"$ USA a'd t"$ W$st i' 7$'$ra, +o'tro, '$ar,& a,, t"$ '$9s to a'd

*ro T"ird Wor,d +o!'tri$s# & t"at *a+t a,o'$5 t"$& d$t$ri'$ "o9 t"os$

+o!'tri$s 9i,, s$$ t"$s$,0$s i' t"$ $dia# T"$ 9"o,$ ar$a o* '$9s?7at"$ri'75

t"$ s$,$+tio' o* t"$ *a+ts a'd t"$ a'7,$ o* 0i$9i'7 t"$ is so i-orta't to t"$

USA t"at 9"$' UNES%O -$rsist$d i' i'sisti'7 o' a '$9 i't$r'atio'a,

i'*oratio' ord$r5 t"$ USA 9it"dr$9 its *i'a'+ia, d!$s a'd s!o'$d ritai'

to *o,,o9 s!it# T"$ sa$ -att$r' o* +o'tro, $2t$'ds to t"$ +i'$a5 t$,$0isio'5

t"$ 0id$o5 a'd t"$ radio# Most o* t"$ ia7$s o' t"$ +i'$a a'd t$,$0isio'

s+r$$'s o* t"$ T"ird Wor,d ar$ a+t!a,,& a'!*a+t!r$d i' t"$ USA# T"is

doi'a'+$ is ,i.$,& to +o'ti'!$ 9it" t"$ 0ast US i'0$st$'t i' i'*oratio'

t$+"'o,o7&# Wit" t"$ sat$,,it$ T5 %ab,$ T5 a'd t"$ USA?bas$d 0id$o

-rod!+tio's5 t"$s$ ia7$s ad$ i' t"$ USA 9i,, b$ r$+$i0$d dir$+t,& b& a'&

T"ird Wor,d *ai,i$s# W$ "a0$ a,r$ad& s$$' t"$ d$0astati'7 !s$ o* t"is

t$+"'o,o7& i' r$,i7io!s -ro-a7a'da b& t"$ USA?bas$d i,,io'air$ *o!'datio's9"o 'o9 -root$ idioti+ i,,!sio's abo!t t"$ -,$as!r$s o* t"$ "$a0$' to +o$

o' a ass "&-'oti+ s+a,$# E0$' s!+" -!b,i+,& dis+r$dit$d +"ara+t$rs as

S9a77$rt a'd Ora, Rob$rts 9i,, o++!-& r$7!,ar s-ots r!''i'7 i'to "o!rs o*

-ri$ t$,$0isio' ti$ i' a '!b$r o* A*ri+a' a'd T"ird Wor,d +o!'tri$s#

J$s!s?is?&?-$rso'a,?sa0io!r r$,i7io's 9i,, s-r$ad o' a ass s+a,$ t"ro!7"

+ass$tt$s5 7,oss& ,$a*,$ts a'd 0id$os#

T"$ USA a'd t"$ W$st +o'tro, t"$ -rod!+tio'5 trai'i'7 a'd $0$' t"$

-,a+$$'t o* ost T"ird Wor,d i't$,,$+t!a,s# A 7ood '!b$r

<



b$+o$ trai'$d a'd +!,t!r$d i'to dra9i'7 -i+t!r$s o* t"$ 9or,d i' "aro'&

9it" t"$ '$$ds o* US i-$ria,is# oo. a'd a7ai'$ -rod!+tio' a'd

distrib!tio' is doi'at$d b& t"$ USA a'd# t"$ W$st so t"at 9"at -$o-,$ i' t"$

T"ird Wor,d r$ad is ,ar7$,& d$t$ri'$d i' t"$ aor +a-ita,s o* t"$ W$st# I'

s"ort5 t"$ USA a'd t"$ W$st +o'tro, t"$ 9"o,$ ar$a o* t"$ -rod!+tio' a'd

diss$i'atio' o* id$as so basi+ to +!,t!ra, d$t$ri'atio' a'd t"$ s"a-i'7 o*

o!t,oo.s o' ,i*$ a'd so+ia, str!77,$s#

T"ro!7"o!t a,, t"$ abo0$5 t"$ T"ird Wor,d is b$i'7 trai'$d to *$$,

+o-,$t$,& at "o$ 9it" t"$ r!,i'7?+,ass 0a,!$s o* t"$ US i-$ria,ist

bo!r7$oisi$# A*t$r a ti$5 a'& ot"$r arti+!,at$d 9or,d 0i$9 a& so!'d 0$r&

stra'7$ a'd !'r$a, i' t"$ $ars o* t"$ -o,iti+a, b$,i$0$rs# Wit" t"$ ad0$'t o*

tra's'atio'a,s t"$ 9or,d is *i'a,,& b$i'7 ad$ i' t"$ ia7$ o* t"$ W$st#

T"$ 1::s is 7oi'7 to s$$ at ,$ast t"r$$ +$'tr$s o* i-$ria,is5 a'd -ossib,&

ri0a, i-$ria,iss# W$st$r' E!ro-$ 9i,, b$+o$ !'it$d as o'$ +$'tr$> t"is

+$'tr$ 9i,, tr& to bri'7 its s-"$r$s o* i'*,!$'+$ i' t"$ T"ird Wor,d !'d$r t"$

dir$+t E!ro-$a' 9i'7# T"is 9i,, $a' ai',& A*ri+a 9"$r$ ritis" a'd ;r$'+"

i't$r$sts sti,, -r$doi'at$# T"$s$ t9o 'atio's *or i'sta'+$ sti,, ai'tai'

si$ab,$ ari$s i' t"$ir *or$r +o,o'i$s# S$+o'd,&5 t"$r$ is t"$ Ja-a'$s$ +$'tr$

9it" its s-"$r$ o* $+o'oi+ i'*,!$'+$ i' So!t"?East Asia# A'd *i'a,,& o* +o!rs$

t"$ Nort" A$ri+a' +$'tr$5 $a'i'7 ai',& t"$ USA# T"is 9i,, tr& to "o,d o'

to its ,$ad$rs"i- o* t"$ $'tir$ i-$ria,ist +a- b!t t"$ t"r$$ +$'tr$s +o!,d 9$,,

s$$ 7r$at$r i't$r?i-$ria,ist ri0a,r&# K9a$ N.r!a" o'+$ d$s+rib$d

'$o?+o,o'ia,is as t"$ ,ast sta7$ o* i-$ria,is# Ho9 -ro-"$ti+ "$ 9as a&

9$,, b$ -ro0$' b& 9or,d $0$'ts i' t"$ 1::s5 a'd -arti+!,ar,& t"$ i'+or-oratio'

o* East$r' E!ro-$ i'to !'ior $b$rs"i- o* t"$ W$st# T"$ 1::s 9i,, s$$ t"$

'$o?+o,o'ia,ist *or o* i-$ria,is $'t$ri'7 its ,ast b!t d$s-$rat$ -$riod

$s-$+ia,,& i' t"$ *a+$ o* i't$'si*i$d 'atio'a, ,ib$ratio' ass$rtio's a'd t"$i'+r$asi'7 d$a'ds *or *!'da$'ta, so+ia, +"a'7$# T"$ t"$atr$ o* str!77,$ 9i,,

sti,, b$ i' t"$ T"ird Wor,d#

T"$ 1::s 9i,, t"$r$*or$ s$$ $0$' 7r$at$r batt,$s *or t"$ +o'tro, o* t"$

i'ds a'd "$arts o* t"$ $2-,oit$d a'd t"$ o--r$ss$d o* t"$ 9or,d5 tr&i'7 to

o!,d t"$ i' t"$ ia7$ o* t"$ '$o?+o,o'ia, *at"$r i' t"$ A$ri+a' "$a0$'#

T"$ ai 9i,, sti,, b$ 9"at it "as a,9a&s b$$'> to di0id$5 9$a.$' a'd s+att$r

r$sista'+$# ;or "o9 a -$o-,$ 0i$9 t"$s$,0$s 9i,, a**$+t "o9 t"$& 0i$9 t"$ir

0a,!$s5 t"$ir +!,t!r$5

<1



t"$ir -o,iti+s5 t"$ir $+o'oi+s5 a'd !,tiat$,& t"$ir r$,atio's"i- to 'at!r$ a'd to

t"$ $'tir$ !'i0$rs$#

A' o--r$ss$d +,ass5 or 'atio'5 t"at b$,i$0$s i' its$,*5 i' its "istor&5 i' its

d$sti'&5 i' its +a-a+it& to +"a'7$ t"$ s+"$$ o* t"i'7s5 9i,, ob0io!s,& b$ t"$

stro'7$r i' its +,ass a'd 'atio'a, str!77,$s *or -o,iti+a, a'd $+o'oi+ s!r0i0a,#

Sii,ar,& a' o--r$ss$d +,ass or 'atio' t"at ,os$s *ait" a'd b$,i$* i' its$,*5 i' its

"istor&5 i' its +a-a+it& to +"a'7$ t"$ s+"$$ o* t"i'7s5 b$+o$s 9$a.$'$d i' its

-o,iti+a, a'd $+o'oi+ str!77,$s *or s!r0i0a,# S!+" a +,ass or 'atio' +a' o',&

9or. o!t its d$sti'& 9it"i' t"$ bo!'dari$s +,$ar,& dra9' b& t"$ doi'ati'7

+,ass a'd 'atio'#

;ort!'at$,& t"i'7s 9i,, '$0$r 7o t"$ 9a& i't$'d$d b& t"$ o--r$ssor *or t"$

si-,$ r$aso' t"at t"$ doi'at$d "a0$ a,9a&s r$sist$d a'd 9i,, a,9a&s r$sist#

I' *a+t i-$ria,is 9o!,d '$0$r "a0$ ta.$' so !+" tro!b,$ to i'0$st so

"$a0i,& i' its r$-r$ssi0$ a+"i'$r& or i' +!,t!ra, $'7i'$$ri'7 i* t"$ $2-,oit$d

a'd t"$ o--r$ss$d "ad t"$s$,0$s $r$,& s!++!b$d to t"$ir $+o'oi+ *at$ o*

*or$0$r b$i'7 t"$ !'6!$stio'i'7 dra9$rs a'd "$9$rs o* 9ood#

I' t"$ -arti+!,ar +as$ o* A*ri+a5 -$o-,$ str!77,$d a7ai'st t"$ s,a0$ trad$ a'd

s,a0$r& a7ai'st t"$ +o,o'ia, i'0asio's a'd o++!-atio's b& *or+$s ar$d 9it"

t"$ ,at$st t$+"'o,o7i$s a'd toda& t"$& +o'ti'!$ t"at tita'i+ str!77,$ a7ai'st

'$o?+o,o'ia, $'+ir+,$$'t# $t9$$' t"$ *i*t$$'t" a'd 'i'$t$$'t" +$'t!ri$s5

A*ri+a' -$o-,$ *o!7"t 9ars to -r$s$r0$ t"$ir i'd$-$'d$'+$ a7ai'st t"$ 0ario!s

i'0asio's *ro E!ro-$# U'd$r t"$ +o,o'ia, -"as$ t"$& *o!7"t 9ars *or 'atio'a,

i'd$-$'d$'+$# Toda& A*ri+a is sti,, $'7a7$d i' 9ars to +o-,$t$ t"$ 'atio'a,

d$o+rati+ r$0o,!tio's as t"$ 0$r& *irst a'd '$+$ssar& st$- to9ards so+ia,

+"a'7$# A'd i' a,, t"$s$ -"as$s5 t"$ str!77,$ to bri'7 abo!t -$o-,$s -o9$r5

so+ia, +"a'7$5 a '$9 so+i$t& is sti,, +o'ti'!i'7 9it" $0$' 7r$at$r i't$'sit& as

i-$ria,is a'd its i't$r'a, +,ass a,,i$s i' A*ri+a -!t !- barri$r a*t$r barri$r#

I' a,, t"$s$ str!77,$s5 t"$ +!,t!ra, a'd i't$,,$+t!a, 9or.$r "as a,9a&s

-,a&$d a' i-orta't ro,$# I't$,,$+t!a, 9or.$rs +a' dra9 -i+t!r$s o* t"$ 9or,d i'

"aro'& 9it" t"$ '$$ds o* t"$ *or+$s o* "!a' d$str!+tio' or i' "aro'& 9it"

t"$ *or+$s or r$sista'+$ *or "!a' s!r0i0a,5 +r$ati0it& a'd r$'$9a,# I't$,,$+t!a,s

+a' dra9 -i+t!r$s o* t"$ !'i0$rs$ a'd its 9or.i'7s to i'sti, *$ar5 d$s-o'd$'+$5

a'd s$,*do!bt i' t"$ o--r$ss$d 9"i,$ ,$7itiisi'7 t"$ 9or,d o* t"$ o--r$ssor

'atio's a'd +,ass$s as t"$ 'or or t"$& +a' dra9 -i+t!r$s t"at i'sti,,

<



+,arit&5 str$'7t"5 "o-$5 to t"$ str!77,$s o* t"$ $2-,oit$d a'd t"$ o--r$ss$d to

r$a,is$ t"$ir 0isio's o* a '$9 toorro9#

T"$ T"ird Wor,d t"at is $'t$ri'7 t"$ 1::s +a' b$ di0id$d i'to *o!r ai'

ar$as +orr$s-o'di'7 to t"$ *o!r sta7$s i' t"$ d$0$,o-$'t o* a r$0o,!tio'ar&

-ro+$ss *or *!'da$'ta, so+ia, +"a'7$#

;irst5 t"$r$ ar$ t"os$ +o!'tri$s 9"i+" ar$ sti,, !'d$r so$ .i'd o* +o,o'ia,

o++!-atio'# T"$s$ ar$ *$9 i' '!b$r# Dir$+t o++!-atio' o* a +o,o'ia, t&-$ is

i'+r$asi'7,& a t"i'7 o* t"$ -ast# It is too ob0io!s a'd too +ost,& *or t"$

o++!-&i'7 *or+$s# T"$s$ +o,o'ia, t&-$s ar$ o--os$d b& ,ib$ratio' o0$$'ts#

T"$' t"$r$ ar$ t"$ '$o?+o,o'i$s# T"$s$ ar$ 'oi'a,,& i'd$-$'d$'t 9it"

+o-rador?t&-$ r$7i$s r!''i'7 t"$ $+o'o&5 -o,iti+s5 a'd +!,t!r$ o* t"$

+o!'tr& +o'sist$'t,& o' b$"a,* o* t"$ W$st# S!+" '$o?+o,o'ia, r$7i$s a,so

i'0ariab,& "arbo!r W$st$r' i,itar& -$rso''$,5 bas$s a'd *a+i,iti$s# I' t"$s$

+o!'tri$s t"$r$ ar$ o0$$'ts5 -$o-,$?bas$d o0$$'ts5 s-$ar"$adi'7 t"$

str!77,$ *or d$o+ra+& a'd so+ia, +"a'7$# #

A t"ird 7ro!- o* +o!'tri$s ,$a' to9ards so+ia, +"a'7$# T"$& ar$ 7$'!i'$,&

tr&i'7 to sa*$7!ard a -$o-,$?bas$d d$o+ra+& a'd to -r$s$r0$ t"$ir 'atio'a,

i'd$-$'d$'+$# S!+" +o!'tri$s ar$ +o'sta't,& !'d$r t"r$ats o* d$stabi,isatio'#

A'd ,ast,&5 t"$r$ ar$ t"os$ +o!'tri$s 9"i+" "a0$ a,r$ad& +ross$d i'to t"$

so+ia,ist -at" o* d$0$,o-$'t a'd 9"i+" o'+$ a7ai' *a+$ i-$ria,ist

$'+ir+,$$'t a'd $+o'oi+ stra'7!,atio'# %!ba5 *or i'sta'+$5 "as b$$' *a+i'7

a' $+o'oi+ b,o+.ad$# S"o!,d its $+o'o& *ai, 9$ s"a,, b$ to,d t"at t"is is

b$+a!s$ o* so+ia,is# T"$ T"ird Wor,d str!77,$s a7ai'st i-$ria,is i' its

'$o+o,o'ia, *or 9i,, b$ t"$ stro'7$r i* a,9a&s ,i'.$d to t"$ o0$ra,,

i't$r'atio'a, str!77,$ *or a '$9 9or,d# I-$ria,is is a t"r$$?"$ad$d o'st$r

9it" o'$ "$ad s-itti'7 or t"r$at$'i'7 to s-it *ir$ at t"$ so+ia,ist 9or,d t"$ ot"$r

"$ad is s-itti'7 *ir$ at t"$ 9or.i'7 -$o-,$ i' its o9' "o$ bas$ a'd t"$ t"ird

"$ad is dir$+ti'7 *ir$ a'd bristo'$ at t"$ 'atio'a, ,ib$ratio' str!77,$s i' t"$

T"ird Wor,d t"at s$$ +oitt$d to *!'da$'ta, so+ia, +"a'7$#

It is i' t"$ i't$r$sts o* T"ird Wor,d -$o-,$s to s!--ort t"$ d$o+rati+

str!77,$s i' t"$ USA5 Ja-a'5 a'd W$st$r' E!ro-$ s!+" as t"$ a'ti?ra+ist

7ro!-i'7s5 t"$ 9o$'s’ o0$$'ts *or $6!a,it&5 t"$ 9or.$rs’ str!77,$s5 t"$

-$a+$ a'd t"$ $'0iro'$'ta,ist o0$$'ts# T"$s$ d$o+rati+ o0$$'ts i'

t"$ W$st i' t!r' "a0$ to s$$ t"at

<



t"$ *at$ o* t"$ 0a,!$s t"$& sta'd *or is ,i'.$d 9it" t"$ s!++$ss or *ai,!r$ o* t"$

'atio'a, d$o+rati+ str!77,$s *or r$a, ,ib$ratio' i' t"$ T"ird Wor,d# T"$&

!st5 o!t o* t"$ir o9' i't$r$sts5 a+ti0$,& i't$'si*& t"$ir s!--ort *or

a'ti?'$o?+o,o'ia, d$o+ra+i$s a'd o0$$'ts i' Asia5 A*ri+a5 a'd So!t"

A$ri+a# T"is $a's5 at t"$ 0$r& ,$ast5 o--osi'7 t"$ir o9' 7o0$r'$'ts

s!--ort *or di+tators"i-s a'd t&ra''i$s o* 0ario!s .i'ds i' t"$ T"ird Wor,d#

T"$& s"o!,d a,so o--os$ t"$ir 7o0$r'$'ts $a7$r'$ss to s$'d troo-s to AASA

+o!'tri$s 9"$' t"$s$ r$7i$s ar$ t"r$at$'$d b& -o-!,ar *or+$s#

!t *or t"$ T"ird Wor,d -$o-,$s a' $0$' or$ i-orta't r$6!ir$$'t is

t"$ ,i'.a7$s o* t"$ir str!77,$s# I' t"is r$s-$+t t"$ 'otio' o* so!t" /so!t"

dia,o7!$ s"o!,d 7o b$&o'd t"$ ,$0$, o* s$'ti$'t a'd 9is"$s# E+o'oi+

$2+"a'7$s a'd +o?o-$ratio'5 +a' str$'7t"$' t"$ ,i'.s t"at bi'd# !t 6!it$ as

i-orta't as -o,iti+a, dia,o7!$s a'd $+o'oi+ $2+"a'7$ is t"$ +!,t!ra, *a+tor#

T"$ ,it$rat!r$s o* T"ird Wor,d -$o-,$s o* Asia5 A*ri+a a'd So!t" A$ri+a *or

i'sta'+$ "a0$ a ,ot to ,$ar' *ro $a+" ot"$r> %!,t!ra, $2+"a'7$s at t"$ -$o-,$

to -$o-,$ a'd at i'stit!tio'a, ,$0$,s ar$ 0ita,# T"is +!,t!r$ is 'ot i' +o'tradi+tio'

9it" t"$ d$o+rati+ traditio' i' t"$ ,it$rat!r$s a'd +!,t!r$s o* t"$ W$st$r'

-$o-,$s# I a t"i'.i'7 o* a tri-artit$ +!,t!ra, dia,o7!$ a'd $2+"a'7$ b$t9$$'

t"$ -$o-,$ o* Asia5 A*ri+a a'd So!t" A$ri+a5 o' t"$ o'$ "a'd5 a'd b$t9$$'

t"$ -$o-,$s o* AASA a'd t"os$ o* t"$ W$st5 o' t"$ ot"$r# ;or 6!it$ a-art *ro

a'&t"i'7 $,s$ t"$r$ ar$ 'o9 i,,io's o* AASA -$o-,$s i' t"$ W$st a'd t"$& ar$

+o'trib!ti'7 to t"$ d$o+rati+ +!,t!r$ o* str!77,$ i' t"$ W$st#

T"$ r$sista'+$ o* T"ird Wor,d -$o-,$s ? ost,& o* AASA ? is a +o'ti'!i'7

-ro+$ss a'd it is a str!77,$ a7ai'st i-$ria,is i' 9"at$0$r *or a'd 7!is$5

+o,o'ia,5 '$o?+o,o'ia,5 USA?ba+.$d or ot"$r9is$# ;or t"is r$sista'+$ to b$

s!++$ss*!, it "as to b$ 9a7$d at a,, t"$ ,$0$,s 9$ "a0$ b$$' ta,.i'7 abo!t>

$+o'oi+5 -o,iti+a,5 +!,t!ra, a'd -s&+"o,o7i+a,# I' ot"$r 9ords t"$ s!++$ss o*t"$ $'tir$ -ro+$ss 9i,, b$ !d7$d *i'a,,& o' "o9 *ar t"$ $+o'o&5 -o,iti+s5

+!,t!r$5 i'd$$d t"$ "!a'it& o* t"$ -$o-,$s o* AASA "a0$ b$$' ,ib$rat$d# ;or

9$ ar$ ta,.i'7 abo!t 'ot"i'7 ,$ss t"a' t"$ ri7"t o* a,, t"$ -$o-,$s o* t"$ $art" to

b$ "!a'# %!,t!r$5 *r$$d *ro a,, t"$ str!+t!r$s o* s!b!7atio'5 'atio'a, a'd

i't$r'atio'a,5 is t"$ b$st $as!r$ o* t"is "!a'it&#

%!,t!r$ i' ot"$r 9ords is 'ot so$t"i'7 $2tra5 ,i.$ sa& a si2t"

<3



*i'7$r o' a "!a' "a'd# %!,t!r$ "as ri7"t,& b$$' said to b$ to so+i$t& 9"at a

*,o9$r is to a -,a't# W"at is i-orta't abo!t a *,o9$r is 'ot !st its b$a!t&# A

*,o9$r is t"$ +arri$r o* t"$# s$$ds *or '$9 -,a'ts5 t"$ b$ar$r o* t"$ *!t!r$ o* t"at

s-$+i$s o* -,a'ts# I* $+o'oi+ a'd -o,iti+a, ,ib$ratio' ar$ $ss$'tia, *or o!r

,ib$ratio'5 $6!a,,& t"$ ,ib$ratio' o* o!r +!,t!r$s5 o!r *$$,i'7s5 0a,!$s5 o!t,oo.5

ar$ a '$+$ssar& $as!r$ o* t"$ tr!$ $2t$'t o* t"at $+o'oi+ a'd -o,iti+a,

,ib$ratio'# Or -!t it a'ot"$r 9a&> i* +!,t!r$ is t"$ -rod!+t o* t"$ tota,it& a'd

+o'ti'!it& o* o!r $+o'oi+ a'd -o,iti+a, str!77,$s5 it is a,so a +o'trib!tor5 a

r$*,$+tio'5 a'd a $as!r$ o* t"$ s!++$ss o* t"os$ str!77,$s#

T"$ +!,t!ra, a'd t"$ -s&+"o,o7i+a, as-$+ts o* t"$ +o'ti'!i'7 r$sista'+$

a7ai'st i-$ria,is i' t"$ 1::s ar$ a' i't$7ra, -art o* t"$ o0$ra,, str!77,$#

S"o!,d 9$ i7'or$ t"$ +!,t!ra, as-$+ts o* bot" i-$ria,is a'd t"$ r$sista'+$

a7ai'st it5 9$ s"a,, $r$,& "a0$ s+ot+"$d t"$ s'a.$ 'ot .i,,$d it# I-$ria,is is

a' i't$7ra, 9"o,$ a'd t"$ str!77,$ a7ai'st it !st a,so b$ a' i't$7ra, 9"o,$

+o!'t$ri'75 b,o9 *or b,o95 a,, t"$ ar$as o* its a77r$ssio' ? $+o'oi+5 -o,iti+a,5

+!,t!ra, a'd -s&+"o,o7i+a, ? 9it" a -$o-,$?bas$d $+o'o&5 -o,iti+s a'd +!,t!r$5

i' t"$ "o-$ o* $'di'7 !- 9it" a ,ib$rat$d -$o-,$s +o's+io!s'$ss a'd +r$ati0it&#

T"$' t"$ -ositi0$ i' $a+" o* o!r +!,t!r$s?9o!,d *or a *o!'datio' *or a

s"ar$d s$t o* "!a' 0a,!$s a'd "$rita7$ o' a 7,oba, s+a,$# T"$ +o,,a-s$ o*

'$o?+o,o'ia,is a'd a,, t"$ i't$r'atio'a, a'd 'atio'a, str!+t!r$s o* doi'atio'5

d$-$'d$'+i$s5 -arasitiss5 (N.r!a"s ,ast sta7$ o* i-$ria,is)5 9o!,d s$$

t"$ birt" o* a '$9 9or,d5 t"$ b$7i''i'7s o* a tr!,& !'i0$rsa, "!a' +!,t!r$#

<4



<=



II

$reein#

Cu"ture$rom

Co"onia"

Le#acies

<<



5 T&e ,riter in

a Neo-co"onia" State

T"$ A*ri+a' 9rit$r 9"o $$r7$d a*t$r t"$ S$+o'd Wor,d War "as 7o'$ t"ro!7"

t"r$$ d$+isi0$ d$+ad$s 9"i+" a,so ar. t"r$$ 'oda, sta7$s i' "is 7ro9t"# H$

"as 7o'$5 as it 9$r$5 t"ro!7" t"r$$ a7$s 9it"i' o',& t"$ ,ast t"irt& &$ars or so>

t"$ a7$ o* t"$ a'ti?+o,o'ia, str!77,$ t"$ a7$ o* i'd$-$'d$'+$ a'd t"$ a7$ o*

'$o?+o,o'ia,is#

;irst 9as t"$ *i*ti$s5 t"$ d$+ad$ o* t"$ "i7" 'oo' o* t"$ A*ri+a' -$o-,$’s

a'ti?+o,o'ia, str!77,$s *or *!,, i'd$-$'d$'+$# T"$ d$+ad$ 9as "$ra,d$d5

i't$r'atio'a,,&5 b& t"$ tri!-" o* t"$ %"i'$s$ R$0o,!tio' i' 1:3: a'd b& t"$

i'd$-$'d$'+$ o* I'dia i' 1:3<# It 9as t"$ d$+ad$ o* t"$ Kor$a' r$0o,!tio'5 t"$

i$t'a$s$ d$*$at o* t"$ ;r$'+" at Di$' i$' P"!5 t"$ %!ba' -$o-,$’s o!st$r

o* atista5 t"$ stirri'7s o* "$roi+ i'd$-$'d$'+$ a'd ,ib$ratio' o0$$'ts i'

Asia5 t"$ %aribb$a' a'd Lati' A$ri+a# I' A*ri+a t"$ d$+ad$ sa9 t"$ Nass$rit$

'atio'a, ass$rtio' i' E7&-t +!,i'ati'7 i' t"$ tri!-"a't 'atio'a,isatio' o* t"$

S!$ %a'a,5 ar$d str!77,$s b& t"$ K$'&a La'd a'd ;r$$do Ar&5 Ma!

Ma!5 a7ai'st ritis" +o,o'ia,is a'd b& ;LN a7ai'st ;r$'+" +o,o'ia,is i'

A,7$ria5 as 9$,, as i't$'si*i$d r$sista'+$ a7ai'st t"$ So!t" A*ri+a' A-art"$id

r$7i$5 a r$sista'+$ it r$s-o'd$d to 9it" t"$ S"ar-$0i,,$ assa+r$# W"at ar.s

t"$ d$+ad$ i' t"$ -o-!,ar ia7i'atio'5 "o9$0$r5 9as t"$ i'd$-$'d$'+$ o*

G"a'a i' 1:4< a'd o* Ni7$ria i' 1:= 9it" t"$ -rois$ o* or$ to *o,,o9# I'

E!ro-$5 t"$ i$diat$ -ost?9ar d$+ad$s5 -arti+!,ar,& t"$ *i*ti$s5 sa9

+o'so,idatio'# o* so+ia,ist 7ai's i' East$r' E!ro-$ a'd i-orta't

so+ia,?d$o+rati+ 7ai's i' t"$ W$st# I' t"$ USA5 t"$ *i*ti$s sa9 a' !-s!r7$ o*#

+i0i, ri7"ts str!77,$s# s-$ar"$ad$d b& A*ro?A$ri+a' -$o-,$#

It 9as5 i' ot"$r 9ords5 t"$ d$+ad$ o* tr$$'do!s a'ti?i-$ria,ist

<@



A'd a'ti?+o,o'ia, r$0o,!tio'ar& !-"$a0a,s o++asio'$d b& t"$ *or+ib,$

i't$r0$'tio' o* t"$ ass$s i' "istor&# It 9as a d$+ad$ o* "o-$5 t"$ -$o-,$

,oo.i'7 *or9ard to a bri7"t orro9 i' a '$9 A*ri+a *i'a,,& *r$$d *ro

+o,o'ia,is# K9a$ N.r!a" 9as t"$ si'7,$ ost i-orta't t"$or$ti+ia' a'd

s-o.$sa' o* t"is d$+ad$# To%ards Colonial Freedom> t"at 9as i' *a+t t"$ tit,$

o* t"$ boo. K9a$ N.r!a" "ad -!b,is"$d at t"$ b$7i''i'7 o* t"$ *i*ti$s#

Ho9 s9$$t it !st "a0$ so!'d$d i' t"$ $ars o* a,, t"os$ 9"o dr$at abo!t a

'$9 toorro9 His G"a'a b$+a$ t"$ r$0o,!tio'ar& M$++a o* t"$ $'tir$

a'ti?+o,o'ia, o0$$'t i' A*ri+a# H!t+"iso'5 a So!t" A*ri+a' 'atio'a,ist5

+a-t!r$d G"a'a’s +$'tra,it& to t"$ $ra 9"$' "$ +a,,$d "is boo. ? its$,* a'

a++o!'t o* "is o9' ,i*$ a'd $s+a-$ *ro So!t" A*ri+a ? si-,&5 Road to 2hana#

A,, t"$ +o'ti'$'t’s 'atio'a,ist roads o* t"$ *i*ti$s ,$d to K9a$ N.r!a"’s

G"a'a# E0$r&9"$r$ o' t"$ +o'ti'$'t5 t"$ *or$r +o,o'ia, s,a0$ 9as br$a.i'7

"is +"ai's5 a'd si'7i'7 so'7s o* "o-$ *or a or$ $7a,itaria' so+i$t& i' its

$+o'oi+5 -o,iti+a, a'd +!,t!ra, ,i*$ a'd N.r!a"’s G"a'a s$$$d to "o,d t"$

tor+" to t"at ,i*$

T"$ A*ri+a' 9rit$r 9$ ar$ ta,.i'7 abo!t 9as bor' o' t"$ +r$st o* t"is

a'ti?+o,o'ia, !-"$a0a, a'd 9or,d9id$ r$0o,!tio'ar& *$r$'t# T"$

a'ti?i-$ria,ist $'$r7& a'd o-tiis o* t"$ ass$s *o!'d its 9a& i'to t"$

9riti'7 o* t"$ -$riod# T"$ 0$r& *a+t o* "is birt" 9as its$,* $0id$'+$ o* t"is '$9

ass$rti0$ A*ri+a# T"$ 9riti'7 its$,*5 9"$t"$r i' -o$tr&5 draa or *i+tio'5 $0$'

9"$r$ it 9as $2-,a'ator& i' i't$'tio'5 9as ass$rti0$ i' to'$# It 9as A*ri+a

$2-,ai'i'7 its$,*5 s-$a.i'7 *or its$,* a'd i't$r-r$ti'7 its -ast# It 9as a' A*ri+a

r$$+ti'7 t"$ ia7$s o* its -ast as dra9' b& t"$ artists o* i-$ria,is# T"$

9rit$r $0$' *,a!'t$d "is ri7"t to !s$ t"$ ,a'7!a7$ o* t"$ *or$r +o,o'ia, ast$r

a'&9a& "$ ,i.$d# No a-o,o7i$s# No b$77i'7# T"$ %a,iba' o* t"$ +o,o'ia, 9or,d

"ad b$$' 7i0$' E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s a'd "$ 9as 7oi'7 to !s$ t"$ $0$' to

s!b0$rt t"$ ast$r#

T"$r$ is a .i'd o* s$,*?ass!r$d'$ss5 a +o'*id$'+$5 i* &o! ,i.$5 i' t"$ s+o-$

a'd?ast$r& o* at$ria, i' so$ o* t"$ b$st a'd ost r$-r$s$'tati0$ -rod!+ts

o* t"$ -$riod> %"i'!a A+"$b$’s Things Fall 'art 5 Wo,$ So&i'.a’s Dance of

the Forests( %aara La&$’s The frican Child a'd S$b$'$ O!sa'$’s 2od1s

3its of Wood- T"$ d$+ad$5 i' -o,iti+s a'd i' ,it$rat!r$5 9as "o9$0$r b$st

s!$d !- i' t"$ 0$r& tit,$ o* P$t$r Abra"a’s a!tobio7ra-"&5 Tell Freedom5

9"i,$ t"$ o-tiis is a,, t"$r$ i' Da0id Dio-’s -o$ A*ri+a’#

<:



A*t$r $0o.i'7 a' A*ri+a o* *r$$do ,ost as 9$,, as t"$ A*ri+a o* t"$ +!rr$'t

+o,o'ia,is5 "$ ,oo.s to t"$ *!t!r$ 9it" !'6!a,i*i$d5 tota, +o'*id$'+$>

A*ri+a t$,, $ A*ri+a

Is t"is &o! t"is ba+. t"at is b$'t

T"is ba+. t"at br$a.s !'d$r t"$ 9$i7"t o* "!i,iatio'

T"is ba+. tr$b,i'7 9it" r$d s+ars

A'd sa&i'7 &$s to t"$ 9"i- !'d$r t"$ idda& s!'

!t a 7ra0$ 0oi+$ a's9$rs $

I-$t!o!s so' t"at tr$$ &o!'7 a'd stro'7

T"at tr$$ t"$r$

I' s-,$'did ,o'$,i'$ss aidst 9"it$ a'd *ad$d *,o9$rs

T"at is A*ri+a &o!r A*ri+a

T"at 7ro0$s a7ai' -ati$'t,& obsti'at$,&

A'd its *r!it 7rad!a,,& a+6!ir$s

T"$ bitt$r tast$ o* ,ib$rt&#

T"$ 9rit$r a'd "is 9or. 9$r$ -rod!+ts o* t"$ A*ri+a' r$0o,!tio' $0$' as t"$

9rit$r a'd t"$ ,it$rat!r$ tri$d to !'d$rsta'd5 r$*,$+t5 a'd i't$r-r$t t"at

r$0o,!tio'# T"$ -ro-ti'7s o* "is ia7i'atio' s-ra'7 *ro t"$ *o!'tai' o* t"$

A*ri+a' a'ti?i-$ria,ist5 a'ti?+o,o'ia, o0$$'t o* t"$ *orti$s a'd *i*ti$s# ;ro

$0$r& to'7!$ +a$ t"$ sa$ t!'$> T$,, ;r$$do#

!t 0$r& o*t$' t"$ 9rit$r 9"o sa'7 T$,, ;r$$do’ i' t!'$ a'd ti$ 9it"

t"$ d$$-$st as-iratio's o* "is so+i$t& did 'ot a,9a&s !'d$rsta'd t"$ tr!$

di$'sio's o* t"os$ as-iratio's5 or rat"$r "$ did 'ot a,9a&s ad$6!at$,&

$0a,!at$ t"$ r$a, $'$& o* t"$s$ as-iratio's# I-$ria,is 9as *ar too $asi,&

s$$' i' t$rs o* t"$ s.i' -i7$'tatio' o* t"$ +o,o'is$r# It is 'ot s!r-risi'7 o*

+o!rs$ t"at s!+" a' $6!atio' s"o!,d "a0$ b$$' ad$ si'+$ ra+is a'd t"$ ti7"t

+ast$ s&st$ i' +o,o'ia,is "ad $'s!r$d t"at so+ia, r$9ards a'd -!'is"$'ts

9$r$ +ar$*!,,& str!+t!r$d o' t"$ &sti6!$ o* +o,o!r# *a!our 9as 'ot !st

la!our b!t !lack la!our. ca'ital 9as 'ot !st ca'ital b!t %hite7o%ned ca'ital #

E2-,oitatio' a'd its '$+$ssar& +o's$6!$'+$5 o--r$ssio'5 9$r$ b,a+.# T"$

0o+ab!,ar& b& 9"i+" t"$ +o'*,i+t b$t9$$' +o,o'ia, ,abo!r a'd i-$ria,ist

+a-ita, 9as -$r+$i0$d a'd id$o,o7i+a,,& *o!7"t o!t +o'sist$d o* 9"it$ a'd b,a+.

ia7$s5 so$ti$s *r$$,& i't$r+"a'7$ab,$ 9it" t"$ t$rs E!ro-$a'’

@



a'd A*ri+a'’# T"$ s$'t$'+$ or -"ras$ 9as # # # %hen the %hite man came to

frica #’ a'd 'ot =- - - %hen the im'erialist( or the colonialist( came to frica - -

-1 5 or # # # one day these %hites %ill go # # #’ a'd 'ot # # # one day im'erialism(

or these im'erialists( %ill go- - - E2+$-t i' a *$9 +as$s5 9"at 9as b$i'7

+$,$brat$d i' t"$ 9riti'7 9as t"$ d$-art!r$ o* t"$ 9"it$a' 9it" t"$ i-,i$d

"o-$ t"at t"$ i'+oi'7 b,a+.a' b& 0irt!$ o* "is b,a+.'$ss 9o!,d ri7"t t"$

9ro'7s a'd "$a, t"$ 9o!'ds o* +$'t!ri$s o* s,a0$r& a'd +o,o'ia,is# W$r$

t"$r$ +,ass$s i' A*ri+a No +ri$d t"$ 'atio'a,ist -o,iti+ia'5 a'd t"$ 9rit$r

s$$$d to $+"o "i# T"$ 9rit$r +o!,d 'ot s$$ t"$ +,ass *or+$s bor' b!t st!'t$d

i' a ra+ia,,& d$ar+at$d A*ri+a#

As a r$s!,t o* t"is r$d!+tio'is to t"$ -o,ariti$s o* +o,o!r a'd ra+$5 t"$

str!77,$ o* A*ri+a' -$o-,$ a7ai'st E!ro-$a' +o,o'ia,is 9as s$$' i' t$rs o* a

+o'*,i+t o* 0a,!$s b$t9$$' t"$ A*ri+a' a'd t"$ E!ro-$a' 9a&s o* -$r+$i0i'7

a'd r$a+ti'7 to r$a,it&# !t 9"i+" A*ri+a' 0a,!$s W"i+" E!ro-$a' 0a,!$s

W"i+" ,a+. 0a,!$s W"i+" W"it$ 0a,!$s T"$ 0a,!$s o* t"$ E!ro-$a'

-ro,$tariat a'd o* t"$ A*ri+a' -ro,$tariat O* t"$ E!ro-$a' i-$ria,ist

bo!r7$oisi$ a'd o* t"$ +o,,aboratio'ist A*ri+a' -$tt& bo!r7$oisi$ T"$ 0a,!$s

o* t"$ A*ri+a' -$asa't a'd t"os$ o* t"$ E!ro-$a' -$asa't A' !'di**$r$'tiat$d

!'i*orit& o* E!ro-$a'5 or 9"it$5 0a,!$s 9as -osit$d a7ai'st a' $6!a,,&

!'di**$r$'tiat$d !'i*orit& o* A*ri+a'5 or b,a+.5 0a,!$s#

T"is !'i*orit& o* A*ri+a' 0a,!$s 9as o*t$' +a-t!r$d i' t"$ r$a, o*

-o,iti+a, -ar,a'+$ b& t"$ 7ra'di,o6!$'t -"ras$5 A*ri+a' so+ia,is# T"$ -"ras$

9as to b$ 7i0$' $0$' 7r$at$r i't$,,$+t!a, so-"isti+atio' b& J!,i!s N&$r$r$

(9"os$ -$rso'a, i't$7rit& "as '$0$r b$$' i' a'& do!bt) 9"$' i' "is *ao!s

-a-$r Uaaa> t"$ basis o* A*ri+a' so+ia,is’ "$ d$*i'$d so+ia,is as a'

attit!d$ o* i'd# A i,,io'air$ (9"i,$ r$ai'i'7 a i,,io'air$ I -r$s!$) +o!,d

b$ a so+ia,ist5 a'd a 9or.$r (9"i,$ r$ai'i'7 a 9or.$r) +o!,d b$ a +a-ita,ist#

So+ia,is (a'd t"$r$*or$ its o--osit$5 i-$ria,ist +a-ita,is) 9as r$d!+$d to a

att$r o* b$,i$*s5 ora, abso,!t$s5 a'd 'ot t"at o* a "istori+a,,& +"a'7i'7

$+o'oi+5 -o,iti+a, a'd +!,t!ra, -ra+ti+$# a,!$s 9it"o!t t"$ $+o'oi+5

-o,iti+a, a'd +!,t!ra, -ra+ti+$ t"at 7i0$s ris$ to t"$ $0$' as t"$& i' t!r' r$*,$+t

t"at -ra+ti+$ 9$r$ s$$' as ra+ia,,& i'"$r$'t i' a -$o-,$#

I' s"ort t"$ 9rit$r a'd t"$ ,it$rat!r$ "$ -rod!+$d did 'ot o*t$'

@1



ta.$ a'd "$'+$ tr$at i-$ria,is a'd t"$ +,ass *or+$s it 7$'$rat$d as a'

i't$7rat$d $+o'oi+5 -o,iti+a, a'd +!,t!ra, s&st$ 9"os$ '$7atio' a'd t"$ +,ass

str!77,$s t"is 7$'$rat$d "ad a,so to b$ a' i't$7rat$d $+o'oi+5 -o,iti+a, a'd

+!,t!ra, s&st$ o* its o--osit$> 'atio'a, i'd$-$'d$'+$5 d$o+ra+& a'd

so+ia,is#

A'd so t"$ 9rit$r5 ar$d 9it" a' i'ad$6!at$ 7ras- o* t"$ $2t$'t5 t"$ 'at!r$

a'd t"$ -o9$r o* t"$ $'$& a'd o* a,, t"$ +,ass *or+$s at 9or. +o!,d o',& b$

s"o+.$d b& t"$ bro.$' -rois$s as "is so+i$t& $'t$r$d t"$ s$+o'd d$+ad$#

T"$ b$7i''i'7 o* t"$ si2ti$s sa9 a' a++$,$ratio' o* t"$ i'd$-$'d$'+$

o0$$'ts# Ta'a'ia5 U7a'da5 air$5 K$'&a5 abia5 Ma,a9i5 %o'7o

(raa0i,,$)5 S$'$7a,5 I0or& %oast5 Ma,i> +o!'tr& a*t$r +o!'tr& 9o' t"$ ri7"t

to *,& a 'atio'a, *,a7 a'd to si'7 a 'atio'a, a't"$# At t"$ $'d o* t"$ si2ti$s

o',& a *$9 s!d7$s o' t"$ a- r$-r$s$'t$d o,d +o,o'i$s# T"$ OAU 9as t"$

s&bo, o* t"$ '$9 a7$5 or rat"$r it 9as t"$ -rois$ o* 7r$at$r !'it& to +o$#

!t i* t"$ si2ti$s 9as t"$ d$+ad$ o* A*ri+a' i'd$-$'d$'+$5 it 9as a,so t"$

d$+ad$ 9"$' o,d st&,$ i-$ria,is tri$d to "a,t t"$ o$'t! o* t"$

a'ti?+o,o'ia, str!77,$s a'd t"$ s!++$ss$s o* t"$ *i*ti$s# O,d st&,$ i-$ria,is

tri$d to a.$ a ,ast sta'd# T"!s Port!7!$s$ +o,o'ia,is +,!'7 t$'a+io!s,& to

A'7o,a5 G!i'$a?issa! a'd Moabi6!$# I' ibab9$5 Ia' Sit" a'd "is

R"od$sia' ;ro't5 9it" t"$ a+ti0$ +o0$rt a'd o0$rt $'+o!ra7$$'t o* t"$ bi7

i-$ria,ist bo!r7$oisi$5 tri$d to +r$at$ a s$+o'd So!t" A*ri+a b& $a's o* a'

A$ri+a'?so!'di'7 U'i,at$ra, D$+,aratio' o* I'd$-$'d$'+$ (UDI)#

I't$r'atio'a,,& ?t"at is5 o!tsid$ o* A*ri+a ? t"is ,ast sta'd o* o,d st&,$

i-$ria,is 9as r$-r$s$'t$d b& t"$ USA i' So!t" i$t'a# !t US doi'atio'

o* So!t" i$t'a a,so r$-r$s$'t$d '$9 st&,$ i-$ria,is t"at is US?,$di-$ria,is r!,i'7 t"ro!7" -!--$t r$7i$s# T"!s i' i$t'a ,a& a +,!$ as to

9"at 9as "a--$'i'7 to t"$ A*ri+a o* t"$ si2ti$s5 "a--$'i'7 t"at is5 to its

i'd$-$'d$'+$ *ro +,assi+a, +o,o'ia,is# N$9 st&,$ i-$ria,is 9as

d$-$'d$'t o' t"$ at!ri'7’ o* a +,ass o* 'ati0$s5 a,r$ad& +o'+$i0$d a'd bor'

b& +o,o'ia,is5 9"os$ -ositio's a'd as-iratio's as a 7ro!- 9$r$ 'ot i' a'&

*!'da$'ta, +o'*,i+t 9it" t"$ o'$&?!77,i'7 +,ass$s5 t"$ *i'a'+ia, 7'o$s o*

t"$ r$a, +$'tr$s o* -o9$r ,i.$ !ri+"5 t"$ %it& o* Lo'do' a'd Wa,, Str$$t#

T"$r$ is a Ki.!&! 9ord5 Nya!aara5 d$ri0$d *ro Kis9a"i,i Mnya'ala 9"i+"

ad$6!at$,& d$s+rib$s

@



t"$s$ $diators b$t9$$' t"$ i-$ria,ist bo!r7$oisi$ a'd t"$ ass o* 9or.$rs

a'd -$asa'ts i' t"$ *or$r +o,o'i$s# G$or7$ Lai'7 i' "is 'o0$,5 In the

Castle of My Skin5 "ad +a,,$d it a' o0$rs$$r +,ass# T"$ o$r ra+ist So!t"

A*ri+a' r$7i$5 'ot to b$ o!tdo'$5 9as to +ari+at!r$ t"$ '$9 -ro+$ss 9"$' t"$&

too 9$'t a"$ad to +r$at$ t"$ir o9' a't!sta's# a't!sta'is Ho9 i''o0ati0$

t"$ o$rs ar$ !t i' a s$'s$5 "o9 tr!$

To t"$ aorit& o* A*ri+a' -$o-,$ i' t"$ '$9 stat$s5 i'd$-$'d$'+$ did 'ot

bri'7 abo!t *!'da$'ta, +"a'7$s# It 9as i'd$-$'d$'+$ 9it" t"$ r!,$r "o,di'7 a

b$77i'7 bo9, a'd t"$ r!,$d "o,di'7 a s"ri'.i'7 b$,,&# It 9as i'd$-$'d$'+$ 9it"

a 6!$stio' ar.# T"$ a7$ o* i'd$-$'d$'+$ "ad -rod!+$d a '$9 +,ass a'd a '$9,$ad$rs"i- t"at o*t$' 9as 'ot 0$r& di**$r$'t *ro t"$ o,d o'$# ,a+. s.i's5

9"it$ as.s W"it$ s.i's5 b,a+. as.s ,a+. s.i's +o'+$a,i'7 +o,o'ia,

s$tt,$rs’ "$arts I' $a+" o* t"$ A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s t"$r$ 9as a' att$-t to

$2-,ai' t"$ '$9 -"$'o$'o' i' t$rs o* t"$ W"it$’ a'd ,a+.’ s&bo,s b&

9"i+" +o,o'ia,is "ad b$$' s$$' a'd *o!7"t o!t# !t r$a,,&5 t"is 9as a '$9

+o-a'&5 a +o-a'& o* A*ri+a' -ro*it$$rs *ir,& d$ri0i'7 t"$ir +"ara+t$r5

-o9$r a'd i's-iratio' *ro t"$ir 7!ardia's"i- o* i-$ria,ist i't$r$sts#

It 9as ;ra't ;a'o' i' "is boo. *es Damn>s de la Terre5 *irst -!b,is"$d i'

;r$'+" i' 1:=1 a'd ,at$r (1:=4) i' E'7,is" !'d$r t"$ tit,$ The Wretched of the

Earth( 9"o -ro-"$ti+a,,& s!$d !- t"$ +"ara+t$r o* t"is $$r7$'t

-"$'o$'o'# T"$ +,ass t"at too. o0$r -o9$r a*t$r i'd$-$'d$'+$ 9as a'

!'d$rd$0$,o-$d idd,$ +,ass 9"i+" 9as 'ot i't$r$st$d i' -!tti'7 t"$ 'atio'a,

$+o'o& o' a '$9 *ooti'75 b!t i' b$+oi'7 a' i't$r$diar& b$t9$$' W$st$r'

i't$r$sts a'd t"$ -$o-,$5 a "a'dso$,& -aid b!si'$ss a7$'t o* t"$ W$st$r'

bo!r7$oisi$>

$*or$ i'd$-$'d$'+$5 t"$ ,$ad$r 7$'$ra,,& $bodi$s t"$ as-iratio's o* t"$

-$o-,$ *or i'd$-$'d$'+$5 -o,iti+a, ,ib$rt& a'd 'atio'a, di7'it&# !t as soo'

as i'd$-$'d$'+$ is d$+,ar$d5 *ar *ro $bod&i'7 i' +o'+r$t$ *or t"$

'$$ds o* t"$ -$o-,$ i' 9"at to!+"$s br$ad5 ,a'd a'd t"$ r$storatio' o* t"$

+o!'tr& to t"$ sa+r$d "a'ds o* t"$ -$o-,$5 t"$ ,$ad$r 9i,, r$0$a, "is i''$r

-!r-os$> to b$+o$ t"$ 7$'$ra, -r$sid$'t o* t"at +o-a'& o* -ro*it$$rs

i-ati$'t *or t"$ir r$t!r's 9"i+" +o'stit!t$s t"$ 'atio'a, bo!r7$oisi$#

@



I "a0$ a,9a&s ar7!$d t"at ,it$rat!r$ 9ritt$' b& A*ri+a's5 a'd -arti+!,ar,& t"$

,it$rat!r$ o* t"is -$riod5 +a''ot r$a,,& b$ !'d$rstood 9it"o!t5 a -ro-$r a'd

t"oro!7" r$adi'7 o* t"$ +"a-t$r Pit*a,,s o* Natio'a, %o's+io!s'$ss’ i' ;a'o'’s

The Wretched of the Earth# T"$ ,it$rat!r$ o* t"is -$riod 9as r$a,,& a s$ri$s o*

ia7i'ati0$ *oot'ot$s to ;ra't ;a'o'#

T"$ '$9 r$7i$s i' t"$ i'd$-$'d$'t stat$s i'+r$asi'7,& +a$ !'d$r

-r$ss!r$ *ro $2t$r'a, a'd i't$r'a, so!r+$s# T"$ $2t$r'a, -r$ss!r$ $a'at$d

*ro t"$ W$st 9"o 9a't$d t"$s$ stat$s to ai'tai' t"$ir i'd$-$'d$'+$ a'd

'o'?a,i7'$'t *ir,& o' t"$ sid$ o* W$st$r' $+o'oi+ a'd -o,iti+a, i't$r$sts#

W"$r$ a r$7i$ s"o9$d a +o'sist$'t d$sir$ to br$a. a9a& *ro t"$ W$st$r'orbit5 d$stabi,isatio' t"ro!7" $+o'oi+ sabota7$ a'd -o,iti+a, i'tri7!$ 9as s$t

i' otio'# T"$ US ro,$ i' bri'7i'7 do9' L!!ba a'd i'sta,,i'7 t"$ Mob!t!

i,itar& r$7i$ i' air$ at t"$ 0$r& b$7i''i'7 o* t"$ d$+ad$ 9as a si7' o*

t"i'7s to +o$#

T"$ i't$r'a, -r$ss!r$ +a$ *ro t"$ -$o-,$ 9"o soo' sa9 t"at

i'd$-$'d$'+$ "ad bro!7"t 'o a,,$0iatio' to t"$ir -o0$rt& a'd +$rtai',& 'o $'d

to -o,iti+a, r$-r$ssio'# P$o-,$ sa9 i' ost o* t"$ '$9 r$7i$s d$-$'d$'+$ o'

*or$i7'$rs5 7ra'd isa'a7$$'t a'd 9$,,?ai'tai'$d -o,i+$ boots# To 6!ot$

;a'o'> s+a'da,s ar$ '!$ro!s5 i'ist$rs 7ro9 ri+"5 t"$ir 9i0$s do,,

t"$s$,0$s !-5 t"$ $b$rs o* Par,ia$'t *$at"$r t"$ir '$sts a'd t"$r$ is 'ot a

so!, do9' to t"$ si-,$ -o,i+$a' or t"$ +!stos o**i+$r 9"o do$s 'ot oi' i'

t"$ 7r$at -ro+$ssio' o* +orr!-tio'#’

So$ i,itar& i't$r0$'$d $it"$r at t"$ -ro-ti'7s o* t"$ W$st or i'

r$s-o's$ to 9"at t"$& 7$'!i'$,& sa9 a'd *$,t as t"$ ora, d$+a&# !t t"$& too

did 'ot .'o9 9"at $,s$ to do 9it" t"$ stat$ $2+$-t to r!' t"$ stat!s 6!o 9it" t"$

7!' "$,d at t"$ r$ad& ? 'ot a7ai'st i-$ria,is ? b!t a7ai'st t"$ 0$r& -$o-,$ t"$

ar& "ad ost$'sib,& st$--$d i' to sa0$#

T"!s t"$ si2ti$s5 t"$ a7$ o* i'd$-$'d$'+$5 b$+a$ t"$ $ra o* cou's d1>tat

9"$t"$r W$st$r'?ba+.$d or i' -atrioti+ r$s-o's$ to i't$r'a, -r$ss!r$s# air$ i'

1:= a'd 1:=4 Ni7$ria a'd G"a'a i' 1:== Si$rra L$o'$5 S!da'5 Ma,i5

U7a'da> a,, t"$s$ a'd or$ *$,, to t"$ ari$s a'd b& 1:< 0irt!a,,& $0$r&

i'd$-$'d$'t stat$ "ad $2-$ri$'+$d a $as!r$ o* i,itar& +o!-s5 att$-t$d

+o!-s or t"r$ats o* +o!-s# T"$ r$s!,t 9as o*t$' i'tra?+,ass *ratri+id$ as i' t"$

+as$ o* air$ a'd Ni7$ria b!t o'$ t"at dra77$d t"$ ass$s i'to

@3



$a'i'7,$ss d$at"s5 star0atio' a'd sta7'atio'# Wars i'itiat$d b& VN&abaarars

T"$ $ra o* cou's d1>tat a,so t"r$9 !- t9o "id$o!s o'strositi$s> o.assa a'd

Idi Ai'5 t9o i'itia, dar,i'7s o* t"$ W$st5 9"o 9$r$ to a.$ a tota, o+.$r& o*

t"$ 'otio' o* i'd$-$'d$'+$5 b!t 9"o a,so5 i' t"os$ 0$r& a+tio's5 ad$ a tr!t"*!,

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s&bo,s o* a,, t"$ bro.$' -rois$s o* i'd$-$'d$'+$#

W"at 9as 9ro'7 9it" A*ri+a W"at "ad 7o'$ 9ro'7 T"$ ood o*

disi,,!sio'$'t $'7!,*$d t"$ 9rit$r a'd t"$ ,it$rat!r$ o* t"$ -$riod# It 9as

%"i'!a A+"$b$ i' Man of the #eo'le 9"o +orr$+t,& r$*,$+t$d t"$ +o'ditio's

t"at br$d +o!-s a'd r!o!rs o* +o!-s#T"$ *i+tio'a, 'arrator +a-t!r$s i' t"$ ia7$ o* a "o!s$ t"$ d$,ib$rat$

!rd$r o* d$o+ra+& b& t"$ '$9 ,$ad$rs"i->

W$ "ad a,, b$$' i' t"$ rai' to7$t"$r !'ti, &$st$rda&# T"$' a "a'd*!, o* !s ?

t"$ sart a'd t"$ ,!+.& a'd "ard,& $0$r t"$ b$st ? "ad s+rab,$d *or t"$

o'$ s"$,t$r o!r *or$r r!,$rs ,$*t5 a'd "ad ta.$' it o0$r a'd barri+ad$d

t"$s$,0$s i'# A'd *ro 9it"i' t"$& so!7"t to -$rs!ad$ t"$ r$st t"ro!7"

'!$ro!s ,o!ds-$a.$rs5 t"at t"$ *irst -"as$ o* t"$ str!77,$ "ad b$$' 9o'

a'd t"at t"$ '$2t -"as$ ? t"$ $2t$'sio' o* o!r "o!s$ ? 9as $0$' or$

i-orta't a'd +a,,$d *or '$9 a'd ori7i'a, ta+ti+s it r$6!ir$d t"at a,,

ar7!$'t s"o!,d +$as$ a'd t"$ 9"o,$ -$o-,$ s-$a. 9it" o'$ 0oi+$ a'd t"at

a'& or$ diss$'t a'd ar7!$'t o!tsid$ t"$ door o* t"$ s"$,t$r 9o!,d

s!b0$rt a'd br$a. do9' t"$ 9"o,$ "o!s$#

Man of the #eo'le5 +oi'7 o!t at abo!t t"$ sa$ ti$ as t"$ *irst Ni7$ria'

i,itar& +o!-5 "ad s"o9' t"at a 9rit$r +o!,d b$ a -ro-"$t# !t ot"$r 9riti'7s ?

-arti+!,ar,& A&i K9$i Ara"’s The 3eautyful $nes re Not /et 3orn5 a'd O.ot

-’ it$.’s Song of *a%ino C 9$r$ $6!a,,& i'+isi0$ i' t"$ir "orror at t"$ ora,

d$+a& i' t"$ '$9 stat$s# T"$ 9rit$r r$s-o'd$d to t"$ d$+a& b& a--$a,i'7 to t"$

+o's+i$'+$ o* t"$ '$9 +,ass# I* o',& t"$& 9o!,d ,ist$' I* o',& t"$& 9o!,d s$$

t"$ $rror o* t"$ir 9a&s H$ -,$ad$d5 ,a$'t$d5 t"r$at$'$d5 -ai't$d t"$ -i+t!r$ o*

t"$ disast$r a"$ad5 ta,.$d o* a *ir$ '$2t ti$# H$ tri$d t"$ +orr$+ti0$ a'tidot$ o*

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$0$r& *i,t" ia7i'ab,$# T"$ 9rit$r o*t$' *$,, ba+. !-o' t"$ .i'd o* r$0$'7$Mar2 o'+$ sa9 t"$

@4



-ro7r$ssi0$ $,$$'ts ao'7 t"$ *$!da, aristo+ra+& ta.i'7 a7ai'st t"$ '$9

bo!r7$oisi$ t"at 9as b$+oi'7 t"$ doi'a't +,ass i' 'i'$t$$'t" +$'t!r&

E!ro-$# T"$&5 t"$ aristo+ra+&5 too. t"$ir r$0$'7$ b& si'7i'7 ,a-oo's o' t"$ir

'$9 ast$r5 a'd 9"is-$ri'7 i' "is $ars si'ist$r -ro-"$+i$s o* +oi'7

+atastro-"$’#

I' t"is 9a& aros$ *$!da, so+ia,is "a,* ,a$'tatio'5 "a,* ,a-oo' "a,*

$+"o o* t"$ -ast5 "a,* $'a+$ o* t"$ *!t!r$ at ti$s5 b& its bitt$r5 9itt& a'd

i'+isi0$ +riti+is5 stri.i'7 t"$ bo!r7$oisi$ to t"$ 0$r& "$art’s +or$ b!t

a,9a&s ,!di+ro!s i' its $**$+t5 t"ro!7" tota, i'+a-a+it& to +o-r$"$'d t"$

ar+" o* "istor&#The Communist Manifesto

T"!s t"$ 9rit$r i' t"is -$riod 9as sti,, ,iit$d b& "is i'ad$6!at$ 7ras- o* t"$

*!,, di$'sio' o* 9"at 9as r$a,,& "a--$'i'7 i' t"$ si2ti$s> t"$ i't$r'atio'a,

a'd 'atio'a, r$a,i7'$'t o* +,ass *or+$s a'd +,ass a,,ia'+$s# W"at t"$ 9rit$r

o*t$' r$a+t$d to 9as t"$ 0isib,$ ,a+. o* ora, *ibr$ o* t"$ '$9 ,$ad$rs"i- a'd

'ot '$+$ssari,& t"$ str!+t!ra, basis o* t"at ,a+. o* a 'atio'a, ora, *ibr$#

So$ti$s t"$ 9rit$r b,a$d t"$ -$o-,$ ? t"$ r$+i-i$'ts o* +ri$s ? as 9$,, as

t"$ -$r-$trators o* t"$ +ri$s a7ai'st t"$ -$o-,$# At ti$s t"$ ora, "orror 9as

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i' t"is -$riod o*t$' r$tr$at$d i'to i'di0id!a,is5 +&'i+is5 or i'to $-t& ora,

a--$a,s *or a +"a'7$ o* "$art#

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t"$ A,,$'d$ r$7i$ i' %"i,$ s"o9$d t"$ *a+$ o* 0i+torio!s '$o?+o,o'ia,is# T"$

d$+ad$ sa9 t"$ +,$ar as+$'da'+& o* US?doi'at$d tra's'atio'a, *i'a'+ia, a'd

i'd!stria, o'o-o,i$s i' ost o* Asia5 A*ri+a a'd Lati' A$ri+a# T"is

as+$'da'+& 9as to b$ s&bo,is$d b& t"$ doi'a'+$ o* t"$ IM; a'd t"$ Wor,d

a'. i' t"$ d$t$ri'atio' o* t"$ $+o'oi$s a'd "$'+$ t"$ -o,iti+s a'd +!,t!r$

o* t"$ a**$+t$d +o!'tri$s i' Asia5 A*ri+a a'd Lati' A$ri+a# T"$ $ra sa9 t"$

USA s!rro!'d A*ri+a

@=



9it" i,itar& bas$s or 9it" so$ .i'd o* dir$+t US i,itar& -r$s$'+$ a,, t"$

9a& *ro Moro++o 0ia Di$7o Gar+ia to K$'&a5 E7&-t a'd o* +o!rs$ t"$

M$dit$rra'$a' S$a# T"$ ais o* t"$ Ra-id D$-,o&$'t ;or+$s *or$d i' t"$

sa$ d$+ad$ 9$r$ !'as"a$d,& stat$d as i't$r0$'tio'ist i' T"ird Wor,d a**airs5

i#$# i' a**airs o* t"$ '$o?+o,o'i$s# I'd$$d5 t"$ d$+ad$ sa9 a' i'+r$asi'7

r$adi'$ss o* *or$r +o,o'ia, -o9$rs to $'t$r A*ri+a i,itari,& 9it"o!t $0$' a

tra+$ o* s"a$# T"$ i'+r$asi'7,& o-$'5 'a.$d *i'a'+ia,5 i'd!stria, ($#7# ;r$$

Trad$ o'$s $t+)5 i,itar& a'd -o,iti+a, i't$r*$r$'+$ o* W$st$r' i't$r$sts i' t"$

a**airs o* A*ri+a' +o!'tri$s 9it" t"$ a+ti0$ +o?o-$ratio' o* t"$ r!,i'7 r$7i$s i'

t"$ sa$ +o!'tri$s5 s"o9$d 6!it$ +,$ar,& t"at t"$ so?+a,,$d i'd$-$'d$'+$ "ad

o',& o-$'$d $a+" o* t"$ A*ri+a' +o!'tri$s to 9id$r i-$ria,ist i't$r$sts#

D$-$'d$'+$ abroad5 r$-r$ssio' at "o$5 b$+a$ t"$ 'atio'a, otto#

!t i* t"$ s$0$'ti$s r$0$a,$d or$ +,$ar,& t"$ '$o?+o,o'ia, +"ara+t$r o*

a'& o* t"$ A*ri+a' +o!'tri$s5 t"$ s$0$'ti$s a,so sa9 0$r& i-orta't a'd

$&$?o-$'i'7 7ai's b& t"$ a'ti?i-$ria,ist str!77,$s# I't$r'atio'a,,& (o!tsid$

A*ri+a)5 t"$ si'7,$ ost i-orta't $0$'t 9as t"$ d$*$at o* t"$ USA i' i$t'a#

!t t"$r$ 9$r$ ot"$r s"att$ri'7 b,o9s a7ai'st '$o?+o,o'ia,is> Ni+ara7!a a'd

Ira'5 *or i'sta'+$#

I' A*ri+a5 t"$ s$0$'ti$s sa9 a 0i+torio!s r$s!r7$'+$ o* a'ti?i-$ria,is#

T"$ ar$d str!77,$s i' A'7o,a5 Moabi6!$5 G!i'$a?issa! a'd ibab9$

"ad +,$ar,& 7ai'$d *ro $rrors o* t"$ $ar,i$r a'ti?+o,o'ia, o0$$'ts i' t"$

*i*ti$s# T"$& +o!,d s$$ t"$ $'$& !+" or$ +,$ar,& a'd t"$& +o!,d +,$ar,&

a'a,&s$ t"$ir str!77,$s i' t$rs t"at 9$'t b$&o'd !st t"$ 6!$stio' o* +o,o!r

a'd ra+$# T"$ir $'$& 9as i-$ria,is a'd t"$ +,ass$s t"at a,,i$d 9it"

i-$ria,is# Wit"i' t"$ i'd$-$'d$'t A*ri+a' +o!'tri$s5 cou's d1>tat b$7a' to

ta.$ o' a or$ a'ti?i-$ria,ist a'd a'ti?'$o+o,o'ia, +"ara+t$r#

A,t"o!7" o++!rri'7 i' 1:@1 a'd 1:@ r$s-$+ti0$,&5 Ra9,i'7s’ +o!- i'

G"a'a a'd Sa'.ara’s i' !r.i'a ;aso (-r$0io!s,& U--$r o,ta) ar$ t"$ b$tt$r

$2a-,$s o* t"is t$'d$'+&# !t a or$ t$,,i'7 s&bo, 9as t"$ $$r7$'+$ i' t"$

s$0$'ti$s o* a -$o-,$?bas$d 7!$rri,,a o0$$'t *i7"ti'7 *or a s$+o'd

i'd$-$'d$'+$# T"$ ar$d ,ib$ratio' 7!$rri,,a o0$$'ts i' -,a+$s ,i.$ U7a'da

a'd air$ a& 9$,, +o$ to sta'd to '$o?+o,o'ia,is 9"at K$'&a La'd a'd

;r$$do Ar& a'd RN i' A,7$ria stood to +o,o'ia,is

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i' t"$ *i*ti$s# T"$ -"$'o$'o' o* !'i0$rsit&?$d!+at$d &o!t" a'd s$+o'dar&

s+"oo, 7rad!at$s o-ti'7 to oi' 9or.$rs a'd -$asa'ts i' t"$ b!s" to *i7"t o' a

+,$ar -ro7ra$ o* a 'atio'a, d$o+rati+ r$0o,!tio' as a *irst $'d '$+$ssar&

sta7$ *or a so+ia,ist tra's*oratio' is so$t"i'7 '$9 i' t"$ A*ri+a o* t"$

s$0$'ti$s# W"at$0$r t"$ir !,tiat$ d$sti'&5 t"$s$ -ost?+o,o'ia, 7!$rri,,a

o0$$'ts +$rtai',& s&bo,is$ t"$ +o'0$r7$'+$ o* t"$ 9or.$r’s "a$r a'd

t"$ -$asa't’s a+"$t$ or $b$ 9it" t"$ -$' a'd t"$ 7!'#

T"$ a9a.$'i'7 to t"$ r$a,iti$s o* i-$ria,is 9as r$*,$+t$d i' so$ 0$r&

i-orta't t"$or$ti+a, -o,iti+a, br$a.t"ro!7"s i' t"$ 9or.s o* Ai,+ar %abra,5

Wa,t$r Rod'$&5 Sair Ai'5 Da' Nab!d$r$5 a,a Mo"a$d5 No'7o,a?Nta,aaa'd i' a'& -a-$rs $a'ati'7 *ro !'i0$rsit& +$'tr$s i' a'& -arts o* t"$

+o'ti'$'t# I-$ria,is 9as b$+oi'7 a s!b$+t o* s$rio!s a'd $0$' -assio'at$

a+ad$i+ d$bat$ a'd s+"o,ar,& diss$rtatio's# T"$ Dar $s Sa,aa d$bat$5 'o9

-!b,is"$d as De!ate on Class( State and Im'erialism5 sta'ds o!t# !t ot"$r

-,a+$s ,i.$ A"ad! $,,o U'i0$rsit& a'd I*$ U'i0$rsit& i' Ni7$ria5 Nairobi

U'i0$rsit& i' K$'&a5 a'd t"$ U'i0$rsiti$s o* %a-$ %oast a'd G"a'a 9$r$

$$r7i'7 as +$'tr$s o* -ro7r$ssi0$ t"o!7"t b!t $0$' o!tsid$ t"$ !'i0$rsit&

+a-!s$s5 -ro7r$ssi0$ d$bat$ 9as ra7i'7 a'd it is 'ot a' a++id$'t t"at t"$

)ournal of frican Mar5ists s"o!,d $$r7$ i' t"$ s$0$'ti$s#

O'+$ a7ai' t"is '$9 a'ti?i-$ria,ist r$s!r7$'+$ 9as r$*,$+t$d i' ,it$rat!r$#

;or t"$ 9rit$r *ro Moabi6!$5 A'7o,a5 G!i'$a issa!5 "is +o't$'t a'd

ia7$r& 9$r$ +,$ar,& d$ri0$d *ro t"$ a+ti0$ str!77,$s o* t"$ -$o-,$# E0$' i'

t"$ +o!'tri$s t"at b$+a$ i'd$-$'d$'t i' t"$ *i*ti$s a'd t"$ si2ti$s5 t"$ 9rit$r

start$d ta.i'7 a or$ a'd or$ +riti+a, sta'd a7ai'st t"$ a'ti?'atio'a,5

a'ti?d$o+rati+5 '$o?+o,o'ia, +"ara+t$r o* t"$ r!,i'7 r$7i$s# H$ b$7a' to

+o''$+t t"$s$ i,,s 'ot !st to t"$ ora, *ai,i'7s or ot"$r9is$ o* t"is or t"at r!,$r5

b!t to t"$ -$r-$t!atio' o* i-$ria,ist doi'atio' t"ro!7" t"$ +o-rador r!,i'7

+,ass$s i' A*ri+a#

T"$ 9rit$r i' t"$ s$0$'ti$s 7rad!a,,& b$7a' to ta.$ i-$ria,is s$rio!s,&#

H$ 9as a,so a7ai'st t"$ i't$r'a, +,ass$s5 t"os$ '$9 +o-a'i$s o* -ro*it$$rs t"at

a,,i$d 9it" i-$ria,is# !t t"$ 9rit$r tri$d to 7o b$&o'd !st $2-,a'atio' a'd

+o'd$'atio'# O'$ +a' s$'s$ i' so$ o* t"$ 9riti'7 o* t"is -$riod a' $d7i'7

to9ards t"$ -$o-,$ a'd a s$ar+" *or '$9 dir$+tio's# T"$ 9rit$r i' t"$

s$0$'ti$s 9as +oi'7

@@



*a+$ to *a+$ 9it" '$o?+o,o'ia,is# H$ 9as r$a,,& a 9rit$r i' a '$o?+o,o'ia,

stat$# ;!rt"$r "$ 9as b$7i''i'7 to ta.$ sid$s 9it" t"$ -$o-,$ i' t"$ +,ass

str!77,$ i' A*ri+a#

T"$ 9rit$r 9"o $d7$d to9ards t"$ -$o-,$ 9as +a!7"t i' 0ario!s

+o'tradi+tio's# W"$r$5 *or i'sta'+$5 did "$ sta'd i' r$,atio' to t"$ '$o?+o,o'ia,

stat$ i' 9"i+" "$ 9as a +iti$'5 a'd 9it"i' 9"i+" "$ 9as tr&i'7 to *!'+tio'

A '$o?+o,o'ia, r$7i$ is5 b& its 0$r& +"ara+t$r5 a r$-r$ssi0$ a+"i'$# Its

0$r& b$i'75 i' its r$*!sa, to br$a. 9it" t"$ i't$r'atio'a, a'd 'atio'a, str!+t!r$s

o* $2-,oitatio'5 i'$6!a,it& a'd o--r$ssio'5 7rad!a,,& iso,at$s it *ro t"$ -$o-,$#

Its r$a, -o9$r bas$ r$sid$s 'ot i' t"$ -$o-,$ b!t i' i-$ria,is a'd i' t"$ -o,i+$ a'd t"$ ar&# To ai'tai' its$,* it s"!ts a,, 0$'!$s o* d$o+rati+

$2-r$ssio'# It5 *or i'sta'+$5 r$sorts to o'$?-art& r!,$5 a'd si'+$ i' $**$+t t"$

-art& is !st a b!r$a!+rati+ s"$,,5 t"is $a's r$sorti'7 to o'$ a' r!,$5

d$s-otis a ,a Mar6!$’s 'o0$,5 The utumn of the #atriarch A,, d$o+rati+

or7a'isatio's ar$ o!t,a9$d or $,s$ bro!7"t !'d$r t"$ r!,$r5 i' 9"i+" +as$ t"$&

ar$ $-ti$d o* a'& d$o+rati+ ,i*$# W"& t"$' s"o!,d t"$ r$7i$ a,,o9 a'&

d$o+ra+& i' t"$ ar$a o* +!,t!r$ A'& d$o+rati+ $2-r$ssio' i' t"$ ar$a o*

+!,t!r$ b$+o$s a t"r$at to s!+" a r$7i$’s 0$r& -$+!,iar bra'd o* +!,t!r$> t"$

+!,t!r$ o* si,$'+$ a'd *$ar r!' a'd dir$+t$d *ro -o,i+$ +$,,s a'd tort!r$

+"ab$rs#

T"$ K$'&a t"at $$r7$d *ro t"$ s$0$'ti$s is a 7ood i,,!stratio' o* t"$

9or.i'7s o* a '$o?+o,o'ia, stat$# At t"$ b$7i''i'7 o* t"$ d$+ad$ K$'&a 9as a

*air,& o-$' so+i$t&’ i' t"$ s$'s$ t"at K$'&a's +o!,d sti,, d$bat$ iss!$s 9it"o!t

*$ar o* -riso'# !t as t"$ r!,i'7 -art& !'d$r K$'&atta5 a'd ,at$r !'d$r Moi5

+o'ti'!$d +$$'ti'7 t"$ '$o?+o,o'ia, ,i'.s to t"$ W$st5 t"$ K$'&a r$7i$

b$+a$ or$ a'd or$ i'to,$ra't o* a'& 0i$9s t"at 6!$stio'$d

'$o?+o,o'ia,is# I' t"$ *i*ti$s5 K$'&a's "ad *o!7"t to 7$t rid o* all *or$i7'

i,itar& -r$s$'+$ *ro "$r soi,# I' 1:@ t"$ K$'&a' a!t"oriti$s "ad 7i0$'

i,itar& bas$ *a+i,iti$s to t"$ USA# T"$ att$r 9as 'ot $0$' d$bat$d i'

Par,ia$'t# K$'&a's ,$ar't abo!t it t"ro!7" d$bat$s i' t"$ US %o'7r$ss# No9

9it"i' t"$ sa$ d$+ad$ 9"i+" sa9 t"$ K$'&a' +oast t!r'$d o0$r *or !s$ b& t"$

US i,itar& a+"i'$5 t"$ K$'&a r$7i$ "ad ba''$d a,, +$'tr$s o* d$o+rati+

d$bat$# E0$' t"$ !'i0$rsit& 9as 'ot s-ar$d# U'i0$rsit& ,$+t!r$rs 9$r$

i-riso'$d or d$tai'$d

@:



9it"o!t tria, ao'7 t"$ 9$r$ 9rit$rs ,i.$ A, Ai' Mar!i a'd Ed9ard

O&!7i#

A'ot"$r ,$+t!r$r5 b!t a,so a 9rit$r a'd K$'&a’s *or$ost 'atio'a, "istoria'5

Mai'a 9a Ki'&atti5 "as s$r0$d a -riso' s$'t$'+$ i' a a2i! s$+!rit& -riso'

*or doi'7 i't$'si0$ 9or. o' Ma! Ma!# Mai'a 9a Ki'&atti 9as $d!+at$d i'

K$'&a a'd i' t"$ U'it$d Stat$s o* A$ri+a# O' r$t!r'i'7 to K$'&a at t"$

b$7i''i'7 o* t"$ s$0$'ti$s5 "$ oi'$d t"$ Histor& D$-art$'t at K$'&atta

U'i0$rsit& %o,,$7$# H$ b$+a$ 0$r& +o'+$r'$d t"at t$' &$ars a*t$r t"$ K$'&a

La'd a'd ;r$$do Ar& "ad ?*or+$d +o,o'ia,is to r$tr$at a'd a,,o9

K$'&a a $as!r$ o* s$,*?r!,$ a'd i'd$-$'d$'+$5 'o 9or. "ad b$$' do'$ b&K$'&a' s+"o,ars o' t"$ a+t!a, "istor& a'd ,it$rat!r$ o* t"os$ 9"o di$d t"at

K$'&a i7"t b$ *r$$# H$ s$t abo!t +o,,$+ti'7 t"$ so'7s a'd -o$s o* t"$ Ma!

Ma! $ra5 so$ o* 9"i+" "$ ,at$r $dit$d i'to a boo.> Thunder From the

Mountain. Mau Mau #atriotic Songs- H$ a,so start$d 9or. o' t"$ 9"o,$

a'ti?+o,o'ia, r$sista'+$ 9it"i' t"$ +o't$2t o* t"$ K$'&a' "istor& o* str!77,$

*ro t"$ 'i'$t$$'t" to t9$'ti$t" +$'t!ri$s# T"$ r$s!,t H$ ,a'7!is"$d i' ai,5

7oi'7 b,i'd# R$,$as$d O+tob$r 1:@: a*t$r = 1/ &$ars#

O0$r t"$ sa$ d$+ad$5 t"$ r$7i$ b$+a$ 0$r& i'to,$ra't o* t"$atr$ a'd

a'& +!,t!ra, $2-r$ssio' t"at sid$d 9it" t"$ -$o-,$# Kairiit"! %o!'it&

Ed!+atio' a'd %!,t!ra, %$'tr$’s O-$' Air T"$atr$ 9as ra$d to t"$ 7ro!'d# A

'!b$r o* -,a&s 9$r$ sto--$d# K$'&a' 9rit$rs ,i.$ Mi+$r$ M!7o5 N7!7i 9a

Mirii5 Kia'i G$+a!5 9$r$ *or+$d i'to$2i,$# I' ;$br!ar& 1:@45 t"$ r$7i$

+,ia2$d its d$+ad$ o* i'to,$ra'+$ b& b,!d7$o'i'7 1 st!d$'ts to d$at"5 a'd

14 ot"$rs i'to "os-ita, 13R$,$as$d a*t$r s$r0i'7 t"$ir =?o't" t$r i' ai,#

9$'t to ai, to oi' a'ot"$r 1 s$r0i'7 ,o'7 ai, t$rs o* !- to 1 &$ars# ;i0$

ot"$rs 9$r$ tort!r$d a'd s!bs$6!$'t,& s$'t$'+$d *ro = to 1 o't"s i' ai, *or

"o,di'7 a' i't$rd$'oi'atio'a, -ra&$r $$ti'7 i' da& ti$ o' a' o-$'

!'i0$rsit& s-orts 7ro!'d#

Ho9 do$s a 9rit$r *!'+tio' i' s!+" a so+i$t& H$ +a' o* +o!rs$ ado-t si,$'+$ or

s$,*?+$'sors"i-5 i' 9"i+" +as$ "$ +$as$s to b$ a' $**$+ti0$ 9rit$r# Or "$ +a'

b$+o$ a stat$ *!'+tio'ar&5 a' o-tio' so$ K$'&a' 9rit$rs "a0$ 'o9

$bra+$d5 a'd o'+$ a7ai' +$as$ to b$ a' $**$+ti0$ 9rit$r o* t"$ -$o-,$# Or "$

a& ris. ai, or $2i,$5 i' 9"i+"

:



+as$ "$ is dri0$' *ro t"$ 0$r& so!r+$s o* "is i's-iratio'# Writ$ a'd ris.

da'atio'# A0oid da'atio' a'd +$as$ to b$ a 9rit$r# T"at is t"$ ,ot o* t"$

9rit$r i' a '$o?+o,o'ia, stat$#

T"$r$ ar$ ot"$r +o'tradi+tio's o* a 9rit$r i' a '$o?+o,o'ia, stat$# ;or 9"o

do$s "$ 9rit$ ;or t"$ -$o-,$ !t t"$' 9"at ,a'7!a7$ do$s "$ !s$ It is a *a+t

t"at t"$ A*ri+a' 9rit$rs 9"o $$r7$d a*t$r t"$ S$+o'd Wor,d War o-t$d *or

E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s# A,, t"$ aor A*ri+a' 9rit$rs 9rot$ i' E'7,is"5 ;r$'+"

a'd Port!7!$s$# !t b& a'd ,ar7$5 a,, t"$ -$asa'ts a'd a aorit& o* t"$

9or.$rs ? t"$ ass$s ? "a0$ t"$ir o9' ,a'7!a7$s#

Is'’t t"$ 9rit$r -$r-$t!ati'75 at t"$ ,$0$, o* +!,t!ra, -ra+ti+$5 t"$ 0$r&'$o?+o,o'ia,is "$ is +o'd$'i'7 at t"$ ,$0$, o* $+o'oi+ a'd -o,iti+a,

-ra+ti+$ ;or 9"o a 9rit$r %rites is a 6!$stio' 9"i+" "as 'ot b$$'

satis*a+tori,& r$so,0$d b& t"$ 9rit$rs i' a '$o?+o,o'ia, stat$# ;or t"$ A*ri+a'

9rit$r5 t"$ ,a'7!a7$ "$ "as +"os$' a,r$ad& "as +"os$' "is a!di$'+$#

W"at$0$r t"$ ,a'7!a7$ t"$ 9rit$r "as o-t$d *or5 9"at is "is r$,atio's"i- to

t"$ +o't$'t Do$s "$ s$$ r$a,it& i' its !'+"a'7i'7'$ss or i' its +"a'7i'7'$ss

To s$$ r$a,it& i' sta7'atio' or i' +ir+,$s o* t"$ sa$ o0$$'ts is to s!++!b

to d$s-air# A'd &$t *or "i to d$-i+t r$a,it& i' its r$0o,!tio'ar& tra's*oratio'

*ro t"$ sta'd-oi't o* t"$ -$o-,$ ? t"$ a7$'ts o* +"a'7$ ? is o'+$ a7ai' to ris.

da'atio' b& t"$ stat$# ;or a 9rit$r 9"o is d$-i+ti'7 r$a,it& i' its r$0o,!tio'ar&

tra's*oratio' is5 i' $**$+t5 t$,,i'7 t"$ !-"o,d$rs o* t"$ stat!s 6!o> $0$' t"is too

s"a,, -ass a9a&#

I t"i'. I "a0$ said $'o!7" abo!t t"$ 9rit$r i' t"$ t"ird -$riod t"$ s$0$'ti$s?

to s"o9 t"at "is ,ot5 -arti+!,ar,& 9"$' "$ a& 9a't to $d7$ to9ards t"$ -$o-,$5

is 'ot $as&#

I' t"$ 9or,d5 t"$ str!77,$ b$t9$$' d$o+rati+ a'd so+ia,ist *or+$s *or ,i*$ a'd

"!a' -ro7r$ss o' t"$ o'$ "a'd5 a'd t"$ i-$ria,ist *or+$s *or r$a+tio' a'd

d$at" o' t"$ ot"$r is sti,, 7oi'7 o' a'd it is bo!'d to b$+o$ or$ *i$r+$#

I-$ria,is is sti,, t"$ $'$& o* "!a' .i'd a'd a'& b,o9 a7ai'st i-$ria,is

9"$t"$r i' t"$ P"i,i--i'$s5 E, Sa,0ador5 %"i,$5 So!t" Kor$a is +,$ar,& a b,o9

*or d$o+ra+& a'd +"a'7$# I' A*ri+a5 t"$ str!77,$ o* t"$ Naibia' Naibia is

'o9 *r$$ -$o-,$ a'd o* So!t" A*ri+a'/Aa'ia' -$o-,$ "as i't$'si*i$d# A'd

:1



as t"$ ibab9$a'5 A'7o,a'5 a'd Moabi+a' str!77,$s too. t"$ A*ri+a'

r$0o,!tio' a sta7$ *!rt"$r t"a' 9"$r$ it "ad b$$' ,$*t b& t"$ ;IN a'd t"$ K$'&a

La'd a'd ;r$$do Ar& i' t"$ *i*ti$s5 i' t"$ sa$ 9a& t"$ s!++$ss*!, o!t+o$

o* t"$ Naibia' a'd So!t" A*ri+a' -$o-,$s’ str!77,$ 9i,, -!s" t"$ $'tir$

+o'ti'$'t o' to a '$9 sta7$# I' a s-$+ia, 9a&5 t"$ ,ib$ratio' o* So!t" A*ri+a is

t"$ .$& to t"$ ,ib$ratio' o* t"$ $'tir$ +o'ti'$'t *ro '$o?+o,o'ia,is#

Wit"i' t"$ '$o?+o,o'ia, stat$s5 t"$ a'ti?i-$ria,ist a,,ia'+$ o* d$o+rati+

*or+$s 9i,, i't$'si*& t"$ str!77,$ a7ai'st t"$ r!,$ o* t"$ a,,ia'+$ o* t"$

+o-rador +,ass$s a'd i-$ria,is# T"$r$ 9i,, b$ or$ a'd or$

a'ti?i-$ria,ist +o!-s o* t"$ Sa'.ara t&-$# T"$r$ 9i,, b$ a' i'+r$as$ i' t"$U7a'da t&-$ a'ti?'$o+o,o'ia, 7!$rri,,a o0$$'ts# T"$r$ 9i,, b$ 7r$at$r a'd

7r$at$r +a,, a'd d$a'd *or a Pa'?A*ri+a'is o* t"$ -ro,$tariat a'd t"$

-$asa'tr& t"ro!7" t"$ir -ro7r$ssi0$ d$o+rati+ or7a'isatio'# Ea+" '$9 sta7$ i'

t"$ str!77,$ *or r$a, i'd$-$'d$'+$5 d$o+ra+& a'd so+ia,is 9i,, "a0$ ,$ar't

*ro t"$ $rrors o* t"$ -r$0io!s att$-ts5 s!++$ss$s a'd $0$' *ai,!r$s# W$ s"a,,

s$$ a *!rt"$r "$i7"t$'i'7 o* t"$ 9ar a7ai'st '$o+o,o'ia,is# ;or as i' t"$ da&s

o* +o,o'ia,is5 so 'o9 i' t"$ da&s o* '$o?+o,o'ia,is5 t"$ A*ri+a' -$o-,$ ar$

sti,, str!77,i'7 *or a 9or,d i' 9"i+" t"$& +a' +o'tro, t"at 9"i+" t"$ir +o,,$+ti0$

s9$at -rod!+$s5 a 9or,d i'# 9"i+" t"$& 9i,, +o'tro, t"$ $+o'o&5 -o,iti+s sa'd

+!,t!r$ to a.$ t"$ir ,i0$s a++ord 9it" 9"$r$ t"$& 9a't to 7o a'd 9"o t"$&

9a't to b$#

!t as t"$ str!77,$ +o'ti'!$s a'd i't$'si*i$s5 t"$ ,ot o* t"$ 9rit$r i' a

'$o?+o,o'ia, stat$ 9i,, b$+o$ "ard$r a'd 'ot $asi$r# His +"oi+$ It s$$s to

$ t"at t"$ A*ri+a' 9rit$r 'o95 t"$ o'$ 9"o o-ts *or b$+oi'7 a' i't$7ra, -art

o* t"$ A*ri+a' r$0o,!tio'5 "as 'o +"oi+$ b!t t"at o* a,i7'i'7 "is$,* 9it" t"$

-$o-,$> t"$ir $+o'oi+5 -o,iti+a, a'd +!,t!ra, str!77,$ *or s!r0i0a,# I' t"at

sit!atio'5 "$ 9i,, "a0$ to +o'*ro't t"$ ,a'7!a7$s s-o.$' b& t"$ -$o-,$ i' 9"os$

s$r0i+$ "$ "as -!t "is -$'# S!+" a 9rit$r 9i,, "a0$ to rediscover t"$ r$a,

,a'7!a7$s o* str!77,$ i' t"$ a+tio's a'd s-$$+"$s o* "is -$o-,$5 ,$ar' *ro t"$ir

7r$at "$rita7$ o* orat!r$5 a'd abo0$ a,,5 ,$ar' *ro t"$ir 7r$at o-tiis a'd

*ait" i' t"$ +a-a+it& o* "!a' b$i'7s to r$a.$ t"$ir 9or,d a'd r$'$9

t"$s$,0$s# H$ !st b$ -art o* t"$ so'7 t"$ -$o-,$ si'7 as o'+$ a7ai' t"$& ta.$

!- ars to sas" t"$ '$o?+o,o'ia, stat$ to +o-,$t$ t"$ a'ti?i-$ria,ist

'atio'a, d$o+rati+ r$0o,!tio' t"$& "ad start$d i' t"$ *i*ti$s5 a'd $0$' $ar,i$r#

:



A -$o-,$ !'it$d +a' '$0$r b$ d$*$at$d a'd t"$ 9rit$r !st b$ -art a'd -ar+$, o*

t"at r$0o,!tio'ar& !'it& *or d$o+ra+&5 so+ia,is a'd t"$ ,ib$ratio' o* t"$

"!a' s-irit to b$+o$ $0$' or$ "!a'#

:



6 Resistance to +amnation

The Role of Intellectual Workers

T"$ ,ib$ratio' o* So!t" A*ri+a is t"$ .$& to t"$ so+ia, ,ib$ratio' o* t"$

+o'ti'$'t# E0$' o!r $'$i$s .'o9 t"is# T"at is 9"& t"$& so t$'a+io!s,& "o,d

o' to t"$ .$& 9it" 7!'s a'd a ra+ist id$o,o7&# !t $0$' as a' ad!,t5 & ta,.i'7

abo!t t"$ s!r0i0a, o* +"i,dr$' is 'ot a' a+t o* +"arit&#

%"i,dr$' ar$ t"$ *!t!r$ o* a'& so+i$t&# I* &o! 9a't to .'o9 t"$ *!t!r$ o* a

so+i$t& ,oo. at t"$ $&$s o* t"$ +"i,dr$'# I* &o! 9a't to ai t"$ *!t!r$ o* a'&

so+i$t&5 &o! si-,& ai t"$ +"i,dr$'# T"!s t"$ str!77,$ *or t"$ s!r0i0a, o* o!r

+"i,dr$' is t"$ str!77,$ *or t"$ s!r0i0a, o* o!r *!t!r$# T"$ 6!a'tit& a'd 6!a,it&

o* t"at s!r0i0a, is t"$ $as!r$$'t o* t"$ d$0$,o-$'t o* o!r so+i$t&# E's,a0$

t"$ +"i,dr$' a'd &o! $'s,a0$ -ar$'ts# E's,a0$ t"$ -ar$'ts a'd &o! $'s,a0$

+"i,dr$'# T"!s i* &o! $'s,a0$ +"i,dr$'5 &o! ar$ $'s,a0i'7 t"$ s!r0i0a, a'd

d$0$,o-$'t o* t"$ $'tir$ so+i$t& ? its -r$s$'t a'd its *!t!r$# S!r0i0a, a'd

d$0$,o-$'t ar$ a' i't$7rat$d 9"o,$# S!r0i0a, is t"$ -r$?+o'ditio' o* a'&

d$0$,o-$'t# A'd d$0$,o-$'t is t"$ basis o* o!r +o'ti'!$d s!r0i0a,#

L$t $ 0$r& bri$*,& iso,at$ t"$ *i0$ +r!+ia, $,$$'ts i' t"at i't$7rat$d

9"o,$> -"&si+a, s!r0i0a,5 $+o'oi+ s!r0i0a,5 -o,iti+a, s!r0i0a,5 +!,t!ra,

s!r0i0a,5 a'd -s&+"o,o7i+a, (or id$'tit&) s!r0i0a,#

L$t !s *irst ta.$ -"&si+a, s!r0i0a, a'd d$0$,o-$'t# T"at t"$ -r$+o'ditio'

o* a'& "!a' d$0$,o-$'t is -"&si+a, s!r0i0a, is ob0io!s# !t it a,so5 '$$ds

sa&i'7# E0$' a '$9?bor' bab& "as $+"a'is o* s$,*?d$*$'+$ "o9$0$r *ra7i,$

to $'s!r$ its s!r0i0a,# Mot"$r a'd *at"$r 9i,, do a'&t"i'7 to -rot$+t t"$ &o!'7

*irst a7ai'st a'& "ar *ro 'at!r$ ?dis$as$s5 9i,d a'ia,s $t+ ? a'd *ro

"!a' $'$i$s# W$ "a0$ to !e i' ord$r to !e

:3



!t -"&si+a, s!r0i0a, is a,so d$-$'d$'t o' *ood5 +,ot"$s a'd s"$,t$r# W$

str!77,$ 9it" 'at!r$ to -ro+!r$ t"$ basi+ $a's o* o!r s!r0i0a,> *ood5 +,ot"$s

a'd s"$,t$r# W$ -rod!+$ t"$ $a's o* o!r ,i*$# T"!s 9$ $'s!r$ t"$ $+o'oi+

s!r0i0a,5 t"ro!7" -rod!+tio' a'd distrib!tio'# W$ '$$d t"$ $art"5 9$ '$$d o!r

,abo!r# W$ '$$d too,s# W$ -rod!+$5 9$ +r$at$5 9$ s!r0i0$5 9$ +"a'7$5 9$

d$0$,o-#

!t t"is +o'ditio' o* o!r -"&si+a, a'd $+o'oi+ s!r0i0a, '$$d r$7!,atio' to

$'s!r$ r$so,!tio' o* +o'*,i+ts i' a a''$r t"at 9o!,d 'ot t"r$at$' o!r s!r0i0a,#

A so+i$t& '$$ds -o,iti+a, s!r0i0a, ? t"at is t"$ r$t$'tio' o* -o9$r i' its "a'ds ?

to r$7!,at$ t"$ ,i*$ o* t"at so+i$t& i' a a''$r b$'$*i+ia, to t"at so+i$t&# T"$

6!$stio' o* -o9$r5 a'd o* 9"o 9i$,ds t"is -o9$r?5 a'd o' 9"os$ b$"a,* t"at

-o9$r is 9i$,d$d is +r!+ia, as a 7!ardia' o* its -"&si+a,5 a'd $+o'oi+

s!r0i0a,# T"$ -o9$r to d$+id$ b$t9$$' o-tio's5 a,t$r'ati0$s5 ta+ti+s a'd

strat$7i$s *or s!r0i0a, s"o!,d b$ 9i$,d$d b& t"$ so+i$t&#

A'd t"$' t"$r$ is t"$ 6!$stio' o* +!,t!ra, s!r0i0a,> $d!+atio'5 ,a'7!a7$s5

art5 ,it$rat!r$5 !si+5 da'+$s# T"$s$ ar$ $0o,0$d i' so+i$t&# W"at "o,ds t"at

so+i$t& to7$t"$r is t"$ +!,t!r$ it d$0$,o-s i' t"$ +o!rs$ o* its str!77,$s *or

$+o'oi+ a'd -o,iti+a, s!r0i0a,# T"!s +!,t!r$ is 'ot a' $2tra 7ro9t"5 ,i.$ sa& a'

$2tra *i'7$r# It is a' i't$7ra, -art o* o!r 7ro9t"# It is a -rod!+t o* o!r 7ro9t"# It

is 9"at a *,o9$r is to a tr$$# T"$ i-orta't t"i'7 abo!t a *,o9$r5 as I "a0$ said

i' a'ot"$r +o't$2t5 is 'ot !st its b$a!t&# A *,o9$r +o'tai's t"$ s$$ds o* t"$

tr$$s *!t!r$ 7ro9t"5 its s!r0i0a,#

%!,t!r$ +arri$s t"$ 0a,!$s5 $t"i+a,5 ora, a'd a$st"$ti+ b& 9"i+" -$o-,$

+o'+$-t!a,is$ or s$$ t"$s$,0$s a'd t"$ir -,a+$ i' "istor& a'd t"$ !'i0$rs$#

T"$s$ 0a,!$s ar$ t"$ basis o* a so+i$t&s +o's+io!s'$ss a'd o!t,oo.5 t"$

9"o,$ ar$a o* a so+i$t&s a.$?!-5 its id$'tit&# A s$'s$ o* b$,o'7i'75 a s$'s$ o*

id$'tit& is -art o* o!r -s&+"o,o7i+a, s!r0i0a,# %o,o'ia,is t"ro!7" ra+is tri$d

to t!r' !s i'to so+i$ti$s 9it"o!t "$ads# Ra+is5 9"os$ "i7"$st i'stit!tio'a,is$d

*or is a-art"$id5 is 'ot a' a++id$'t# It is a' id$o,o7& o* +o'tro, t"ro!7" di0id$

a'd r!,$5 obs+!ra'tis5 a 9$a.$'i'7 o* r$sista'+$ t"ro!7" a 9$a.$'i'7 o* a

s$'s$ o* 9"o 9$ ar$# T"!s -s&+"o,o7i+a, s!r0i0a, is '$+$ssar&# W$ '$$d 0a,!$s

t"at do 'ot distort o!r id$'tit&5 o!r +o'+$-tio' o* o!r ri7"t*!, -,a+$ i' "istor&5

i' t"$ !'i0$rs$ o* t"$ 'at!ra, a'd "!a'#

A s$'s$ o* 9"o 9$ ar$ i' t!r' r$a+ts o' o!r 0a,!$s5 o' o!r +!,t!ra,5

:4



-o,iti+a,5 $+o'oi+5 a'd -"&si+a, b$i'7# Ps&+"o,o7i+a, s!r0i0a, ? id$'tit&

s!r0i0a, ? t"!s r$a+ts o' a,, t"$ ot"$r ,$0$,s o* s!r0i0a,# D$0$,o-$'t is t"!s a'

i't$7rat$d 9"o,$# W"$' 9$ ta,. o* s!r0i0a, a'd d$0$,o-$'t sa& o* a +"i,d5 9$

ar$ ta,.i'7 abo!t t"$ d$0$,o-$'t o* t"$ 9"o,$#

T"$ *i0$ ,$0$,s ar$ tr!$ *or t"$ +"i,d as t"$& ar$ *or t"$ ad!,t# O',& t"$

+"i,d is or$ 0!,'$rab,$5 at a,, t"os$ ,$0$,s# A -$o-,$ ar$ tr!,& *r$$ 9"$' t"$&

+o'tro, a,, t"$ too,s5 a,, t"$ i'str!$'ts5 a,, t"$ $a's o* t"$ir -"&si+a,5

$+o'oi+5 -o,iti+a,5 +!,t!ra, a'd -s&+"o,o7i+a, s!r0i0a,# I' s"ort5 9"$' t"$&

+o'tro, t"$ $a's a'd +o't$2t o* t"$ir i't$7rat$d s!r0i0a, a'd d$0$,o-$'t#

!t i' t"$ A*ri+a o* t"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r&5 or *or t"at att$r t"$ A*ri+a o* t"$

,ast 3 &$ars5 t"at *r$$ i't$7rat$d s$,*?d$0$,o-$'t "ad 'ot b$$' -ossib,$5 "as

i' *a+t b$$' br!ta,,& -r$0$'t$d# W"at "as t"r$at$'$d5 t"9art$d5 a'd -r$0$'t$d

A*ri+as i't$7rat$d s!r0i0a,

;irst it "as b$$' t"$ $2t$r'a, *a+tor o* *or$i7' i'0asio'5 o++!-atio' a'd

+o'tro, a'd s$+o'd5 t"$ i't$r'a, *a+tor o* +o,,aboratio' 9it" t"$ $2t$r'a, t"r$at#

W"$t"$r !'d$r W$st$r' s,a0$r& a'd t"$ s,a0$ trad$5 !'d$r +o,o'ia,is a'd

toda& !'d$r '$o?+o,o'ia,is t"$ t9o *a+tors "a0$ i't$ra+t$d to t"$ d$tri$'t o*

o!r b$i'7# T"$ 7r$$d& +"i$* a'd *$!da, $,$$'ts +o,,aborat$d 9it" t"$ s,a0$

d$a,$r *ro E!ro-$# T"$ sa$ stor& r$-$ats its$,* !'d$r +o,o'ia, i'0asio' a'd

o++!-atio's# So$ 7r$$d& +"i$*s a'd ot"$r $,$$'ts br$d b& t"$ '$9 +o,o'ia,

o0$r,ords5 +o,,aborat$d 9it" t"$ ai' $2t$r'a, i-$ria,ist *a+tor# T"$ stor&

r$-$ats its$,*5 i' a or$ -ai'*!, 9a&5 !'d$r '$o?+o,o'ia,is#

T"is i't$r-,a& b$t9$$' t"$ $2t$r'a, t"r$at a'd i't$r'a, +o,,aborator is b$st

s$$' i' So!t" A*ri+a toda&# !t I do't 9a't to b$ 0a7!$ abo!t t"is $2t$r'a,

*a+tor# ;or t"$ ,ast 3 &$ars So!t" A*ri+a "as b$$' *$$di'7 W$st$r' E!ro-$#

A*t$r a,,5 as+o da Gaa ,a'd$d at t"$ %a-$ i' t"$ *i*t$$'t" +$'t!r&# Toda&

So!t" A*ri+a +o'ti'!$s to *$$d a'd d$0$,o- W$st$r' E!ro-$ a'd t"$ USA#

US?bas$d tra's'atio'a,s ar$ t"$ doi'a't *a+tor i' So!t" A*ri+a# W$st$r'

i't$r$sts ar$ t"!s -art'$rs i' a-art"$id# So!t" A*ri+a is its$,* a ;ro't,i'$ Stat$ ?

*or W$st$r' i't$r$sts# !t t"at $2t$r'a, *a+tor (i-$ria,is) is aid$d b& i't$r'a,

+o,,aborati'7 *or+$s#

No9"$r$ is t"is +,$ar$r t"a' i' A'7o,a a'd Moabi6!$# T"$ t9o stat$s

"ad +orr$+t,& -$r+$i0$d t"$ E'$& ? 9it"i' a'd 9it"o!t# T"$ $2a-,$s o*

A'7o,a a'd Moabi6!$ -rod!+i'7 i't$7rat$d

:=



d$0$,o-$'t ? t"!s -ro0idi'7 a' a,t$r'ati0$ od$, to t"$ '$o+o,o'ia, od$,

ado-t$d b& a'& 9"o r$+$i0$d t"$ir i'd$-$'d$'+$ i' t"$ $ar,& si2ti$s ? 9as

7oi'7 to b$ a r$a, t"r$at to t"os$ i't$r$sts t"at "ad *or +$'t!ri$s i-o0$ris"$d a

+o'ti'$'t# MNR a'd UNITA "ad to b$ +r$at$d# W"o s!--orts MNR a'd

UNITA toda& W"$r$ do t"$& 7$t t"$ir di-,oati+ a'd at$ria, s!--ort I a

as.i'7 a r"$tori+a, 6!$stio'# A' i't$r'a, +o,,aborati'7 *or+$ is b$i'7 *or+$d o'

Moabi6!$ a'd A'7o,a# ;or a '$o?+o,o'& +a''ot b$ +r$at$d 9it"o!t s!+"

+o,,aborati'7 '$o?s,a0$ dri0$rs I-$ria,is ,$d b& USA 9a'ts to t!r'

Moabi6!$ a'd A'7o,a i'to '$o?+o,o'i$s

I' s"ort5 W$st$r' i't$r$sts ar$ b$"i'd a-art"$id 9"i+" i' t!r' att$-ts a

ra+ist "$7$o'& o0$r So!t"$r' A*ri+a# I' #t"$ -ro+$ss t"$s$ i't$r$sts "a0$

t"r$at$'$d o!r -"&si+a, s!r0i0a, (t"ro!7" .i,,i'7s)5 o!r $+o'oi+ s!r0i0a,

t"ro!7" ,a'd +o'*is+atio' a'd t"$ -,!'d$r o* 'at!ra, a'd "!a' r$so!r+$s5 or

t"ro!7" d$stabi,isatio'5 o!r -o,iti+a, s!r0i0a, t"ro!7" dir$+t br!ta, o++!-atio'

or t"ro!7" +o,,aborati'7 $,$$'ts ,i.$ MNR/UNITA a'd o!r +!,t!ra, s!r0i0a,

a'd -s&+"o,o7i+a, s!r0i0a, t"ro!7" t"$ +o'tro, o* t"$ media5 t"$ arts a'd

t$,$0isio'# I' s"ort t"ro!7" +o'tro, o* t"$ i'str!$'ts o* +o,,$+ti0$

s$,*?d$*i'itio'# Ia7$ +o'tro,> t"is is t"$ -"ras$# W$ "a0$ $0$' b$$' stri--$d o*

o!r names5 a'd languages5 t"$ t9o i$diat$ s&bo,s o* t"$ $a's o*

s$,*?d$*i'itio'#

I "a0$ so *ar +o'+$'trat$d o' t"$ *or+$s t"r$at$'i'7 o!r s!r0i0a,5 t"$ *or+$s

o* o!r $2-,oitatio' a'd +o'tro,# !t 9"at o* t"$ *or+$s $'s!ri'7 o!r s!r0i0a,

T"$& 7o b& t"$ 'a$ o* r$sista'+$# W"at "as $'s!r$d o!r s!r0i0a, is b$+a!s$

*or t"$ ,ast 3 &$ars A*ri+a' -$o-,$ "a0$ 9a7$d r$sista'+$# A'd t"is r$sista'+$

'$+$ssari,& "ad to b$ at a,, t"$ ,$0$,s 9$ "a0$ b$$' ta,.i'7 abo!t# W$ "a0$

+r$at$d r$sista'+$ ari$s to *i7"t *or o!r -"&si+a, s!r0i0a,# W$ "a0$ or7a'is$d

i' ord$r to s$i$ ba+. t"$ $a's o* o!r $+o'oi+ s!r0i0a,# W$ "a0$ *o!7"t ba+. a'd or7a'is$d to s$i$ ba+. t"$ $a's o* o!r -o,iti+a, s!r0i0a,# A'd 9$

"a0$ *o!7"t ba+. to s$i$ ba+. t"$ $a's o* o!r s$,*?d$*i'itio'# T"is r$sista'+$

toda& is b$i'7 +arri$d to $0$' "i7"$r ,$0$,s b& t"$ AN% a'd a,, t"$ ot"$r

-ro7r$ssi0$ ,ib$ratio' *or+$s i' So!t" A*ri+a#

T"$ d$7r$$5 i't$'sit&5 6!a,it& a'd s!++$ss o* t"is r$sista'+$ "as a,9a&s

b$$' d$-$'d$'t o' "o9 a,, t"$ *i0$ ,$0$,s "a0$ b$$' s$$' as a' i't$7rat$d

9"o,$#

!t t"$ s!++$ss o* t"$ r$sista'+$ is a,so d$-$'d$'t o' a' internal

:<



factor a'd a' e5ternal factor # P!t it t"is 9a&# T"$ ai' a'ta7o'is toda& is

b$t9$$' i-$ria,ist $'$& +,ass$s a'd t"$ i't$r'a, r$sista'+$ +,ass$s# !t !st

as i-$ria,is5 t"$ $2t$r'a, *a+tor is "$,-$d b& traitoro!s i't$r'a, $,$$'ts# So

t"$ r$sista'+$ *or+$s '$$d a' a,,ia'+$ 9it" $2t$r'a, *ri$'ds o* "!a' ,ib$ratio'#

T"!s i-$ria,is a'd its i't$r'a, a,,i$s a'd t"$ 'atio'a, ,ib$ratio' *or+$s a'd

t"$ir $2t$r'a, a,,i$s ar$ t"$ t9o +o't$'di'7 *or+$s i' A*ri+a#

%"i,dr$' i' A*ri+a b$st $2$-,i*& t"$ str!77,$ b$t9$$' t"$ t9o +o't$'di'7

*or+$s i' A*ri+a toda&> t"$ *or+$s o* o!r d$is$ o' t"$ o'$ "a'd5 a'd t"$ *or+$s

o* o!r s!r0i0a, o' t"$ ot"$r#

T"$ +"i,dr$' "a0$ b$$' t"$ ost 0!,'$rab,$ 0i+ti o* t"$ *or+$s o* o!r

d$is$# T"at is 0$r& +,$ar# !t t"$ +"i,dr$' ar$ a,so -art o* t"$ r$sista'+$#

So9$to +"i,dr$' "a0$ b$+o$ a $ta-"or o* t"$ b$st a'd t"$ ost "$roi+ i'

o!r r$sista'+$ "istor&# Moabi+a' +"i,dr$'5 i' t"$ir *,i7"t a'd r$*!sa, to

s!++!b s"o9 9$ +a' ,oo. to t"$ *!t!r$ 9it" "o-$# W$ s"a,, o0$r+o$

I'd$$d t"is r$sista'+$ 9i,, $0$'t!a,,& s!++$$d# A'd it 9i,, b$ *i'a,,&

s!++$ss*!, 9"$' -$o-,$ ar$ i' tota, +o'tro, o* a,, t"$ $a's o* t"$ir -"&si+a,5

$+o'oi+a,5 -o,iti+a,5 +!,t!ra,5 -s&+"o,o7i+a,5 a'd s-irit!a, s!r0i0a,# So 9$

"a0$ to str$'7t"$' o!r +a-a+it&5 a'd t"at o* o!r +"i,dr$'5 to r$sist t"$ $0i,#

W"$' a'd 9"$r$ do t"$ arts a'd artists +o$ i'to t"is ;ro t"$ abo0$

a'a,&sis it is +,$ar t"at artists ar$ -art o* t"$ ia7$ a.i'7 -ro+$ss$s# T"$&

dra9 t"$ -i+t!r$s o* t"$ 9or,d# T"$ arts a'd artists a'd i't$,,$+t!a, 9or.$rs +a'

dra9 -i+t!r$s o* t"$ 9or,d i' "aro'& 9it" t"$ '$$ds o* t"$ *or+$s o* "!a'

d$str!+tio' or i' "aro'& 9it" t"$ *or+$s o* r$sista'+$ a'd s!r0i0a,# A'd "$r$

t"$r$ ar$ 'o '$!tra, ia7$s# I* &o! *i'd a' MNR ba'dit +!tti'7 t"$ ,ibs o** a

+"i,d5 9"at '$!tra, so'7 +a' &o! si'7 abo!t it W"at '$!tra, ia7$ +a' &o!

dra9 W"at abo!t t"$ -i+t!r$ o* t"$ *or+$s s!--orti'7 MNR or t"os$

s!--orti'7 t"$ +"i,d W"at '$!tra, so'7 +a' &o! si'7 W"at '$!tra, ia7$ +a'

&o! dra9 9"at '$!tra, -"i,oso-"& +a' &o! arti+!,at$ F$s5 9"at '$!tra, -ra&$r

+a' &o! 7i0$

Art a'd artists +a' dra9 -i+t!r$s o* t"$ !'i0$rs$ o* o!r str!77,$ t"at i'sti,,

str$'7t"5 +,arit&5 "o-$5 to o!r str!77,$ to r$a,is$ 0isio's o* a '$9 toorro9 as

$bodi$d i' t"$ str!77,$ a'd s!r0i0a, o* o!r +"i,dr$' or -i+t!r$s t"at i'sti,,

*$ar a'd d$s-o'd$'+$ or 7i0$ ratio'a,5 artisti+ ,$7itia+& to t"$ 9or,d o* t"$

o--r$ssor?'atio's a'd

:@



+,ass$s# Artisti+ a'd i't$,,$+t!a, id$o,o7i+a, str!77,$s5 ar$ -art o* t"$ o0$ra,,

str!77,$ *or s!r0i0a, a'd d$0$,o-$'t#

;i'a,,& 9"at is to b$ do'$ W$ !st 'ot is,$ad t"$ -$o-,$ as to 9"o t"$

r$a, $'$& is MNR5 UNITA5 A-art"$id5 t"$s$ ar$ -arti+!,ar a'i*$statio's o*

o!r $'$&# !t 9"o ars t"$ ;or 9"os$ b$'$*it T"$ W$st$r' *or+$s b$"i'd

t"$ %o'tras i' Ni+ara7!a ar$ $2a+t,& t"$ sa$ *or+$ b$"i'd a-art"$id a'd t"$

MNR/UNITA ba'ditr&#

W"i,$ t"$ i't$r'a, r$sista'+$ *a+tor +a' +o'*ro't t"$s$ *or+$s5 t"$ *ri$'ds

a'd a,,i$s o* t"$ r$sista'+$ !st bri'7 -r$ss!r$ to b$ar o' t"os$ 7o0$r'$'ts

t"at a,,& 9it" a-art"$id5 t"$ MNR a'd UNITA# E0$' 9it"i' A*ri+a5 t"$

'$o?+o,o'ia, r$7i$s t"at a,,& 9it" a-art"$id a'd "arbo!r s-o.$s$' o* MNRa'd UNITA ba'dits s"o!,d b$ $2-os$d# T"$ d$o+rati+ str!77,$ i' t"$ W$st$r'

9or,d5 t"$ -$a+$ o0$$'t i' t"$ 9or,d5 t"$ a'ti?ra+ist o0$$'ts i' t"$ W$st

a'd t"$ a'ti?'$o?+o,o'ia, o0$$'ts i' A*ri+a !st to7$t"$r s!--ort t"$ *or+$s

o* r$sista'+$ i' So!t"$r' A*ri+a# I' ot"$r 9ords5 t"$r$ s"o!,d b$ a t9o?-ro'7$d

atta+.> bri'7 -r$ss!r$ to b$ar o' t"$s$ 7o0$r'$'ts t"at +o,,aborat$ 9it"

a-art"$id a'd s!--ort $0$r& $**ort o* t"$ ;ro't,i'$ Stat$s a'd t"$ ,ib$ratio'

*or+$s i' So!t" A*ri+a to str$'7t"$' t"$ir +o'ti'!i'7 +a-a+it& *or r$sista'+$#

!t 9it"i'? o!r *i$,d as artists5 9rit$rs a'd i't$,,$+t!a,s5 ,$t o!r P$'5

r!s"$s a'd oi+$s arti+!,at$ t"$ dr$as o* a,, t"$ +"i,dr$' o* So!t"$r' A*ri+a

*or a 9or,d i' 9"i+" t"$ir i't$7rat$d s!r0i0a, a'd d$0$,o-$'t is $'s!r$d# L$t

!s si'7 so'7s o* t"$ -ossibi,it& o* a '$9 toorro95 a '$9 9or,d# A ,!ta

+o'ti'!a

::



7 T&e Ro"e of t&e Sc&o"ar

in t&e +e%e"o'ment

of African Literatures

S+"o,ars a'd 9or.s o* s+"o,ars"i- "a0$ "ad a' i-orta't i'*,!$'+$ o' t"$

d$0$,o-$'t o* A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$s# So$ o* t"$ aor A*ri+a' 9rit$rs start$d

o** as 9o!,d?b$ s+"o,ars# T"$& b$7a' 9riti'7 as st!d$'ts or t$a+"$rs o'

!'i0$rsit& +a-!s$s or o' s+"oo, +o-o!'ds# O*t$' t"$ir i's-iratio'5 at ,$ast

i'itia,,&5 +a$ *ro t"$ t$2tboo.s t"$& 9$r$ r$adi'7 a'& o* t"$ tri$d to

9rit$ stori$s5 -o$s or -,a&s iitati'7 t"$ st&,$s o* t"$ir *a0o!rit$ t$2tboo.s#

S+"o,ars "a0$ a,so ad$ a' i-a+t o' t"$s$ '$9 ,it$rat!r$s b&

+o$'ti'7 o' t"$# Writ$rs "a0$ b$$' a**$+t$d b& +riti+a, ass$ss$'ts o*

t"$ir 9or.5 a'd so too "a0$ r$ad$rs5 9"os$ r$s-o's$s to a boo. +a' b$

+o'ditio'$d b& 9"at t"$& r$ad abo!t it# So t"$ s+"o,ar5 as a +riti+5 "as b$$' i' a

-ositio' to i'*,!$'+$ t"$ dir$+tio' o* t"$ ,it$rat!r$ "$ +o$'ts !-o'# H$ +a'

-,a& a 0ita, ro,$ as a' i't$r-r$t$r o* A*ri+a' *i+tio's a'd r$a,iti$s#

T"$ 6!$stio' is5 "o9 +a' "$ -$r*or "is ro,$ or$ $**$+ti0$,& T"$

ob0io!s a's9$r5 o* +o!rs$5 is t"at "$ !st a,9a&s b$ +oitt$d to t"$ tr!t" ?

t"at is5 b$ *ait"*!, to 9"at "$ s$$s5 9"at "$ "$ars5 9"at "$ to!+"$s# !t "o9 "$

-$r+$i0$s t"i'7s 9i,, d$-$'d o' t"$ bas$ *ro 9"i+" "$ o-$rat$s# T"$ a+t o*

s$$i'7 +a' b$ "a-$r$d or ,iit$d b& t"$ -oi't at 9"i+" o'$ is ,o+at$d 9"$'

tr&i'7 to s$$# ;or i'sta'+$5 t9$'t& -$o-,$ sitti'7 aro!'d a tab,$ i' a roo 9i,,

s$$ s,i7"t,& di**$r$'t t"i'7s5 d$-$'di'7 o' 9"$r$ t"$& sit i' r$,atio' to ot"$rs

a'd to t"os$ ob$+ts# I* t"$s$ -$o-,$ 9$r$ to b$ as.$d to d$s+rib$ t"$ roo5

$a+" 9o!,d stri0$ to $2-r$ss t"$ tr!t" abo!t 9"at "$ sa95 b!t si'+$ a,, o* t"$

9o!,d b$ obs$r0i'7 *ro di**$r$'t a'7,$s o* 0isio'5 t"$& i7"t $'d !- 9it"

t9$'t& di**$r$'t d$s+ri-tio's

1



o* t"$ sa$ roo# A'd t"is i' t!r' +o!,d ,$ad -$o-,$ o!tsid$ t"$ roo to

s!s-$+t t"$ o* t$,,i'7 ,i$s5 *or "o9 $,s$ +o!,d t"$r$ b$ so a'& +o'*,i+ti'7

stori$s abo!t t"$ sa$ -,a+$

T"$ bas$ I a ta,.i'7 abo!t '$$d 'ot b$ a -"&si+a, ,o+a,it&# It +a' a,so b$

t"$ so+ia, bas$ *ro 9"i+" o'$ is ,oo.i'7 at ,it$rar& or "istori+a, r$a,it&# T"is

bas$ too +a' a**$+t a -$rso's 0isio' a'd b$ d$+isi0$ as to 9"at *$at!r$s ar$

"i7",i7"t$d or 'ot# I* o'$ r$ads +o$'tari$s o' A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$5 *or

i'sta'+$5 o'$ o++asio'a,,& 9i,, *i'd t9o +riti+s sa&i'7 t"i'7s abo!t a ,it$rar&

9or. t"at ar$ tota,,& irr$+o'+i,ab,$# I* o'$ ,oo.s 0$r& +ar$*!,,& at t"$ir

stat$$'ts5 o'$ 9i,, dis+o0$r t"at t"$ bas$ o* t"$ir disa7r$$$'t do$s 'ot r$a,,&

r$sid$ i' t"$ t$2t b!t rat"$r i' t"$ so+ia, -ositio's *ro 9"i+" t"$& ar$ 0i$9i'7t"$ t$2t#

So ,$t $ r$?stat$ t"$ t9o *a+tors t"at do a**$+t s+"o,ars a'd s+"o,ars"i->

*ait"*!,'$ss to 9"at is b$i'7 obs$r0$d a'd t"$ so+ia, or +,ass bas$ *ro 9"i+"

t"$ s+"o,ar is 0i$9i'7 r$a,it&#

!t t"$r$ is a t"ird *a+tor5 a 0$r& i-orta't *a+tor5 a'd t"at is t"$ attit!d$ o* t"$

s+"o,ar to t"at 9"i+" "$ "as obs$r0$d *ro "is +"os$' bas$# S+"o,ars !st a,9a&s

stri0$ to b$ +o's+io!s o* t"$ attit!d$ t"$& d$0$,o- to9ard t"$ ob$+t o* t"$ir

obs$r0atio'# Ass!i'7 t"at t"$& "a0$ o-t$d *or t"$ .i'd o* so+ia, bas$ t"at 9i,,a**ord t"$ t"$ 9id$st -ossib,$ a'7,$ o* 0isio' so t"at t"$& +a' s$$ +,$ar,& a'd

r$+ord +,$ar,&5 t"$& !st sti,, b$ a,$rt to t"$ir attit!d$s to9ard t"at 9"i+" t"$& ar$

0i$9i'7#

No9 o'$ t"i'7 a**$+ti'7 t"$ d$0$,o-$'t o* A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$ is

i-$ria,is5 t"$ ost i-orta't so+ia, *or+$ i' A*ri+a i' t"is +$'t!r&# !t ost

s+"o,ars i' A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$ "a0$ r$*!s$d to r$+o7'is$ t"at t"$r$ is s!+" a *or+$

as i-$ria,is# I'd$$d5 i* it is dis+!ss$d at a,,5 !s!a,,& it is to disiss it as

-"ras$?o'7$ri'7 9or. o* -o,iti+ia's o',&# S!+" ,it$rar& s+"o,ars t$'d to sa&5

O"5 t"ats -o,iti+s# T"ats r$a,,& 'ot *or !s# S+"o,ars i' ot"$r dis+i-,i'$s

?$+o'oi+s a'd -o,iti+s5 *or i'sta'+$ ? "a0$ ,o'7 r$+o7'is$d i-$ria,is as a

so+ia, *or+$ i' A*ri+a5 b!t ,it$rar& s+"o,ars ar$ s!s-i+io!s o* it# W"$' it +r$$-s

i'to a+ad$i+ st!di$s5 t"$& +,ai t"at s!+" st!di$s ar$ 'ot r$a,,& a++$-t? ab,$ as

,it$rar& s+"o,ars"i- b!t ar$ -o,iti+a, s+"o,ars"i-5 a'd so o'# F$t i-$ria,is5

bot" i' its +o,o'ia, a'd '$o?+o,o'ia, sta7$s5 is t"$ o'$ *or+$ t"at a**$+ts

$0$r&t"i'7 i' A*ri+a ? -o,iti+s5 $+o'oi+s5 +!,t!r$5 abso,!t$,& $0$r& as-$+t o*

"!a' ,i*$# A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$ its$,* "as 7ro9' a'd d$0$,o-$d i' r$s-o's$ to

i-$ria,is#

O'$ o* t"$ ost ob0io!s 9a&s i' 9"i+" i-$ria,is "as a**$+t$d

11



t"$ d$0$,o-$'t o* A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$ is i' ,a'7!a7$ +"oi+$# D!ri'7 t"$ +o,o'ia,

sta7$ o* W$st$r' i-$ria,is i' A*ri+a5 A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s 9$r$ s!--r$ss$d a'd

E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s 9$r$ d$,ib$rat$,& 7i0$' a stat!s t"at ad$ t"$ t"$

i'$0itab,$ 0$"i+,$ o* A*ri+a' -$o-,$s s$,*?d$*i'itio'# ;or a *!,,$r dis+!ssio'

o* t"is -oi't5 s$$ & boo. Decolonising the Mind #

T"is "as r$s!,t$d i' a' $'oro!s +o'tradi+tio'# T"$s$ ,a'7!a7$s a& b$

t"$ o**i+ia, ,a'7!a7$s i' A*ri+a toda& b!t t"$& ar$ 'ot t"$ ,a'7!a7$s o* t"$

aorit& o* -$o-,$ i'"abiti'7 A*ri+a# T"$ 0ast aorit& i' $a+" 'atio'a,it& ?

t"at is5 t"$ -$asa'ts a'd t"$ 9or.$rs ? sti,, !s$ t"$ir o9' ,a'7!a7$s# F$t5

A*ri+a' 9rit$rs *$$, it '$+$ssar& a'd 'at!ra, to 9rit$ i' E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s

abo!t A*ri+a' -$asa'ts a'd 9or.$rs#

T"!s5 a s+"o,ar is i$diat$,& +o'*ro't$d 9it" t"$ 6!$stio' o* id$'tit&>

9"at is A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$ $+a!s$ toda& it is 7$'$ra,,& $2-$+t$d t"at A*ri+a's

9i,, 9rit$ i' E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s5 & o9' att$-ts to 9rit$ i' A*ri+a'

,a'7!a7$s "a0$ -ro-t$d i't$r$sti'7 r$a+tio's *ro so$ s+"o,ars# P$o-,$ 9i,,

sa&5 O"5 b!t t"is ,it$rat!r$ 9o't b$ a0ai,ab,$ to !s# W"& ar$ &o! b$+oi'7 so

+"a!0i'isti+ O'$ s$'s$s i' t"$s$ r$ar.s t"$ ass!-tio' t"at i' 9riti'7 i' a'

A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$ o'$ is d$-arti'7 *ro 9"at is 'ora, a'd b$"a0i'7 i' a

a''$r t"at is ab'ora,# I' *a+t5 ab'ora,it& "as b$$' t!r'$d i'to 'ora,it&#

T"at 9"i+" is 'ora, i' a,, ot"$r +i0i,isatio's5 i' a,, ot"$r so+i$ti$s5 i' a,, ot"$r

-"as$s i' "istor& is tra's*or$d i'to ab'ora,it&# O'+$ r$a,it& is -$r0$rt$d so

tota,,&5 $0$r&o'$ b$7i's to s$$ t"i'7s !-sid$?do9'# T"is to-s&?t!r0& 0isio' "as

b$$' +o'0$'i$'t *or A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$ s+"o,ars 9"o "a0$ b$$' s-ar$d t"$

'$+$ssit& o* "a0i'7 to ,$ar' A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s i' ord$r to +o$ to t$rs 9it"

t"$ ,it$rat!r$ -rod!+$d a'd t"$ r$a,iti$s $bodi$d i' t"os$ ,a'7!a7$s#

I' additio' to +r$ati'7 t"$s$ +o'tradi+tio's a'd distortio's5 i-$ria,is

"as ,$d to t"$ a+ti0$ r$-r$ssio' o* A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$ a'd to t"$ -$rs$+!tio' o*

9rit$rs5 artists a'd s+"o,ars i' s$0$ra, A*ri+a' +o!'tri$s# D!ri'7 t"$ +o,o'ia,

$ra5 t"is 9as a 'or# !t "o9 do$s o'$ $2-,ai' t"is -$rs$+!tio' i' t"$

-ost?+o,o'ia, $ra asi+a,,&5 it "as to do 9it" t"$ +,ass +"ara+t$r o* t"$ 'atio'a,

,$ad$rs"i-# T"$ A*ri+a' bo!r7$oisi$ t"at i'"$rit$d t"$ *,a7 *ro t"$ d$-arti'7

+o,o'ia, -o9$rs 9as +r$at$d 9it"i' t"$ +!,t!ra, 9ob o* i-$ria,is# T"at

1





K$'&as r$-!tatio' t"at 9"$' !'i0$rsit& ,$+t!r$rs5 s+"o,ars ,i.$ &o! a'd $5

9$r$ t"ro9' i' ai, ? so$ o* t"$ d$tai'$d 9it"o!t tria,5 ot"$rs -!t a9a& *or

t$' &$ars *or doi'7 'o or$ t"a' dis+"ar7i'7 9"at 9$ ar$ 'o9 dis+!ssi'7 as

t"$ r$s-o'sibi,iti$s o* t"$ s+"o,ar t"$ i't$r'atio'a, o!t+r& 9as i'ia,# T"$s$

s+"o,ars a'd t"$ir st!d$'ts ar$ sti,, i' ai, toda&# T"$ aorit& o* K$'&as

s+"o,ar,& +o!'it& "a0$ .$-t si,$'t i' *a+$ o* t"is '$o?+o,o'ia, t&ra''&#

I 9o!,d "a0$ ,i.$d to s$$ or$ s+"o,ars5 bot" i' a'd o!tsid$ t"$ +o!'tr&5

-arti+!,ar,& t"os$ r$s$ar+"i'7 o' K$'&a a'd o' A*ri+a5 +o$ o!t or$ stro'7,&

a'd or$ so,id,& i' aid o* t"$ir +o,,$a7!$s i' t"$ ai,s o* t"$ K$'&a

'$o?+o,o'ia, r$7i$# T"is is -art o* t"$ir r$s-o'sibi,it& as s+"o,ars# !t I "a0$

+o$ a+ross so$ 9"o 9$r$ or$ 9orri$d abo!t t"$ir 0isas i'to t"$ +o!'tr&

to?do r$s$ar+" o' t"$ K$'&a' sit!atio' t"a' i' $2-r$ssi'7 $0$' t"$ *ai't$st

+o'+$r' abo!t t"$ir +o!'t$r-arts#

I' t"$ $'d $0$r&t"i'7 d$-$'ds o' t"$ attit!d$s 9$ ado-t to9ard 9"at 9$

s$$# I' t$rs o* t"$ i't$r-r$tatio' o* ,it$rat!r$5 9$ 9i,, -ro$+t o!r -o,iti+a,

0i$9s o' 9"at 9$ r$ad# A s+"o,ar or +riti+ 9"o i' r$a, ,i*$ is s!s-i+io!s o*

-$o-,$ 9"o *i7"t *or ,ib$ratio' 9i,, b$ s!s-i+io!s o* +"ara+t$rs i' a 'o0$, or

-,a& 9"o ar$ *r$$do *i7"t$rs# His +riti6!$ o* t"$ as +"ara+t$rs 9i,, b$

+o'ditio'$d b& "o9 "$ *$$,s abo!t s!+" -$o-,$ i' r$a, ,i*$# Sii,ar,&5 "is

attit!d$ to t"$ ,it$rar& d$-i+tio' o* r$-r$ssio' a'd t"$ -$rs$+!tio' o*

-ro7r$ssi0$ 9rit$rs a'd s+"o,ars5 9i,, b$ i' "aro'& 9it" 9"at "$ *$$,s abo!t

t"os$ -ro+$ss$s i' r$a, ,i*$#

M& o9' 0i$9 is t"at s+"o,ars"i- 9i,, b$ ab,$ to +o'trib!t$ to t"$

d$0$,o-$'t o* A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$s o',& i* s+"o,ars a'a7$ to *r$$ t"$s$,0$s

*ro ,iiti'7 a'7,$s o* 0isio'# To a++o-,is" t"is t"$& 9i,, "a0$ to ado-t a

so+ia, bas$ t"at $'ab,$s t"$ to s$$5 "$ar5 s$,, a'd tast$ or$ a++!rat$,&# A'd

I 9o!,d "o-$ t"at as a r$s!,t o* ado-ti'7 t"at .i'd o* so+ia, bas$5 t"$& 9o!,d

a,so *or attit!d$s t"at 9o!,d $'+o!ra7$ t"$ to rais$ t"$ir 0oi+$ i' r$a, ,i*$

a7ai'st t"$ r$-r$ssio' o* s+"o,ars5 9rit$rs a'd artists i' A*ri+a toda&5 b$ it i'

'$o?+o,o'i$s ,i.$ K$'&a or i' t"$ o,d$r +o,o'i$s ,i.$ So!t" A*ri+a a'd

Naibia#

I' a sit!atio' 9"$r$ o'$ +,ass or 'atio' is sitti'7 o' ot"$r +,ass$s a'd

'atio's5 t"$r$ ar$ o',& t9o t&-$s o* s+"o,ars> t"os$ o' t"$ sid$ o* o--r$ssio'

a'd t"os$ o' t"$ sid$ o* r$sista'+$# N$!tra,it& i' s!+" a sit!atio' is a &t" or5

rat"$r5 it $a's t"at s!+" a s+"o,ar is

13



basi+a,,& o' t"$ sid$ o* t"$ b!,,&# H$'+$ t"$ i-orta'+$ o* s+"o,ars r$+o7'isi'7

(or r$*!si'7 to b$ b,i'd to) t"$ +o'ti'!i'7 W$st$r' i-$ria,ist stra'7,$"o,d o'

A*ri+a a,b$it i' a '$o?+o,o'ia, *or ?t"at is5 a *or t"at a,,o9s t"$ W$st$r'

bo!r7$oisi$ to +o'ti'!$ *att$'i'7 o' A*ri+as 9$a,t" t"ro!7" t"$ -o,iti+a,

a,,ia'+$ o* a' ar$d ? $r+$'ar&5 r$a,,& ? 'ati0$ r!,i'7 +,i6!$ i'sta,,$d a'd

ai'tai'$d b& t"$ W$st i' t"$ *irst -,a+$#

A +o'sist$'t a'ti?i-$ria,ist -ositio' ? t"at is5 a -ositio' t"at str!77,$s

a7ai'st or t"at $2-os$s t"$ +o'ti'!$d '$o?+o,o'ia, +o'tro, o* A*ri+a'

$+o'oi+s a'd +!,t!r$s b& t"$ W$st$r' bo!r7$oisi$ ? is t"$ i'i! '$+$ssar&

*or a +oitt$d5 r$s-o'sib,$ s+"o,ars"i- i' A*ri+a5 or a'&9"$r$ i' t"$ T"ird

Wor,d# %$rtai',& bot" A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$ a'd A*ro?E!ro-$a' ,it$rat!r$ +a''ot b$

!'d$rstood o!tsid$ t"$ *ra$9or. o* +o'sist$'t a'ti?i-$ria,is#

14



/8 Port-co"onia" Po"itics

. Cu"ture

%!,t!r$ i' K$'&a5 $0$' d!ri'7 t"$ +o,o'ia, ti$s5 "as a,9a&s b$$' a' i-orta't

t"$atr$ o* -o,iti+a, +o'*ro'tatio'#

T"$ i'*ao!s $r,i' +o'*$r$'+$ o* 1@@3 sa9 t"$ b$7i''i'7s o* *ora,

ritis" i'*,!$'+$ i' K$'&a5 b!t t"$ +o!'tr& 9as 'ot r$a,,& +o,o'is$d !'ti, 1@:4#

O* +o!rs$ it 9as't 7i0$' to t"$# T"$ ritis" +o,o'is$d K$'&a b& *or+$# !t

ri7"t *ro t"$ start5 i,itar& a'd s!bs$6!$'t,& -o,iti+a, doi'atio' 9$'t "a'd

i' "a'd 9it" +!,t!ra, r$-r$ssio'# T"$ ro!t$ to $**$+ti0$ +o'tro, ,a& t"ro!7"

+!,t!ra, doi'a'+$# W"$r$0$r a'd 9"$'$0$r t"$r$ 9$r$ +o!'a, or 'atio'a,

*$sti0a,s5 9"i+" o* +o!rs$ $a't a 7at"$ri'7 o* -$o-,$s5 t"$s$ 9$r$ sto--$d# A

7ood $2a-,$ 9as t"$ It!,.a +$r$o'& i' +$'tra, K$'&a 9"i+" 9as ba''$d b&

t"$ ritis" +o,o'ia, a!t"oriti$s i' 1:4# T"$ It!,i.a *$sti0a, 9as "$,d $0$r&t"irt& &$ars or so to ar. t"$ "a'di'7 o0$r o* -o9$r *ro o'$ 7$'$ratio' to

a'ot"$r# T"is 9as $'a+t$d t"ro!7" so'7s5 -o$tr& a'd draa# So t"$ ba' $a't

t"$ s!--r$ssio' o* a 9"o,$ +!,t!ra, "$rita7$ t"at "ad ta.$' 7$'$ratio's to b!i,d#

U'd$r t"$ +o,o'ia, r!,$5 t"$'5 'ati0$ +!,t!r$s 9$r$ r$-r$ss$d 9"i,$5 t"ro!7" t"$

s+"oo, s&st$5 ot"$r i-ort$d traditio's 9$r$ $'+o!ra7$d# ;or i'sta'+$5 i' t"$

s+"oo, t"at I 9$'t to5 S+ottis" +o!'tr& da'+$s 9$r$ a,,o9$d $0$' as t"$

so?+a,,$d triba, da'+$s 9$r$ ba''$d#

O'$ o* t"$ ost i-orta't as-$+ts o* o!r -r$?+o,o'ia, ,it$rat!r$ 9as t"$

ora, traditio'# Prior to t"$ issio'ar& -r$s$'+$ i' t"$ +o!'tr&5 t"$r$ 9$r$ 0$r&

*$9 ,a'7!a7$s5 a-art *ro Kis9a"i,i5 9"i+" "ad b$$' r$d!+$d to 9riti'7# T"$

ora, traditio' "as a,9a&s b$$' 0$r& ri+" a'd it is 'ot s!r-risi'7 t"at it 9as t"$

o'$ ost !ti,is$d b& t"$ a'ti?+o,o'ia, *or+$s to a.$ stat$$'ts o* r$sista'+$#

H$'+$ it 9as

1=



t"$ ora, traditio' a'd t"$ artists 9"o o-$rat$d 9it"i' it t"at 9$r$ t"$ ob$+ts o*

+o,o'ia, 9rat"# ;or i'sta'+$ i' 1:15 Harr& T"!.!5 a ,$ad$r o* t"$ 9or.$rs

o0$$'t5 9as arr$st$d a'd abo!t 14 -$o-,$ .i,,$d at a ar+" d$a'di'7 "is

r$,$as$# T"is +o'*ro'tatio' 9as r$+ord$d i' so'7s t"at i' t!r' b$+a$ 0$r&

-o-!,ar# O'$ o* t"$ so'7s 9as +a,,$d Ka'&$7$'&!ri# It 9as 0$r& b$a!ti*!,5 0$r&

9$,, +o'str!+t$d5 9it" 0$r& stro'75 +o,o!r*!, a'd $roti+ ia7$s d$s+ribi'7 t"$

arr$st o* Harr& T"!.! a'd t"$ d$a'ds *or "is r$,$as$# It 9as ost,& s!'7 a'd

da'+$d b& 9o$' a'd it b$+a$ so -o9$r*!, a stat$$'t o* -rot$st t"at it 9as

ba''$d b& t"$ +o,o'ia, a!t"oriti$s# T"$r$ 9as a'ot"$r +a,,$d M!t"iri7!# A7ai'5

a -o9$r*!, +obi'atio' o* so'75 -o$tr& a'd da'+$5 ost,& b& &o!'7 $'# T"is

b$+a$ 0$r& -o-!,ar -arti+!,ar,& i' +$'tra, K$'&a# It 9as a,so ba''$d# Ma'&

-$o-,$ 9$r$ a+t!a,,& arr$st$d a'd -!t i' -riso' *or si'7i'7 a'd da'+i'7 it# O'$

o* t"$ 0$rs$s d$*i$s t"r$ats o* arr$sts a'd i-riso'$'t>

E0$' 9"$' 9$ 7o to -riso'

W$ s"a,, sti,, da'+$ M!t"iri7!#

ot" Ka'&$7$'&!ri a'd M!t"iri7! ar$ 7ood $2a-,$s o* t"$ +!,t!r$ o* t"$ ora,

traditio' as a t"$atr$ o* a'ti?+o,o'ia, r$sista'+$5 a7ai'st +o,o'ia, o--r$ssio'#

Writ$rs a'd boo.s "o9$0$r 9$r$ 'ot s-ar$d# $t9$$' 1:4 a'd 1:=

-o,iti+a, r$sista'+$ too. t"$ *or o* ar$d str!77,$ a'd t"is 9as ,$d b& t"$

Ma! Ma!# T"is -"as$ o* t"$ str!77,$ "ad b$$' -r$+$d$d b& a .i'd o* +!,t!ra,

r$'aissa'+$# N$9s-a-$rs5 *or i'sta'+$5 a'd sa,, -!b,is"i'7 "o!s$s *,o!ris"$d#

oo.s o* -o$s a'd so'7s5 i' A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s5 9$r$ bro!7"t o!t# It 9as a

-$riod o* a ,it$rar& !-s!r7$# T"$ $'$r7& +a$ *ro t"$ $'tir$ a'ti?+o,o'ia,

o0$$'t# Not s!r-risi'7,&5 9"$' a stat$ o* $$r7$'+& 9as d$+,ar$d i' 1:45

+!,t!r$ +a$ !'d$r si$7$# Ma'& boo.s 9$r$ ba''$d# A,, t"$ sa,, -r$ss$s -!b,is"i'7 i' A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s 9$r$ +,os$d do9'# A,, t"$s$ boo.s o* -o$tr&

a'd so'7s 9$r$ ,ost to K$'&a's# Writ$rs o* t"$ ba''$d boo.s 9$r$ i-riso'$d

9it"o!t tria,# T"$ ost -roi'$'t o* t"$ 9as Ga.aara 9a Wa'a!# H$ 9rot$

i' t"$ Gi.!&! ,a'7!a7$ d!ri'7 t"$ +o,o'ia, ti$s a'd "$ +o'ti'!$s to do so i'

t"$ -ost?+o,o'ia, -$riod# As a 9rit$r5 "$ "as s!**$r$d bot" i' t"$ +o,o'ia, $ra5

d$tai'$d 9it"o!t tria, *or 'i'$ &$ars5 a'd i' -ost?+o,o'ia, K$'&a5 i-riso'$d

9it"o!t tria, *or a o't"5 bad,& tort!r$d a'd t"$' *or+$d i'to a &st$rio!s +ar

1<



a++id$'t# H$ s!r0i0$d it# H$ is t"$r$*or$ a 0$r& 7ood $2a-,$ o* -o,iti+a, a'd

+!,t!ra, r$-r$ssio' i' K$'&a5 i' bot" ti$s5 +o,o'ia, a'd -ost?+o,o'ia,# His *at$

s&bo,is$s t"$ ,i'. b$t9$$' t"$ t9o -$riods#

Post?+o,o'ia, K$'&a5 $+o'oi+a,,& a'd -o,iti+a,,&5 sa9 i' r$a,it& a

+o'ti'!atio' o* +o,o'ia, str!+t!r$s# %o,o'ia, so+i$t& +a' b$ ,oo.$d at as a so+ia,

-&raid 9it" t"$ -$o-,$ di0id$d o' ra+ia, ,i'$s a'd o++!-&i'7 t"$ di**$r$'t

o'$s# T"$ 'arro9 -art at t"$ to- 9as o++!-i$d b& t"$ 9"it$ s$tt,$r +o!'it&5

t"$ idd,$ -art b& t"$ Asia' +o!'it&5 a'd t"$ broad bas$ b& t"$ A*ri+a's#

No9 &o! +a' t"i'. o* i'd$-$'d$'+$ as si-,& t"$ r$o0a, o* t"$ ra+ia, barri$rs

to so+ia, obi,it& b!t t"$ -&raid str!+t!r$ r$ai'i'7 t"$ sa$# So$ A*ri+a's

+o!,d 'o9 +,ib !- t"$ -&raid# to t"$ idd,$ a'd to- o'$s# !t t"$r$ 9as

"ard,& a'& obi,it& do9'9ards# I' ot"$r 9ords t"$ 9"it$ +o!'it& sti,,

o++!-i$s t"$ roo at t"$ to-5 a'd t"$ Asia' +o!'it& t"$ idd,$ o'$# I'

s"ort a,t"o!7" t"$r$ "as b$$' so$ o0$$'t !-9ards *or so$ A*ri+a's arid

Asia's5 9it" so$ o* t"$ o++!-&i'7 -ositio's o* r$a, $+o'oi+ a'd -o,iti+a,

-o9$r5 t"$ +o,o'ia, so+ia, str!+t!r$ r$ai'$d $ss$'tia,,& t"$ sa$# No9 t"is

"as r$s!,t$d i' t"$ -o,iti+a, a,i$'atio' o* t"$ aorit& o* t"$ bas$# T"$ bas$

r$ai'$d dissatis*i$d# T"$ 0$r& t"i'7s t"at ad$ t"$ -$o-,$ ta.$ !- ars

a7ai'st +o,o'ia,is ? $2t$r'a, doi'atio' a'd i't$r'a, r$-r$ssio' ? sti,, $2ist#

T"is "as b$$' r$*,$+t$d i' K$'&a' +!,t!r$5 *or i'sta'+$ i' t"$ .i'd o*

-ro7ra$s $'+o!ra7$d b& t"$ -ost?+o,o'ia, r$7i$s# It is a +!,t!r$ t"at "as

r$*,$+t$d t"$ d$-$'d$'+$ o* t"$ K$'&a' $+o'o& a'd -o,iti+s o' o!tsid$

i'*,!$'+$# W$st$r' +!,t!ra, doi'a'+$ "as b$$' !'d$r9ritt$' b& t"$

-ost?+o,o'ia, -o,iti+a, -ra+ti+$s5 *or i'sta'+$ b& 9"at "as b$$' a,,o9$d o'

t$,$0isio'5 o' *i,5 a'd i' $d!+atio'a, -ro7ra$s# W"at "as "a--$'$d i' t"$

ar$a o* ,a'7!a7$ $d!+atio' a'd -o,i+& is a 7ood $2a-,$ o* t"is t$'d$'+&#

$*or$ i'd$-$'d$'+$5 A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s 9$r$ ta!7"t *or t"$ *irst *o!r &$ars o*t"$ st!d$'ts -riar& $d!+atio'# !t a*t$r i'd$-$'d$'+$5 A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s

9$r$ abo,is"$d i' s+"oo,s# ;or &$ars5 !'ti, t"$ -o,i+& 9as r$0$rs$d5 K$'&a's

9$r$ ta!7"t E'7,is" *ro t"$ '!rs$r& to !'i0$rsit&# O'$ +a' ia7i'$ "o9 "ard

it !st "a0$ b$$' *or a,, t"os$ +"i,dr$'# T"$& 9$r$ b$i'7 -ro7ra$d i' t"$

E'7,is" ,a'7!a7$ so t"at t"$r$ 9as a +o-,$t$ br$a. b$t9$$' t"$ ,a'7!a7$ t"$&

9$r$ a+t!a,,& !si'7 i' t"$ir o9' "o$s5 a'd t"$ ,a'7!a7$s t"$& 9$r$ !si'7 i'

s+"oo,s to +o'+$-t!a,is$ t"$ 9or,d# Toda& t"$r$ is a 9"o,$ 7$'$ratio' o*

K$'&a' &o!t"

1@



9"o ,i0$ b$t9$$' t9o 9or,ds# T"$& a& b$ -$r*$+t i' t"$ E'7,is" ,a'7!a7$ b!t

t"$ aorit& +!,t!r$ o* -ost?+o,o'ia, K$'&a i' 9"i+" t"$& ,i0$ a'd 9or. is 'ot

a' E'7,is"?s-$a.i'7 +!,t!r$#

T"$ r$s!,t o* t"is $+o'oi+5 -o,iti+a, a'd +!,t!ra, a,i$'atio' o* t"$ aorit&

*ro t"$ir -ost?+o,o'ia, r!,$rs "as b$$' a -$r*$+t r$-,i+a o* +o,o'ia, -ra+ti+$s#

I' ord$r *or t"$ -ost?+o,o'ia, r$7i$s to ai'tai' t"$s$,0$s i' -o9$r t"$&

"a0$ "ad to r$-r$ss d$o+ra+&# T"$& $'s!r$ t"at t"$ -$o-,$ do 'ot "a0$ !+"

,$$9a& i' +riti+isi'75 i' or7a'isi'75 a'd $0$' i' si-,& $2-r$ssi'7 a di**$r$'t

0i$9-oi't# T"$r$ +a' o',& b$ o'$ 0i$9-oi't ? t"at o* t"$ r!,i'7 r$7i$# I* t"$&

a,,o9 d$o+rati+ -ra+ti+$s5 -arti+!,ar,& i' t"$ $,$+tora, -ro+$ss5 t"$ -$o-,$

i7"t $2-r$ss t"$ir dissatis*a+tio' b& r$t!r'i'7 to -ar,ia$'t a di**$r$'t -art&

or ,$ad$rs"i-# K$'&a is 'o9 a o'$?-art& stat$Si'+$ t"is ta,. 9as 7i0$'5 -o,iti+a,

-arti$s "a0$ b$$' a,,o9$d b!t sti,, !'d$r r$-r$ssi0$ +o'ditio's# 9it" a,, t"$ ot"$r -o,iti+a,

a'd so+ia, or7a'isatio's ba''$d or $,s$ i't$7rat$d i'to t"$ r!,i'7 -art&# It do$s

'ot ta.$ too !+" ia7i'atio' to s$$ "o9 t"is "as a**$+t$d +!,t!r$# I* it +a''ot

a,,o9 -$o-,$ to 1 $2-r$ss d$o+ra+& i' -o,iti+a, ,i*$5 t"$ r$7i$ 9i,, +$rtai',&

'ot a,,o9 d$o+rati+ $as!r$s i' t"$ +!,t!ra, ,i*$ o* t"$ +o!'it&# I* t"$r$ is

a -o,i+& ,i.$ t"$ o'$ 9$ "a0$ i' K$'&a toda& 9"$r$ or$ t"a' *i0$ -$o-,$

+a''ot $$t 9it"o!t a -o,i+$ ,i+$'+$5 t"$' t"is a!toati+a,,& a**$+ts +!,t!ra,

-ra+ti+$s as 9$,,# P$o-,$ +a''ot $$t *or a +!,t!ra, a+ti0it&5 a'& +!,t!ra,

a+ti0it&5 9it"o!t a ,i+$'+$# W"$t"$r t"$& ar$ $$ti'7 to 9rit$5 to -rod!+$ -,a&s

or to da'+$5 t"$ 0$r& *a+t o* t"$ir "a0i'7 to "a0$ a ,i+$'+$ i' ord$r to 7at"$r

9i,, ad0$rs$,& a**$+t t"$ir +r$ati0it&#

T"!s5 $0$' 9"at "as "a--$'$d i' t"$ +!,t!r$ o* -ost?+o,o'ia, K$'&a is

r$a,,& a r$-rod!+tio' o* +o,o'ia, ti$s# I 9i,, 'o9 +it$ a *$9 $2a-,$s# So'7s

9$r$ s!b0$rsi0$ i' +o,o'ia, ti$s# Toda& so'7s "a0$ b$$' *o!'d to b$ t"$ ost

s!b0$rsi0$ $,$$'t o* K$'&a' 'atio'a, ,i*$# I' J!,& 1:: *or i'sta'+$!si+ia's 9$r$ ao'7 t"os$ arr$st$d a'd i-riso'$d si-,& b$+a!s$ o* t"$ir

!si+# Ma'& o* t"$ so'7s t"$& sa'7 9$r$ i's-ir$d b& $0$'ts i' M!oroto5 a

sa,, !rba' ar$a o* Nairobi5 9"$r$ a '!b$r o* t"$ d9$,,$rs 9$r$ .i,,$d b& t"$

-o,i+$# T"$ 7o0$r'$'t d$'i$d t"at t"$r$ "ad b$$' a'& .i,,i'7s# It $0$' d$'i$d

t"at t"$r$ "ad b$$' a'& *i7"ti'7 b$t9$$' t"$ -o,i+$ a'd t"$ -$o-,$# F$t t"$

-$o-,$ "ad s$$' it a,,# T"$ !si+ia's sa'7 abo!t t"$ -,i7"t o* t"$ d9$,,$rs#

So$ o* t"$ so'7s "ad b$$' +o!+"$d i' t$rs

1:



o* "$a0$' a'd $art"5 d$0i,s a'd a'7$,s5 t"$ d$ad,& +obat b$t9$$' God a'd

Sata'# T"$& 9$r$ r$+$i0$d a'd i't$r-r$t$d b& t"$ -$o-,$ i' 0$r& $art",& t$rs5

+$rtai',& o'$ 'ot to t"$ ,i.i'7 o* t"$ r$7i$# I' +o,o'ia, ti$s r$,i7io!s 7ro!-s

9"i+" "ad so'7s t"at +arri$d a so+ia, $ssa7$ 9$r$ ob$+ts o* +o,o'ia,

r$-r$ssio'# T"$ sa$ t"i'7 "as b$$' "a--$'i'7 i' -ost?+o,o'ia, K$'&a#

!t it is i' t"$atr$ t"at t"$ str!77,$ "as ost i't$'si*i$d# I'd$$d t"$atr$ a'd

t"$ -,a+$ it "as +o$ to o++!-& i' t"$ -o,iti+a, ar$'a i' -ost?+o,o'ia, K$'&a

+a' o',& b$ +o-ar$d 9it" a sii,ar -ositio' ,it$rat!r$ o++!-i$d i'

'i'$t$$'t"?+$'t!r& R!ssia# $+a!s$ o* t"$ r$-r$ssi0$ +"ara+t$r o* t"$ Tsarist

r$7i$5 ,it$rat!r$ b$+a$ t"$ +!,t!ra, 0oi+$ o* t"$ -$o-,$# I' b$t9$$' t"$ "ard

+o0$rs o* a ,it$rar& t$2t5 +"ara+t$rs +o!,d ta,. a'd ar7!$ abo!t att$rs t"at 'o

-o,iti+a, -art& +o!,d ta,. abo!t o-$',&# T"is a& $2-,ai' 9"& R!ssia' ,it$rat!r$

+a$ to b$ so "i7",& 0a,!$d i' t"$ +o!'tr&# I' so$ 9a&s t"$atr$ i'

-ost?+o,o'ia, K$'&a "as +o$ to o++!-& a sii,ar -ositio'> 9it" t"$ ba''i'7 o*

-o,iti+a, -arti$s a'd so+ia, or7a'isatio's5 t"$atr$ b$+a$ t"$ o',& ar$'a o!tsid$

t"$ +"!r+" a'd t"$ os6!$ 9"$r$ t9o or or$ +"ara+t$rs +o!,d ar7!$ o!t

iss!$s o-$',&# P$o-,$ 9o!,d 7o to t"$ t"$atr$ $2-$+ti'7 a$st"$ti+ -a+.a7$s o*

$'t$rtai'$'t5 b!t t"$& 9o!,d a,so *i'd iss!$s t"at 9$r$ a**$+ti'7 t"$ir ,i0$s

b$i'7 d$bat$d# Not s!r-risi'7,& t"$ -ost?+o,o'ia, r$7i$s *o,,o9$d t"$

*ootst$-s o* t"$ir +o,o'ia, -r$d$+$ssors a'd +a$ do9' "$a0i,& o' t"$ t"$atr$#

I' 1:<=5 I 9as a $b$r o* a 7ro!- t"at -rod!+$d a -,a& +a,,$d The Trial

of Dedan 0imathi- W$ 9a't$d to !s$ t"$ K$'&a Natio'a, T"$atr$5 b!t at t"at

ti$ it 9as doi'at$d b& s$tt,$r or a,,i$d s$tt,$r i't$r$sts 9it" -rod!+tio's t"at

i'+,!d$d !si+a,s s!+" as nnie 2et /our 2un5 The 0ing and I( lice in

Wonderland 5 a'd )esus Christ( Su'erstar # W$ $0$' "ad -rob,$s i' s$+!ri'7

s-a+$ i' t"$ b!i,di'7# T"$ str!77,$ b$+a$ so i't$'s$ t"at it 9as ta.$' !- i'

'$9s-a-$r arti+,$s# !t $0$' a*t$r t"$ The Trial of Dedan 0imathi 9as -rod!+$d at t"$ Natio'a, T"$atr$5 t"$ dir$+tor o* t"$ -,a&5 S$t" Ada7a,a5 a'd I

9$r$ +a,,$d to %ID "$ad6!art$rs a'd 9$r$ s-$+i*i+a,,& 9ar'$d a7ai'st

i't$r*$ri'7 9it" E!ro-$a' T"$atr$# I' *a+t 9$ "ad 'ot i't$r*$r$d 9it" E!ro-$a'

T"$atr$ 6!a E!ro-$a' T"$atr$# W$ 9$r$ o',& 7!i,t& o* o**$ri'7 K$'&a'

a,t$r'ati0$s#

T"$ di**i+!,ti$s 9it" s$+!ri'7 s-a+$ at t"$ Natio'a, T"$atr$ *or K$'&a'

A*ri+a' -,a&s5 i' -art5 ad$ t"$ D$-art$'t o* Lit$rat!r$

11



at t"$ U'i0$rsit& o* Nairobi d$+id$ it 9o!,d b$ b$tt$r to ta.$ t"$atr$ to t"$

-$o-,$# W"& 6!arr$, o0$r a b!i,di'7 a'&9a& T"$& d$0$,o-$d 9"at "ad

a,r$ad& b$$' tri$d at Ma.$r$r$ i'? U7a'da ,o'7 b$*or$ ? a tra0$,,i'7 t"$atr$# It

9as to b$ a *r$$ tra0$,,i'7 t"$atr$ t"at 9o!,d ta.$ -,a&s to a,, -arts o* t"$

+o!'tr&# T"is -o-!,aris$d t"$atr$ 6!it$ si7'i*i+a't,&# I' 1:<< so$ o* !s

a+t!a,,& o0$d i'to t"$ +o!'tr&sid$# W$ 9or.$d at t"$ U'i0$rsit& o* Nairobi

*or a ,i0i'7 b!t i' t"$atr$ 9$ 9or.$d at Kairiit"! 0i,,a7$ 9"$r$ -$asa'ts a'd

9or.$rs b$+a$ i'0o,0$d i' -rod!+i'7 a -,a& +a,,$d ? Will Marry When ?

Want- T"$ -,a& 9"i+" r$*,$+t$d t"$ +o't$-orar& so+ia, +o'ditio's o* t"$

9or.i'7 -$o-,$ as 9$,, as t"$ir "istor& o* r$sista'+$ b$+a$ 0$r& -o-!,ar# I

"a0$ 9ritt$' abo!t t"is $2-$ri$'+$ i' s$0$ra, o* & boo.s5 -arti+!,ar,& i'

Detained. Writer6s #rison Diary( 3arrel of a #en a'd Decolonising the Mind #

T"$ -,a& 9as ba''$d a'd I &s$,* 9as -!t i' d$t$'tio' 9it"o!t tria, b$t9$$'

D$+$b$r 1:<< a'd D$+$b$r 1:<@#

T"$ r$-r$ssi0$ $as!r$s i' t"$ ar$a o* t"$atr$ b$+a$ $0$' or$ ar.$d

i' 1:@# A*t$r I +a$ o!t o* -riso' 9$ tri$d to do a'ot"$r -,a& +a,,$d Mother

Sing For Me b& t"$ sa$ 7ro!- o* -$asa'ts a'd 9or.$rs# W$ 9a't$d to

-$r*or at t"$ Natio'a, T"$atr$# T"is ti$ 9$ 9$r$ 'ot $0$' a,,o9$d to 7$t

o'to t"$ -r$is$s# W$ 9$r$ ,o+.$d o!t 9it" t"$ -o,i+$ 9aiti'7 o!tsid$ to s$$ i*

9$ 9o!,d *or+$ o!r 9a& i'to t"$ t"$atr$ or b$+o$ i'0o,0$d i' a'& rioti'7# So

9$ o0$d to t"$ U'i0$rsit& o* Nairobi a'd +o'ti'!$d to "o,d 9"at 9$ +a,,$d

-!b,i+ r$"$arsa,s 9"i+" 9$r$ o* +o!rs$ o-$' to $0$r&bod&# T"$r$ 9$ 9$r$ ab,$

to "o,d abo!t t$' -$r*ora'+$s b$*or$ t"$ -o,i+$ o'+$ a7ai' o0$d i' a'd

,o+.$d !s o!t o* t"$ U'i0$rsit& o* Nairobi# T"$r$a*t$r t"$ -o,i+$ 9$'t to

Kairiit"! 0i,,a7$ its$,* a'd ra$d t"$ $'tir$ +o!'it& t"$atr$ to t"$ 7ro!'d

a'd ba''$d a'& t"$atr$ $0$'ts i' t"$ $'tir$ ar$a# O!r 7ro!- 9as ba''$d#

T"$r$ ar$ a *$9 ot"$r $2a-,$s a,, o++!rri'7 i' 1:@# Muntu b& Jo$ d$Gra*t5 9"i+" "ad b$$' +oissio'$d b& A,,?A*ri+a %o'*$r$'+$ o* %"!r+"$s i'

1:<= 9as 'o9 ba''$d b$+a!s$ it 9as a,,$7$d,& ta,.i'7 abo!t 0io,$'+$# A -,a&

9ritt$' b& so$ s+"oo, +"i,dr$' 9as ba''$d a'd so$ o* t"$ st!d$'ts 9"o "ad

9ritt$' t"$ s+ri-t s!s-$'d$d *ro t"$ s+"oo,# A, Ai' Mar!i5 t"$ K$'&a'

,i'7!ist a'd -,a&9ri7"t a'd a ,$+t!r$r at K$'&atta U'i0$rsit& 9as i-riso'$d

9it"o!t tria, t"r$$ 9$$.s a*t$r "is o9' -,a&5 Cry for )ustice5 o-$'$d at t"$

U'i0$rsit& o* Nairobi# !t o* +o!rs$ si'+$ 1:@ t"$r$ "a0$

111



b$$' or$ -,a&s5 -arti+!,ar,& t"os$ i' A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s5 sto--$d b& t"$

r$7i$#

Po$ts a'd ot"$r 9rit$rs "a0$ 'ot $s+a-$d t"$ -o,iti+s o* +!,t!r$ i'

-ost?+o,o'ia, K$'&a# O'$ o* o!r ,$adi'7 -o$ts# Abd!,ati* Abd!,,a5 9as

i-riso'$d *or t"r$$ &$ars i' 1:=: *or 9riti'7 a'd +ir+!,ati'7 a -a-",$t

+a,,$d> 0enya( Where re We 4eading To8 As.i'7 6!$stio's is a da'7$ro!s

$2$r+is$ i' a -ost?+o,o'ia, so+i$t&# Fo! 9o!,d t"i'. t"at a,, t"is 9o!,d +ri--,$

K$'&a' Lit$rat!r$

I' a stra'7$ .i'd o* 9a& t"$s$ r$-r$ssi0$ +o'ditio's "a0$ s$$' a r$birt" o*

a .i'd o* 'atio'a, ,it$rat!r$ i' t"$ +o!'tr&# ;or i'sta'+$ t"$ t"$atr$ 9"i+" "as

d$0$,o-$d !'d$r t"$s$ +o'ditio's "as b$$' 0$r& -ro7r$ssi0$ i' *or a'd

+o't$'t# Jai,s "a0$ -rod!+$d a 9"o,$ traditio' o* -riso' ,it$rat!r$# W"$'

Abd!,ati* Abd!,,a 9as i-riso'$d5 "$ 9rot$ -o$s ,at$r -!b,is"$d as a boo.

!'d$r t"$ tit,$ &oice of gony5 a'd 9"i+"5 iro'i+a,,&5 ,at$r 9o' t"$ Joo

K$'&atta -ri$ *or ,it$rat!r$# W"$' I 9as i-riso'$d I 9rot$ t"$ 'o0$, Devil

on the Cross- So$ o* &o! a& .'o9 t"at it 9as t"$' t"at I d$+id$d 'ot to

9rit$ a'& or$ -,a&s or +r$ati0$ 9or.s i' t"$ E'7,is" ,a'7!a7$ t"at I 9o!,d i'

*!t!r$ 9rit$ i' Gi.!&! a'd ot"$r A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s# T"is d$+isio' a'd t"$

d$bat$ arisi'7 *ro it "a0$ r$0i0$d t"$ traditio' o* 9riti'7 i' A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$s

i' K$'&a5 a,t"o!7" it is sti,, 'ot t"$ doi'a't tr$'d# I' 1:@= *o,,o9i'7 a'ot"$r

9a0$ o* i't$'si*i$d r$-r$ssio'5 a'& or$ a+ad$i+s 9$r$ i-riso'$d# So$

o* t"$5 o' +oi'7 o!t5 ar$ 9riti'7 t"$ir $oirs#

T"$r$ ar$ a'& ot"$r 9rit$rs 9"o "a0$ b$$' *or+$d i'to $2i,$ a'd 'o do!bt

t"is 9i,, -rod!+$ its o9' .i'd o* ,it$rat!r$# ;or t"os$ 9"o r$ai'5 t"$r$ is t"$

6!$stio' o* s$,*?+$'sors"i-# T"$& "a0$ to b$ 0$r& +ar$*!, abo!t 9"at t"$& sa&

a'd "o9 t"$& sa& it# T"$ $2tr$$ *or o* s$,*?+$'sors"i- is si,$'+$# T"$r$ is o*

+o!rs$ t"$ +at$7or& o* 9rit$rs 9"o "a0$ +"os$' to 9or. 9it" t"$ r$-r$ssi0$

r$7i$# I' *a+t o'$ o* o!r ,$adi'7 9rit$rs i' K$'&a is a Mi'ist$r o* %!,t!r$#

A'd so i' -ost?+o,o'ia, K$'&a o'$ +a''ot r$a,,& s-$a. o* !'i*orit& o*

9rit$rs5 b$+a!s$ t"$& do't a+t!a,,& o++!-& t"$ sa$ -ositio' vis7;7vis +!,t!ra,

r$-r$ssio'# T"$& "a0$ ta.$' 0$r& +o'tradi+tor& a'd o*t$' +o'*,i+ti'7 -ositio's#

O'$ +a' o',& $a'i'7*!,,& sa& t"$r$ ar$ t9o t&-$s o* 9rit$rs i' K$'&a toda&#

T"$r$ ar$ t"$ o**i+ia, 9rit$rs5 or o**i+ia,,& a--ro0$d 9rit$rs a'd t"$ !'o**i+ia,

o'$s5 t"at is t"os$ 9"o ar$ 'ot a++$-t$d b& t"$ 7o0$r'$'t#

11



A,, t"is d$o'strat$s t"$ +o-,$2it& o* t"$ -o,iti+s o* +!,t!r$ i' a

-ost?+o,o'ia, so+i$t&# T"$ sit!atio' +a''ot b$ -ro-$r,& !'d$rstood o!tsid$ t"$

*ra$9or. o* t"$ '$o?+o,o'ia, $+o'oi+ a'd -o,iti+a, str!+t!r$s 9"i+" ar$5 i'

$**$+t5 +o,o'ia, str!+t!r$s !'d$r a'ot"$r 'a$#

11



// In Moi/s *enya0

History is Su1%ersi%e

W"& is "istor& s!b0$rsi0$

H!a' b$i'7s a.$ "istor& b& t"$ir a+tio's o' 'at!r$ a'd o' t"$s$,0$s#

Histor& is t"$r$*or$ abo!t "!a' str!77,$> *irst 9it" 'at!r$ as t"$ at$ria,

so!r+$ o* t"$ 9$a,t" t"$& +r$at$5 *ood5 +,ot"i'7 a'd s"$,t$r a'd s$+o'd,&5

str!77,$ 9it" ot"$r "!a's o0$r t"$ +o'tro, o* t"at 9$a,t"# Labo!r5 "!a'

,abo!r5 is t"$ .$& ,i'. b$t9$$' t"$ t9o str!77,$s# It is ,abo!r5 9it" a,, t"$

i'str!$'ts a'd a++!!,at$d s.i,,s5 t"at a.$s 9$a,t" o!t o* 'at!r$# T"$

str!77,$ ao'7 "!a's is o0$r +o'tro, o* t"$ $'tir$ or7a'isatio' o* t"$

-rod!+tio'5 $2+"a'7$ a'd distrib!tio' o* t"$ *r!its o* ,abo!r#

D$0$,o-$'t i' so+i$t& is bro!7"t abo!t b& +"a'7$s i' t"$ "!a' str!77,$9it" 'at!r$ a'd i' t"$ so+ia, str!77,$# T"$ +"a'7i'7 so+ia, *oratio's5

i'stit!tio's5 0a,!$s5 o!t,oo.5 r$*,$+t t"$ $0$r?+"a'7i'7 r$,atio's"i-s b$t9$$'

,abo!r a'd 'at!r$5 a'd b$t9$$' so+ia, 7ro!-s i' o'$ 'atio' a'd b$t9$$'

'atio's#

%"a'7$5 o0$$'t5 is "$'+$ t"$ $t$r'a, t"$$ i' "istor&# It is t"$ !'i0$rsa,

$2-r$ss$d i' a,, t"$ -arti+!,ariti$s o* t"$ 0ario!s 'atio's a'd -$o-,$ o* t"$ $art"

o0$r t"$ +$'t!ri$s# T"$r$*or$ 'o so+i$t& is $0$r stati+> t"$r$ is o0$$'t a,, t"$

ti$ si'+$ t"$ t9o r$,atio's or str!77,$s ar$ $0$r a+ti0$# Histor& is $0$rr$i'di'7 T"$ Pr$s$'t o* a'& so+i$t&> $0$' &o! s"a,, +o$ to -ass a9a&#

Toorro9 9i,, b$ T"$ Pr$s$'t a'd T"$ Pr$s$'t 9i,, b$ T"$ F$st$rda&#

!t it is -r$+is$,& b$+a!s$ "istor& is t"$ r$s!,t o* str!77,$ a'd t$,,s o*

+"a'7$ t"at it is -$r+$i0$d as a t"r$at b& a,, t"$ r!,i'7 strata i' a,, t"$

o--r$ssi0$ $2-,oitati0$ s&st$s# T&ra'ts a'd t"$ir t&ra''i+a, s&st$s ar$

t$rri*i$d at t"$ so!'d o* t"$ 9"$$,s o* "istor&# Histor& is

113



s!b0$rsi0$# A'd it is b$+a!s$ it is a+t!a,,& s!b0$rsi0$ o* t"$ $2isti'7 t&ra''i+a,

s&st$ t"at t"$r$ "a0$ b$$' att$-ts to arr$st it# !t "o9 +a' o'$ arr$st t"$

9"$$,s o* "istor& So t"$& tr& to re%rite "istor&5 a.$ !- official "istor& i*

t"$& +a' -!t +otto'9oo, i' t"$ir $ars a'd i' t"os$ o* t"$ -o-!,atio'5 a&b$

they a'd the 'eo'le 9i,, 'ot "$ar t"$ real +a,, o* "istor&5 9i,, 'ot "$ar t"$ real

,$sso's o* "istor&#

K$'&a5 !'d$r ritis" +o,o'ia,is a'd 'o9 !'d$r '$o?+o,o'ia,is5 is a

7ood $2a-,$#

I* t"$r$ is o'$ +o'sist$'t t"$$ i' t"$ "istor& o* K$'&a o0$r t"$ ,ast *o!r

"!'dr$d &$ars or so (si'+$ t"$ si2t$$'t" +$'t!r&)5 it is s!r$,& o'$ o* t"$ K$'&a'

-$o-,$s str!77,$ a7ai'st *or$i7' doi'atio'# At 0ario!s ti$s a'd -,a+$s5 t"$&

"a0$ *o!7"t a7ai'st t"$ Arab5 Port!7!$s$ a'd ritis" i'0ad$rs# T"$ ritis"

i'0asio' i' t"$ 'i'$t$$'t" +$'t!r& a'd t"$ir +o,o'ia, o++!-atio' i' t"$ *irst "a,*

o* t"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r& 9$r$ a++o-a'i$d b& t"$ "$roi+ r$sista'+$ o* K$'&a'

-$o-,$ o* a,, 'atio'a,iti$s# So$ 'a$s5 ,i.$ t"os$ o* Wai&a.i5 Koita,$,5

Hassa'5 M$ Kati,i,i "a0$ b$+o$ ,$7$'ds# ri,,ia't batt,$s 9$r$ *o!7"t#

;orti*i+atio's b!i,t b& !.!s! 'atio'a,it& aro!'d Mo!'t E,7o'5 *or i'sta'+$5

sti,, sta'd as a r$i'd$r o* K$'&as "$roi+ traditio' o* r$sista'+$ a'd str!77,$#

A'd d!ri'7 t"$ &$ars o* ritis" s$tt,$r o++!-atio'5 t"$ r$sista'+$ 9as

+o'ti'!$d5 a+6!iri'7 a '$9 +"ara+t$r b$+a!s$ a '$9 +,ass5 a 9a7$?$ar'i'7 +,ass

(a -ro,$tariat) 9as bor' 9it" +o,o'ia, +a-ita,is# T"$ '$9 9or.i'7 +,ass oi'$d

"a'ds 9it" -$asa'ts a'd tri$d to *or7$ ,i'.s 9it" t"$ 9or.$rs a'd -$asa'ts o*

a,, t"$ 'atio'a,iti$s to o0$r+o$ t"$ di0id$?a'd?r!,$ ta+ti+s o* ritis"

+o,o'ia,is# T"$ "i7"$st -$a. o* t"is "$roi+ traditio' o* r$sista'+$ 9as t"$

ar$d str!77,$ i'itiat$d a'd +arri$d o!t b& t"$ K$'&a La'd ;r$$do Ar&

(KL;A)5 ot"$r9is$ 9id$,& .'o9' as Ma! Ma!# T"$ s!-r$$ ,$ad$r o* K$'&a

La'd ;r$$do Ar& 9as D$da' Kiat"i#

!t o* +o!rs$ t"$r$ "as b$$' a'ot"$r traditio'> Sell7$ut 5 a traitoro!s

traditio' 9"os$ "i7"$st $2-r$ssio' 9as i' t"$ a+tio's o* t"$ "o$7!ard5

,o&a,ist +o,,aborators 9it" t"$ ritis" $'$&5 9"i+" ar$ +o'ti'!$d i' t"$

'$o?+o,o'ia, s&st$ s!**o+ati'7 i,,io's o* K$'&a's toda&#

ritis" +o,o'ia,is tri$d to +o0$r !- t"$ tr!$ "istor& o* K$'&a# T"$& tri$d

to r$9rit$ K$'&as "istor& to !sti*& t"$ir i'0asio' a'd s!bs$6!$'t o++!-atio'

o* t"$ +o!'tr&# K$'&a La'd ;r$$do Ar&5 t"$ *irst o* its .i'd i' t"$

-ost?S$+o'd Wor,d War -$riod i' A*ri+a5

114



b$+a$ t"$ *o+!s o* ritis" -ro-a7a'da5 to -r$0$'t ar$d str!77,$ b$+oi'7 a

od$, *or a *or o* r$sista'+$# T"$ ritis" $0$' trai'$d so$ K$'&a's a'd

bro!7"t t"$ !- to ,oo. at K$'&a "istor& 9it" t"$ $&$s o* t"$ ritis"

bo!r7$oisi$# T"$ ritis" -ro-a7a'da "istor& +o'sist$d o* b!r&i'7 t"$ r$a,

traditio' o* str!77,$ a'd5 $r$+ti'7 i' its -,a+$5 t"$ traditio' o* ,o&a,ist

+o,,aboratio'# Lo&a,ist "istoria's 9$r$ -rais$d5 "o'o!r$d5 9"i,$ t"$ -$o-,$s

"istoria's 9$r$ i'+ar+$rat$d#

T"is att$-t to b!r& t"$ ,i0i'7 so!, o* K$'&as "istor& o* str!77,$ a'd

r$sista'+$5 a'd t"$ att$-t to 'ora,is$ t"$ traditio' o* ,o&a,is to i-$ria,is

"as +o'ti'!$d i'to '$o?+o,o'ia, K$'&a# T"$ ,o&a,ist +o,o'ia, "o$7!ards o*

&$st$rda& ar$ t"$ '$o?+o,o'ia, Mb9a Ka,is (7!ard do7s) o* i-$ria,is toda&#

T"$r$ "a0$ b$$' t9o t&-$s o* "istor& i' K$'&a> t"$ real living "istor& o* t"$

ass$s a'd t"$ a''roved official "istor&# T"os$ 9"o r!' '$o?+o,o'ia,is ar$

orta,,& a*raid o* a'& s&bo,s or r$i'd$rs o* t"$ K$'&a -$o-,$s "istor& o*

str!77,$ a'd r$sista'+$# A'd 'at!ra,,&5 KL;A (Ma! Ma!) a'd D$da' K,at"i5

as t"$ "i7"$st s&bo,s o* t"at traditio'5 "a0$ r$+$i0$d tota, o**i+ia, '$7,$+t or

distortio'#

T"$ t9o t&-$s o* "istori$s "a0$ -rod!+$d t9o t&-$s o* "istoria's# T"$r$ ar$

t"$ o**i+ia, "istoria's5 t"$ a--ro0$d stat$ "istoria's5 9"os$ ro,$ is to 7i0$

ratio'a, ,$7itia+& to t"$ traditio' o* ,o&a,is a'd +o,,aboratio' 9it"

i-$ria,is# T"$s$ "a0$ r$+$i0$d stat$ a++o,ad$s a'd "o'o!rs#

!t t"$ K$'&a -$o-,$s r$a, "istor& o* str!77,$ a'd r$sista'+$ "as t"ro9'

!- its o9' "istoria's# ;irst ar$ t"$ ordi'ar& -$o-,$ 9"o5 i' t"$ir so'7s5 -o$s5

stori$s5 sa&i'7s5 a'$+dot$s5 r$$bra'+$s5 sti,, ta,. o* t"$ Wai&a.is t"$

Koita,$,s t"$ M$ Kati,i,is t"$ Hassa's a'd t"$ Kiat"is o* K$'&a "istor&# A'd

s$+o'd,&5 a *$9 -ro7r$ssi0$ i't$,,$+t!a,s 9"o "a0$ '$7at$d t"$ir roots ao'7

t"$ -$tt&bo!r7$oisi$5 a'd oi'$d "a'ds 9it" t"$ -$o-,$# T"$s$ "a0$ -!t t"$ir

,$ar'i'75 t"$ir i't$,,$+t5 at t"$ s$r0i+$ o* t"$ -$o-,$# T"$& ar$ +oitt$d to

!'$art"i'7 t"$ b!ri$d "istor& o* str!77,$ a'd r$sista'+$#

I' G!&a'a 9$ "a0$ t"$ $2a-,$ o* Wa,t$r Rod'$&# I' K$'&a 9$ "a0$ t"$

$2a-,$ o* Mai'a 9a Ki'&atti# Si'+$ "is r$t!r' to K$'&a i' t"$ 1:<s5 Mai'a

9a Ki'&atti sa9 "is ro,$ as t"at o* b$i'7 t"$ $ars a'd $&$s o* t"$ -$o-,$ as *ar

as t"is +o'+$r'$d t"$ir "istor&# W"$r$as t"$ o**i+ia, stat$ "istoria's borro9$d

$&$s a'd $ars *ro t"$ +o,o'ia,

11=



a'd '$o?+o,o'ia, "$rita7$5 Mai'a 9a Ki'&atti a'd ot"$r -atrioti+ "istoria's5

borro9$d t"$ir $&$s a'd $ars *ro t"$ -$o-,$# Mai'a 9a Ki'&atti tra0$,,$d

$2t$'si0$,& i' K$'&a# H$ s-$'t a'& a' $0$'i'7 a'd 9$$.?$'ds i' t"$ "o$s

o* t"os$ 9"o "ad *o!7"t t"$ ritis" a'd 9"o 9$r$ 'o9 +o'd$'$d to ,i0i'7 i'

"o0$,s5 a'd o' t"$ $d7$s o* star0atio'# H$ r$+ord$d t"$ir stori$s# T"$& i' t!r'

+a$ to tr!st "i# T"$& start$d 7i0i'7 "i do+!$'ts t"$& "ad "idd$' *or

&$ars# T"$& 7a0$ "i i'*oratio' t"$& "ad .$-t ao'7 t"$s$,0$s *or *$ar o*

o**i+ia,5 '$o?+o,o'ia, 9rat"# T"$& .'$9 t"at t"os$ "o,di'7 t"$ r$i's o* -o9$r i'

-ost?i'd$-$'d$'t K$'&a 9$r$ t"os$ a+t!a,,& sabota7i'7 t"$ str!77,$ *or

i'd$-$'d$'+$# !t "$r$ 9as a "istoria' 9"o s$$$d 'ot a*raid 9"o 9as

ta,.i'7 t"$ir ,a'7!a7$ o* str!77,$#

T"$ -a-$rs Mai'a 9a Ki'&atti 9as ab,$ to r$s+!$ ar$ +o'tai'$d i' "is

boo.# T"$& s-$a. *or t"$s$,0$s# T"$& '$$d 'o i'trod!+tio'5 or d$*$'+$ or

$2-,a'atio'# It is a r$+ord o* "o9 t"$ -arti+i-a'ts5 t"$ K$'&a La'd ;r$$do

Ar&5 sa9 t"$ str!77,$ as +o'tai'$d i' so$ o* t"$ir 9ritt$' do+!$'ts#

T"$irs 9as a 'atio'a, str!77,$> *or ,a'd5 i'd$-$'d$'+$5 *r$$do *ro

"!'7$r5 *r$$do *ro *or$i7' +o'tro,5 *r$$do *ro $2t$r'a, a'd i't$r'a,

so+ia, o--r$ssio'5 a'd t"$& -!t t"$ir ,i0$s at t"$ s$r0i+$ o* t"os$ id$a,s o*

-o,iti+a, ,ib$ratio'#

T"$& 9$r$ +o-,$t$,& s!rro!'d$d b& t"$ $'$&# U',i.$ t"$ ar$d

,ib$ratio' o0$$'ts t"at *o,,o9$d t"$ i' A*ri+a (i' A,7$ria5 Moabi6!$5

A'7o,a5 G!i'$a?issa!5 ibab9$5 $t+) t"$& "ad 'o r$ar or s!--,& bas$s i'

'$i7"bo!ri'7 +o!'tri$s5 *or t"$ si-,$ r$aso' t"at t"$s$ 9$r$ a,so !'d$r t"$

sa$ +o,o'ia, $'$&# T"$ir bas$s 9$r$ $'tir$,& ao'7 t"$ K$'&a' -$o-,$#

;or ars t"$& d$-$'d$d a,ost tota,,& o' 9"at t"$& +o!,d +a-t!r$ *ro t"$

ritis" ar&5 a'd o' t"$ir o9' *a+tori$s i' t"$ ,ib$rat$d a'd s$i?,ib$rat$d

o'$s aro!'d Mo!'t K$'&a a'd Kiri'&a7a#

A7ai'5 t"$& "ad "ard,& a'& $as& a++$ss to 'atio'a, a'd i't$r'atio'a,

-ro-a7a'da to +o!'t$r t"$ str$a o* ,i$s +oi'7 *ro t"$ ritis" s$tt,$r

+o,o'ia, r$7i$ i' K$'&a a'd t"$ %o,o'ia, O**i+$ i' Lo'do'# I' t"$ +o!'tr&5

KL;A d$-$'d$d ost,& o' 9ord o* o!t" to $2-,ai' t"$ir +as$ a'd t"$

-ro7r$ss o* t"$ str!77,$ to K$'&a' -$o-,$# !t sti,,5 9it" a,, t"$ ,iitatio's

!'d$r 9"i+" t"$& o-$rat$d5 t"$& tri$d to .$$- 9ritt$' r$+ords o* t"$s$

a+ti0iti$s a'd to $stab,is" 9ritt$' +o!'i+atio's 9it" t"$ 'atio'a, a'd t"$

i't$r'atio'a, +o!'it&#

11<



So$ o* t"$ do+!$'ts 9$r$ ,at$r +a-t!r$d b& t"$ +o,o'ia, $'$&# So$

9$r$ d$stro&$d5 or distort$d# So$ ar$ sti,, "$,d i' s$+r$t b& t"$ ritis"

7o0$r'$'t a'd t"$ '$o?+o,o'ia, r$7i$ i' K$'&a# !t so$ $s+a-$d +a-t!r$

a'd it is to t"$ +r$dit o* Mai'a 9a Ki'&atti t"at "$ a'a7$d to r$+o0$r a

'!b$r o* t"$s$ ,$tt$rs a'd do+!$'ts a'd -!t t"$ at t"$ dis-osa, o* t"$

K$'&a' a'd t"$ i't$r'atio'a, +o!'it&#

W"$' t"$ "istor& o* t"$ ar$d ,ib$ratio' str!77,$s i' A*ri+a is *i'a,,&

9ritt$'5 KL;A 9i,, sta'd s!-r$$5 'ot so !+" b$+a!s$ o* t"$ "$i7"ts it

r$a+"$d b!t b$+a!s$ o* t"$ d$-t"s *ro 9"i+" it r$s+!$d K$'&a a'd A*ri+a#

KL;A (Ma! Ma!) 9as t"$ *irst or7a'is$d ar$d b,o9 a7ai'st i-$ria,is i'

A*ri+a# I' t"is t"$& s"o9$d t"$ 9a& 9"i+" 9as ,at$r *o,,o9$d 9it" s!+"

bri,,ia't r$s!,ts i' A,7$ria5 Moabi6!$5 A'7o,a G!i'$a?issa!5 ibab9$5

a'a, i' So!t" A*ri+a toda&#

Mai'a 9a Ki'&attiH$ 9as r$,$as$d i' O+tob$r 1:@:# "as 'o9 -aid a -ri+$ *or

"is 9or. i' K$'&a "istor&# I' 1:@5 "$ 9as arr$st$d5 a'd i-riso'$d *or si2

&$ars# H$ !st abo!t $s+a-$d t"$ *at$ o* a'ot"$r "istoria' o* t"$ -$o-,$5 Wa,t$r

Rod'$& *ro G!&a'a# !t "as "$ H$ is ,osi'7 "is $&$si7"t# His "$a,t" "as

b$$' d$t$riorati'7# %o'ditio's i' K$'&a -riso's ar$ ao'7 t"$ 9orst i' t"$

9or,d#

T"os$ 9"o "a0$ i-riso'$d "i "o-$ t"at "$ 9i,, ,os$ si7"t o* t"$ R$a,

Histor& o* K$'&a# !t t"$& ar$ 9ro'7# T"$s$ do+!$'ts a'd "is ot"$r 9or.s

,i.$ Thunder from the Mountains, Mau Mau #atriotic Songs and Mau Mau.

The 4ighest #eak of Resistance5 9i,, a,9a&s sta'd as a $oria, o* "is

+oit$'t a'd +o!ra7$#

!t $0$' i* t"$& 9$r$ to si,$'+$ Mai'a 9a Ki'&atti5 9o!,d t"$& si,$'+$ t"$

"istor& o* K$'&a Wo!,d t"$& arr$st5 i-riso' t"$ ,i0i'7 "istor& o* K$'&a

T"is "istor& is b$i'7 9ritt$' b& t"$ i,,io's o* 9or.$rs a'd -$asa'ts o* a,, t"$

'atio'a,iti$s i' K$'&a 9"o i' t"$ir a+tio's a'd so'7s ar$ sa&i'7 No to

i-$ria,is a'd its +o-rador a,,ia'+$s i' K$'&a# T"$ s-irit o* t"$ K$'&a

La'd ;r$$do Ar& (KL;A) a'd its ,$ad$r D$da' Kiat"i is b$i'7 r$bor' i'

#K$'&a toda&

Histor& is s!b0$rsi0$ b$+a!s$ truth is T"$ !'a0$'7$d *at"$rs 7"ost o*

Kiat"is str!77,$ a'd "is KL;A5 9a,.s t"$ da&s a'd 'i7"ts o* toda&s

'$o?+o,o'ia, K$'&a# T"$ ass$s .'o9 it# So5 too5 do t"$

11@



r!,i'7 +o-rador # bo!r7$oisi$# H$'+$ t"$ +o'ti'!i'7 r$-r$ssio' a'd its

o--osit$ ? r$sista'+$# T"$ 1::s 9i,, s$$ t"$ +o'*,i+t -,a&$d o!t to its ,o7i+a,

+o'+,!sio' ? ,ib$ratio' *ro '$o?+o,o'ia,is# Mai'a 9a Ki'&attis -a-$rs 9i,,

-,a& t"$ir -art i' t"at str!77,$ b& -ro0idi'7 ,$sso's *ro t"$ 9$a.'$ss$s a'd

str$'7t"s t"$ *ai,!r$s a'd t"$ s!++$ss$s o* t"$ -ast#

11:



/0 $rom t&e Corridors

of Si"ence

The E5ile Writer 3ack

I "ad +o$ to ritai' to -root$ t"$ E'7,is" tra's,atio' o* & 'o0$,5 D$0i, O'T"$ %ross5 ori7i'a,,& 9ritt$' i' Gi.!&! at Kaiti Ma2i! S$+!rit& -riso' i'

K$'&a i' 1:<@# H$i'$a''5 & -!b,is"$rs5 "ad -!t $ !- at t"$ R!ss$,, Hot$,

so t"at I +o!,d b$ '$ar t"$ir o**i+$s at $d*ord S6!ar$ a'd to t"$ -r$ss# !t t"$

boo. t"at *irst +a!7"t & $&$ o' $'t$ri'7 a Lo'do' boo.s"o- 9as a s,i

0o,!$ tit,$d Writers In E5ile5 b& A'dr$9 G!rr# I 9as s!r-ris$d5 o' ,$a*i'7

t"ro!7" it5 to *i'd &s$,* i' t"$ +o-a'& o* Kat"$ri'$ Ma's*i$,d *ro N$9

$a,a'd a'd # S# Nai-a!, *ro Tri'idad5 as t"os$ od$r' 9rit$rs 9"o "ad

*o,,o9$d t"$ -at" s$t b& t"$ Iris" 9rit$r5 Ja$s Jo&+$> t"at o* *,i7"t to t"$

$tro-o,is o* a *or$i7' +o!'tr&# Fo! r$$b$r t"$ -ositio' o* Jo&+$s "$ro i'

#ortrait of the rtist s a /oung Man8

I 9i,, t$,, &o! 9"at I 9i,, do a'd 9"at I 9i,, 'ot do# I 9i,, 'ot s$r0$ t"at i'

9"i+" I 'o ,o'7$r b$,i$0$5 9"$t"$r it +a,, its$,* & "o$5 & *at"$r,a'd or

& +"!r+" a'd I 9i,, tr& to $2-r$ss &s$,* i' so$ od$ o* ,i*$ or art as

*r$$,& as I +a' a'd as 9"o,,& as I +a'5 !si'7 *or & d$*$'+$ t"$ o',& ars I

a,,o9 &s$,* to !s$ si,$'+$5 $2i,$ a'd +!''i'7#

Ho$5 *at"$r/ ot"$r,a'd5 $2i,$ I5 a 9rit$r i' $2i,$ I "ad !st arri0$d i'

ritai' o' J!'$ @5 *ir,& i't$'di'7 to ,$a0$ *or K$'&a o' 1 J!,&# I' & boo.5

Detained-7 Writer6s #rison Diary5 -!b,is"$d t"$ sa$ &$ar as A'dr$9 G!rr s

Writers In E5ile5 I "ad r$$+t$d t"$ o-tio' o* $2i,$ i'to 9"i+" t"$ K$'&a

7o0$r'$'t "as b$$' tr&i'7 to *or+$ $ b& d$'&i'7 $ obs5 0irt!a,,& ba''i'7

$ *ro t"$ -r$is$s

1



o* s+"oo,s a'd +o,,$7$s# I 9as $0$' *$$,i'7 'ot a ,itt,$ -,$as$d 9it" &s$,* *or

"a0i'7 +o'*ir$d t"$ dat$ a'd t"$ *,i7"t o* & r$t!r' "o$# I 9as 'ot 7oi'7 to

b$ o'$ o* Ja$s Jo&+$s "$ro$s5 ob$&i'7 o',& t"$ ,a9s o* & ia7i'atio' o'

t"$ ba'.s o* t"$ T"a$s or S$i'$5 or i' a '$9 ,oosb!r& aro!'d $d*ord

S6!ar$#

I too. ti$ o** *ro t"$ b!s& s+"$d!,$ o* i't$r0i$9s a'd ta,.s to 0isit t"$

,at$ %#L#R# Ja$s at "is -,a+$ i' Rai,to' Road5 ri2to'# I "ad *irst $t "i i'

Ma.$r$r$ U'i0$rsit& i' 1:=: 9"$r$ I t"$' "$,d a o'$?&$ar *$,,o9s"i- i'

+r$ati0$ 9riti'7# H$ 9as o' a bri$* 0isit#

W$ r$adi,& *o!'d +oo' 7ro!'d i' o!r i't$r$st i' %aribb$a' ,it$rat!r$

a'd Pa'?A*ri+a'ist -o,iti+s# A'd 'o95 i' 1:@5 Ja$s r$adi,& r$+a,,$d o!r

+o'0$rsatio's i' Ma.$r$r$5 -arti+!,ar,& abo!t "is o,d +orad$?i'?

Pa'?A*ri+a'is5 t"$ ,at$ Joo K$'&atta5 abo!t 9"o Ja$s did 'ot a,9a&s

"a0$ t"$ ost $'d$ari'7 o* t"i'7s to sa&#

I "ad *a,,$' o!t 9it" t"$ K$'&atta r$7i$ i' 1:=: o0$r t"$ s!--r$ssio' o*

a+ad$i+ *r$$do at t"$ U'i0$rsit& o* Nairobi a'd I "ad r$si7'$d i' -rot$st# I'

1:<< K$'&atta "ad i-riso'$d $ *or & a+ti0iti$s i' +o!'it& t"$atr$ at

Li!r!5 i' K$'&a5 a,t"o!7" so$ ot"$r -$o-,$ ar7!$ t"at it 9as & 'o0$,5

#etals of 3lood 5 9"i+" "ad r$a,,& a'7$r$d t"$ r$7i$#I bri$*$d Ja$s abo!t t"$ i't$'si*i$d r$-r$ssio' !'d$r t"$ '$9 Moi r$7i$#

I to,d "i abo!t t"$ r$+$'t 9a0$ o* arr$sts 9"i+" "ad ,$d to t"$ d$t$'tio'

9it"o!t tria, o* a '!b$r o* i't$,,$+t!a,s5 i'+,!di'7 A, Ai' Mar!i5 a K$'&a'

-,a&9ri7"t# A'd &o! ar$ sti,, i't$'di'7 to 7o ba+. o' J!,& 1 "$ as.$d5

s,i7"t,& raisi'7 "is *rai, bod& *ro t"$ b$d# T"$& 9i,, .i,, &o! i' si2 o't"s5

t"$ 9a& t"$& did Wa,t$r Rod'$&# I 9o!,d 7o "o$5 I i'sist$d# O' -arti'7 "$

7a0$ $ o'$ o* "is boo.s 9it" t"$ i's+ri-tio'> ;or N7!7i# P,$as$ sta& *or a

9"i,$ at ,$ast# Toda& 9$ '$$d &o! "$r$# T"$ boo. 9as a +riti+a, $0a,!atio' o*

M$,0i,,$s Mo!y Dick 5 a 'o0$, 9$ !s$d to r$ad as a' $2a t$2t i' K$'&a i' t"$

*i*ti$s#

O' arri0a, i' & "ot$,5 I *o!'d a' !r7$'t +od$d $ssa7$ *ro K$'&a> A

r$d +ar-$t a9aits &o! at Joo K$'&atta air-ort o' &o!r r$t!r'# Lat$r I 9as ab,$

to +o'*ir t"$ $ssa7$> I 9as d!$ *or arr$st a'd a'ot"$r d$t$'tio' 9it"o!t

tria,5 or 9ors$ # # # It too. a 9"i,$ *or t"$ r$a,it& o* t"$ $ssa7$ to si'. i'# I

+o!,d 'ot a++$-t t"$ *a+t o* $2i,$5 or t"$ -,$as!r$s o* $2i,$ as G$or7$ Lai'7

o'+$ d$s+rib$d it i' a boo.# A'd $0$' a*t$r I "ad +a'+$,,$d & r$t!r' a'd

11



-ro7r$ssi0$,& d$s+$'d$d *ro & r$sid$'+& i' t"$ R!ss$,, Hot$, to a 9a'd$r$r

i' Lo'do' i' s$ar+" o* a -,a+$ i' 9"i+" to ,i0$5 I +o!,d 'ot bri'7 &s$,* to !s$

t"$ 9ord $2i,$ i' r$*$r$'+$ to &s$,*# S"i-9r$+.$d 9as t"$ 9ord I o*t$'

!s$d5 -$r"a-s r$$b$ri'7 Ja$ss ari'$rs5 r$'$7ad$s5 a'd +asta9a&s# !t

t"$ *a+t is t"at I 9as 'o9 ,i0i'7 t"$ r$a,it& o* t"$ od$r' 9rit$r i' A*ri+a#

S!+" a 9rit$r 9as bor' i' +a-ti0it& i' or$ 9a&s t"a' o'$# T"$

t9$'ti$t"?+$'t!r& A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$5 -arti+!,ar,& t"at i' E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s5

"as roots i' 'i'$t$$'t"?+$'t!r& s,a0$ 'arrati0$s b& t"$ ,i.$s o* O,a!da"

E6!ia'o# I' "is a!tobio7ra-"&5 The Interesting *ife of $laudah E@uiano5 or

2ustavus &assa the frican5 "$ 9rot$ o* t"$ A*ri+a o* "is +"i,d"ood as

+o'sisti'7 o* 'atio's o* da'+$rs5 !si+ia's a'd -o$ts5 0$r& !+" i' t$rs t"at

9o!,d ,at$r b$+o$ t"$ +$'tra, t"$$s o* t"$ N$7rit!d$ 9rit$rs o* t"$ t"irti$s

a'd *orti$s# !t 9"i,$ E6!ia'os -riso'?"o!s$ 9as t"$ $'tir$ ,a'ds+a-$ outside

A*ri+a5 *or a'& 9rit$rs t"$ir -riso'?"o!s$ is i'sid$ t"$ir +o!'tri$s#

T"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r& "as s$$' a'& a' A*ri+a' 9rit$r +o'*i'$d b& t"$

+o,o'ia, a'd '$o?+o,o'ia, stat$ to +orridors o* si,$'+$# T"!s ritis" K$'&a sa9

a'& o* t"$ i,ita't Ma! Ma! i' ai,s a'd d$t$'tio' +a-s i' t"$ *i*ti$s

a-art"$id So!t" A*ri+a "as at 0ario!s ti$s ai,$d 9rit$rs ,i.$ D$''is r!t!s5

%a$sari'a Ko'a Ma."o$r$5 a'd t"$ ,at$ A,$2 La G!a i'd$-$'d$'t K$'&ai-riso'$d 9rit$rs ,i.$ Abd!,ati* Abd!,,a a'd A, Ai' Mar!i E7&-t $'s!r$d

a tast$ o* -riso' *or s!+" 9rit$rs as S"$ri* H$tata a'd Na9a, $, Saada9i Ko*i

A9oo'or *ro G"a'a "as a,so "ad a -riso' $2-$ri$'+$ a'd +!rr$'t,& Ja+.

Ma-a'$ o* Ma,a9i is ,a'7!is"i'7 i' -riso'Ja+. Ma-a'$ 9as r$,$as$d i' Ma& 1::1##

A'd t"$r$ "a0$ b$$' +,assi+ +as$s o* 9rit$rs ,i.$ Ga.aara 9a Wa'a! o* K$'&a5

9"o 9$r$ ai,$d b& bot" t"$ +o,o'ia, a'd '$o?+o,o'ia, a!t"oriti$s *or t"$ir

9riti'7#

T"$s$ ar$ o',& a *$9 r$-r$s$'tati0$ $2a-,$s *ro East5 W$st5 So!t"5 a'd

Nort" A*ri+a# T"$s$ -riso' 7rad!at$s "a0$ -rod!+$d a ,it$rat!r$ bor' o* t"$ir

$2-$ri$'+$s i' t"$ +orridors o* si,$'+$# It is t$,,i'7 t"at t"$ *irst A*ri+a'

r$+i-i$'t o* t"$ Nob$, Pri$ *or Lit$rat!r$5 Wo,$ So&i'.a5 is "is$,* a -riso'

7rad!at$5 "a0i'7 s-$'t t"r$$ &$ars i' 0ario!s ai,s i' Ni7$ria5 t"$ ,a'd *ro

9"i+" E6!ia'o "ad b$$' abd!+t$d i' t"$ $i7"t$$'t" +$'t!r&# T"!s5 !st as t"$r$

is a

1



traditio' o* s,a0$ 'arrati0$s5 t"$r$ is i' t"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r& a 9"o,$ traditio'

o* -riso' ,it$rat!r$ *ro A*ri+a#

U'*ort!'at$,& a *$9 ot"$r 9rit$rs '$0$r s!r0i0$d t"$ir -riso' "o!s$s to t$,,

t"$ ta,$# Idi Ai's U7a'da "ad a '!b$r o* 9rit$rs .i,,$d5 !st as i' So!t"

A*ri+a toda&# W"i+" o* t"$ t9o 9o!,d "a0$ b$$' & *at$ ? -riso' or d$at" ? "ad

I r$t!r'$d to Mois K$'&a5 I a 'ot too .$$' to .'o9#

I "ad s-$'t a &$ar i' a a2i! s$+!rit& -riso' i' 1:<<?<@ a'd I .'o9

"o9 !+" o* a 9ast$ o* "!a' ,i*$ -riso' is5 $s-$+ia,,& i' K$'&a 9"$r$ t"$

ai,i'7 o* i't$,,$+t!a,s "as b$$' a -!'iti0$ $as!r$# P$r"a-s Ja$s 9as ri7"t

b!t I did't 9a't to tr& to -ro0$ "i 9ro'7#

W"at *i'a,,& +o'0i'+$d $ abo!t t"$ tr!t" o* t"$ $ssa7$s o* a r$d?+ar-$t

9$,+o$ i' 1:@ b& Pr$sid$'t Moi at Joo K$'&atta air-ort 9as t"$ *,i7"t i'to

$2i,$ o* t9o 9rit$rs5 Kia'i G$+a! a'd N7!7i 9a Mirii# I "ad 9or.$d 9it"

bot" at t"$ +o!'it& t"$atr$ i' Li!r! i' K$'&a# T"$& "ad b$$' o',& o'$ or

t9o st$-s a"$ad o* Mois a7$'ts# Kia'i a'd N7!7i "ad b$+o$ -art o* t"$

+o!'it& o* A*ri+a' 9rit$rs i' $2i,$#

I a "$r$ ta,.i'7 abo!t -"&si+a, $2i,$# T"$r$ "a0$ b$$' t9o t&-$s o*

9rit$rs i' $2i,$ *ro A*ri+a# T"$r$ ar$ t"$ 0o,!'tar& $2i,$s5 t"os$ *or+$d to ,i0$

abroad t"ro!7" +"oi+$ or t"ro!7" +ir+!sta'+$s ot"$r t"a' t"r$ats o* -riso' ord$at"# T"$s$ ar$ t"$ o'$s 9"o ar$ +o-arab,$ to t"$ $2-atriat$ 9rit$r o* t"$

Ja$s Jo&+$ or H$i'79a& traditio'5 or t"at o* t"$ ,oosb!r& +ir+,$ o*

Kat"$ri'$ Ma's*i$,d#

I' t"$ t9$'ti$s a'd t"irti$s5 t"$ 7ro!- o* A*ri+a' st!d$'ts 9"o ,i0$d i'

Paris -rod!+$d a ,it$rat!r$ t"at ,at$r a+6!ir$d t"$ s$b,a'+$ o* a #disti'+ti0$

o0$$'t !'d$r t"$ 'a$ N$7rit!d$# S$dar S$'7"or5 ,at$r t"$ -r$sid$'t o*

S$'$7a,5 9as o'$ o* t"$ ,$adi'7 ,i7"ts o* t"is $2-atriat$ t&-$ o* ,it$rat!r$#

T"$ s$+o'd +at$7or& is t"at o* t"os$ 9rit$rs *or+$d i'to $2i,$ t"ro!7" *$ar

o* +$rtai' d$at" or -riso' or bot"# T"$s$ ar$ 0i+tis o* stat$ t$rror a'd t"$& ar$

i' *,i7"t *or t"$ir ,i0$s# T"$& b$,o'7 to t"$ +at$7or& o* r$+"t a'd ot"$rs 9"o

*,$d Nai G$ra'&# ;ro t"$ t"$r$ "as 'ot b$$' a'& disti'+ti0$ ,it$rar&

o0$$'t5 I s!--os$ b$+a!s$ t"$& do 'ot a,9a&s +o$ *ro sii,ar

+ir+!sta'+$s#

N$0$rt"$,$ss -"&si+a, $2i,$ "as b$$' -art a'd -ar+$, o* t9$'ti$t"?+$'t!r&

A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$# $7i''i'7 9it" P$t$r

1



Abra"as5 So!t" A*ri+a "as +o'trib!t$d ost to t"is +at$7or&# 4ome and E5ile

is t"$ tit,$ o* a boo. b& a'ot"$r So!t" A*ri+a' 9rit$r5 L$9is N.osi5 a'd it 0$r&

9$,, +a-t!r$s t"$ !'d$r,&i'7 t"$$s a'd +o'tradi+tio's i' od$r' A*ri+a'

,it$rat!r$#

Ho$ E0$' a*t$r I "ad a++$-t$d t"at I "ad b$$' s"i-9r$+.$d o' a' is,a'd

+a,,$d Gr$at ritai'5 I +o!,d '$0$r bri'7 &s$,* to !'-a+. t"$ ba7s I "ad .$-t

r$ad& *or & r$t!r' to K$'&a#

T"$' i' 1:@/@3 I 9rot$ Matigari( a 'o0$, o* r$t!r'5 i' t"$ Gi.!&!

,a'7!a7$5 a'd I *$,t a s$'s$ o* b$,o'7i'7 s!+" as I "ad *$,t 9"$' i' 1:<@ at

Kaiti Ma2i! S$+!rit& Priso' i' %$,, No# 1=5 1 "ad 9ritt$' Caitaani

Muthara!aini ADevil on the CrossB as a' att$-t to r$+o''$+t &s$,* to t"$

+o!'it& *ro 9"i+" I "ad b$$' so br!ta,,& +!t b& t"$ '$o?+o,o'ia, r$7i$

its K$'&a# No9 I "ad do'$ t"$ sa$ t"i'7 a'd $2-$ri$'+$d 'ot too dissii,ar

$otio's# Was t"$r$ a +o''$+tio' b$t9$$' 'rison and e5ile8

I' bot" +as$s t"$ 9rit$r is .$$',& a9ar$ o* "is ,oss o* *r$$do# H$ is

"a!'t$d b& a tr$$'do!s ,o'7i'7 *or a +o''$+tio'# E2i,$ +a' $0$' b$ 9ors$

t"a' -riso'# So$ -$o-,$ "a0$ b$$' .'o9' to s!r0i0$ -riso' i' t"$ir o9'

+o!'tri$s b$tt$r t"a' *r$$do i' -"&si+a, $2i,$#!t t"$r$ is a'ot"$r s$'s$5 a ,ar7$r s$'s$5 i' 9"i+" 9$ +a' ta,. o* $2i,$ i'

A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$# T"$ 9rit$rs 9"o $$r7$d a*t$r t"$ S$+o'd Wor,d War 9$r$

'$ar,& a,, t"$ -rod!+ts o* !'i0$rsiti$s at "o$ a'd abroad# So$ o* t"$s$

!'i0$rsiti$s ,i.$ Ibada' i' Ni7$ria5 Ma.$r$r$ i' U7a'da5 A+"iota i' G"a'a

"ad b$$' s$t !- to a'!*a+t!r$ a' $,it$ t"at +o!,d ,at$r a.$ a 7ood

-art'$rs"i- 9it" t"$ ritis" r!,i'7 +ir+,$s# T"$ +!rri+!,a r$*,$+t$d ,itt,$ or

'ot"i'7 o* t"$ ,o+a, s!rro!'di'7s#

T"$ sit!atio' 9as 6!it$ iro'i+# Ma'& o* t"$ $d!+at$d A*ri+a's "ad b$$'

s$'t to t"$ "i7"$r s$ats o* ,$ar'i'7 b& t"$ir -$asa't +o!'iti$s so t"$& +o!,d

+o$ ba+. a'd "$,- i' t"$ +o,,$+ti0$ s!r0i0a,# !t at t"$ $'d o* t"$ $d!+atio'a,

-i-$?,i'$5 t"$s$ s$,$+t *$9 "ad or$ i' +oo' 9it" t"$ 0$r& so+ia, *or+$s

9"i+" "ad .$-t t"$ir +o!'iti$s do9' i' t"$ *irst -,a+$# I' +o,o'ia, ti$s

t"$& 9o!,d -robab,& "a0$ oi'$d t"$ stat$ adi'istratio' as !'ior -art'$rs5 b!t

9it" t"$ "o-$ t"at a ,itt,$ bit or$ 9o!,d *a,, to t"$ *ro t"$ ast$rs tab,$# I'

'$o?+o,o'ia, ti$s ? t"at is5 a*t$r i'd$-$'d$'+$ ? t"$& oi'$d t"$ !,ti'atio'a,s

9"os$ -ro*its d$-$'d$d o' t"$ is$r& o* t"$ 0$r& -$o-,$ 9"o "ad s$'t t"$

o!t to bri'7 ba+. t"$ir s"ar$#

13



Writ$rs 9$r$ -art o* t"$ $d!+at$d $,it$5 a'd t"$r$ 9as 'o 9a& t"$& +o!,d

$s+a-$ *ro t"$s$ +o'tradi+tio's# ;or i'sta'+$5 t"$& '$ar,& a,, o-t$d *or

E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s as t"$ $a's o* t"$ir +r$ati0$ o!t-!t# T"!s E'7,is"5

;r$'+"5 a'd Port!7!$s$ b$+a$ t"$ ,a'7!a7$s o* t"$ '$9 A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$#

!t t"$s$ ,a'7!a7$s 9$r$ s-o.$' b& o',& abo!t 4 -$r +$'t o* t"$ -o-!,atio'#

T"$ A*ri+a' Pro$t"$!s "ad b$$' s$'t to 9r$st *ir$ *ro t"$ 7ods5 b!t i'st$ad

b$+a$ a +a-ti0$ +o't$'t$d 9it" 9ari'7 "is$,* at t"$ *ir$sid$ o* t"$ 7ods#

Ot"$r9is$ "$ +arri$d t"$ *ir$ i' +o'tai'$rs t"at 9$r$ +o-,$t$,& s$a,$d a'd *or

9"i+" t"$ aorit& "ad 'o .$&# ;or 9"o 9$r$ t"$& 9riti'7

I 9as a st!d$'t at L$$ds U'i0$rsit& i' t"$ id?si2ti$s 9"$' I *irst stro'7,&

*$,t a s$'s$ o* d$s-air at t"at +o'tradi+tio' i' & sit!atio' as a 9rit$r# I "ad !st

-!b,is"$d 2rain of Wheat 5 a 'o0$, t"at d$a,t 9it" t"$ K$'&a -$o-,$s

str!77,$ *or i'd$-$'d$'+$# !t t"$ 0$r& -$o-,$ abo!t 9"o I 9as 9riti'7 9$r$

'$0$r 7oi'7 to r$ad t"$ 'o0$, or "a0$ it r$ad *or t"$# I "ad +ar$*!,,& s$a,$d

t"$ir ,i0$s i' a ,i'7!isti+ +as$# T"!s 9"$t"$r I 9as bas$d i' K$'&a or o!tsid$5

& o-ti'7 *or E'7,is" "ad a,r$ad& ar.$d $ as a 9rit$r i' $2i,$# P$r"a-s

A'dr$9 G!** "ad b$$' ri7"t a*t$r a,,# T"$ A*ri+a' 9rit$r is a,r$ad& s$t asid$

*ro -$o-,$ b& "is $d!+atio' a'd ,a'7!a7$ +"oi+$#

T"$ sit!atio' o* t"$ 9rit$r i' t9$'ti$t"?+$'t!r& A*ri+a irrors t"at o* t"$,ar7$r so+i$t&# ;or i* t"$ 9rit$r "as b$$' i' a stat$ o* $2i,$ ? 9"$t"$r it is

-"&si+a, or s-irit!a, ? t"$ -$o-,$ t"$s$,0$s "a0$ b$$' i' $2i,$ i' r$,atio's"i-

to t"$ir $+o'oi+ a'd -o,iti+a, ,a'ds+a-$#

D!ri'7 t"$ +o,o'ia, $ra5 t"$ A*ri+a' -$o-,$ 9$r$ dis-oss$ss$d o* t"$ir ,a'd

a'd ,abo!r a'd i'd# T"$ +o,o'ia, -o9$r too. o' t"$ *or o* a' i'a++$ssib,$

7od5 s$t o' dis$b$ri'7 a -$o-,$ a'd a +o'ti'$'t# T"$ r$'a't o* t"is A*ri+a

+a' sti,, b$ s$$' i' So!t" A*ri+a#

!t i'd$-$'d$'+$ did 'ot a,9a&s r$s!,t i' t"$ $-o9$r$'t o* t"$ -$o-,$#

E+o'oi+ -o9$r sti,, ,a& i' t"$ "a'ds o* !,ti'atio'a,s5 a'd -o,iti+a, -o9$r i'

t"$ "a'ds o* a ti'& $,it$ $2$r+isi'7 it o' b$"a,* o* t"$ doi'a't i't$r$sts o* t"$

W$st# T"is $,it$5 -a-$r$d 9it" i,itar& 7ad7$ts o* a,, .i'ds 9it" 9"i+" to

r$i7' i' a r$sti0$ -o-!,atio'5 "as o*t$' t!r'$d a' $'tir$ +o!'tr& i'to a 0ast

-riso'?"o!s$# A*ri+a is a +o'ti'$'t a,i$'at$d *ro its$,* b& &$ars o* a,i$'

+o'6!$sts a'd i't$r'a, d$s-ots# T"!s t"$ stat$ o* $2i,$ i' t"$ ,it$rar& ,a'ds+a-$

r$*,$+ts a ,ar7$r stat$ o* a,i$'atio' i' t"$ so+i$t& as a 9"o,$5 a +,$ar

14



+as$ o* +o,o'ia, ,$7a+& 9"i+" "as ,$*t s+ars o' t"$ bod&5 "$art5 a'd i'd o* t"$

+o'ti'$'t# The Man Died, Things Fall 'art, No *onger at Ease, The

3eautyful $nes re Not /et 3orn, From a Crooked Ri!, t"$ tit,$s o* a'&

'o0$,s i' A*ri+a s-$a. +,$ar,& o* t"is a,i$'atio'5 or t"is dis$b$r$'t o* -arts

t"at +o!,d "a0$ ad$ a 9"o,$#

Is A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$ +a-ab,$ o* #a s!++$ss*!, "o$+oi'7 It "as a,r$ad&

7o'$ t"ro!7" at ,$ast t"r$$ -"as$s 9it"i' t"$ ,ast t"r$$ or *o!r d$+ad$s# I' t"$

*i*ti$s its s$'ti$'ts ? T$,, ;r$$do ? 9$r$ ,ar7$,& i' "aro'& 9it" t"$ 7$'$ra,

s$'ti$'ts *or i'd$-$'d$'+$# T"$ si2ti$s5 t"$ $ra o* cou's d6 >tat 5 7a0$ birt" to

a ,it$rat!r$ o* disi,,!sio'$'t# Atta+.s a'd ,a$'tatio' 9$r$ t"$ .$& to'$s i'

t"is ,it$rat!r$# T"$ s$0$'ti$s a'd t"$ $i7"ti$s sa9 so$ 9rit$rs s$$.i'7 to *i'd a

9a& o!t o* t"$ $ar,i$r d$s-air b& tr&i'7 to +o''$+t t"$ 9or.s o* t"$ ia7i'atio'

9it" t"$ str!77,$s o* t"$ -$o-,$ *or so+ia, +"a'7$ a'd so+ia, !sti+$# !t t"$ir

s$ar+" *or a 9a& ba+. ao'7 t"$ -$o-,$ 9as "a-$r$d b& t"$ 0$r& ,i'7!isti+

-riso' t"$& "ad b$$' t"ro9' i'to b& t"$ir +o,o'ia, ,$7a+&#

T"$ 'i'$ti$s 9i,, s$$ or$ a'd or$ 9rit$rs tr&i'7 to br$a. o!t o* t"$

,i'7!isti+ -riso' to s$$. t"$ir 7$'!i'$ roots i' t"$ ,a'7!a7$s a'd r"&t"s o*

,i*$ o* t"$ dis-oss$ss$d aorit&# O',& i' t"is 9a& 9i,, A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$ *i'd

its r$a, "o$+oi'7 ao'7 t"$ A*ri+a' ass$s 9"o "a0$ a,9a&s str!77,$d too0$r+o$ t"$ stat$ o* a,i$'atio'# Ot"$r9is$ it is doo$d to di$5 or sta7'at$ i'

t"$ ,i'7!isti+ -riso' o* its +o,o'ia, ,$7a+&#

T"$ 'i7"tar$ o* t"$ ,att$r "a,* o* t"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r& is t"$ *$ar t"at a

"!a' +r$atio'5 t"$ ob5 "as +o$ to t"r$at$' t"$ 0$r& $2ist$'+$ o* t"$

"!a' ra+$5 a'd i'd$$d a,, ,i*$# A !'i0$rsa, s$'s$ o* $2i,$5 o* 'ot r$a,,&

b$,o'7i'75 sti,, "a!'ts "!a'.i'd#

I' its s$ar+" *or a 7$'!i'$ "o$+oi'75 A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$ 9i,, tr!,& r$*,$+t

t"$ !'i0$rsa, str!77,$ *or a 9or,d 9"i+" tr!,& b$,o'7s to !s a,,#

1=



/1 Im'eria"ism . Re%o"ution

Mo%ements for Socia" C&an#e

I' 1:@=5 t"r$$ &o!'7 $' 9$r$ "a!,$d i'to +o!rt i' K$'&a +"ar7$d 9it"

$'7a7i'7 i' a+ts o* sabota7$ a7ai'st t"$ r!,i'7 '$o?+o,o'ia, r$7i$# T"$ t"r$$5

Tiro- ara- Kit!r5 Sa!$, M!'7ai a'd Karii Nd!t"!5 r$ai'$d s-,$'did,&d$*ia't5 a'd5 to borro9 9ords *ro a' a++o!'t o* a sii,ar sit!atio'5 as t"$

tria, 9$'t o'5 t"$ ro,$s 9$r$ r$0$rs$d> t"os$ 9"o +a$ to a++!s$ *o!'d

t"$s$,0$s a++!s$d5 a'd t"$ a++!s$d b$+a$ t"$ a++!s$rs’ Kadi Nd!t"! to,d

t"$ .a'7aroo +o!rt I ,o0$ K$'&a# Tr!t" !st b$ to,d 9it"o!t *$ar# Change like

death it inevita!le-1

T"os$ 9ords 9$r$ 0$r& !+" i' & i'd i' a++$-ti'7 t"$ i'0itatio' to

o-$' t"$ Si2t" I't$r'atio'a, oo. ;air o* Radi+a,5 ,a+. a'd T"ird Wor,d

oo.s 9"os$ t"$$ is Mo0$$'t *or So+ia, %"a'7$’# %"a'7$5 it "as b$$'obs$r0$d5 is t"$ +o'sta't t"$$ i' 'at!r$5 so+i$t& a'd "!a' t"o!7"t#

E0$r&t"i'7 +"a'7$s#

O!r o9' +$'t!r&5 t"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r&5 "as b$$' o'$ o* s!+" 7r$at a'd

s-$+ta+!,ar +"a'7$s as 9$r$ o',& t"$ st!** o* dr$as5 &t"s5 a'd *a'tasi$s i'

$ar,i$r +$'t!ri$s# S+i$'+$ a'd t$+"'o,o7& "a0$ 9ro!7"t 7r$at +"a'7$s i' o!r

r$,atio's"i- to 'at!r$ a'd t"$ !'i0$rs$# Natio'a, str!77,$s "a0$ bro!7"t abo!t

+"a'7$s i' t"$ r$,atio's"i- b$t9$$' +o!'tri$s# A'd so+ia, str!77,$s "a0$

bro!7"t abo!t $0$' 7r$at$r +"a'7$s i' r$,atio's"i-s b$t9$$' di**$r$'t +,ass$s

i' t"$ sa$ +o!'tr&#

I' t$rs o* so+ia, +"a'7$5 t"$ -r$s$'t *a+$ o* t"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r& is a

-rod!+t o* t"$ str!77,$ b$t9$$' t9o +o't$'di'7 *or+$s# O' t"$ o'$ "a'd5

i-$ria,is 9"i+" sa9 t"$ $,$0atio' 'ot si-,& o* t"$ 'o'?-rod!+$r b!t o* t"$

-arasiti+ 'o'?-rod!+$r i'to t"$ doi'a't r!,i'7 -o9$r 'ot !st o0$r -$o-,$

*ro o'$ +o!'tr& b!t o0$r

1<



s$0$ra, 'atio's5 ra+$s a'd +o!'tri$s# O' t"$ ot"$r "as b$$' so+ia, r$0o,!tio'

9"i+" *or t"$ *irst ti$ i' "!a' "istor& so!7"t +"a'7$ a'd o*t$' *o!7"t *or

-o9$r o' b$"a,* a'd *ro t"$ sta'd-oi't o* t"$ -rod!+$r 9or.i'7 -$o-,$s#

L$t !s ,oo. at t"$ t9o -"$'o$'a> I-$ria,is a'd R$0o,!tio'# %a-ita,is

$'t$r$d its i-$ria,ist sta7$ to9ards t"$ $'d o* t"$ 'i'$t$$'t"? +$'t!r&# T"$

$r,i' %o'*$r$'+$ a'd t"$ di0isio' o* A*ri+a i'to s-"$r$s o* E!ro-$a'

i'*,!$'+$ a'd t"$ s!bs$6!$'t +o,o'isatio' 9as its $2t$r'a, -o,iti+a, $2-r$ssio'#

T"$ r$i7' o* *i'a'+$ +a-ita, 9it" its "o$ bas$ i' E!ro-$ a'd abroad "ad

b$7!'#

I-$ria,is is t"$ -o9$r o* d$ad +a-ita,# A *$9 s"ar$"o,d$rs i' t"$ %it&

a'd Wa,, Str$$t b& $r$,& a'i-!,ati'7 a'd -,a&i'7 t"$ o'o-o,& 7a$ o*

sa,$ a'd -!r+"as$ o* sto+.s a'd s"ar$s +a' d$t$ri'$ t"$ ,o+atio'5 d$at" a'd

,i*$ o* i'd!stri$s t"$& +a' d$t$ri'$ 9"o $ats5 9"at a'd 9"$r$# T"$& +a'

+r$at$ *ai'$s5 d$s$rts5 -o,,!tio'5 a'd 9ars# T"$ -$asa't i' t"$ r$ot$st -art o*

t"$ 7,ob$ is a**$+t$d b& t"$ -o9$r o* t"os$ 9"o "oard bi,,io's $0$' t"o!7"

o',& 0isib,$ i' *i7!r$s o' +o-!t$r s+r$$'s i' t"$ *i'a'+$ "o!s$s 9$ +a,, ba'.s#

%!rr$'t,&5 t"$ IM;5 t"$ Wor,d a'.5 ar$ d$t$ri'i'7 t"$ ,i0$s a'd d$at"s o*

a'& i' A*ri+a5 Asia a'd So!t" A$ri+a#

I-$ria,is "as ai'tai'$d its -o9$r i' t"r$$ 9a&s>

It *$$ds o' +o,o'i$s a'd '$o?+o,o'i$s# I' +o,o'i$s &$st$rda& a'd

'$o?+o,o'i$s toda&5 i-$ria,is t"ro!7" its r!,i'7 a7$'ts i' Asia5 A*ri+a a'd

So!t" A$ri+a s!--orts a'& a'd $0$r& a'ti?-$o-,$ barbarit&# T"o!sa'ds +a' b$

assa+r$d i' sa& K$'&a a'd i-$ria,is 9i,, +o'ti'!$ -ro--i'7 s!+"

a'ti?-$o-,$ r$7i$s i' t"$ 'a$ o* stabi,it&# T"$ So!t" A*ri+a' a-art"$id

r$7i$ +o!,d 'ot ,ast a da& 9it"o!t t"$ s!--ort o* i-$ria,ist 'atio's#

It a,so ars its$,* to t"$ t$$t" to -rot$+t its -o9$r a7ai'st ri0a, i-$ria,is

or *ro r$a, or ia7i'$d t"r$ats *ro s!++$ss*!, -$o-,$?bas$d r$0o,!tio's# T"$

ars ra+$ is a ra+$ a7ai'st "!a' ,i*$# T"os$ 9"o *or i'sta'+$ "a0$ i'sist$d o'

'!+,$ar 9$a-o's ar$ sa&i'7> b$tt$r to -ro*it b& "!a' d$at" t"a' -ro*it

"!a' ,i*$’#

A'd t"ird5 i' its o9' "o$ (sa& i' t"$ USA5 W$st$r' E!ro-$ a'd Ja-a')5

i-$ria,is -rot$+ts its -o9$r *ro t"r$ats o* -$o-,$’s -o9$r b& so+ia,

o--r$ssio'5 ra+is5 s$2is5 a'd $0$' t"ro!7" r$,i7io!s di0isio's# Po,i+$

0io,$'+$ a7ai'st t"$ -o-!,atio' a'd s$+tio's o* t"$ -o-!,atio' is a *a+t o* ,i*$ i'

a,, t"$ "$art,a'ds o* i-$ria,is# Ra+is a'd $0$' 7$'d$r dis+rii'atio' ,i.$

9o$'’s o--r$ssio' is

1@



'ot a' a++id$'t b!t a -rod!+t o* i-$ria,is i' its "o$ bas$# T"$s$ so+ia,

o--r$ssio's ar$ $2-ort$d to '$o?+o,o'i$s 9"$r$ i' So!t" A$ri+a' i,itar&

r$-!b,i+s or i' So!t" A*ri+a5 t"$& +a' b$ s$$' i' a,, t"$ir 'a.$d 7,or&#

!t -itt$d a7ai'st i-$ria,is "a0$ b$$' *or+$s *or $a'i'7*!, so+ia,

+"a'7$# D$ad +a-ita,5 orib!'d +a-ita,is5 "as b$$' +"a,,$'7$d a'd o*t$'

s!++$ss*!,,& so5 b& ,i0i'7 ,abo!r# T"ro!7" t"$ 0ario!s o0$$'ts *or so+ia,

+"a'7$ i' t"$ 9or,d5 ,i*$ "as b$$' tri!-"i'7 o0$r d$at"# Wor.i'7 -$o-,$’s

-o9$r is t"$ r$0o,!tio'ar& a,t$r'ati0$ a'd +"a,,$'7$ to o'$&o+ra+& o*

i-$ria,is#

I' t"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r&5 t"$r$ "a0$ b$$'5 t"r$$ broad b!t i't$rr$,at$d

o0$$'ts *or so+ia, +"a'7$>

;irst "a0$ b$$' o0$$'ts 9"i+" "a0$ so!7"t a'd bro!7"t abo!t

s!++$ss*!, so+ia, r$0o,!tio's ? t"at is so+ia, tra's*oratio'# T"$ 7r$at$st5

b$+a!s$ it !s"$r$d a '$9 $ra i' t"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r&5 9as t"$ 1:1< R!ssia'

R$0o,!tio'# !t it 9as *o,,o9$d b& ot"$rs> %"i'a a'd %!ba *or i'sta'+$# T"!s

t"$ 7or& da9' o* i-$ria,is at t"$ b$7i''i'7 o* t"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r& 9it" its

'$ar tota, +o'tro, o* t"$ 9or,d t"ro!7" +o,o'i$s5 s$i?+o,o'i$s a'd ot"$r

d$-$'d$'+i$s5 sa9 t"$ ros& da9' o* its o--osit$> r$0o,!tio'ar& -$o-,$’s -o9$r#

S$+o'd5 t"$r$ "a0$ b$$' 'atio'a, ,ib$ratio' o0$$'ts i' t9o sta7$s ?

o0$$'ts *or i'd$-$'d$'+$ *ro colonialism a'd t"os$ *or 'atio'a,

d$o+rati+ r$0o,!tio's a7ai'st neo7colonialism# Ma'& o* t"$ T"ird Wor,d

o0$$'ts *a,, 9it"i' t"is +at$7or&# So!t" A*ri+a is a !'i6!$ +as$ 9"i+" s$$s a

+o'0$r7$'+$ o* a,, t"$ abo0$ *$at!r$s> a -$o-,$’s o0$$'t a7ai'st

+o,o'ia,is5 '$o?+o,o'ia,is a'd *or r$0o,!tio'ar& +"a'7$# A'd t"at is 9"&

So!t" A*ri+a' -$o-,$’s str!77,$s ar$ r$a,,& t"$ stor& o* o!r ,i0$s> a $ta-"or o*

t"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r&#

A'd5 t"ird5 9it"i' t"$ b$,,& o* t"$ b$ast5 t"at is 9it"i' t"$ i-$ria,ist

'atio's a'd +o!'tri$s5 t"$r$ "a0$ b$$' d$o+rati+ *or+$s *or +"a'7$# T"$ so+ia,

d$o+rati+ 7ai's i' W$st$r' E!ro-$ a*t$r t"$ S$+o'd Wor,d War 9as a

r$s-o's$ to t"$s$ d$o+rati+ *or+$s# Toda&5 9or.i'7 +,ass str!77,$s 9o$'’s

o0$$'ts ,a+. -$o-,$’s o0$$'ts t"$ -$a+$ o0$$'t5 ar$ a,, -art o*

t"$ d$o+rati+ *or+$s *or +"a'7$#

A,, t"$ t"r$$ aor o0$$'ts ? r$0o,!tio'ar&5 'atio'a, ,ib$ratio'5 a'd

d$o+rati+ ? ar$ di**$r$'t sta7$s o* t"$ sa$ str!77,$ o* t"$ ,i0i'7 ,abo!r o* t"$

aorit& a7ai'st t"$ d$ad +a-ita, o* a -arasiti+ *$9#

1:



I' a,, t"$ t"r$$ o0$$'ts5 ,a+. a'd T"ird Wor,d -$o-,$s "a0$ b$$' at

t"$ +$'tr$# ;or i'sta'+$5 a,, t"$ s!++$ss*!, aor so+ia, r$0o,!tio's i' t"$

t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r&5 a-art *ro t"$ R!ssia' R$0o,!tio'5 "a0$ b$$' i' t"$ T"ird

Wor,d> %"i'a5 Nort" Kor$a5 i$t'a5 %!ba ar$ 9$,, .'o9' $2a-,$s# T"$

i'd$-$'d$'+$ str!77,$s i' A*ri+a5 Asia a'd So!t" A$ri+a a7ai'st o,d

+o,o'ia,is "a0$ a,r$ad& +"a'7$d t"$ -o,iti+a, a- o* t"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r&

9"i,$ t"$ +!rr$'t str!77,$s *or 'atio'a, d$o+rati+ r$0o,!tio's a7ai'st

'$o?+o,o'ia,is 9i,, 0ast,& +"a'7$ t"$ -o9$r $6!atio' i' t"$ 9or,d#

E0$r&9"$r$ -$o-,$’s -o9$r is .'o+.i'7 at t"$ door as 9$ o0$ to9ards

t"$?t9$'t&?*irst +$'t!r&#

A'd ,ast,&5 i' t"$ i-$ria,ist +o!'tri$s ? ,i.$ USA a'd W$st$r' E!ro-$ ?

,a+. -$o-,$’s o0$$'ts a'd5 ot"$rs i'0o,0i'7 -$o-,$ o* T"ird Wor,d ori7i's

ar$ +"a,,$'7i'7 t"$ ra+ist a'ti?-$o-,$ str!+t!r$s a'd i' t"$ -ro+$ss bri'7i'7

abo!t r!b,i'7s o* -ro*o!'d +"a'7$s to +o$# T"$ +i0i, ri7"ts o0$$'t o*

t"$ si2ti$s i' t"$ USA did a**$+t a'd +o'ti'!$s to a**$+t t"$ 7$'$ra, -o,iti+s o*

t"$ +o!'tr&# E0$' 9it"i' t"$ ,iit$d d$o+ra+& o* -r$sid$'tia, $,$+tio's i' t"$

USA5 it 9as a b,a+. -r$sid$'tia, +a'didat$5 J$ss$ Ja+.so'5 9"o5 t"ro!7" t"$

+o'+$-t o* a Rai'bo9 %oa,itio'5 9as to arti+!,at$ t"$ +$'tra,it& o* -$o-,$ o*

A*ri+a'5 Asia' a'd So!t" A$ri+a' ori7i's5 i' t"$ str!77,$ *or -$o-,$’s -o9$r

i' t"$ USA# O!r Ti$ Has %o$’ 9as a' a-t ra,,&i'7 +a,,# H$r$ i' ritai'5 t"$

ris$ o* b,a+. -$o-,$’s or7a'isatio's i' t"$ s$0$'ti$s a'd $i7"ti$s is a,r$ad&

a**$+ti'7 t"$ 0o+ab!,ar& a'd t"$ t$rs b& 9"i+" t"$ str!77,$ *or -$o-,$’s

-o9$r is b$i'7 -$r+$i0$d a'd *o!7"t *or# ,a+. is +oi'7 ba+.5 so$bod&

9rot$ o* t"$ b,a+. d$o+rati+ !-s!r7$ i' t"$ USA o* t"$ si2ti$s a'd t"$ sa$5

at a "i7"$r ,$0$,5 +a' b$ said o* b,a+. -$o-,$’s ass$rtio's5 str!77,$s a'd

+"a,,$'7$s *or r$a, +"a'7$s i' t"is so+i$t&#

A,, t"$ t"r$$ aor o0$$'ts o!t,i'$d abo0$ "a0$ b$$' a++o-a'i$d b&a' $2-,osio' o* artisti+ ta,$'ts a'd 7$'$ra, i't$,,$+t!a, +r$ati0it&# T"$

$$r7$'+$ o* A*ri+a' 9rit$rs i' A*ri+a' a'd E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s a*t$r t"$

S$+o'd Wor,d War +a''ot b$ di0or+$d *ro t"$ 7r$at a'ti?i-$ria,ist

o0$$'ts *or i'd$-$'d$'+$# T"$ r$0o,!tio's i' %!ba5 %"i'a a'd i$t'a

7a0$ ris$ to '$9 ta,$'ts a'd +r$ati0it& i' a,, t"$ di**$r$'t ar$as o* t"$ arts# T"$

so+ia, str!77,$s i' t"$ USA a'd t"os$ i' ritai' "a0$ b$$' a++o-a'i$d b&

sii,ar $2-,osio's o* ta,$'ts a'd artisti+ o0$$'ts5 a'd o!r -r$s$'+$ "$r$

toda& is a t$stio'& to t"is#

1



W"at is i-orta't "as b$$' t"$ +o'0$r7$'+$ o* t"$ ,a+. a'd T"ird Wor,d

-$o-,$s’ -o,iti+a, a'd artisti+ o0$$'ts 9it"i' W$st$r' +o!'tri$s a'd t"os$

*ro i'sid$ A*ri+a a'd t"$ T"ird Wor,d +o!'tri$s t"$s$,0$s#

It "as b$$' +,$ar$r i' -o,iti+s *or i'sta'+$ 9it" t"$ Pa'?A*ri+a'is i' t"$

"$&da& o* t"$ a'ti?+o,o'ia, str!77,$s# !t -ara,,$, to t"$ Pa'?A*ri+a' -o,iti+a,

o0$$'ts 9$r$ a,so artisti+ o0$$'ts# T"$ ,a+. Writ$rs %o'7r$ss$s i'

Ro$ a'd Paris i' 1:4= a'd 1:4: t"$ ;ESTA% i' Da.ar a'd La7os i' 1:==

a'd 1:<= 9$r$ a,, a'i*$statio's o* t"at i'd$-$'d$'t s$ar+" *or a'

a'ti?i-$ria,ist !'i*&i'7 artisti+ s$'sibi,it&# T"$ str$'7t"$'i'7 o* t"$ links that

!ind us i' t"$ ar$a o* -o,iti+s a'd t"$ arts +a' o',& str$'7t"$' t"$ o0$$'t

*or so+ia, +"a'7$#

T"$ I't$r'atio'a, oo. ;air o* Radi+a,5 ,a+. a'd T"ird Wor,d oo.s is a

+o'ti'!atio' o* t"at +o'0$r7$'+$ a'd a *!rt"$r str$'7t"$'i'7 o* t"$ ,i'.s t"at

bi'd !s#

!t i' so$ 9a&s t"$ oo. ;air is or$ !'i6!$ b$+a!s$ it "as 7i0$' a'd it

+o'ti'!$s to 7i0$ t"at +o'0$r7$'+$ o* radi+a, -o,iti+a, a'd artisti+ s$'sibi,it&

*ro A*ri+a5 Asia5 So!t" A$ri+a a'd E!ro-$5 a' i'stit!tio'a, *or so t"at it is

a' a''!a, $0$'t5 a'd a +o'+r$t$ *or b& 9a& o* a $$ti'7 o* r$a, boo.s5 r$a,

9rit$rs a'd t"i'.$rs i' *,$s" a'd b,ood5 *ro t"$ *o!r +o'ti'$'ts# At t"$ sa$

ti$ t"$ ;air5 as &o! +a' s$$5 is -$o-,$?bas$d a'd it is or7a'is$d b& r$a,

o0$$'ts t"at ar$ a+t!a,,& $'7a7$d i' dai,& str!77,$s "$r$ i' ritai'# T"$

;air its$,* is a' $2a-,$ o* a t9$'ti$t"?+$'t!r& o0$$'t *or so+ia, +"a'7$ as

9$,, as b$i'7 a r$*,$+tio' a'd a -rod!+t o* so+ia, str!77,$s a'd +"a'7$s i' Asia5

So!t" A$ri+a a'd E!ro-$#

11



1



III

$reein# Cu"ture

$rom Racism

1



/2 T&e Ideo"o#y of Racism

War on #eace Within " mong Nations

T"$r$ o'+$ ,i0$d a s"ort?si7"t$d +o,o'ia, *ar$r 9"o o' S!'da& or'i'7s

9o!,d sta'd o' t"$ -rostrat$ bodi$s o* "is 7ard$'$rs to ,oo. t"ro!7" t"$

9i'do9 a'd $'o& t"$ si7"t o* t"$ 0ast t$a -,a'tatio' t"at s-r$ad o!t *ro t"$

a'oria, "o!s$# W"at a b$a!ti*!, da&5 so -$a+$*!,5 "$ 9o!,d !r!r

7$'!i'$,& o0$d b& t"$ a--ar$'t stabi,it& a,, ro!'d# So absorb$d 9as "$ b& t"$

-$a+$ t"at "$ +o!,d 'ot "$ar t"$ r!b,i'7s?o* t"$ir t!i$s or t"$ir si,$'t

7roa's o* dis+o't$'t# A -$a+$*!, +o!'tr&5 do't &o! t"i'.5 "$ 9o!,d sa&

t!r'i'7 to t"$ "o!s$ s$r0a'ts 9"o stood b& r$ad& to s$r0$ "i "is br$a.*ast#

A'd t"$ "o!s$ s$r0a'ts 9o!,d a,so sta'd o' so$ o* t"$ bodi$s b!t at ar$s-$+t*!, dista'+$ *ro t"$ ast$r a'd t"$& 9o!,d +"or!s ba+.> F$s ast$r5

-$a+$#

Toda& t"at +o,o'ia, *ar$r +o!,d b$ o'$ o* t"$ 9"it$ ast$rs o* a-art"$id

sta'di'7 o' t"$ ba+.s o* i,,io's o* b,a+.s i' So!t" A*ri+a a'd Naibia5

s"o!ti'7 -$a+$ 9"i,$ +arr&i'7 o!t 9ar a7ai'st t"$ -$o-,$# Or "$ +o!,d b$ t"$

W$st sta'di'7 o' t"$ ba+.s o* Asia5 A*ri+a a'd So!t" A$ri+a s"o!ti'7 -$a+$

9"i,$ ari'7 t"$ir *a0o!rit$ -!--$ts 9"o +arr& o!t 9ar a7ai'st t"$ -$o-,$# Or

"$ +o!,d b$ t"$ E!roa$ri+a' or a'& 'atio'a, r!,i'7 +,ass sta'di'7 o' t"$

ba+.s o* t"$ 0ast 9or.i'7 aorit& s"o!ti'7 -$a+$ 9"i,$ ari'7 t"$s$,0$s to

t"$ t$$t" to -rot$+t t"$ stat!s 6!o o* t"$ *$9 o0$r t"$ a'& 9it"i' t"$ 'atio'

a'd ao'7 'atio's#

T"$s$ ta,. o* -$a+$ toda&# !t 9"$r$ is t"$ -$a+$ *or t"$ i,,io's o*

0i+tis o* a-art"$id W"$r$ is t"$ -$a+$ *or t"$ b,a+. -$o-,$ i' ritai'5

%o'ti'$'ta, E!ro-$5 Nort" A$ri+a W"$r$ is t"$ -$a+$ *or t"$ i,,io's

13



a'd i,,io's !'d$r t"$ +r!$, '$o?+o,o'ia, r$7i$s i' Asia5 A*ri+a a'd So!t"

A$ri+a W"$r$ is t"$ -$a+$ *or i,,io's i' t"$ ost ad0a'+$d i'd!stria,

'atio's 9"o ar$ ob,$ss a'd "o$,$ss W"$r$ is t"$ -$a+$ *or t"$ 9or.i'7

-$o-,$ 9"o a.$ t"$ 9$a,t" o* 'atio's a'd &$t s"i0$r a'd star0$

T"$ *a+t is t"at a,, t"$s$ -$o-,$ ,i0$ i' a -$ra'$'t stat$ o* 9ar 9a7$d

a7ai'st t"$ t"ro!7" t9o .i'ds o* *ata, 9$a-o's> t"$ i'str!$'ts o* $'ta,

a'd s-irit!a, s!b!7atio' a'd t"$ i'str!$'ts o* -"&si+a, s!--r$ssio'#

;irst ta.$ t"$ 9$a-o' o* $'ta, a'd s-irit!a, s!b!7atio'# T"is is t"$

id$o,o7i+a, 9$a-o' a'd it +o$s 9ra--$d !- i' a'& *ors> as r$,i7io'5 t"$

arts5 t"$ $dia5 +!,t!r$5 0a,!$s5 b$,i$*s5 $0$' as *$$,i'7s# Ra+is is o'$ o* t"$

ost d$0astati'7 o* a,, t"$ id$o,o7i+a, 9$a-o's 9i$,d$d b& i-$ria,is toda&

a'd it is $a't to sa*$7!ard t"$ $'tir$ s&st$ o* $2-,oitatio' o* t"$ a'& b&

t"$ *$9 i' o'$ 'atio' a'd ao'7 'atio's# Ra+is is a +o's+io!s id$o,o7& o*

i-$ria,is 9it" *i0$ i't$r,i'.$d *$at!r$s#

O'$ is obs+!ra'tis# Ra+is obs+!r$s t"$ r$a, r$,atio's"i- b$t9$$' t"$

9$a,t" o* t"$ *$9 a'd t"$ -o0$rt& o* t"$ a'& 9it"i' a +a-ita,ist 'atio' a'd5

i't$r'atio'a,,&5 b$t9$$' t"$ 9$a,t" o* W$st$r' 'atio's a'd t"$ -o0$rt& o* t"$

aorit& o* 'atio's i' Asia5 A*ri+a a'd So!t" A$ri+a#

Wit"i' a si'7,$ 'atio'5 sa& a W$st$r' 'atio'5 ra+is is -art o* t"$# $'tir$

strat$7$ t"at obs+!r$s t"$ ob0io!s *a+t ($2+$-t5 o* +o!rs$5 9"$' t"$r$ ar$

stri.$s a'd 9"o,$ i'd!stri$s +o$ to a "a,t) t"at t"$ ,abo!r o* t"$ aorit&

-rod!+$s a'd t"$ +a-ita, o* t"$ *$9 dis-os$s# !t t"ro!7" a,, sorts o* $'ta,

a'i-!,atio's5 r$a,it& is t!r'$d !-sid$ do9'5 a.i'7 it s$$ as i* it is t"$

+a-ita, o* t"$ *$9 t"at -rod!+$s t"$ 9$a,t" o* t"at 'atio' a'd 'ot t"$ ,abo!r o*

t"$ aorit&# Wor.$rs ar$ t"$r$*or$ $2-$+t$d to b$ 7rat$*!, to t"$ o9'$rs o*

+a-ita, *or +r$ati'7 obs a'd "$'+$ 9a7$s# W"$r$ t"$r$ is a b,a+. s$7$'t (or

a'& $asi,& r$+o7'isab,$ *or$i7'5 ra+ia,5 r$,i7io!s s$7$'t ao'7 t"$ 9or.$rs) it

is $2-$+t$d to $2"ibit $0$' s$r0i,it& a'd 7ratit!d$ b$+a!s$5 b& a'd ,ar7$5 t"$

+a-ita, $'7a7i'7 t"at ,abo!r is 9"it$?+o'tro,,$d# Pro-a7a'dists o* +a-ita, ta,.

a'd 9rit$ as i* b,a+. ,abo!r o!7"t to .'$$, do9' i' $t$r'a, 7ratit!d$ to t"$

9"it$ 7od o* +a-ita,# W"it$ 9or.$rs i7"t $0$' +o$ to id$'ti*& 9it" t"$

9"it$'$ss o* +a-ita, a7ai'st t"$ b,a+.'$ss o* ,abo!r# I' ti$ t"is is s"ort$'$d to

a' $as& ra+ist *or!,a> b,a+.s o!7"t to b$ 7rat$*!, to 9"it$s# T"$ *a+t t"at b,a+.

,abo!r -rod!+$s is obs+!r$d b& t"$ ra+ist *or!,a#

14



$t9$$' t"$ W$st$r' +a-ita,ist 'atio's a'd t"$ T"ird Wor,d +o!'tri$s5

ra+is obs+!r$s t"$ *a+t t"at t"$ 9$a,t" o* E!ro-$ arid A$ri+a (a'd Ja-a') is

-art,& ad$ o!t o* t"$ ,abo!r o* Asia5 A*ri+a a'd So!t" A$ri+a# T"$ 9$a,t" o*

t"$ W$st is root$d i' t"$ -o0$rt& o* t"$ r$st o* !s# T"is is tr!$ "istori+a,,&#

W$st$r' E!ro-$ a'd Nort" A$ri+a a++!!,at$d +a-ita, t"ro!7" t"$ s,a0$

trad$5 s,a0$ ,abo!r a'd +o,o'ia, ,abo!r# It is sti,, tr!$ toda& t"ro!7" t"$

'$o?+o,o'ia, arra'7$$'ts t"at sti,, bi'd A*ri+a to t"$ W$st i' a -art'$rs"i- o*

t"$ rid$r a'd t"$ "ors$# !t "$r$ a7ai'5 as i' a ra+ia,,& di0id$d 'atio'5 r$a,it& is

t!r'$d !-sid$ do9'# Pro-a7a'dists o* W$st$r' +a-ita, a.$ it s$$ as i* it is

t"$ir +a-ita, 9"i+" +r$at$s 9$a,t" i' t"$ T"ird Wor,d# S!+" +o!'tri$s5 b,$d

dai,& i'to $0$r?o!'ti'7 -o0$rt&5 ar$ '$0$rt"$,$ss $2-$+t$d to s"o9 7ratit!d$

to t"at W$st$r' +a-ita,5 $a'i'7 t"$ W$st5 a'd si'+$ b& a'd ,ar7$ t"$ W$st is

E!ro-$a'5 t"$ $2-$+t$d ab$+t r$,atio's ar$ r$d!+$d to t"$ sa$ ra+ist *or!,a

b!t 'o9 i' t"$ i't$r'atio'a, +o't$2t> Asia a'd A*ri+a o!7"t b$ 7rat$*!, to

E!ro-$# Asia' a'd A*ri+a' ,abo!r '$$ds 9"it$ +a-ita, b!t '$0$r t"$ ot"$r 9a&

ro!'d# T"$ *a,s$ *or!,a o'+$ a++$-t$d5 t"$ '$o?+o,o'ia, r!,i'7 $,it$s i' t"$

T"ird Wor,d 9i,, do a,ost a'&t"i'75 !rd$r t"$ir o9' -$o-,$ $0$'5 to +r$at$

stabi,it& *or W$st$r' +a-ita,# ,a+. 7ratit!d$ to 9"it$ +"arit& b$+o$s a

'atio'a, id$a, a'd t"$ $2-$+t$d basis o* i't$r'atio'a, r$,atio's b$t9$$' t"$W$st a'd t"$ r$st o* !s5 to borro9 t"$ -"ras$ *ro %"i'9$i!s boo. o* t"$

sa$ tit,$# N$o?+o,o'ia,is adds +o'sid$rab,$ stai's o* b,ood to t"os$ t"at

W$st$r' +a-ita, a,r$ad& a+6!ir$d t"ro!7" t"$ s,a0$ trad$5 s,a0$r& a'd

+o,o'ia,is#

Obs+!ra'tis ,$ads !s to t"$ ot"$r *$at!r$ o* ra+is> di0id$ a'd r!,$#

Ra+is obs+!r$s 'ot o',& t"$ r$a, r$,atio's"i- b$t9$$' +a-ita, a'd ,abo!r5 b!t

a,so t"$ r$,atio's t"at bi'd +a-ita, to +a-ita, a'd or$ i-orta't,& t"$ ,i'.s o*

,abo!r to ,abo!r !'d$r t"$ s9a& o* t"$ sa$ *i'a'+ia, a'd i'd!stria,+o'7,o$rat$s5 'atio'a,,& a'd i't$r'atio'a,,&# T"$ ai is to a.$ ,abo!r s$$

its$,* i' 'atio'a,5 ra+ia,5 r$,i7io!s5 or triba, $'+,a0$s#

Wit"i' a 'atio'5 9or.$rs o* a 7i0$' ra+ia, or r$,i7io!s s$+tio' ar$ -!t i'to a

or$ -ri0$,$7$d -ositio'5 *or i'sta'+$ b$i'7 ass!r$d o* ob s$+!rit&5 b$tt$r -a&5

-rootio'a, o--ort!'iti$s5 $asi$r a++$ss to "o!si'75 vis7;7vis ot"$rs o* a

di**$r$'t s.i' -i7$'tatio'5 or od$ o* s-$$+" or a++$'t# T"$s$ -ri0i,$7$s5 or

ad0a'ta7$s5 ar$ 'ot o* +o!rs$ -aid *or *ro -ro*its b!t *ro ,o9$ri'7 t"$ 9a7$s

o* a'ot"$r

1=



s$+tio' o* t"$ 9or.$rs# D$*i'it$ attit!d$s b$7i' to 7ro9 o' t"$ *o!'datio' o*

t"at di**$r$'tiatio' or dis+rii'atio' a'd t"$s$ a& d$0$,o- i'to a s&st$ o*

ass!-tio's abo!t t"$ ra+ia, +"ara+t$r o* t"$ ot"$r# M!t!a, s!s-i+io's ao'7

t"$ 9or.$rs b$7i' a'd t"$s$ ar$ -ass$d o' a'd a& b$+o$ a traditio'#

Wor.$rs b$7i' to d$*$'d t"$ir ob s$+!rit& a7ai'st ot"$r 9or.$rs# Wor.$rs

b$7i' to r$s$'t d$a'ds *ro ot"$r 9or.$rs *or so,idarit&5 *or s!+" a so,idarit&

i7"t $o-ardis$ t"$ir o9' s$$i'7,& s$+!r$ obs5 a'd t"is is -arti+!,ar,& so i'

ti$s o* "ards"i-# T"is di0isio' b$t9$$' 9or.$rs o* di**$r$'t ra+ia, 7ro!-s "as

b$$' rais$d to t"$ stat!s o* -"i,oso-"& a'd -o,iti+a, -ra+ti+$ i'5 a-art"$id So!t"

A*ri+a# T"$ r$s!,t o* t"is brib$ a'd ta.$ is t"$ di0id$ a'd r!,$ ta+ti+s $-,o&$d

a7ai'st t"$ 9or.$rs 9it"i' t"$ sa$ 'atio'#

!t t"$ sa$ ta+ti+s o* brib$ a'd ta.$5 di0id$ a'd r!,$5 +a' a,so b$ s$$' at

9or. at t"$ i't$r'atio'a, ,$0$,# Ess$'tia,,& t"$ 9or.i'7 -$o-,$ o* t"$ +o,o'i$s5

s$i?+o,o'i$s a'd '$o?+o,o'i$s a'd t"$ 9or.i'7 -$o-,$ o* E!ro-$? a'd Nort"

A$ri+a o*t$' *a+$ t"$ sa$ +a-ita, 9it" id$'ti+a, o9'$rs"i-# ;or i'sta'+$5 t"$

*i'a'+ia, i'stit!tio's i' N$9 For.5 Lo'do'5 Paris5 o''5 To.&o5 ar$ ,ar7$,& t"$

sa$ as t"os$ i' La7os5 Nairobi5 Jo"a''$sb!r75 %airo5 Ma'i,a5 S$o!,# T"$

sa$ is tr!$ *or i'd!stria, a'd +o$r+ia, $'t$r-ris$s# T"!s5 i' ost +as$s5 t"$

9or.$r i' K$'&a5 So!t" A*ri+a5 So!t" Kor$a5 t"$ P"i,i--i'$s5 %"i,$5 rai,5 E,

Sa,0ador5 a'd t"$ 9or.$r i' W$st$r' E!ro-$ or Nort" A$ri+a a'd Ja-a' ar$

$'7a7$d b& t"$ sa$ i'stit!tio's5 r$a,,& t"$ sa$ $-,o&$r or 7ro!- o*

$-,o&$rs# !t ra+is5 9"i,$ obs+!ri'7 t"$ ,i'.s t"at bi'd 9or.i'7 -$o-,$5

adds to t"$ di0isio's b& $'s!ri'7 di**$r$'tiatio' i' t"$ r$9ards 7i0$' to 7,oba,

,abo!r o' ra+ia, ,i'$s# T"$ 7r$at di0id$ b$t9$$' t"$ W$st a'd t"$ T"ird Wor,d

or b$t9$$' Nort" a'd So!t"5 d$-$'di'7 o' o'$s *a0o!rit$ $!-"$is5 9$ars a

ra+ia, +ao!*,a7$> it is ,ar7$,& t"$ 9"it$s o* E!ro-$a' sto+. 0$rs!s t"$ dar.

ra+$s o* t"$ $art"# T"$ "!7$ -ro*its $2tra+t$d *ro t"$ 9or.$rs i' Asia5 A*ri+aa'd So!t" A$ri+a ar$ bro!7"t ba+. to E!ro-$ a'd Nort" A$ri+a a'd Ja-a'

a'd "$,- i' raisi'7 t"$ sta'dard o* ,i0i'7 o* t"$ W$st as a 9"o,$# T"$ 9or.i'7

+,ass i' E!ro-$5 Nort" A$ri+a a'd Ja-a' b$+o$s t"$ i't$r'atio'a, ,abo!r

aristo+ra+& vis7;7vis t"$ 9or.$rs o* t"$ +o,o'i$s5 s$i?+o,o'i$s a'd

'$o?+o,o'i$s# T"$ i't$r'atio'a,is o* +a-ita, is 'ot $t 9it" a'

i't$r'atio'a,is o* ,abo!r# Ra+is5 a'd to a +$rtai' $2t$'t 'atio'a,is a'd

r$,i7io'5

1<



-,a& t"$ sa$ ro,$ o* di0id$ a'd r!,$ o' t"$ 7,oba, s+a,$ as t"$& -,a& o' t"$

'atio'a, sta7$# W"i+" 'o9 bri'7s !s to t"$ t"ird *$at!r$ o* ra+is> -o,iti+a,

doi'atio'#

I' -,a+$s ,i.$ So!t" A*ri+a -o,iti+a, doi'atio' is +,$ar?+!t# A 9"it$

i'orit&5 t"ro!7" t"$ 0i+io!s a-art"$id s&st$5 +a' doi'at$ t"$ aorit&# !t

$0$' 9it"i' a W$st$r' +o!'tr&5 ra+is5 b& di0idi'7 t"$ 9or.i'7 -$o-,$ or

di0$rti'7 t"$ir att$'tio' *ro t"$ r$a, +a!s$s o* t"$ir is$r&5 '$+$ssari,&

9$a.$'s t"$ir str!77,$ a'd r$s!,ts i' t"$ doi'atio' o* t"$ aorit& b& a so+ia,

i'orit&# %o's$r0ati0$ -arti$s i' W$st$r' E!ro-$5 so$ 9it" $0$' *as+ist

,$a'i'7s5 ar$ o*t$' s!stai'$d b& t"$ 0ot$s o* t"$ 9or.$rs $s-$+ia,,& 9"$' s!+"

-arti$s dir$+t,& or i'dir$+t,& +o'!r$ !- t"$ s-$+tr$ o* ra+$# A7ai' t"is is a,so

r$*,$+t$d i' i't$r'atio'a, r$,atio's# A "a'd*!, o* W$st$r' 'atio's +o'ti'!$ to

doi'at$ a s+or$ o* 'atio's i' Asia5 A*ri+a a'd So!t" A$ri+a# D$s-it$ t"$ *a+t

t"at t"$ 9or.$rs i' t"$ W$st ar$ t"$ 'at!ra, a,,i$s o* t"$ 9or.i'7 -$o-,$ o* t"$

T"ird Wor,d5 t"$ W$st$r' bo!r7$oisi$ "as 'ot t"$ s,i7"t$st *$ar o* t"$ir

9or.$rs "o,di'7 t"$ i' +"$+.# F$t t"$ W$st$r' bo!r7$oisi$ "as its a,,i$s

ao'7 t"$ doi'at$d 'atio's o* Asia5 A*ri+a a'd So!t" A$ri+a# T"is is

b$+a!s$ t"$& "a0$ bro!7"t !-5 *ro ao'7 t"$ +o,o'i$s5 s$i?+o,o'i$s a'd

'$o?+o,o'i$s5 a 'ati0$ $,it$ ib!$d 9it" a' a,ost -at"o,o7i+a, s$,*?"atr$d a'd

+o't$-t# t"ro!7" &$ars o* ra+ist +!,t!ra, $'7i'$$ri'7# Ra+is "as t"!s -ro?

d!+$d a' $,it$ $'do9$d 9it" 9"at ;ra't ;a'o' o'+$ d$s+rib$d as a' i'+!rab,$

9is" *or t"$ -$ra'$'t id$'ti*i+atio' 9it" t"$ W$st#

Obs+!ra'tis5 di0isio'5 a'd doi'atio'5 bri'7 i' a *o!rt" *$at!r$ 3*

ra+is> $2-,oitatio'# I' ot"$r 9ords t"$ *irst t"r$$ *$at!r$s ar$ 'ot a' $'d i'

t"$s$,0$s# T"$ $'d is or$ -ro*it# T"$ $'d r$s!,t is t"$ a--ro-riatio' a'd

+o'tro, o* t"$ 9$a,t" -rod!+$d b& ,abo!r# %a-ita, b,$$ds ,abo!r o' bot"

'atio'a, a'd i't$r'atio'a, s+a,$s# T"$ id$o,o7& a'd -ra+ti+$ o* ra+is*a+i,itat$s t"at $2-,oitatio'# ;or a,t"o!7" 9"it$ 9or.$rs a& b$ robb$d ,$ss

t"a' b,a+. 9or.$rs5 t"$ *a+t r$ai's t"at t"$& ar$ a,, robb$d# Ot"$r9is$ 9"$r$

9o!,d -ro*it +o$ *ro S!r-,!s 0a,!$ 9"i+" 7o$s to -ro*it ri7"t*!,,& b$,o'7s

to ,abo!r5 a'd &$t ,abo!r do$s 'ot 7$t it a,,# So b$t9$$' t"$ robb$d ,$ss a'd t"$

robb$d or$ it is si-,& a +as$ o* !'$6!a, distrib!tio' o* ,oss# !t t"$ robb$d

,$ss5 "a--& 9it" t"$ir obs5 ob s$+!rit& a'd b$tt$r -a&5 do o*t$' id$'ti*& 9it"

+a-ita, a7ai'st ot"$r s$+tio's o* ,abo!r *r$6!$'t,& ra+ia,,&?d$*i'$d#

1@



W"$'$0$r a'& s$+tio' o* ,abo!r sid$s 9it" +a-ita, 'o att$r t"$ r$aso's *or

doi'7 so5 +a-ita, is "a--& a'd 7ai's r$-ri$0$ to +o'ti'!$ robbi'7 t"$ a,,

9it"o!t a'& *$ar o* a !'it$d *ro't# T"!s dis!'it& i' t"$ ,abo!r *ro't5 'atio'a,,&

a'd i't$r'atio'a,,&5 aids t"$ $2-,oitatio' o* ,abo!r# T"$ $asi$st o* a,, t"$

ti$?"o'o!r$d too,s *or bri'7i'7 abo!t t"is dis!'it& is dir$+t or i'dir$+t a--$a,s

to ra+is# T"$ "i7"$st +o'+$'tratio' o* ra+is as a' id$o,o7& o* $2-,oitatio' is

sti,, So!t" A*ri+a5 b!t a-art"$id $2-r$ss$s i' +r!d$ 'a.$d *or 9"at is

$b$dd$d i' i-$ria,ist +a-ita,is as a 9"o,$#

T"$ $**$+t o* t"$ a++!!,atio' o* a,, t"os$ *$at!r$s +r$at$s a *i*t">

o--r$ssio'# Ra+is5 t"o!7" a' id$o,o7&5 is 'ot *$,t as a $'ta, or s-irit!a,

abstra+tio'# It is *$,t i' t"$ *,$s"5 i' t"$ 0$r& -ra+ti+$ o* dai,& ,i0i'7# T"$

9o!'ds i' t"$ *,$s" o* t"$ -o,i+$ 0io,$'+$ +o'+$'trat$d o' a s$+tio' o*# t"$

-o-!,atio' id$'ti*iab,$ b& t"$ir +o,o!r or r$,i7io' or bot" ar$ $asi$r to s$$#

Easi$r to s$$

O'$ o* t"$ 9orst $**$+ts o* ra+is is t"$ 9a& it '!bs "!a' s$'sibi,it&#

Horr$'do!s t"i'7s +a' b$ do'$ to a s$+tio' o* t"$ -o-!,atio' 9it"o!t ot"$r

s$+tio's r$7ist$ri'7 t"$ "orror5 b$+a!s$ t"$ir *$$,i'7s "a0$ b$$' '!b$d to a

-oi't 9"$r$ t"$& ar$ !'ab,$ to s$$5 or "$ar5 9"at is i' *ro't o* t"$ir $&$s a'd

$ars# I' W$st$r' +o!'tri$s5 t"is +a' b$ s$$' i' 9"it$ i'di**$r$'+$ to -o,i+$

br!ta,it& a7ai'st b,a+. -$o-,$# I't$r'atio'a,,&5 it +a' b$ s$$' i' t"$ 9a&

ad0a'+$d +a-ita,ist 'atio's +a' so $asi,& !s$ VT"ird Wor,d +o!'tri$s *or

$2-$ri$'ts i' '$9 t&-$s o* $di+i'$s a'd 9$a-o's or as d!-i'7 7ro!'d *or

da'7$ro!s +"$i+a,s a'd '!+,$ar 9ast$# T"$ 6!$stio' "as b$$' as.$d> i* Ja-a'

"ad b$$' 9"it$ i' t"$ E!ro-$a' s$'s$5 9o!,d t"$ USA "a0$ b$$' so r$ad& to

dro- t"$ bob as it did at Hiros"ia a'd Na7asa.i As it is toda&5 Ja-a' "as

b$$' ad$ a' "o'orar& 9"it$5 W$st$r'5 a,ost E!ro-$a'5 +o!'tr& o' a++o!'t

o* its 9$a,t"# Hit,$r !s$d t"$ 9$a-o' o* ra+is to '!b Nai G$ra'& i'to 'ots$$i'7 t"$ +ri$s a7ai'st "!a'it&# E!ro-$a' 'atio's !s$d t"$ sa$ 9$a-o' to

a.$ t"$ir -$o-,$ 'ot s$$ t"$ +ri$ +oitt$d a7ai'st A*ri+a d!ri'7 t"$ &$ars

o* t"$ s,a0$ trad$ a'd s,a0$r& a'd t"$ +o,o'ia,ist o++!-atio' o* A*ri+a#

I'stit!tio'a, ra+is -$r$ati'7 a'& $d!+atio'a,5 so+ia,5 a'd -o,iti+a,

str!+t!r$s o* t"$ W$st "as $'d$d !- a**$+ti'7 t"$ 7$'$ra, +o's+io!s'$ss i'

so+i$t&# P$rso'a, r$,atio's"i-s5 *$$,i'7s5 attit!d$s5 0a,!$s5 o!t,oo.5

s$,*?-$r+$-tio' a'd -$r+$-tio' o* ot"$rs5 $0$' i' t"$ $0$r&da& a+ts o* dai,&

,i0i'75 b$+o$ a**$+t$d b& ra+is# Ra+ist

1:



0a,!$s b$+o$ t"$ 'or i''o+$'t,& -ass$d o' i' t"$ *ai,& a'd i' ot"$r

*orati0$ so+ia, +ir+,$s# I' *a+t5 so ,o'7 a'd so !+" "as ra+is b$$' -art o*

t"$ ia7i'atio' a'd -ra+ti+$s o* t"$ W$st t"at so$ -$o-,$ ar$ o*t$' t$-t$d to

s$$ ra+is as t"$ *o!'datio' o* a,, t"$ so+ia, $0i,s o* t"$ W$st# T"$ "istor& o*

+a-ita,is5 *ro t"$ $r+"a't a'd i'd!stria, +a-ita, to t"$ *i'a'+$ +a-ita, o* t"$

i-$ria,ist $ra5 7i0$s +r$d$'+$ to t"is i't$r-r$tatio' o* "istor& a'd -o,iti+s# ;or

ra+is "as i'd$$d b$$' -art a'd -ar+$, o* s,a0$r&5 +o,o'ia,is a'd 'o95

'$o?+o,o'ia,is#

T"os$ *i7"ti'7 ra+is !st '$0$r *or7$t t"at ra+is5 'o att$r "o9

a,,?-$r0asi0$5 is '$0$rt"$,$ss a'? id$o,o7& *o!'d$d o' a' $+o'oi+ s&st$ o*

$2-,oitatio' a'd so+ia, o--r$ssio' a'd toda& t"is is i-$ria,ist +a-ita,is#

E6!a,,& t"$& !st '$0$r *or7$t t"at its 0i+tis ,i0$ its $**$+ts "o!r,&5 dai,&5

9$$.,&5 o't",&5 a,, t"$ &$ar ro!'d o' t"$ir bodi$s5 i' t"$ir b$,,i$s5 i' t"$ir

i'ds5 i' t"$ir "o!s$s a'd i' t"$ str$$ts# Ra+is is a -s&+"o,o7i+a,5 +!,t!ra,5

-o,iti+a,5 a'd $+o'oi+ r$a,it& a'd 'ot so$ dis$bodi$d abstra+tio'# T"$

$+o'oi+5 -o,iti+a,5 +!,t!ra, a'd -s&+"o,o7i+a, $-o9$r$'t o* t"$ so+ia,

0i+tis o* ra+is as -art o* t"$ o0$ra,, str!77,$ a7ai'st t"$ roots o* ra+is is

t"$ o',& 9a& o* d$*$ati'7 it# T"$ a,t$r'ati0$ is t"$ +o'ti'!$d t"r$at to t"$ -$a+$

o* "!a'.i'd#

T"$ 6!$stio' t"$' aris$s> is t"$r$ a +o''$+tio' b$t9$$' ra+is a'd t"$

iss!$s o* -$a+$ i' t"$ 9or,d toda& F$s# ;or ra+is5 as 9$ "a0$ s$$'5 is5 o'$ o*

t"$ 9$a-o's !s$d a7ai'st t"$ -ossib,$ -$a+$ o* i,,io's o* 9or.i'7 -$o-,$ i'

t"$ 9or,d# Ra+is 9$ "a0$ ar7!$d is $a't to5 a'd i'$0itab,& "as t"$ $**$+t o*5

st$i'7 t"$ tid$ o* a d$t$ri'$d a'd !'it$d str!77,$ o* a -ro!d a'd +o'*id$'t

-$o-,$# Ra+is is $a't to s+att$r5 +o'*!s$5 a'd 9$a.$' r$sista'+$5 -r$0$'t it5

i* &o! ,i.$5 *ro r$a+"i'7 t"$ sta7$ o* d$a'di'7 a'd $**$+ti'7 r$0o,!tio'ar&

+"a'7$s i' t"$ stat!s 6!o# Ra+is is $a't to 9i' -$a+$ *or t"$ $2-,oiti'7+,ass$s a'd 'atio's# Ra+is is 9ar a7ai'st t"$ -$o-,$ b& ot"$r $a's#

!t 9"$' t"$ id$o,o7i+a, 9$a-o' o* ra+is *ai,s to si,$'+$ t"$ -$o-,$5 t"$'

t"$ r!,i'7 bo!r7$oisi$ a& r$sort to o-$' ars5 to t"$ ti$?"o'o!r$d

i'str!$'ts o* -"&si+a, s!b!7atio'# T"$ i'orit&5 r!,i'7 so+ia, +,ass$s a'd

'atio's ar$ d$t$ri'$d to ai'tai' a'd d$*$'d t"$ stat!s 6!o o* i'$6!a,it&

ao'7 -$o-,$s5 'atio'a,iti$s5 'atio's5 a'd r$7io's o* t"$ $art" b& $0$r& $a's

at t"$ir

13



dis-osa,# T"$ doi'a't W$st$r' $+o'oi+ i't$r$sts ar$ !'a'io!s5 or

a,ost !'a'io!s5 i' sa&i'7 or ta.i'7 a -ositio' t"at s$$s to sa& t"at b$tt$r

t"$ 9"o,$ 9or,d is d$ad t"a' t"at t"$ stat!s 6!o o* t"$ star0i'75 "o$,$ss a'd

'a.$d i,,io's s"o!,d radi+a,,& +"a'7$#

Ra+is "as b$$' -art o* a,, t"$ 9ars *o!7"t i' E!ro-$ a'd t"$ 9or,d si'+$

t"$ s$0$'t$$'t" a'd $i7"t$$'t" +$'t!r&# ;or i'sta'+$ '$ar,& a,, t"$ 9ars *o!7"t

ao'7 t"$ ritis"5 t"$ ;r$'+" a'd t"$ S-a'is" i' t"$ $i7"t$$'t" a'd 'i'$t$$'t"

+$'t!ri$s "ad to do5 ao'7 ot"$r t"i'7s5 9it" t"$ s,a0$ trad$ a'd t"$ s,a0$r& o*

A*ri+a' -$o-,$s# T"$ sa$ 9as tr!$ i' t"$ A$ri+a' +i0i, 9ar# T"$ ;irst a'd

t"$ S$+o'd Wor,d Wars 9$r$ *o!7"t o0$r t"$ iss!$ o* +o,o'i$s# W"$' t"$

G$ra' i-$ria,ist i't$r$sts ,ost t"$ir A*ri+a' +o,o'i$s d!ri'7 t"$ ;irst Wor,d

War5 t"$& ,at$r tri$d5 t"ro!7" Hit,$r5 to r$+o0$r t"$ b& +o,o'isi'7 E!ro-$

its$,*# Not$ t"at Nais "ad !s$d ra+is5 a'ti?s$itis a'd a'ti?b,a+.is5 as

id$o,o7i+a, 9$a-o's ,o'7 b$*or$ r$sorti'7 to o-$' ars#

!t ra+ist *as+is 9as 'ot i'0$'t$d b& Nai G$ra'&# W"at o* t"$ i,,io's

o* A*ri+a's 9a'to',& .i,,$d b& t"$ ritis"5 t"$ ;r$'+" a'd t"$ D!t+" d!ri'7 t"$

&$ars o* s,a0$r& a'd t"$ s,a0$ trad$ W"at abo!t t"$ assa+r$s o* t"$ sa$

-$o-,$s b& t"$ sa$ *or+$s i' a,, t"$ +o,o'i$s T"$ J$9is" "o,o+a!st 9as

-r$+$d$d b& a' $0$' bi77$r b,a+. "o,o+a!st5 a'd 9$ !st '$0$r *or7$t t"is#

Ra+is a'd ra+ist t"$ori$s to ratio'a,is$ t"$ 9a'to' assa+r$ o* "!a' b$i'7s

"ad b$$' 0oi+$d5 ar7!$d o!t5 -"i,oso-"is$d abo!t5 a$st"$ti+is$d o0$r5 b& a

9"o,$ ,i'$ o* r$s-$+tab,$ artists a'd 5 i't$,,$+t!a,s o* t"$ W$st$r' 9or,d> H!$5

H$7$,5 %ar,&,$5 ;ro!d$5 a'd a'& ot"$r ia7$?a.$rs o* t"$ W$st$r'

ia7i'atio'# T"$ A*ri+a' "ad to b$ d$"!a'is$d i' t"$ i'd to $2-,ai' a9a&

t"$ '$+$ssit& o* tr$ati'7 "i ,i.$ a br!t$ i' t"$ *,$s"# !t t"at 0$r& ra+is5

7ro9' a'd '!rt!r$d i' t"$ s&st$ i' t"$ s$0$'t$$'t"5 $i7"t$$'t" a'd 'i'$t$$'t"

+$'t!ri$s5 str!+. ba+. i' t"$ E!ro-$ o* t"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r& b& 9a& o* ;ra'+o5M!sso,i'i5 a'd Hit,$r# A,, t"$ $t"ods ,$ar't a'd -ra+tis$d i' t"$ ai't$'a'+$

o* t"$ s,a0$ trad$5 s,a0$r&5 a'd +o,o'ia,is5 9$r$ 'o9 b$i'7 !s$d i' t"$

E!ro-$a' "o$,a'ds# T"$ *a+t is5 as "as so o*t$' b$$' said5 t"at t"$ 9or.i'7

+,ass i' t"$ i-$ria,ist 'atio's 9i,, '$0$r b$ *!,,& ,ib$rat$d as "!a' b$i'7s

9it"o!t t"$ tota, ,ib$ratio' o* a,, t"$ -$o-,$s o* t"$ s$i?+o,o'i$s a'd

'$o?+o,o'i$s# Ra+is "as a,9a&s b$$' a'd 9i,, a,9a&s b$ a

131



t"r$at to 9or,d -$a+$# At t"$ 0$r& ,$ast t"$ 0i+tis 9i,, '$0$r a++$-t a'& -$a+$

a'd stabi,it& bas$d o' ra+is#

Toda& t"$r$ is $0$r& i'di+atio' t"at t"$ t"ird 9or,d 9ar 9i,, b$ *o!7"t o0$r

t"$ r$?di0isio' o* t"$ 9or,d5 -arti+!,ar,& t"$ T"ird Wor,d5 ao'7 +o-$ti'7

7ia't i-$ria,iss5 or i' t"$ att$-t b& t"$ sa$ 7ia't i-$ria,iss to -r$0$'t

t"$ T"ird Wor,d *ro +o'tro,,i'7 its o9' 'at!ra, r$so!r+$s# T"$ t"ird 9or,d

9ar a& 9$,, t!r' o!t to b$ a tr!,& T"ird Wor,d 9ar# Most o* t"$ tro!b,$ s-ots

i' t"$ 9or,d toda& ,i$ i' Asia5 A*ri+a a'd So!t" A$ri+a# A'd i' a,, t"$s$5 t"$

9ars "a0$ b$$' 9a7$d b&5 or o' b$"a,* o*5 i-$ria,ist i't$r$sts a7ai'st t"$

str!77,$s o* t"$ -$o-,$s *or r$a, so+ia, +"a'7$s# T"$ 0$r& +o'+$-t o* s!+"

arra'7$$'ts5 ,i.$ t"$ Ra-id D$-,o&$'t ;or+$s5 i-,i$s t"$5 ri7"t o* t"$ USA

or E!ro-$ to i't$r0$'$ i' Asia5 A*ri+a a'd So!t" A$ri+a 9"$'$0$r t"$& a'd

t"$& a,o'$ d$$ t"$ir i't$r$sts i' t"os$ +o!'tri$s to b$ t"r$at$'$d b& $2t$r'a,

or i't$r'a, *or+$s# Toda& t"$ USA "as i,itar& a'd '!+,$ar bas$s i' a'& +o!'?

tri$s i' Asia5 A*ri+a a'd So!t" A$ri+a# I' additio'5 USA5 ritai' a'd ;ra'+$

"a0$ ar$d5 a'd +o'ti'!$ to ar5 a'& tri77$r?"a--& r$7i$s i' Asia5 A*ri+a

a'd So!t" A$ri+a# A'd *i'a,,&5 i* o'$ 9a't$d or$ $0id$'+$5 t"$r$ is

a-art"$id So!t" A*ri+a# It is a od$r' tro!b,$s"oot$r *or i-$ria,is i'

So!t"$r' A*ri+a# It is 'ot a' a++id$'t t"at t"$ ost ra+ist stat$5 i' t"$ s$'s$ t"at

ra+is is its id$o,o7i+a, *o!'datio'5 is a,so t"$ ost "$a0i,& ar$d b& t"$ W$st#

I' So!t" A*ri+a5 t"$ id$o,o7i+a, o**$'si0$ o* ra+is a'd t"$ ar$d o**$'si0$ o*

+o'0$'tio'a, a'd '!+,$ar 9$a-o'r& $$t a'd t"$r$*or$ s"o95 i' +,$ar5 'a.$d

a'd +o'+r$t$ *or5 t"$ +o''$+tio' b$t9$$' ra+is a'd ars a7ai'st -$a+$5 or

rat"$r b$t9$$' ra+is a'd 9ar#

It is i-orta't t"$r$*or$ t"at t"$ -$a+$ o0$$'t i' E!ro-$ a'd Nort"

A$ri+a5 o!t o* its o9' i't$r$sts5 *!,,& ba+.s t"$ a'ti?'$o+o,o'ia, 'atio'a, a'd

d$o+rati+ str!77,$s i' Asia5 A*ri+a a'd So!t" A$ri+a# T"$ -$a+$ o0$$'t5a7ai' o!t o* its o9' i't$r$sts5 s"o!,d *!,,& s!--ort t"$ d$a'ds o* a,, t"$ ra+ia,

i'oriti$s i' t"$ W$st a'd Ja-a' *or +o-,$t$ ra+ia, $6!a,it& i' ,a9 a'd i'

i'stit!tio'a, -ra+ti+$# It s"o!,d a,so ba+. t"$ str!77,$s o* a,, t"$ 9or.i'7 -$o-,$

*or t"$ +o'tro, o* t"at 9"i+" t"$ir "a'ds a'd brai's a'd s.i,,s -rod!+$# T"$

ars ra+$ s"o!,d b$ t!r'$d i'to a ra+$ to ar t"$ "!a' ra+$ a7ai'st

star0atio'5 a'd "o$,$ss'$ss# It s"o!,d b$ a ra+$ *or ari'7 t"$ "!a' ra+$

9it" t"$ $a's o* a.i'7 !s a,, $0$' or$ "!a'#

13



P$a+$ is i-ossib,$ i' a 9or,d doi'at$d b& i-$ria,is# P$a+$ is

i-ossib,$ i' a 9or,d 7!id$d b& t"$ id$o,o7& a'd -ra+ti+$ o* ra+is# H$'+$ t"$

str!77,$ *or -$a+$ i' t"$ 9or,d !st b$ a +o'+$rt$d str!77,$ a7ai'st ra+is a'd

i-$ria,is#

13



/3 Racism in

Literature

Ra+is o*t$' 9a7$s its o**$'si0$ i' -ri't b$t9$$' "ard+o0$rs5 a7ai'$s a'd

'$9s-a-$rs ,o'7 b$*or$ it is i-ri't$d o' t"$ 7$'$ra, +o's+io!s'$ss as t"$

basis o* -$rso'a, a'd i'stit!tio'a, -ra+ti+$s# T"$ -assa7$ o* ra+is i'to t"$7$'$ra, -ra+ti+$ o* t"$ r!,i'7 -o9$rs is o*t$' ad$ soot" b& 9"at is a7itat$d

*or i' boo.s5 i' so'7s5 o' t"$ sta7$5 o' T a'd o' t"$ +i'$a s+r$$'s# T"$

,ibrar& i' t"$ ,ar7$r s$'s$ o* a stor$ "o!s$ o* -ri't$d ia7$s a'd# 9"$t"$r

,o+at$d i' s+"oo,s5 boo.s"o-s5 -!b,i+ -,a+$s or i' o!r "o$s5 +a' b$+o$ t"$

t$-,$ o* ra+is a'd ,it$rat!r$ is o*t$' t"$ so*t$st o* a,, t"$ br$ad a'd 9i'$

s$r0$d i' it#

Ra+is is t"$ ost 0i+io!s -art o* t"at 7$'$ra, id$o,o7& t"at 7i0$s ratio'a,

$2-r$ssio' a'd ,$7itia+& to $2-,oitatio'5 o--r$ssio' a'd doi'atio'# It do$sso t"ro!7" obs+!ra'tis5 t"at is t"$ as.i'7 o* t"$ r$a, ,i'.s b$t9$$' t"$

+r$atio' o* 9$a,t" a'd o* -o0$rt& 9it"i' t"$ 'atio' or i' t"$ 9or,d t"ro!7"

di0idi'7 t"$ doi'at$d o' ra+ia, ,i'$s a'd t"$r$*or$ 9$a.$'i'7 t"$ r$sista'+$

a'd t"ro!7" sa--i'7 t"$ ora, $'$r7i$s o* t"$ 0i+tis b& o!,di'7 a'd

r$o!,di'7 t"$ir -$rso'a,iti$s a'd t"$ir -$r+$-tio's to a.$ t"$ 0i$9 t"$

9or,d i' a++orda'+$ 9it" t"$ '$$ds a'd -ro7ra$s o* t"$ $2-,oit$r a'd t"$

o--r$ssor#

Id$o,o7& is t"$ 9"o,$ s&st$ o* s&bo,s5 ia7$s5 b$,i$*s5 *$$,i'7s5

t"o!7"ts5 a'd attit!d$s b& 9"i+" 9$ $2-,ai' t"$ 9or,d a'd o!r -,a+$ i' it# It

o*t$' +o$s 9ra--$d !- i' +!,t!r$5 as +!,t!ra, -ra+ti+$5 b!t it +a' a,so +o$ !-

9ra--$d !- i' boo.s as t"$ +o's+io!s -ro7ra$ o* a r!,i'7 +,ass o* a 7i0$'

ra+$ or

133



'atio'# Id$o,o7& "ad a at$ria, bas$ a'd a,so r$*,$+ts t"at at$ria, bas$ t"o!7"

9it" di**$ri'7 d$7r$$s o* a++!ra+&5 d$-$'di'7 o' 9"i+" +,ass i' t"at ra+$ or

'atio' is +o'tro,,i'7 t"$ id$o,o7& a'd t"$ at$ria, bas$ o* t"at so+i$t&#

Lit$rat!r$5 a'd -arti+!,ar,& ia7i'ati0$ ,it$rat!r$5 is o'$ o* t"$ ost s!bt,$

a'd ost $**$+ti0$ 9a&s b& 9"i+" a 7i0$' id$o,o7& is -ass$d o' a'd r$+$i0$d

as t"$ 'or i' t"$ dai,& -ra+ti+$s o* o!r b$i'7# Si'+$ ra+is is -art o* id$o,o7&

it '$+$ssari,& *i'ds its rit$s o* -assa7$ i' t"$ 9"o,$ *i$,d o* ia7i'ati0$

,it$rat!r$# So 9"$r$ t"$r$ is ra+is5 it 9i,, b$ r$*,$+t$d i' t"$ ,it$rat!r$ o* t"at

so+i$t&#

W"at a'd "o9 is t"$ +o''$+tio' A,, "!a' b$i'7s "a0$ b$$' i'*$+t$d

9it" t"$ bib,i+a, +!rs$ o* Ada a'd E0$# Fo! a,, .'o9 t"$ J$9is" &t"> t"at

Ada a'd E0$ !s$d to d9$,, i' a 7ard$' o* Ed$'5 a' $art",& -aradis$ 9"$r$

$0$r&t"i'7 9as -ro0id$d b!t o' +o'ditio' t"at t"$& r$ai'$d i' #b,iss*!,

i''o+$'+$5 a -"ras$ *or abso,!t$ i7'ora'+$# T"$' t"$& 9$r$ t$-t$d b& t"$

d$sir$ to .'o9# T"$& 9a't$d to $at *ro t"$ tr$$ o* .'o9,$d7$# T"$ r$s!,t

T"$& 9$r$ t"ro9' o!t a'd t"$& 9$r$ to,d t"at "$'+$*ort" t"$& 9o!,d ,i0$ b&

t"$ s9$at o* t"$ir bro9# T"$& 9$r$ doo$d a,9a&s to str!77,$ *or $0$r&t"i'7

b& 9"i+" t"$& ,i0$d# Si'+$ t"$'5 "!a' b$i'7s "a0$ "ad to 9r$st,$ 9it" 'at!r$

to 7$t t"$ir *ood5 t"$ir +,ot"$s5 t"$ir "o!s$s5 a,, *ors o* t"$ir at$ria, 9$a,t"#

T"$ir $**$+ti0$ str!77,$ 9it" 'at!r$ "as b$$' aid$d b& t"$ d$0$,o-$'t o* too,s

ra'7i'7 *ro t"$ si-,$st sto'$5 .'i*$ or a2$ o* t"$ Sto'$ a'd Iro' a7$s5 to t"$

ost +o-,i+at$d t$+"'o,o7i$s a'd 7i7a'ti+ a+"i'$s o* t"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r&#

It "as a,so b$$' aid$d b& +o?o-$ratio' 9it" o'$ a'ot"$r a'd "$'+$ +obi'i'7

t"$ir ,abo!r i' a 9a& t"at $'ab,$s t"$ to a2iis$ t"$ir 7$'$ra, o!t-!t5 o*t$'

di0idi'7 t"$ tas.s so t"at t"$ a.$r o* s-$ars is 'ot at t"$ sa$ ti$ t"$ a.$r

o* -ots# T"$ bib,i+a, +!rs$ 9as a +!r$ a*t$r a,,# It *or $0$r *r$$d "!a' b$i'7s

*ro b$i'7 d$-$'d$'t o' t"$ +a-ri+$s o* t"$ir $'0iro'$'t# I' s"ort t"ro!7"t"$ s9$at o* t"$ir bro9 t"$& d$0$,o-$d t"$ $a's o* t"$ir $a'+i-atio' *ro

$it"$r .i'd,& or +r!$, 'at!r$# T"$& +o!,d 'o9 b$7i' to a.$ "istor&# T"$&

+o!,d 'o9 b$7i' to +r$at$ a "!a' +o!'it&#

!t "!a' b$i'7s a,so str!77,$ ao'7 t"$s$,0$s i' t"$ir i't$ra+tio' 9it"

'at!r$ ?a'd to +o'tro, t"at 9"i+" t"$& "a0$ 7ot *ro t"$ir str!77,$s 9it"

'at!r$# I' s"ort5 t"$& str!77,$ to +o'tro, t"$ ,abo!r o* ot"$rs5 t"$ too,s t"$& !s$5

t"$ 7ro!'d o' 9"i+" t"$s$ too,s ar$ !s$d a'd $0$'t!a,,& t"$ a+t!a, 9$a,t"

-rod!+$d d!ri'7 t"$ir

134





t"$s$,0$s a'd t"$ 9or,d t"ro!7" t"$ s$t o* ia7$s it -ro0id$s# T"$& 9a't to

a.$ t"$ $'tir$ +o!'it& a'd -arti+!,ar,& t"at s$+tio' robb$d o* its 9$a,t"5

s$$ t"$ 9or,d i' t"$ir 9a& i'+,!di'7 "o9 to 0i$9 t"$ 9"o,$ $+"a'is o* t"$

-rod!+tio' a'd distrib!tio' o* t"$ir 9$a,t"# It +a' '$0$r b$ i' t"$ i't$r$sts o*

t"$ s$+tio' +o'tro,,i'7 t"$ 9$a,t"5 -o9$r a'd t"$ i'str!$'ts o* s$,*?d$*i'itio'

to -ro0id$ t"$ ot"$r s$+tio's 9it" t"$ tr!$ a'd +orr$+t -i+t!r$ o* t"i'7s as t"$&

ar$# O' t"$ +o'trar&5 it 9i,, !s$ a'& a'd $0$r& $a's o* obs+!ra'tis o*

di0isio's o* s"a.i'7 t"$ir *ait" i' 9"at t"$& a+t!a,,& to!+"5 s$$5 "$ar5 a'd

s$,,# Ra+is5 or a'& ot"$r *or o* s$+tio'a,is5 9i,, b$ !s$d b& t"$ doi'a't

so+ia, 7ro!- to -r$0$'t a'& +,$ar5 r$so,!t$ a'd !'it$d a+tio' a7ai'st its

doi'a't -ositio' i' t"at so+i$t&# It 9i,, !s$ $a+" a'd $0$r& &t" dis7!is$d as

$d!+atio'5 "istor&5 -"i,oso-"&5 r$,i7io'5 a$st"$ti+s5 to bo,st$r its "$7$o'& o'

t"$ o'$ "a'd a'd to s+att$r5 +o'*!s$ a'd $0$' ,$ad astra& t"$ $'tir$ r$sista'+$

"$7$o'& o* t"$ ot"$r s$+tio's#

T"is is tr!$ 9"$t"$r o'$ is ta,.i'7 abo!t t"$ s,a0$ o9'$r o0$r t"$ s,a0$ i' a

s,a0$ s&st$ t"$ ,a'd,ord o0$r t"$ s$r* i' a *$!da, so+i$t& t"$ +a-ita,ist o0$r

t"$ 9or.$r i' a +a-ita,ist so+i$t& or t"$ i-$ria,ist o0$r t"$ 9or.$rs o* its o9'

a'd o* ot"$r +o!'tri$s i' a 9or,d doi'at$d b& i-$ria,is# S!+" 7ro!-s tr& to

+o'str!+t a -i+t!r$ o* t"$ !'i0$rs$ 9"i+" bo,st$rs t"$ir +o'+$-tio' o* t"$ir

-,a+$ a'd ro,$ i' so+i$t& a'd i' t"$ !'i0$rs$ t"$ir +o'+$-tio' o* t"$ -,a+$ a'd

t"$ ro,$ o* a,, t"$ ot"$r -$o-,$ i' t"at !'i0$rs$ a'd *!rt"$ror$ t"$& 9i,, tr& to

s$,,5 b& $0$r& id$o,o7i+a,5 $d!+atio'a, a'd +!,t!ra, $a's at t"$ir dis-osa,5 t"at

-i+t!r$ as t"$ $t$r'a,5 !'+"a'7i'7 tr!t" abo!t t"$ 'at!r$ o* t"$ !'i0$rs$#

Ra+is is -art o* t"$ id$o,o7& o* t"$ r!,i'7 +,ass o* a' o--r$ssor 'atio'

o0$r a,, t"$ +,ass$s o* a'ot"$r 'atio' i' a'ot"$r +o!'tr& or o* a' o--r$ssor

'atio'a,it& o0$r a,, t"$ +,ass$s o* o'$ or or$ 'atio'a,iti$s 9it"i' t"$ sa$

+o!'tr&# It is i'"$r$'t i' a'& a'd $0$r& str!+t!r$ o* i'$6!a,it& b$ it s,a0$r&5*$!da,is5 +a-ita,is or i-$ria,is i' o!r da&# Lit$rat!r$ a'd t"$ 7$'$ra,

$dia s!+" as T5 *i,5 radio5 '$9s-a-$rs5 ar$ $r$,& 0$"i+,$s *or 7$'$ra,isi'7

it as t"$ 'or i' so+i$t&#

Nobod& toda& ta,.s o* s,a0$r& as "a0i'7 b$$' '$+$ssar& *or t"$ sa,0atio' o*

t"$ b$'i7"t$d so!,s o* t"$ A*ri+a'# T"$ basis a'd 7ro9t" o* t"$ s,a0$ trad$ a'd

s,a0$r& 9$r$ $+o'oi+# %#L#R# Ja$s5 Eri+ Wi,,ias5 W#E## D!ois a'd

ot"$rs "a0$ do+!$'t$d t"$ *a+t

13<



t"at a'& o* t"$ 9$a,t"i$st +iti$s i' E!ro-$ 9$r$ b!i,t o' t"$ *,$s" o* i,,io's

o* A*ri+a's# At t"$ ti$ o* t"$ s,a0$ trad$ a'd s,a0$r&5 a'& a+ad$i+ a'd

s+"o,ar,& 9or.s o' $0$r&t"i'7 *ro "istor& to r$,i7io!s tr$atis$s a'd

-"i,oso-"& 9$r$ 9ritt$' to ratio'a,is$ t"$ s&st$ o' t"$ s!--os$d bio,o7i+a,

i'$6!a,iti$s o* t"$ ra+$s# Po-!,ar a'd s$rio!s 9or.s o* -o$tr& a'd *i+tio' 9$r$

9ritt$' +arr&i'7 a'd r$i'*or+i'7 t"$ ia7$s o* t"$ i'"$r$'t i'*$riorit& o* t"$

o--r$ss$d a'd t"$ i'"$r$'t s!-$riorit& o* t"$ o--r$ssor# T"$ ia7$s 9$r$

$a't to 9$a.$' t"$ r$sista'+$ o* t"$ s,a0$s b& ,o9$ri'7 t"$ir +o'+$-tio' o*

t"$ir 9ort" a'd 5abi,iti$s a'd b& raisi'7 t"$ s-$+tr$ o* t"$ i'0i'+ibi,it& o* t"$

$'$&#

T"!s ,o'7 b$*or$ dir$+t +o,o'ia,is "ad robb$d t"$ A*ri+a' o* "is

7$o7ra-"& t"ro!7" i,itar& +o'6!$st a'd s$tt,$r $+o'oi+ o++!-atio'?o* "is

"istor& t"ro!7" t"$ !s!r-atio' o* t"$ $a's o* a.i'7 it5 o* "is +!,t!r$ t"ro!7"

a,i$' r$,i7io's5 "$ "ad a,r$ad& b$$' robb$d o* a,, o* t"$s$ i' t"$ ,it$rat!r$ t"at

9as i's-ir$d b& t"$ s,a0$ s&st$ or t"at too. t"at s&st$ as t"$ $0$r,asti'7

'or i' "!a' r$,atio's# %o,o'ia,ist ,it$rat!r$ 9as b!i,t o' t"at traditio'# T"$

o',& di**$r$'+$ 9as t"at d!ri'7 t"$ +o,o'ia, $ra t"$ ra+is i' t"$ a+ad$i+ a'd

ia7i'ati0$ ,it$rat!r$ +o!,d 'o9 b$ -ass$d o' as 7os-$, tr!t" i'to t"$

$d!+atio' s&st$# T"$ 7$o7ra-"&5 "istor&5 ,a'7!a7$s5 'a$s a'd a,, t"$ 7ods o*

E!ro-$ b$+a$ t"$ +$'tr$ o* t"$ a+ad$i+ !'i0$rs$ o* t"$ A*ri+a' +"i,d#

Ra+is as a do+tri'$ "ad ,$*t its "idi'7 -,a+$ i' b$t9$$' t"$ "ard+o0$rs a'd

9as 'o9 b$i'7 -arad$d as a+ad$i+ bri,,ia'+$ i' t"$ +o,o'ia, +,assroo#

Lit$rat!r$ b$,o'7s to t"os$ arts t"at d$a, dir$+t,& 9it" t"$ a'i-!,atio' o*

ia7$s# Its $**$+ts +a' t"$r$*or$ b$ or$ -oiso'o!s t"a' t"$ -oiso' i' t"$ or$

a+ad$i+ 9or.s o* ,$ar'$d $' ,i.$ H$7$, a'd H!$ a'd a,, t"$ ot"$r "$ro$s

o* t"$ i-$ria,ist i't$,,$+t!a, $stab,is"$'t#

T"$ ,it$rat!r$ t"at +arri$d ia7$s o* A*ri+a a'd t"$ A*ri+a' ra'7$d *ro

t"at d$-i+ti'7 t"$ s$,*?$**a+i'7 A*ri+a' as t"$ r$a, "!a' b$i'75 or t"$

*!'?,o0i'75 a,9a&s si,i'7 t&-$ as t"$ or$ s&-at"$ti+ b$i'75 to t"at 9"i+"

s"o9$d t"$ A*ri+a' r$sista'+$ *i7"t$r as t"$ 0$r& r$i'+ar'atio' o* +r!$,t&5

+o9ardi+$5 i7'ora'+$5 st!-idit&5 $'0&5 a'd $0$' +a''iba,is# T"$

+o,,aboratio'ist A*ri+a' 9as 7,ori*i$d# T"$ o'$ 9"o o--os$d +o,o'ia,is 9as

0i,i*i$d# O* +o!rs$ it 9as 'ot a,9a&s so dir$+t,& stat$d# It 9as si-,& t"$ 9a&

a' a!t"or 7!id$d t"$ $otio's o* r$ad$rs to a.$ t"$ id$'ti*&

13@



9it" t"$ A*ri+a' 9"o sa9 'o +o'tradi+tio's b$t9$$' "is$,* a'd +o,o'ia,is

a'd to dista'+$ t"$s$,0$s *ro t"$ A*ri+a' 9"o ar7!$d ba+.5 t"$ o'$ 9"o

d$a'd$d "is ri7"t*!, d!$s5 or t"$ o'$ 9"o5 i' t"$ ba'a'a -,a'tatio's -,ott$d

a7ai'st t"$ ast$r# !t t"$s$ 9$r$ o',& +"ara+t$rs i' stori$s# T"$& 9$r$

"ar,$ss# Har,$ss

T"$ +!!,ati0$ -i+t!r$ +o!,d b$ 6!it$ d$str!+ti0$ i' its -s&+"o,o7i+a,

$**$+ts 9$ i' A*ri+a ar$ toda& r$a-i'7 t"$ *r!its o* t"at -r$s$'tatio' o* "istor&

i' 9a&s t"at 9$ a& 'ot a,9a&s b$ ab,$ to id$'ti*&#

T"$ ,$ad$r o* a '$o?+o,o'ia, r$7i$ 9"o ,os$s 'o s,$$- a*t$r a''i"i,ati'7 a

t"o!sa'd -$o-,$ i' t"r$$5 da&s t"$ a+ad$i+ 9"o t"ri0$s o' 9riti'7 ,$ar'$d

tr$atis$s o' t"$ ba+.9ard'$ss o* t"$ A*ri+a' ass$s a'd 9"o ,a!7"s at $0$r&

$**ort o* t"$ -$o-,$ to ,ib$rat$ t"$s$,0$s *ro t"$ '$o?+o,o'ia, bo'da7$ 9"o

.'o9s 9"at ia7$s o* A*ri+a a'd t"$ A*ri+a' t"$s$ -$o-,$ i7"t "a0$

$'+o!'t$r$d i' t"$ ,it$rat!r$ o* t"$ir $d!+atio'a, !-bri'7i'7

;ort!'at$,& *or !s5 "istor& is 'ot o'$?sid$d# T"$r$ is 'o "istor& 9"i+" is

-!r$,& a'd *or a,, ti$ t"at o* a+tors a'd t"os$ a,9a&s a+t$d !-o'# W$ a,r$ad&

"a0$ a 7,orio!s "istor& o* str!77,$# T"$ str!77,$ *or 'atio'a, ,ib$ratio' "as

i'0o,0$d a r$?$0a,!atio' o* o!r +!,t!r$# T"$ +!,t!r$ o* r$sista'+$ -arti+!,ar,& i'

t"$ so'7s a'd -o$s o* t"$ ass$s "as a,9a&s b$$' -art a'd -ar+$, o* t"at

'atio'a, ,ib$ratio'#

Natio'a, ,ib$ratio' is a +o'ti'!o!s -ro+$ss# I b$,i$0$ it is i-$rati0$ *or t"$

-ro7r$ssi0$ t$a+"$r5 9rit$r5 $d!+ator5 to 7i0$ A*ri+a' +"i,dr$' a -i+t!r$ o*

t"$s$,0$s i' t"$ 9or,d +o'sist$'t 9it" t"$ir d$$-$st as-iratio's *or -$a+$5

$6!a,it& a'd a "i7"$r 6!a,it& o* ,i*$# T"$ 9riti'7 o* ,it$rat!r$5 t"$ +riti+is o*

,it$rat!r$5 t"$ t$a+"i'7 o* ,it$rat!r$> a,, t"$s$ o!7"t to b$ -art a'd -ar+$, o* a

tota, a'd r$,$'t,$ss str!77,$ a7ai'st t"$ at$ria, bas$ o* ra+is 9"i+" i' toda&s

9or,d $a's +a-ita,is a'd i-$ria,is#

13:



/4 Her Coo0 &er +o#

0aren 3li5en6s frica

U- to 'o95 *or W$st$r' E!ro-$5 t"$r$ "a0$ b$$' at ,$ast t"r$$ A*ri+as#

T"$r$ is *irst o* a,, t"$ b!si'$ssa's A*ri+a5 or I s"o!,d sa& t"$ E!ro-$a'

"!'t$r a*t$r -ro*it# T"is "!'t$r a*t$r -ro*it .'o9s a'd "as a,9a&s .'o9' t"at

A*ri+a is a ,!+rati0$ 7ro!'d *or "is i'0$st$'t# T"$r$ is a +"ara+t$r i' a,a+s

'o0$,5 Eug >nie 2rander 5 9"o is ad0is$d b& "is is$r,& !'+,$ to 7o to t"$

tro-i+s to s$,, "!a' *,$s"# %"ar,$s5 t"$ +"ara+t$r 7o$s to t"$ tro-i+s5 "$ a.$s

"is -ro*it b& tradi'7 i' "!a' b$i'7s a'd o* +o!rs$ r$t!r's to ;ra'+$5 9$a,t"&5

a 9$a,t"& a' 9"o +a' 'o9 arr& i'to 'obi,it&# %"ar,$s A*ri+a is t"$ A*ri+a o*

t"$ E!ro-$a' "!'t$r a*t$r -ro*it#

A*ri+a "as a' ab!'da'+$ o* ra9 at$ria,s a'd a' ab!'da'+$ o* "!a'

,abo!r# Li.$ a,a+s %"ar,$s5 t"$ "!'t$r *or -ro*it .'o9s t"is# It do$s 'ot

att$r 9"at5 i' t$rs o* "!a' b$i'7s5 t"$ +ost is o* t"at -ro*it t"at $'ab,$s

"i to ,i0$ i' -a,a+$s a'd to arr& 9$,,# His 7!idi'7 s-irit is t"$ rat$ o* -ro*it>

9"$t"$r it is risi'7 or *a,,i'7# W"$' "$ ,oo.s at A*ri+a it is 'ot to s$$ t"$ "!a'

*a+$s o* t"$ ass$s 9"os$ -o0$rt& a'd d$7radatio' a'd o--r$ssio' ar$ t"$ r$a,

+o'ditio's *or "is risi'7 rat$ o* -ro*it# No5 9"at "$ is ,oo.i'7 *or ar$ +o'ditio's

o* stabi,it&5 a'd it do$s 'ot att$r i* t"at stabi,it& is *o!'d$d o' t"$ b,ood a'd

t"$ *,$s" o* i,,io's# It do$s 'ot att$r5 i* &o! ,i.$5 i* t"at stabi,it& is *o!'d$do' t"$ *a+t t"at t"$ to'7!$s o* i,,io's "a0$ b$$' !ti,at$d to a.$ t"$

!'ab,$ to s"o!t t"$ir dis+o't$'t# T"!s5 *or i'sta'+$ i' So!t" A*ri+a toda&5

i,,io's o* A*ri+a' 9or.$rs ar$ b$i'7 r!t",$ss,& o--r$ss$d a'd si,$'+$d5 so t"at

t"$ "!'t$r *or -ro*it +a' +o!'t "is +oi's i' -$a+$ a'd t"$' ta,. abo!t t"$ aids

a'd ,oa's *ro t"$ d$0$,o-$d 9or,d to t"$ d$0$,o-i'7 +o!'tri$s#

14



T"$ Da'is" Librar& Asso+iatio' 9o!,d r$'d$r a 7r$at s$r0i+$ to o!r !t!a,

!'d$rsta'di'7 i* t"ro!7" s!+" a't"o,o7i$s it +o!,d bri'7 "o$ to t"$ Da'is"

-$o-,$ t"at E!ro-$s 0a!'t$d d$0$,o-$'t is *o!'d$d o' A*ri+as

!'d$rd$0$,o-$'t t"at t"$ *ood a'd t"$ 9at$r t"at E!ro-$s "!'t$r *or -ro*it

$ats a'd dri'.s is o*t$' s'at+"$d *ro t"$ o!t"s o* t"$ "!'7r& a'd t"$ o!t"s

o* t"$ t"irst&#

T"$ ot"$r .i'd o* A*ri+a is t"$ A*ri+a *or t"$ E!ro-$a' "!'t$r a*t$r

-,$as!r$# T"is is t"$ to!rists A*ri+a# W"$' +oi'7 i' t"$ -,a'$5 b& Sab$'a

Air,i'$s5 ?I ,oo.$d t"ro!7" t"$ +!rr$'t iss!$ o* t"$ Sab$'a a7ai'$ a'd +a$

a+ross a' arti+,$ o' sa*ari?"!'ti'7 i' K$'&a# To t"$ 9rit$r o* t"$ arti+,$5 K$'&a

is +o-,$t$,& d$0oid o* "!a' b$i'7s# T"$ K$'&a i' t"at a7ai'$ is a 0ast

a'ia, ,a'ds+a-$5 r!,$d o0$r b& $,$-"a'ts5 ,io's a'd ,$o-ards# A ,ot o* boo.s

abo!t A*ri+a ar$ ,i.$ t"at> t"$& +at$r to t"$ tast$ o* t"$ "!'t$r *or -,$as!r$5 t"$

"!'t$r a*t$r 9i,d 7a$5 t"$ to!rists#

W"$' "!a' b$i'7s tra0$rs$ t"at ,a'ds+a-$ d$-i+t$d i' t"$ to!rist

,it$rat!r$5 it ?is o',& as a -art o* t"at a'ia, ,a'ds+a-$# I* &o! 7o i'to a'&

,ibrari$s or boo.s"o-s to ,oo. *or boo.s abo!t A*ri+a5 &o! ar$ or$ ,i.$,& to

*i'd s!+" tit,$s as &anishing frica( The uthentic frican5 a'd so o'# I' t"$

-i+t!r$s t"at i,,!strat$ t"$ boo.s5 s!+" A*ri+a's ar$ '$ar,& a,9a&s 'a.$d a'd

t"$& ar$ o*t$' -"oto7ra-"$d 9it" a'ia,s to s"o9 t"$ "aro'& 9it" t"$ a'ia,

,a'ds+a-$# T"$ "!'t$r *or -,$as!r$ is r$a,,& t"$ "!'t$r *or -ro*it b!t o' "o,ida&#

H$ do$s 'ot 9a't to s$$ or *a+$ !- to t"$ r$a,it& t"at it is t"$ A*ri+a' 9or.$r

9"o +r$at$s "is -ro*it# H$'+$ t"$ ,it$rar& d$at"9is" *or t"$ A*ri+a' $'7a7$d i'

t"$ a+ti0$ str!77,$ a7ai'st 'at!r$ a'd a7ai'st "!a' d$7radatio'#

!t t"$r$ is a t"ird A*ri+a ? a'd *or $ a ost da'7$ro!s A*ri+a b$,o0$d b&

bot" t"$ "!'t$r *or -ro*it a'd t"$ "!'t$r *or -,$as!r$# T"is is t"$ A*ri+a i'

E!ro-$a' *i+tio'#

T"$ +r$ators o* t"is .i'd o* A*ri+a ar$ b$st r$-r$s$'t$d b& t"$ Da'is"

9rit$r b& t"$ 'a$ o* Kar$' ,i2$'5 a,ias Isa. Di'$s$'# Kar$' ,i2$' "ad a

*ar i' K$'&a5 9"i+" *or$d t"$ basis o* "$r boo. $ut of frica# $ut of frica

is o'$ o* t"$ ost da'7$ro!s boo.s $0$r 9ritt$' abo!t A*ri+a5 -r$+is$,&

b$+a!s$ t"is Da'is" 9rit$r 9as ob0io!s,& 7i*t$d 9it" 9ords a'd dr$as# T"$

ra+is i' t"$ boo. is +at+"i'75 b$+a!s$ it is -$rs!asi0$,& -!t *or9ard as ,o0$#

!t it is t"$ ,o0$ o* a a' *or a "ors$ or *or a -$t# S"$ 9rit$s> W"$' &o! "a0$

141



+a!7"t t"$ r"&t" o* A*ri+a5 &o! *i'd t"at it is t"$ sa$ i' a,, "$r !si+# W"at

I ,$ar'$d *ro t"$ 7a$ o* t"$ +o!'tr& 9as !s$*!, to $ 9it" & d$a,i'7s 9it"

t"$ 'ati0$ -$o-,$#

W"at s"$ is r$a,,& sa&i'7 is t"at "$r .'o9,$d7$ o* 9i,d a'ia,s 7a0$ "$r a

+,!$ to t"$ A*ri+a' i'd# I,, 7i0$ &o! a'ot"$r $2a-,$ b$*or$ I *i'is" 9it" t"is

A*ri+a# I' t"$ sa$ boo.5 $ut of frica5 s"$ 9rit$s a 7r$at d$a, abo!t "$r +oo.

Kaa't$# !t "$ is d$s+rib$d i' t$rs o* a -$t do7> I 6!ot$> Kaa't$ +o!,d

"a0$ 'o id$a as to "o9 a dis" o* o!rs o!7"t to tast$ a'd "$ 9as i' s-it$ o* "is

+o'0$rsatio' a'd "is +o''$+tio' 9it" +i0i,iatio' at "$art a' arra't Ki.!&!

root$d i' t"$ traditio's o* "is trib$ a'd i' "is *ait" i' t"$ as t"$ o',& 9a& o*

,i0i'7 9ort"& o* a "!a' b$i'7# H$ did at ti$s tast$ t"$ *ood "$ +oo.$d5 b!t

9it" a distr!st*!, *a+$ ,i.$ a 9it+" 9"o ta.$s a si- o!t o* "$r +a!,dro'# H$

st!+. to t"$ ai$?+ob o* "is *at"$rs5 $0$' "$r$ "is i't$,,i7$'+$ so$ti$s

*ai,$d "i a'd "$ +a$ a'd o**$r$d $ a Ki.!&! d$,i+a+&5 a roast$d s9$$t

-otato5 or a ,!- o* s"$$-s *at5 $0$' as a +i0i,i$d do7 9"o "as ,i0$d *or a ,o'7

ti$ 9it" -$o-,$ 9i,, -,a+$ a bo'$ o' t"$ *,oor b$*or$ &o! as a -r$s$'t#

So to Kar$' ,i2$'5 Kaa't$ is +o-arab,$ to a +i0i,is$d do7 t"at "as

,i0$d ,o'7 9it" "!a' b$i'7s5 E!ro-$a's o* +o!rs$#

It i7"t b$ ar7!$d t"at t"$ ra+ist 0i$9s i' t"$ boo.5 $ut of frica5 9$r$

a++id$'ta, t"at t"$& 9$r$ t"$ 0i$9s o* a &o!'7 roa'ti+ b!t i7'ora't ,ad& o*

a' aristo+ra+& i' d$+,i'$# !t i' "$r ot"$r boo. Shado%s in the 2rass

-!b,is"$d i' 1:= 9"$' Kar$' ,i2$' 9as a,r$ad& a7$d a'd 9"$' a '!b$r o*

A*ri+a' +o!'tri$s 9$r$ 7$tti'7 t"$ir i'd$-$'d$'+$5 s"$ r$-$at$d "$r ra+ist

0i$9s $0$' or$ $-"ati+a,,&>

T"$ dar. 'atio's o* A*ri+a5 stri.i'7,& -r$+o+io!s as &o!'7 +"i,dr$'5

s$$$d to +o$ to a sta'dsti,, i' t"$ir $'ta, 7ro9t" at di**$r$'t a7$s# T"$

Ki.!&!5 Ka9iro'do a'd Wa.abo5 t"$ -$o-,$ 9"o 9or.$d *or $ o' t"$ *ar5

i' $ar,& +"i,d"ood 9$r$ *ar a"$ad o* 9"it$ +"i,dr$' o* t"$ sa$ a7$5 b!t t"$&

sto--$d 6!it$ s!dd$',& at a sta7$ +orr$s-o'di'7 to t"at o* a E!ro-$a' +"i,d o*

'i'$# T"$ Soa,i "ad 7ot *!rt"$r a'd "ad a,, t"$ $'ta,it& o* bo&s o* o!r o9'

ra+$ at t"$ a7$ 1 to 1<#

I' t"$ sa$ boo. s"$ d$s+rib$s "o9 i' "$r o,d a7$ i' D$'ar.5 A*ri+a'

-$o-,$ 9o!,d a--$ar to "$r i' dr$as# !t t"$& +a$ to "$r dis7!is$d as

a'ia,s5 d9ar* $,$-"a'ts5 bats5 ,$o-ards a'd a+.a,s#

I +o!,d 6!ot$ or$ -assa7$s o* a sii,ar 'at!r$ b!t t"os$ 9i,, do#

14



Kar$' ,i2$' is5 o* +o!rs$5 $'tit,$d to "$r 0i$9s5 "o9$0$r si+.$'i'7# !t

Kar$' ,i2$' is or$ t"a' t"is# S"$ is a E!ro-$a' -"$'o$'o'# To W$st$r'

E!ro-$ s"$ is a sai't5 a ,it$rar& sai't5 a'd s"$ "as b$$' +a'o'is$d as s!+"# S"$

$bodi$s t"$ 7r$at ra+ist &t" at t"$ "$art o* t"$ W$st$r' bo!r7$ois

+i0i,isatio'# S"$ is t"$ a!t"orit& o' A*ri+a a'd a'& E!ro-$a' a'd A$ri+a'

+"i,dr$' ar$ bro!7"t !- o' Kar$' ,i2$'#

So b& bri'7i'7 to t"$ Da'is" -$o-,$ t"is t&-$ o* a't"o,o7& 9"$r$ A*ri+a'

9rit$rs ar$ ta,.i'7 abo!t t"$s$,0$s a'd t"$ir +o'ditio's5 t"$ Da'is" Librar&

Asso+iatio' is doi'7 a tr$$'do!s s$r0i+$ i' r$+ti*&i'7 t"$ "ar do'$ to A*ri+a

b& t"$ ,i.$s o* Kar$' ,i2$'5 9"o 9as r$a,,& i' $**$+t a s-o.$s9oa' *or t"$

"!'t$r *or 7o,d a'd t"$ "!'t$r *or -,$as!r$#

14



/5 (i##"es0 Mau Mau and I

I $t S6!adro'?L$ad$r Ja$s i77,$s9ort"5 DSO D;% M%5 at o'$ ti$ o* t"$

Ro&a, ;,&i'7 %or-s5 ,at$r T"$ Ro&a, Air ;or+$5 a'd .'o9' to "is r$ad$rs as

si-,& i77,$s5 at A,,ia'+$ Hi7" S+"oo,5 i' K$'&a5 ba+. i' 1:4=# I *o,,o9$d

"is $0$r& ad0$'t!r$ i' E!ro-$5 Asia a'd A*ri+a# 3iggles and Co, 3iggles in

S'ain, 7 3iggles Flier East. 3iggles in the $rient, 3iggles Defies the S%astika,

3iggles 4unts 3ig 2ame, i77,$s "$r$5 i77,$s t"$r$5 i77,$s $0$r&9"$r$> t"$

s"$,0$s i' t"$ s+"oo, ,ibrar& +o!,d 'ot "a0$ $'o!7" o* i77,$s to satis*& t"$

t"irst a'd "!'7$r *or ad0$'t!r$ o*5 a si2t$$'?&$ar?o,d bo& *ro t"$ r!ra, ar$as

o* K$'&a# T"ro!7" "i I +o!,d $0$' *,& i' a$ro-,a'$ a'd tra0$, to a,, t"os$

-,a+$s a'd $$r7$ tri!-"a't a7ai'st a,, t"os$ +roo.s ? ost,& G$ra's5 at

,$ast 'ot E'7,is" b$'t o' r!i'i'7 t"$ 9or,d as ad$ b& Pa2 ritta'i+a# ritai'

r!,$d t"$ 9a0$s5 $art" a'd s.&5 bri'7i'7 abo!t t"$ b$st o* a,, -ossib,$ 9or,ds5

a'd a,, t"at 9as 'o9 '$$d$d 9as t"$ r$so,0$ o* "$r bra0$ so's to -o,i+$ t"$

'$9 9or,d ord$r a'd d$*$at a'& $0i, t"at t"r$at$'$d it# T"$s$ bra0$s "ad do'$

so d!ri'7 bot" t"$ ;irst a'd S$+o'd Wor,d Wars a'd i77,$s s&bo,is$d t"is

br$$d o* to!7" E'7,is"$'5 t"$ br$$d o* t"$ "a--& *$95 9"os$ ,o'7 ,i'$ o*

s$,*,$ss s$r0i+$ 9$'t ba+. to t"$ *o!'d$rs o* t"$ $-ir$#

I !st sa& t"at $0$' t"$' i77,$s '$0$r +a-t!r$d & 9"o,$ "$art$d

a**$+tio' t"$ 9a& St$0$'so's +r$atio's i' Treasure Island or Di+.$'s i'

$liver T%ist "ad do'$# Ji Ha9.i's Lo'7 Jo"' Si,0$r O,i0$r T9ist> t"$s$

+"ara+t$rs "ad b$+o$ & +"$ris"$d +o-a'io's a'd ,i'$s ,i.$ Fo "o a'd a

bott,$ o* r!/Si2t$$' $' o' a d$ad a's +"$st # # # or P,$as$ sir +a' I "a0$

so$ or$5 .$-t o' i'tr!di'7 i' & i'd ,i.$ o'$s *a0o!rit$ t!'$s# I +a''ot

*or

143



i'sta'+$ r$$b$r t"$ '!b$r o* ti$s I r$ad a'd r$r$ad Treasure Island # I'

t"$ +as$ o* t"$ i77,$s s$ri$s5 t"$r$ 9$r$ 'o $orab,$ ,i'$s or $-isod$s or

ia7$s# Not a si'7,$ tit,$ +o!,d sta'd t"$ t$st o* a s$+o'd r$ad# N$0$rt"$,$ss

t"$r$ 9as a 9a& i' 9"i+" or$ t"a' St$0$'so's Ji Ha9.i's or Di+.$'s

O,i0$r T9ist5 i77,$s5 t"$ +r$atio' o* %a-tai' W# E# Jo"'s b$,o'7$d to t"$

s+"oo, a'd & 9or,d#

It 9as a +o,o'ia, s+"oo, i' a +o,o'ia, 9or,d# T"$ s+"oo,5 *o!'d$d b& a'

A,,ia'+$ o* Prot$sta't Missio's 9a& ba+. i' t"$ t"irti$s5 9as t"$ ,$adi'7 $,itist

s+"oo, *or A*ri+a' +"i,dr$'# Its otto5 Stro'7 to S$r0$5 $2-r$ss$d t"$ id$a,s o*

t"$ s+"oo,> to -rod!+$ ,$ad$rs 9"o o* +o!rs$5 "ad t"$ '$+$ssar& +"ara+t$r a'd

.'o9,$d7$ to *ait"*!,,& b!t i't$,,i7$'t,& s$r0$ Ki'7 a'd E-ir$# It 9as a

boardi'7 s+"oo, r!' o' i,itar& ,i'$s# Wa.$ !- i' t"$ or'i'7 at *i0$# Ma.$

b$ds# %o,d s"o9$rs# %,$a' t"$ +o-o!'d# Parad$# Mar+"i'7 ba'd o* b!7,$s5

tr!-$ts a'd dr!s# Rais$ t"$ ritis" *,a7# I's-$+tio' *or +,$a',i'$ss 9it"

ar.s a9ard$d to t"$ 0ario!s r$sid$'tia, doritori$s# %"a-$,# Or7a' or -ia'o

!si+# L$ad .i'd,& ,i7"t aidst t"$ $'+ir+,i'7 7,oo5 ,$ad t"o! $ o'# o&

s+o!ts# Mo!'tai' +,ibi'7# S-orts# A'&t"i'7 t"at 9$'t to b!i,d -"&si+a, "$a,t"5

ora, +"ara+t$r a'd so!'d i't$,,$+t5 t"$ t"r$$ ost i-orta't ars a7ai'st t"$

7,oo# It 9as a s+"oo, 9"$r$ Ki-,i'7s -o$ I*’ 9as so 0$r& i-orta't# A'd o*

+o!rs$ S"a.$s-$ar$# !t i77,$s O" &$s5 i77,$s# H$ 9as o' a issio' to

d$*$at a,, t"os$ *or+$s t"at 9$r$ -art o* t"$ 7,oo# T"$ *,a7 9"i+" 9$ sa,!t$d

$0$r& da& a++o-a'i$d b& b!7,$s5 tr!-$ts a'd dr!s5 a'd God Sa0$ t"$

Q!$$'5 Lo'7 to r$i7' o0$r !s5 9as +$'tra, to t"$ i77,$s $'t$r-ris$# i77,$s

,o&a,t& 9as *irst a'd *or$ost to t"$ *,a7# O!r s+"oo, 9as bri'7i'7 !- &o!'7

$' *or 9"o ,o&a,t& to God a'd to t"$ *,a7 9o!,d b$ t9o sid$s o* t"$ sa$

+oi'# T"$ $'$i$s o* t"$ E-ir$ 9"$t"$r t"$ ;r$'+"5 t"$ G$ra's or t"$

R!ssia's 9o!,d a,so b$ o!r $'$i$s#T"$ G$ra's $s-$+ia,,& 9$r$ a,r$ad& *ai,iar 0i,,ai's i' o!r s+"oo, "istor&

,$sso's# Had t"$& 'ot tri$d to r$o0$ t"$ ritis" *ro East A*ri+a A'd

r$$b$r t"$ a'& K$'&a's 9"o "ad di$d i' bot" t"$ ;irst a'd S$+o'd Wor,d

War *i7"ti'7 a7ai'st t"os$ 0i,,ai's I' o!r s+"oo, t"$ t$a+"$rs a,9a&s ta,.$d

abo!t t"$ ri7id t$!to'i+ $'ta,it& a7ai'st o* +o!rs$ t"$ or$ *,$2ib,$ a'd

ora,,& s!-$rior E'7,is" +"ara+t$r# i77,$s i' a+tio' r$-r$s$'t$d t"is id$a,5 t"$

E'7,is" +"ara+t$r o* Ki-,i'7s I*’# So did t"$ s+"oo,# T"$ "$adast$r ,$d i' t"$

r$+itatio' o* t"$ -o$ I*#’ W"$' "$ +a$ to t"$

144



,ast ,i'$s o* t"$ -o$5 "$ 9o!,d -a!s$5 ,oo. at t"$ ass$b,$d $&$s a'd $ars a'd

t"$'5 9it" a tr$b,i'7 0oi+$5 "$ 9o!,d a.$ t"$ draati+ +a,,> a'd 9"at is

or$ &o!,, b$ a a'5 & so'# K$'&a' so's o* Ki-,i'7 as-iri'7 to 7rad!at$ as

r$a, ritis" $'# O"5 9$ t"$ "a--& *$9# So$ o* t"$ t$a+"$rs sa9 t"$s$,0$s

as -art o* t"is "$roi+ *$9# Had t"$& 'ot 7i0$' !- ,i*$ i' a' E'7,is" +,iat$ to

bri'7 ,i7"t to t"$ dar. +or'$rs o* t"$ E-ir$ So$ o* t"$ t$a+"$rs "ad s$$'

a+tio' i' t"$ S$+o'd Wor,d War# O'$ i' t"$ Ro&a, Air ;or+$# T"$ Ro&a, Air

;or+$ T"at s"o!,d "a0$ a,$rt$d $5 s"o!,d "a0$ ad$ i77,$s & $'$&#

I +a$ *ro a ,ar7$ -$asa't *ai,& i' Li!r!# T"$ s+"oo,5 t$' i,$s a9a&5

9as t"$ *!rt"$st I "ad b$$' a9a& *ro "o$# O--osit$ t"$ A*ri+a' r$s$r0$s at

Li!r! 9$r$ t"$ K$'&a Hi7",a'ds5 si'+$ 1@:4 o++!-i$d b& ritis" s$tt,$rs

d$t$ri'$d to t!r' K$'&a i'to a W"it$ Ma's +o!'tr&# T"$ s+"oo, 7ro!'ds

9$r$ a,so ada+$'t to "!7$ *ars a,so o9'$d b& 9"it$ s$tt,$rs# Ao'7 t"$s$

s$tt,$rs 9$r$ t"os$ so,di$rs 9"o "ad *o!7"t i' t"$ ;irst a'd S$+o'd Wor,d War#

!t t"$ K$'&a' A*ri+a's 9"o "ad b$$' a+ti0$ i' t"$ sa$ 9ars 9$r$ -art o* t"$

,a'd,$ss a'd ob,$ss aorit& i' t"$ +iti$s a'd r!ra, ar$as# T"$ 9"it$ so,di$rs

"ad t"$ 0ot$s t"$ K$'&a' A*ri+a's did 'ot# T"$ 9"it$ so,di$rs 9$r$ t"$

b$'$*i+iari$s o* ritis" +o,o'ia, -r$s$'+$# T"$ A*ri+a' so,di$rs r$$+t$d t"$ir

d$sti'& as "$9$rs o* 9ood a'd oi'$d t"$ Ma! Ma! 7!$rri,,a ar&# Ao'7

t"$s$ 9as D$da' Kiat"i 9"o ,at$r b$+a$ t"$ s!-r$$ ,$ad$r o* t"$ 7!$rri,,a

ar&# T"$ Ma! Ma! 9ar to o!st t"$ ritis" *ro K$'&a bro.$ o!t i' 1:45 t"$

&$ar o* t"$ Q!$$' E,iab$t"s a++$ssio' to t"$ t"ro'$ a'd o* Joo K$'&attas

arr$st# I' 1:43 & $,d$r brot"$r ra' to t"$ o!'tai's to oi' t"$ Ma! Ma!

7!$rri,,a ar&# I' t"$ t"r$$ &$ars *ro 1:4 to 1:4=5 t"$ &$ar o* Kiat"is

+a-t!r$5 t"$ Ma! Ma! *or+$s 9$r$ at t"$ir stro'7$st5 +o'stit!ti'7 a -ara,,$,

7o0$r'$'t a!t"orit& i' t"$ ,a'd# W"at a+t!a,,& bro.$ t"$ ba+. o* Ma! Ma! i'

t"$ o!'tai's 9as t"$ i't$'si0$ bobi'7 b& t"$ Ro&a, Air ;or+$# Ma! Ma!"ad 'o r$-,& to t"$ t$rror *ro t"$ s.&# M& brot"$r5 9"o s!r0i0$d t"$ 9ar5 sti,,

ta,.s 9it" a9$ o* t"$ bobi'7s#

So i' r$adi'7 i77,$s i' t"$ &$ars 1:44 a'd 1:4=5 I 9as i'0o,0$d i' a

draa o* +o'tradi+tio's# i77,$s5 t"$ *,&i'7 a+$ a'd s6!adro' ,$ad$r o* t"$

Ro&a, Air ;or+$5 +o!,d "a0$ b$$' dro--i'7 bobs o' & o9' brot"$r i' t"$

*or$sts o* Mo!'t K$'&a# Or "$ +o!,d "a0$ b$$' s$'t b& Ra&o'd o* S+ot,a'd

Fard to *$rr$t o!t t"os$ 9"o 9$r$

14=



-,otti'7 a7ai'st t"$ ritis" E-ir$ i' K$'&a# Eit"$r 9a& "$ 9o!,d "a0$ b$$'

-itt$d a7ai'st & o9' brot"$r 9"o5 aidst a,, t"$ *i7"ti'7 i' t"$ *or$st5 sti,,

*o!'d ti$ to s$'d $ssa7$s to $ to +,i'7 to $d!+atio' 'o att$r 9"at

"a--$'$d to "i# I' t"$ *or$sts t"$&5 9"o 9$r$ so ib!$d 9it" K$'&a

'atio'a,ist -atriotis5 "ad +$,$brat$d & b$i'7 a++$-t$d i'to t"$ sa$ A,,ia'+$

Hi7" S+"oo, 9"$r$ I 9as to $$t i77,$s5 a' ia7i'ar& +"ara+t$r so ib!$d

9it" a s$'s$ o* ritis" -atriotis# T"is a& "a0$ $2-,ai'$d t"$ dista'+$

b$t9$$' $ a'd i77,$s# H$ 9as 'ot"i'7 b!t E'7,is"# E'7,is"'$ss r$-r$s$'t$d

a "!a' id$a, a'd t"$ "!a' id$a, $'d$d i' t"$ E'7,is"'$ss o* "is b$i'7 a'd

a+tio's a'd oti0$s#

T"is 9as a,so t"$ basis o* t"$ 7$'d$r a'd ra+ist d$*i'itio' o* t"$ 9or,d# I'

t"$ 9or,d o* i77,$s 9o$' do 'ot r$a,,& $2ist# A*t$r a,, $-ir$?b!i,di'7 a'd

its d$*$'+$ 9as a as+!,i'$ *$at5 to b$ a--,a!d$d b& adiri'75 b!t d$,i+at$5

9"it$ *$a,$s#

T"$ 9or,d 9as a ra+ia, "i$rar+"& o* t"$ E'7,is"5 t"$ 9"it$s a'd t"$ r$st o*

a,$.i'd# A,, 9"it$ -$o-,$ 9$r$ $6!a, i' r$,atio' to t"$ 'o'?E!ro-$a' !'i0$rs$

b!t t"$ E'7,is" 9$r$ or$ $6!a, t"a' t"$ ot"$r 9"it$s#

A 7ood $2a-,$ is i' t"$ d$s+ri-tio' o* t"$ A'7,o?G$ra' str!77,$ a'd

t"$ir 'o'?E!ro-$a' a,,i$s i' i77,$s ;,i$r East# T"is boo. i'trod!+$s i77,$s

G$ra' ad0$rsar&5 Ha!-ta'' Eri+" 0o' Sta,"$i'# T"$r$ is a .i'd o*

adiratio' o* t"is -arti+!,ar G$ra'5 "$ is t"$ G$ra' i77,$s i* t"at 9$r$

-ossib,$ "$ do$s *or t"$ G$ra' sid$ t"$ .i'd o* s-$+ta+!,ar *$ats o* +o!ra7$

a'd dari'7 t"at i77,$s do$s *or t"$ ritis" sid$# At o'$ ti$ i77,$s a*t$r

b$i'7 *or+$d to ,a'd so$9"$r$ i' t"$ Midd,$ East5 s!dd$',& s$$s 0o' Sta,"$i'

+o'*$rri'7 9it" so$ Arabs>

His asto'is"$'t 7a0$ 9a& to +!riosit& a'd t"$' to i't$'s$ i't$r$st as "$

9at+"$d t"$ s+$'$# It s$$$d to "i t"at 0o' Sta,"$i'5 *ro "is a+tio's5

9as $2"orti'7 t"$ Arabs to do so$t"i'75 so$t"i'7 t"$& 9$r$ $it"$r

disi'+,i'$d to do5 or abo!t 9"i+" t"$& 9$r$ di0id$d i' t"$ir o-i'io's# !t

a*t$r a ti$ it b$+a$ a--ar$'t t"at t"$ or$ -o9$r*!, -$rso'a,it& o* t"$

9"it$ a' 9as a.i'7 its$,* *$,t5 a'd i' t"$ $'d t"$r$ 9as a 7$'$ra,

!r!r o* ass$'t # # #

Not$ t"at i' b$i'7 ad$ to arri0$ at t"at +o'+,!sio' b& t"$ a!t"or5 i77,$s

is 'ot d$s+rib$d as "a0i'7 "$ard a si'7,$ 9ord s-o.$'5 or d$+i-"$r$d t"$ a+t!a,ar7!$'ts# !t *ro 9"$r$ "$ is 9$,, "idd$'

14<



"$ +a' sti,, dis+$r' t"at 9"it$'$ss is a' i-orta't i'7r$di$'t o* t"$ G$ra's

a.$?!-#

!t o* +o!rs$ i' t"$ 9"it$ o'$ its$,* t"$ E'7,is" +"ara+t$r o++!-i$s t"$

9"it$st s-ot# I' 3iggles 4unts 3ig 2ame5 t"$ "$ro 7o$s to A*ri+a to root o!t

so$ +roo.s 9"o ar$ r!i'i'7 t"$ -ost?9ar 9or,d o* t"$ 0i+torio!s ritis" a'd

t"$ir a,,i$s b& -ri'ti'7 *a.$ +!rr$'+i$s> T"$ +rii'a, ast$ri'd is o* so$

E!ro-$a' sto+. b!t "$ is o* +o!rs$ b$i'7 "$,-$d b& A*ri+a'?A$ri+a' +roo.s

dr$ss$d ,i.$ r$a, 'ati0$s o* t"$ A*ri+a' !'7,$# I' %airo b$*or$ bot" "$ro a'd

0i,,ai' board a -,a'$ *or K!di'7a i' %$'tra, A*ri+a5 i77,$s is ab,$ to obs$r0$

t"$ +rii'a, ast$ri'd 9"o "$ d$s+rib$s as b$i'7 0$r& 9$,,?dr$ss$d 9it" a

s!it o* E!ro-$a' +!t#

His +o-,$2io' 9as so -a,$ t"at at *irst5 *ro a dista'+$5 i77,$s too. "i

to b$ a -!r$ E!ro-$a' b!t as a r$s!,t o* a or$ -ro,o'7$d s+r!ti'& "$

+"a'7$d "is i'd5 a'd +o'+,!d$d t"at t"$ soot"5 o,i0$?ti't 9as a,ost

+$rtai',& t"at o* a' E!roasia'5 or at a'& rat$ a E!ro-$a' 9it" or$ t"a' a

tra+$ o* id?$ast$r' b,ood i' "is 0$i's ? a 7!$ss t"at 9as s!--ort$d b& t"$

*,as" o* a diao'd ti$?-i' o* a si$ so 0!,7ar t"at 'o ritis" 0isitor 9o!,d

b$ ,i.$,& to 9$ar it at s!+" a ti$ a'd -,a+$#

N$ar,& a,, t"$ boo.s i' t"$ i77,$s s$ri$s ar$ s"ot t"ro!7" a'd t"ro!7" 9it"

t"is ra+ia, a'd 7$'d$r d$ar+atio' o* t"$ !'i0$rs$ a'd i' t"is it is 0$r& !+" i'

,i'$ 9it" a,, t"$ ra+ist -o-!,ar ,it$rat!r$ Rid$r Ha77ard5 Jo"' !+"a'5 Ni+"o,as

Mo'sarrat *or i'sta'+$ t"at 7,ori*i$d i-$ria,is a'd t"$ d$$ds o* its ritis"

a+tors 9"i,$ 0i,i*&i'7 t"os$ o* its o--o'$'ts b$ t"$& *ro ri0a, i-$ria,iss or

*ro t"$ 'ati0$ r$sista'+$ ,i.$ t"$ Ma! Ma! o* 9"i+" & o9' brot"$r 9as a'

a+ti0$ a7$'t#

W"at5 t"$'5 ad$ $ r$ad a,, t"$ i77,$s t"$' a0ai,ab,$ i' t"$ s+"oo, I

"ad dis+o0$r$d ,it$rat!r$5 9ritt$' ,it$rat!r$# I "ad s$$' a ,ibrar& *or t"$ *irst

ti$ i' & ,i*$# oo.s# oo.s $0$r&9"$r$# oo.5 a'& boo.5 9as a7i+ to $#

T"is 9as a ti$ 9"$' I ,oo.$d *or9ard to b$i'7 ab,$ to r$ad a,, t"$ boo.s t"at

"ad $0$r b$$' -!b,is"$d# I 9as at a' a7$ 9"$' I +o!,d "a--i,& r$ad Ei,&

ro't$ a'd To,sto& a,o'7sid$ Jo"' !+"a' a'd Rid$r Ha77ard a'd $'o& t"$

$6!a,,&# !t it 9as a,so a sta7$ i' & ,i*$ 9"$' 9"at 9as ost i-orta't i'

,it$rat!r$ 9as t"$ stor& a'd t"$ $,$$'t o* 9"at "a--$'s '$2t# A'd t"is t"$

i77,$s boo.s "ad i' -,$'t&# T"$ i77,$s s$ri$s 9$r$ *!,, o*

14@



a+tio's5 i'tri7!$s5 t"ri,,s5 t9ists5 s!r-ris$s a'd a 0$r& si-,$ ora,it& o* ri7"t

a7ai'st 9ro'75 a'7$,s a7ai'st d$0i,s5 9it" t"$ 7ood a,9a&s tri!-"a't# It 9as

ad0$'t!r$ a,, t"$ 9a&5 o' ,a'd a'd i' t"$ s.&# A'd 9"at is or$ o'$ did 'ot

"a0$ to r$ad or$ t"a' *i*t& -a7$s b$*or$ o'$ 9as i' t"$ t"i+. o* t"$ a+tio'#

T"$& 9$r$ t"$ .i'd o* boo.s t"at to,d a &o!'7 a'> o'+$ &o! start r$adi'7 $5

&o! 9i,, 'ot -!t $ do9'# It 9as t"$ stro'7 a+tio' 9"i+" ad$ o'$ *or7$t5 or

s9a,,o95 a,, t"$ ra+ist $-it"$ts o* t"$ 'arrati0$s# T"$ boo.s did 'ot i'0it$

$ditatio'5 !st t"$ i'0o,0$$'t i' t"$ a+tio's o* t"$ "$ro a'd "is ba'd o*

*ait"*!,s5 Gi'7$r5 A,7& a'd $rti$#

T"$& 9$r$ a bo&s boo.s r$a,,&# I +o!,d '$0$r t"i'. o* i77,$s as a' ad!,t#

H$ ,$ar't to *,& at t"$ a7$ o* s$0$'t$$' as d$s+rib$d i' 3iggles *earns to Fly

a'd "$ r$ai'$d !st t"at> a' ado,$s+$'t5 a bo& s+o!t5 a'd t"is 9as -robab,& t"$

ia7$ t"at b$+.o'$d t"$ &o!t" *ro t"$ r!ra, ar$a o* a basi+a,,& ora, so+i$t&#

i77,$s 9as a bo&5 dari'7 to tr&5 '$0$r 7i0i'7 !-5 str$t+"i'7 t"$ bo!'dari$s o*

9"at 9as +r$dib,$5 it is tr!$5 b!t sti,, i'0iti'7 t"$ bo& r$ad$rs to oi' i' t"$

ad0$'t!r$5 a,b$it i' a ra+$?+o,o!r$d !'i0$rs$ o* t"$ E'7,is"5 t"$ W"it$s a'd t"$

r$st o* !s#

14:



/6 ("ac Po!er

in (ritain

I* I +o!,d a.$ $0$r& b,a+. -$rso' r$ad o'$ boo. o' t"$ "istor& o* b,a+.

-$o-,$ i' t"$ W$st5 t"at 9o!,d "a0$ to b$ %# L# R# Ja$ss5 The 3lack )aco!ins#

T"$ s$+o'd 9o!,d b$ Eri+ Wi,,iass Ca'italism and Slavery# To t"at ,ist I 9i,,'o9 add5 -arti+!,ar,& *or -$o-,$ i' ritai'5 P$t$r ;r&$rs Staying #o%er. The

4istory of 3lack #eo'le in 3ritain-

It o-$'s 9it" a start,i'7 d$+,aratio'> t"$r$ 9$r$ A*ri+a's i' ritai' b$*or$

t"$ E'7,is" +a$ "$r$# It t"$' 7o$s o' to !'$art" a ass o* d$tai,s to s"o9 t"at

t"$r$ "as b$$' a +o'ti'!o!s b,a+. -r$s$'+$ i' t"is +o!'tr& *or t"$ ,ast *o!r or

*i0$ "!'dr$d &$ars or5 at ,$ast5 si'+$ t"$ si2t$$'t" +$'t!r&# T"$& 9$r$ bro!7"t

"$r$ o*t$' a7ai'st t"$ir 9i,,5 to s$r0$ t"is +o!'tr&# T"is *a+t "as a,so b$$'

0i0id,& +a-t!r$d b& a t9$,0$?&$ar?o,d r$sid$'t o* Ha+.'$&5 ria' %o,,i's5 i' ar$+$'t -o$5 O!r %o!'tr& No95 to b$ *o!'d i' a +o,,$+tio' o* -o$s b&

Lo'do' s+"oo, st!d$'ts tit,$d5 $ur City5 a'd P!b,is"$d b& Fo!'7 Wor,d oo.s

i' 1:@3 to ar. t"$ F$ar o* A'ti?Ra+is#

O!r Co!ntry No9

M& "o$ is Gr$'ada

M& "o$ is Lo'do'

O'$ da& ,o'7 a7o

M& brot"$rs +a$ *ro t"$ is,a'ds#

W$ 9or.$d o' t"$ b!s$s

W$ 9or.$d i' t"$ "os-ita,s

W$ 9or.$d o' t"$ rai,9a&s

W$ 9$r$ as.$d o0$r "$r$

To a.$ ritai' 9or. a7ai'#

1=



W$ s9$at$d ,o'7 "o!rs

E0$r& da& a'd $0$r& 'i7"t5

Hard 9or. a,, o!r ,i0$s#

W$ sa& 9$ b!i,t ritai'

W$ b,$d *or o!r +"i,dr$'s +"i,dr$'5

T"is is o!r "o$#

I a -art o* Gr$'ada

I a -art o* Lo'do'

M& brot"$rs ar$ -art o* E'7,a'd

;or a,, ti$5

O!r +o!'tr& 'o9#

& t"$ir 0$r& -r$s$'+$ "$r$5 t"$s$ -$o-,$ a,9a&s bro!7"t 9it" t"$ t"$ 0$r&

iss!$s 9"i+" 9$r$ b$i'7 ar7!$d o!t5 9it" 9ords or b,o9s or bot"5 i' t"$

-,a'tatio's a'd 7o,di'$s o* t"$ ritis" E-ir$# Mot"$r E'7,a'd +o!,d a**ord

to ,oo. b$'i7' a'd b$'$0o,$'t a'd $0$' -r$t$'d t"at t"os$ t"i'7s "a--$'$d

o',& i' t"$ o!t-osts o* t"$ E-ir$ or i' t"$ U'it$d Stat$s o* A$ri+a# Ra+is

9as so$t"i'7 -$+!,iar to So!t" A*ri+a a'd t"$ USA5 +o'0$'i$'t,& *or7$tti'7

t"at t"$s$ 9$r$ +r$atio's o* t"$ ritis" +o,o'ia, 7$'i!s#

It "as ta.$' t"$ s"ri'.i'7 o* t"$ E-ir$ i' t"$ *i*ti$s a'd si2ti$s5 t"$ ra+ist

ii7ratio' ,a9s o* t"$ si2ti$s a'd s$0$'ti$s5 a'd t"$ ,a+. -$o-,$s r$sista'+$

to i'stit!tio'a, a'd -$rso'a, dis+rii'atio' to bri'7 t"$ iss!$s to t"$ doors a'd

sitti'7 roos o* $0$r& i'"abita't o* t"is +o!'tr&# T"$ riots o* t"$ $i7"ti$s5 t"$

0io,$'+$ !',$as"$d a7ai'st ,a+. -$o-,$5 a'd t"$ a+ti0iti$s o* Natio'a,

;ro't?t&-$ or7a'isatio's5 ad$ it ab!'da't,& +,$ar t"at ra+is 9as 'ot

'$+$ssari,& a o'o-o,& o* t"$ USA a'd So!t" A*ri+a# Ra+is 'o ,o'7$r

r$sid$d o',& o!t t"$r$ i' t"$ o!t-osts o* t"$ E-ir$ b!t a,so "$r$ i' t"$

ori7i'a, b$,,& o* t"$ b$ast#

I' *a+t ra+is "as b$$' a' i't$7ra, -art o* t"$ 7ro9t" o* +a-ita,is *ro

its i'+$-tio' i' t"$ s$0$'t$$'t"? a'd $i7"t$$'t"?+$'t!r& s,a0$ trad$5 t"$

-,a'tatio' s,a0$r&5 a'd t"$ i'd!stria, r$0o,!tio' t"at *o,,o9$d t"$ s,a0$

-rod!+ts o* s!7ar5 +otto' a'd toba++o t"ro!7" to 'i'$t$$'t"?+$'t!r&

,aiss$?*air$ +a-ita,is a'd t"$ doi'atio' o* i-$ria,ist *i'a'+$ +a-ita, o* t"$

+o,o'ia, a'd '$o?+o,o'ia, $ra# %a-ita,is5 it "as b$$' said a'd +orr$+t,& so

+a$ to t"$ 9or,d dri--i'7 9it" b,ood# T"is b,ood 9as ost,& o* Asia' a'dA*ri+a' -$o-,$s#

1=1



T"!s t"$ $**$+ts o* ra+is ar$ 'ot ,i0$d t"ro!7" as dis$bodi$d +a-ita, b!t

as a r$a,it&# Its 0i+tis5 -arti+!,ar,& t"os$ o* A*ri+a' a'd Asia' ori7i's5 ,i0$ it

dai,&5 "o!r,&5 i' t"$ir -,a+$s o* 9or.5 i' t"$ str$$ts5 i' t"$ir "o$s a'd i' t"$ir

0$r& b$i'7s# Ra+is as a *$,t $2-$ri$'+$ is bri,,ia't,& +a-t!r$d i' t"$ 9or.s o*

t"$ &o!'7 9rit$rs5 ost,& bor' a'd bro!7"t !- "$r$ i' ritai'5 i' t"at +o,,$+tio'

o* -o$s5 $ur City5 t"at I "a0$ a,r$ad& r$*$rr$d to# A -o$ b& Kas"i

%"o9d"!r&5 a t9$,0$?&$ar?o,d *ro S-ita,*i$,ds5 +a-t!r$s t"$ 7$'$ra, ood o*

t"$ "a!'ti'7 -r$s$'+$ o* i-$'di'7 0io,$'+$ $2-$ri$'+$d b& t"$ &o!'7 ,i0i'7

i' ritai' toda&>

O!r City

I ,i0$ i' Lo'do'

W"$r$ ra+is t!r's to 0io,$'+$#

M& *ai,& ar$ str!77,i'7

W"$' '$9s +o$s o* bi,,s 7oi'7 !-#

W"$r$ I ,i0$

T"$ str$$ts ar$ dirt&

Wit" r!bbis" t"ro9' o!t t"at is sti'.i'7#

T"$ "o!si'7 is bad

$+a!s$ b!r7,ars +o!,d 7$t i'

A'd t"$' 9$ t!r' sad#

W$ ar$ *ri7"t$'$d to 7o o!t at 'i7"t

!st i' +as$ 9$ ar$ "a!,$d i'to a *i7"t#

W$ 9a.$ !- at da9' a7ai'

A'd 7i0$ a bi7 &a9'#

W$0$ 7ot to 7o to s+"oo, t"ro!7" a dar. t!''$,

W"$r$ 9$r$ s!r$ t"$r$s 7ot to b$ tro!b,$#

W$ 7$t ost o* t"$ b!,,&i'7 i' s+"oo,5

!t t"$r$s 'ot"i'7 I +o!,d do#

W"$' it 7$ts dar.

W"it$ b!,,i$s +o$ o!t 9it" do7s t"at bar.

Wit" .'i0$s t"at 7,o9 i' t"$ dar.5

W$r$ s!r$ 9$r$ 7oi'7 to b$ str!+.#

T"$ 9$at"$r is !s!a,,& +,o!d&5

1=



So$ti$s it t!r's rai'&#

Pri+$s o* *ood 7o !- da& b& da&5

W"i+" a.$s o!r si-,& $'o&i'7 ,i*$ 7o a9a&#

T"$ a's9$r to t"at r$a,it& so 7ra-"i+a,,& d$s+rib$d b& %"o9d"!r& is 7i0$' b&

a'ot"$r &o!t"5 Pa!, L$"a'$ ($,$0$' &$ars o,d)5 i' t"$ sa$ +o,,$+tio' a'd i'

!st t9o ,i'$s at t"$ $'d o* "is -o$ o' t"$ +it&>

Haro'& is 9"at 9$ 9a't

!t 9$,, "a0$ to *i7"t *or it#

;i7"t *or it# Str!77,$ *or it Not ,$ast o* t"$ si7'i*i+a'+$ o* t"$ t$stio'& i'

Staying #o%er is t"$ *a+t t"at t"$ boo. is 9ritt$' b& a 9"it$ -$rso' a'd5

a++ordi'7 to "i5 it 9as a +"a'+$ r$ar. d!ri'7 t"$ 1:@1 riots 9"i+" *i'a,,&

,$d "i to start t"is assi0$ +o-i,atio' o* data t"at 7r$9 i'to s!+" a 7ri--i'7

stor& o* b,a+. -$o-,$s -r$s$'+$ a'd t"$ir +o'trib!tio' i' ritai' o0$r so a'&

&$ars# I' ot"$r 9ords5 it 9as a' a+t o* r$sista'+$ to ra+is b& its br!is$d

r$+i-i$'ts 9"i+" -ro-t$d "i to att$-t a 7$'$ra, r$?$0a,!atio' o* t"$ b,a+.

-r$s$'+$ i' ritai'#

T"$ boo. its$,* is5 i' -art5 a r$+ord o* t"at r$sista'+$ a'd o* t"$ sta&i'7

-o9$r o* b,a+. -$o-,$ 9$ sa9 d$s+rib$d i' ria' %o,,i's -o$# Ma'&

bri,,ia't# i'ds !- o!t o* its -a7$s to i,,!i'at$ o!r -$r+$-tio' o* t"$ "istor&

o* ritai' a'd its dia,$+ti+a, ,i'. to t"at o* a' E-ir$ 'o9 r$bor' as

'$o?+o,o'i$s> Ottoba" %!7oa'o5 O,a!da" E6!ia'o5 Wi,,ia Da0idso'5 Rob$rt

W$dd$rb!r'5 Wi,,ia %!**&5 Mar& S$a+o,$5 a'd a'& ot"$rs ri7"t !- to t"$

-r$s$'t da& ,i.$s o* G$or7$ Pador$ a'd %#L#R# Ja$s# W$ s"o!,d .'o9 t"$ir

stori$s#

!t t"$ r$a, sta&i'7 -o9$r is t"at o* t"$ str!77,$s o* ,abo!r5 b,a+. ,abo!r

a'd ot"$r -$o-,$s ,abo!r5 ordi'ar& $' a'd 9o$' 9"os$ 'a$s 9i,, '$0$ra--$ar i' "istor& t$2t?boo.s# It is t"$ir str!77,$s i' ritai'5 9"i+" add$d to

t"os$ o* t"$ 'atio'a, ,ib$ratio' $**orts o* t"$ir +o!'t$r-arts i' Asia5 A*ri+a a'd

t"$ %aribb$a' 9"i+" "a0$ -!t ra+is o' t"$ a7$'da i' t"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r&5

+a,,i'7 o!t ,o!d,& *or i$diat$ so,!tio's#

1=



/7 Many 2ears ,a"

to $reedom

Welcome 4ome Mandela9

Wat+"$d b& t"o!sa'ds 9"o "ad 7at"$r$d i' %a-$ To9' to 9it'$ss t"$ ira+,$

a'd b& i,,io's o* ot"$rs aro!'d t"$ 9or,d 0ia t$,$0isio'5 Ma'd$,a 9a,.$d

"a'd i' "a'd 9it" "is 9i*$5 Wi''i$5 to a -$rso'a, *r$$do a'd tri!-"# H$ 9as

9riti'7 t"$ dat$ ? ;$br!ar& 115 1:: ? i'to 9or,d "istor&# A'd 9"$' "$ s-o.$

"$ bro!7"t o& as "$ -!b,i+,& r$ar$d "is b$,i$* i' t"$ -$o-,$ o* So!t" A*ri+a

a'd i' t"$ -ri'+i-,$s *or 9"i+" "$ "ad b$$' -r$-ar$d to di$ ? a d$o+rati+5

'o'ra+ia, a'd !'itar& So!t" A*ri+a#

Mi,,io's "ad 9ait$d *or t"is $0$'t o0$r a'& &$ars b!t i't$'s$,& or$ so

i' t"$ *$9 da&s -r$+$$di'7 it5 a *a+t b$st s&bo,is$d b& a 'i'$?&$ar?o,d 7ir,5

Las"abi5 a'd "$r ot"$r5 N$$ri 9a Nd!'7!# ;ro t"$ a7$ o* si2 Las"abi

"ad +o,,$+t$d $0$r& '$9s-a-$r a'd a7ai'$ arti+,$ a'd -i+t!r$s o* N$,so' a'd

Wi''i$ Ma'd$,a s"$ +o!,d 7$t# T"$ door a'd 9a,,s o* "$r b$droo 9$r$

,it$ra,,& -ast$d 9it" t"$ Ma'd$,as !'d$r a bi7 "$adi'7> ;r$$ Ma'd$,a# ;or

&$ars s"$ "ad !r7$d "$r ot"$r5 9"o s"$ o* +o!rs$ t"o!7"t +o!,d o0$

o!'tai's5 to si-,& t$,$-"o'$ t"$ So!t" A*ri+a' Pr$sid$'ts a'd d$a'd t"$

r$,$as$ o* Ma'd$,a# I* "$r ot"$r +o!,d i't$r0$'$ 9it" s+"oo, Pr$sid$'ts5 9"&

'ot 9it" a,, Pr$sid$'ts W"$' 'i'$ da&s $ar,i$r ;# W# D$ K,$r. "ad a''o!'+$d

t"at Ma'd$,a 9o!,d b$ *r$$5 s"$ 7r$$t$d t"$ '$9s b& !-i'7 !- a'd do9' a'd!r7i'7 "$r ot"$r> L$ts a.$ a bi7 +ard a'd s$'d it to Ma'd$,a# W$,+o$

Ho$5 aaba Ma'd$,a5 9$ 9i,, sa&# Las"abi a'd "$r ot"$r5 N$$ri5 ,i0$ i'

N$9ar.5 NJ5 USA# I' 1:= 9"$' Ma'd$,a 9as ai,$d *or ,i*$5 t"$ ot"$r5 9"o

9as bor' i' Ma'7!5 K$'&a5 "ad b$$' o',& s$0$' &$ars o,d# No9 s"$ a'd "$r

'i'$?&$ar?o,d da!7"t$r 9$r$ 9aiti'7 *or Ma'd$,a# Q!it$ +,$ar,&

Ma'd$,a "as b$$' i' t"$ i'ds

1=3



o* a'd "$arts o* s$0$ra, 7$'$ratio's ? 'ot o',& i' A*ri+a b!t i' a'& -arts o*

t"$ 9or,d5 i' t"$ i'ds a'd "$arts o* a,, 9"o 0a,!$ "!a' *r$$do# T"o!sa'ds

"ad ar+"$d *or "is r$,$as$ i' 0irt!a,,& $0$r& +it& a'd 0i,,a7$ i' t"$ 9or,d#

Str$$ts "ad b$$' 'a$d a*t$r "i# M!si+ i' "is 'a$ 9as s$,,i'7 i' i,,io's o*

r$+ords# oo.s "ad b$$' 9ritt$' abo!t "i# S+!,-tors a'd -ai't$rs too "ad

tri$d to +a-t!r$ t"$ ia7$ o* t"is -riso'$r o* a-art"$id# T"$ 9"o,$ 9or,d "ad

b$$' 9aiti'7 *or Ma'd$,a#

W"& "a0$ Ma'd$,as 'a$ a'd -$rso'a,it& +a-ti0at$d so a'& -$o-,$ H$

9as 'ot t"$ o',& -riso'$r *or ,i*$# I'd$$d5 a'& -o,iti+a, d$tai'$$s "a0$ di$d i'

t"$ -riso's o* So!t" A*ri+a# Ot"$rs "a0$ b$$' assa+r$d b$*or$ t"$ $&$s o* t"$

9or,d> S"ar-$0i,,$ i' t"$ si2ti$s So9$to i' t"$ s$0$'ti$s# I' *a+t5 *or t"$ b,a+.

-$o-,$ o* So!t" A*ri+a t"$ 9"o,$ +o!'tr& "as b$$' o'$ 0ast ai,"o!s$# T"is 9as

-arti+!,ar,& so i' t"$ &$ars o* -ass ,a9s a'd -assboo.s#

T"$ ost +o-$,,i'7 t"i'7 abo!t Ma'd$,a is "o9 "$ $'d!r$d t"os$ &$ars

o* so,itar& +o'*i'$$'t a'd ot"$r tort!r$s 9it"o!t $0$r s!rr$'d$ri'7 to t"$

ra+ist 0a-ir$s# I' "i -$o-,$ s$$ t"$ i'*i'it$ +a-a+it& o* t"$ "!a' s-irit to

r$sist a'd to +o'6!$r# H!rra" *or t"$ s-irit o* r$sista'+$ Do 9$ 'ot *or t"$

sa$ r$aso' id$'ti*& i' ,it$rat!r$ 9it" +"ara+t$rs ,i.$ Pro$t"$!s A'd i'

"istor& 9it" -$o-,$ ,i.$ Pa!, Rob$so'5 K9a$ N.r!a"5 Ho %"i Mi'"5 Nat

T!r'$r5 To!ssai't LO0$rt!r$5 K$'&a' *r$$do *i7"t$r D$da' Kiat"i5

ibab9$a' r$sista'+$ ,$ad$r# Mb!&a N$"a'da5 a'd art&r$d %"i,$a' -o$t

a'd si'7$r i+tor Jara

A,, t"$s$ *i7!r$s ar$ "$roi+ b$+a!s$ t"$& r$*,$+t or$ i't$'s$,& i' t"$ir

i'di0id!a, so!,s t"$ so!,s o* t"$ir +o!'it&# T"$ir !'i6!$'$ss is t"$

!'i6!$'$ss o* t"$ "istori+a, o$'t# T"$& a.$ "istor& $0$' as "istor& a.$s

t"$# T"$& ar$ tor+"$s t"at b,a$ o!t '$9 -at"s# S!+" a tor+" "as b$$' s$t

a,i7"t b& t"$ *ir$ o* t"$ ass$s5 a'd $0$r& ti$ it s$$s to *ad$ t"$ 7r$at o'$s

t!r' to t"$ir -$o-,$ *or or$ $'$r7&# Ma'd$,a "as b$$' s!+" a tor+" *or t"$

So!t" A*ri+a' -$o-,$# T"$ b,a+. -$o-,$ o* So!t" A*ri+a ar$ r$*,$+t$d i'

Ma'd$,a#

I' Ma'd$,a t"$ -$o-,$ o* t"$ 9or,d "a0$ r$a,,& b$$' a--,a!di'7 t"$

+o!ra7$5 t"$ $'d!ra'+$5 t"$ r$sista'+$ a'd s-irit o* t"$ So!t" A*ri+a' ass$s#

T"$ -$o-,$ o* t"$ 9or,d5 -arti+!,ar,& A*ri+a's a'd t"os$ o* A*ri+a' d$s+$'t#

o!tsid$ A*ri+a5 "a0$ i' t!r' s$$' t"$s$,0$s r$*,$+t$d i' t"$ str!77,i'7 So!t"

A*ri+a' ass$s# Or -!t

1=4



a'ot"$r 9a&5 Ma'd$,a is to b,a+. So!t" A*ri+as str!77,$s 9"at b,a+. So!t"

A*ri+as str!77,$s ar$ to t"$ d$o+rati+ *or+$s o* t"$ 9or,d i' t"$ t9$'ti$t"

+$'t!r&# I'd$$d5 So!t" A*ri+a is a irror o* t"$ od$r' 9or,d i' its $$r7$'+$

o0$r t"$ ,ast *o!r "!'dr$d &$ars#

A ,ar7$ +,ai Not r$a,,&# W"$' as+o da Gaa ,a'd$d at t"$ %a-$ o*

Good Ho-$ i' 13:@5 "$ 'ot o',& *o!'d *or W$st$r' E!ro-$ a' $asi$r ro!t$ to

I'dias ri+"$s5 "$ a,so start$d t"$ ,o'7 $ra o* A*ri+as !'$6!a, a'd !'9i,,i'7

-art'$rs"i- i' t"$ d$0$,o-$'t o* E!ro-$ a'd t"$ '$9,& dis+o0$r$d A$ri+as#

E!ro-$s t9o 7r$at$st -o,iti+a, $+o'oists a'd -"i,oso-"$rs5 Ada Sit" a'd

Kar, Mar25 a7r$$ i' t"$ir 9riti'7s t"at t"$ dis+o0$r& o* t"$ s$a ro!t$ to I'dia

0ia So!t" A*ri+a a'd o* t"$ +o'ti'$'t o* A$ri+a 9$r$ t"$ t9o ost i-orta't

$0$'ts i' t"$ $$r7$'+$5 7ro9t" a'd d$0$,o-$'t o* -ost?R$'aissa'+$ E!ro-$#

Ada Sit" +a,,$d t"$ t"$ t9o 7r$at$st a'd ost i-orta't $0$'ts i' t"$

"istor& o* a'.i'd Kar, Mar2 d$s+rib$d t"$ as o-$'i'7 !- *r$s" 7ro!'d *or

t"$ risi'7 bo!r7$oisi$ a'd as 7i0i'7 to trad$5 +o$r+$ a'd i'd!str& a'

i-!,s$ '$0$r b$*or$ .'o9'

So!t" A*ri+a5 t"o!7" *art"$st r$o0$d *ro E!ro-$5 b$+a$ E!ro-$s

7at$9a& to t"$ "$art o* t"$ +o'ti'$'t# I' a 9or,d +o't$2t5 So!t" A*ri+a a,so

b$+a$ t"$ .'ot t"at ti$d to7$t"$r t"$ di0$rs$ "istori$s a'd *ort!'$s o* Asia5

E!ro-$ a'd A$ri+a# Li.$ t"$ r$st o* t"$ +o'ti'$'t5 So!t" A*ri+a sa9 "$r

-$o-,$ "!'t$d do9' a'd +arri$d a9a& as s,a0$s# T"$ir ,abo!r 9as !s$d to

d$0$,o- 9"at ,at$r b$+a$ t"$ U'it$d Stat$s5 a'd -ro*its *ro t"$ sa,$ o* t"$ir

bodi$s as +ooditi$s b$+a$ -art o* t"$ +a-ita, t"at a!t"oriti$s ,i.$ W#E##

D!ois5 %#L#R# Ja$s a'd Eri+ Wi,,ias "a0$ -ro0$d 9as t"$ basis o* W$st$r'

E!ro-$s 'i'$t$$'t"?+$'t!r& i'd!stria, ta.$o**#

;ro 1=45 9"$' *irst t"$ D!t+" a'd ;r$'+" a'd *i'a,,& t"$ ritis" s$tt,$rs

str$a$d i'to So!t" A*ri+a a'd b$7a' *or+ib,& ta.i'7 ,a'd *ro t"$ A*ri+a's5 to

t"$ 'i'$t$$'t" +$'t!r& (9"$' t"$ 9"o,$ +o!'tr& b$+a$ *irst a ritis" +o,o'&

a'd t"$' a '$o?+o,o'& s!-$r0is$d b& a 9"it$ i'orit&)5 t"$ 7o,d5 diao'ds a'd

i'$ra,s o* So!t" A*ri+a 9$r$ !s$d to d$0$,o- W$st$r' E!ro-$a' i'd!stri$s ?

a'd ,at$r A$ri+as5 too ? a'd *or t"$ b!i,di'7 o* $'oro!s 7o,d r$s$r0$s# Is

t"$r$ a'& ba'.5 *i'a'+ia, i'stit!tio' or i'd!str& o* a'& si7'i*i+a't si$ i'

W$st$r' E!ro-$5 t"$ US a'd Ja-a' t"at is 'ot i'd$bt$d to t"$ 7o,d a'd

diao'ds o* So!t" A*ri+a

T"$ aorit& o* t"$ i'd!stri$s i'sid$ So!t" A*ri+a ar$ bra'+"$s5

1==



s!bsidiari$s or -art'$rs o* t"os$ i' t"$ W$st5 a'd t"$ir $'oro!s -ro*its "a0$

b$$' +,$ar,& root$d i' t"$ s,a0$ 9a7$s o* b,a+. 9or.$rs a'd i' t"$ 7$'$ra,

-o0$rt& o* t"$ aorit& 7!ara't$$d b& t"$ +r!$, s&st$ o* a'artheid- T"$ So!t"

A*ri+a' $+o'o& is i'$2tri+ab,& ti$d to t"at o* t"$ W$st# So its 'ot s!r-risi'7

t"at ritai' a'd t"$ U'it$d Stat$s "a0$ b$$' "osti,$ to +a,,s *or $+o'oi+

bo&+otts# To r$s-o'd to s!+" +a,,s 9o!,d i' r$a,it& b$ to i'stit!t$ bo&+otts

a7ai'st t"$s$,0$s# I' *a+t5 bo&+ott +a,,s b$7a' to "a0$ so$ .i'd o* $**$+t

o',& 9"$' t"$ d$o+rati+ *or+$s i' t"$ US r$a,is$d t"at t"$ -i,,ars o* a'artheid

9$r$ ri7"t at t"$ir doorst$-# T"$ USA t"$' start$d to +o'sid$r $+o'oi+

sa'+tio's a'd to -r$ss!r$ its b!si'$ss +o!'it& to +o?o-$rat$#

I' t"$ So!t" A*ri+a' s&st$5 -$o-,$ s$$ t"$ bitt$r *r!itio' i' t"is +$'t!r& o*

at ,$ast *i0$ *or+$s t"at "a0$ b$d$0i,$d t"$ r$a, d$0$,o-$'t o* "!a' b$i'7s>

+,assi+a, +o,o'ia,is5 '$o?+o,o'ia,s5 s,a0$ 9a7$s5 ra+is a'd t"$ !s!r-atio'

o* t"$ -$o-,$s so0$r$i7't& t"ro!7" t"$ d$'ia, o* d$o+ra+&# !t b,a+. So!t"

A*ri+a's do 'ot -r$s$'t t"$ -i+t!r$ o* $'d,$ss,& "$,-,$ss 0i+tis o* s!-$rior

*or+$s# T"$ir "istor& -r$s$'ts a -$o-,$ 9"o "a0$ -io'$$r$d i' t"$ str!77,$ *or

+o!'a, s!r0i0a,5 'atio'a, ,ib$ratio' a'd so+ia, $a'+i-atio'# T"$ s!++$ss o*

t"$ir r$sista'+$ +a' b$ $as!r$d or$ a++!rat$,& b& !2ta-osi'7 t"$ir "istor&

9it" t"at o* t"$ ot"$r aor ar$as i'0ad$d b& E!ro-$a' s$tt,$rs i' t"$

s$0$'t$$'t" a'd $i7"t$$'t" +$'t!ri$s# I' t"$ A$ri+as5 %a'ada a'd A!stra,ia5

E!ro-$a's 0irt!a,,& 9i-$d o!t t"$ 'ati0$ -o-!,atio's5 9"$r$as t"$ *$ro+it& o*

b,a+. So!t" A*ri+a's r$sista'+$ b,!'t$d t"$ d$t$ri'$d $**orts o* E!ro-$a'

s$tt,$rs to a''i"i,at$ t"$# S"a.a5 t"$ 7r$at .i'7 o* t"$ !,!5 is -ossib,& t"$

b$st .'o9' o* a,, t"$ ,$ad$rs o* -r$?t9$'ti$t"?+$'t!r& r$sista'+$ i' A*ri+a5 a'd

"is 'a$ +o'ti'!$s to i's-ir$ ,ib$ratio' $**orts#

,a+. So!t" A*ri+a "as "ad to -a& a "i7" -ri+$ *or its r$sista'+$# ;ro

S"a.a to Ma'd$,a5 its -$o-,$ "a0$ $2-$ri$'+$d o'$ assa+r$ a*t$r a'ot"$r att"$ "a'ds o* E!ro-$a's# T"$ S"ar-$0i,,$ a'd So9$to assa+r$s a.$ A*ri+a'

-$o-,$ r$+a,, ot"$r assa+r$s i' +o,o'ia, A*ri+a' "istor& ? Ho,a %a- i'

K$'&a5 Miri&a! i' Moabi6!$5 A,7i$rs i' A,7$ria# !t t"$ b,a+. -$o-,$ o*

So!t" A*ri+a "a0$ '$0$r 7i0$' !- "o-$5 'ot $0$' 9"$' ot"$rs5 9"o b$7a'

or7a'is$d str!77,$s &$ars a*t$r t"$irs5 "a0$ rais$d 'atio'a, *,a7s a'd s!'7

'atio'a, a't"$s#

T"$r$ "a0$ b$$' ot"$r -io'$$ri'7 s!++$ss$s i' b,a+. So!t" A*ri+a#

1=<



T"$ A*ri+a' Natio'a, %o'7r$ss5 *or$d i' 1:15 is o'$ o* t"$ o,d$st o* od$r'

-o,iti+a, -arti$s i' A*ri+a# T"$ AN% +a' b$ d$s+rib$d as t"$ *at"$r a'd ot"$r

o* a,, t"$ ot"$r A*ri+a' ,ib$ratio' o0$$'ts# Its a't"$5 N.osi Si.$,$,$

A*ri+a God ,$ss A*ri+a5 is t"$ '$ar$st t"i'7 to a -a'?A*ri+a' i't$r'atio'a,$5

a'd $0$' toda& it is t"$ 'atio'a, a't"$ o* Ta'a'ia a'd ibab9$#

;!rt"$ror$5 A*ri+a is 'ot t"$ o',& b$'$*i+iar& o* t"$ -io'$$ri'7 ,ib$ratio'

str!77,$s o* t"$ b,a+. So!t" A*ri+a' -$o-,$# R$$b$r t"at Ma"ata Ga'd"i

o* I'dia start$d "is -o,iti+a, a+ti0is i' So!t" A*ri+a# A'd t"$ i'd$-$'d$'+$ o*

I'dia i' 1:3@ "ad 6!it$ a' i-a+t o' i'd$-$'d$'+$ o0$$'ts t"ro!7"o!t t"$

r$st o* Asia a'd A*ri+a#

I' ,it$rat!r$ too> t"$ 'a$s o* T"oas Mo*o,o5 i,i.ai5 P$t$r Abra"as5

Es.ia M-"a",$,$5 A,$2 ,a G!a5 Maisi K!'$'$5 Miria T,a,i to $'tio' !st

a *$9 ar$ 0irt!a,,& i's$-arab,$ *ro t"$ d$0$,o-$'t o* ,it$rat!r$ i' t"$ r$st o*

t"$ +o'ti'$'t#

!t t"$ o'$ t"i'7 t"at a.$s $0$r& A*ri+a'5 $0$r& b,a+. -$rso' i' t"$

9or,d5 s$$ "i /"$rs$,* r$*,$+t$d i' t"$ "istor& o* t"$ b,a+. So!t" A*ri+a'

-$o-,$ ? a'd t"$r$*or$ o* Ma'd$,a ? is t"$ tita'i+ *i7"t a7ai'st ra+is a'd t"$

+o,o!r ,i'$5 o'+$ d$s+rib$d b& W#E## D!ois as t"$ -rob,$ o* t"$ t9$'ti$t"

+$'t!r&# Ra+ia, o--r$ssio' +arri$s 9it"i' it a'& d$'ia,s ?$+o'oi+5 -o,iti+a,5

+!,t!ra, a'd -s&+"o,o7i+a,# W"o do$s 'ot s$$ "i/"$rs$,* r$*,$+t$d i' t"at

irror

So!t" A*ri+a is $# So!t" A*ri+a is &o!# So!t" A*ri+a is a,, t"$ b,a+.

-$o-,$ o* t"$ $art"# So!t" A*ri+a is a,, t"$ 9or.$rs o* t"$ 9or,d# So!t" A*ri+a is

"!a'it& i' a str!77,$ to sa0$ its$,*# I* t"at str!77,$ *or t"$ r$+o0$r& o* a s$'s$

o* "!a' +o!'it& is ,$d b& So!t" A*ri+as ass$s t"ro!7" t"$ir -o,iti+a,

or7a'isatio's5 ,i.$ t"$ So!t" A*ri+a' %o!'ist Part&5 t"$ AN% a'd t"$

Pa'?A*ri+a' %o'7r$ss5 it is $6!a,,& tr!$ t"at N$,so' Ma'd$,a "as b$$' its

,$adi'7 s&bo,# H$ "as *ir,& "$,d a,o*t t"$ irror i' 9"i+" t"$ t9$'ti$t"

+$'t!r& "as b$$' ,oo.i'7 at its$,*#

O'$ "o-$s t"at "is r$,$as$5 +oi'7 as it do$s i' t"$ +,osi'7 d$+ad$ o* t"$

t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r&5 aid so a'& +"a'7$s ta.i'7 -,a+$ i' t"$ -o9$r a- o* t"$

9or,d a'd t"$ +ri$s $0$r&9"$r$ *or -o9$r to t"$ -$o-,$5 9i,, b$ o',& a s"ort

st$- to t"$ ,ib$ratio' o* t"$ b,a+. So!t" A*ri+a' -$o-,$ so t"at t"$& +a' +o'tro,

t"$ir $+o'o&5 t"$ir -o,iti+s a'd t"$ir +!,t!r$# W"$t"$r t"$& a+"i$0$ t"at .i'd

o* $-o9$r$'t or 'ot 9i,, d$-$'d o' t"$ $2t$'t to 9"i+" t"$& +a' r$sist b$i'7

1=@



-r$ss!r$d b& t"$ W$st to a++$-t t"$ K$'&a so,!tio'#

I' 1:=5 Joo K$'&atta 9as r$,$as$d *ro $i7"t &$ars i' -riso'5 a'd "$

-ro+$$d$d to '$7otiat$ a9a& $0$r&t"i'7 t"at t"$ Ma! Ma! ar$d str!77,$ "ad

*o!7"t *or# %o,o'ia, str!+t!r$s 9$r$ ,$*t i'ta+t5 a'd toda& K$'&a !'d$r

s!++$ssor Da'i$, ara- Moi is o'$ o* t"$ ost r$-r$ssi0$ stat$s i' t"$ 9or,d5 a

'$o?+o,o'& +o-,$t$,& a'd -at"$ti+a,,& d$-$'d$'t o' t"$ W$st# K$'&atta ,ost

o' t"$ '$7otiati'7 tab,$ 9"at "ad a,r$ad& b$$' 9o' o' t"$ batt,$*i$,d b& t"$

K$'&a' -$o-,$#

,a+. So!t" A*ri+a +a''ot a++$-t5 or i'd$$d a**ord5 t"$ r$-,a+$$'t o* t"$

1:1 '$o?+o,o'ia, arra'7$$'t !'d$r 9"it$?i'orit& s!-$r0isio' b& a 1::s

r$*i'$d '$o?+o,o'ia, arra'7$$'t to b$ r!' b& a b,a+. i'orit&# T"$ "istor& o*

t"$ ,ast *o!r "!'dr$d &$ars +a,,s !-o' t"$ to o0$rt"ro9 *or$0$r a'd

+o-,$t$,& t"$ tri-,$ b!rd$'s o* +o,o'ia,is5 '$o?+o,o'ia,is a'd ra+ia,

o--r$ssio' a'd to start o' a 7$'!i'$ ar+" to9ard so+ia, !sti+$ *or a,,#

Ma'd$,as r$,$as$ is "is o9' 0i+tor& a'd t"$ 0i+tor& o* t"$ AN% a'd t"$

ot"$r ,ib$ratio' o0$$'ts o* t"$ b,a+. So!t" A*ri+a' -$o-,$ a'd o* a,, b,a+.

a'd A*ri+a' -$o-,$s a'd o* a,, t"$ ,o0$rs o* "!a' *r$$do# No9 t"at

Ma'd$,a is *r$$5 -$o-,$ o* t"$ 9or,d !st r$do!b,$ t"$ s!--ort *or ,ib$ratio'

o0$$'ts i' t"$ir d$a'ds *or i'd$-$'d$'+$ a'd *r$$do#

P$r"a-s t"$ 'i'$?&$ar?o,d 7ir, 9as so $2+it$d abo!t Ma'd$,as r$,$as$

b$+a!s$ i' it s"$ +a!7"t a 7,i-s$ o* toorro9 ? as it 9i,, b$ +r$at$d b& a

7$'$ratio' d$t$ri'$d to $'s!r$ t"at t"$ t9$'t&?*irst +$'t!r& 9i,, b$ t"$

+$'t!r& o* A*ri+a a'd o* a,, ot"$r $2-,oit$d a'd o--r$ss$d -$o-,$ o* t"$ $art"#

1=:



1<





08 Life0 Literature

. a Lon#in#

for Home

Ha0$ &o! $0$r "ad t"$ s$'satio' o* b$i'7 i' t9o -,a+$s at t"$ sa$ ti$

Toorro9 *or i'sta'+$ I a r$t!r'i'7 to E'7,a'd *ro N$9 E'7,a'd a*t$r *i0$

o't"s o* t$a+"i'7 ,it$rat!r$ a'd -o,iti+s *or t"$ E'7,is" a'd %o-arati0$

Lit$rat!r$ D$-art$'ts at Fa,$ U'i0$rsit& i' N$9 Ha0$'5 'ot too *ar *ro N$9

Lo'do'#

T"$ +o,,$7$s ar$ a r$-,i+a o* O2*ord5 do9' to t"$ +o,o!r o* t"$ sto'$s#

T"$& 9$r$ b!i,t d!ri'7 t"$ D$-r$ssio' b& i-ort$d Ita,ia' +ra*ts$' 9"o ,$*t

t"$ir si7'at!r$s o' t"$ roo*s a'd 9a,,s o* t"$ 7ot"i+ ar+"it$+t!r$ b& 9a& o*

7ar7o&,$s ? 9it" *a+$s o+.i'7 at s+"o,ars"i-#

T"$ *irst st!d$'t 9as a Ja+ob H$i'9a&5 $'ro,,$d i' Mar+" 1<5 -a0i'7

t"$ 9a& *or a ,o'7 ,i'$ o* ot"$rs 9"o 9o!,d b$ i'str!+t$d i' t"$ Arts a'd

S+i$'+$s a'd *itt$d *or -!b,i+ E-,o&$'t bot" i' %"!r+" a'd %i0i, Stat$#

U'ti, t"$ si2ti$s a'd s$0$'ti$s t"is ,o'7 ,i'$ "ard,& i'+,!d$d ,a+.s a'd

9o$'# Toda& it is +o$d!+atio'a, a'd !,tira+ia,5 a,t"o!7" ,a+.s ar$ sti,, a#

i'orit&#

Li.$ t"$ ot"$r I0& L$a7!$ +o,,$7$s Fa,$ attra+ts 0$r& 7ood st!d$'ts a'd its

7rad!at$s r$adi,& *i'd $-,o&$'t i' a,, sorts o* -,a+$s a'd -ositio's# O'$ o*

its ,a9 7rad!at$s "as $0$' *o!'d "is 9a& to t"$ "i7"$st -ositio' i' %i0i, Stat$#

His 'a$ is G$or7$ !s"5 a'd "$ "as $-,o&$d a'ot"$r Fa,ia'5 D# A,a'

ro,$&5 as "is 'atio'a, ad0is$r i' t"$ s+i$'+$s a'd t$+"'o,o7&#

Writ$rs ar$ s!--os$d to "a0$ a' o-i'io' o' $0$r&t"i'7 *ro 7$o7ra-"&5

"istor&5 -"&si+s a'd +"$istr& to t"$ *at$ o* "!a'.i'd#

1<



R$+$'t,& I att$'d$d a 9or.s"o- i' Sto+."o, o' D$0$,o-$'t Assista'+$ *or

t"$ Ni'$ti$s# I 7a0$ a -a-$r o' T"$ I-a+t o* Do'ors a'd D$0$,o-$'t

Assista'+$ o' t"$ R$+i-i$'t %!,t!r$s# #

I oi'$d t"$ ot"$r A*ri+a's -r$s$'t i' ta.i'7 a -ositio' 9"i+" 9as di**$r$'t

*ro t"at o* t"$ $2-$rt *ro t"$ Wor,d a'. 9"o .$-t o' +iti'7 K$'&a5

Ma,a9i5 %a$roo'5 a'd I0or& %oast ? a,, r$-r$ssi0$5 a,, s!bs$r0i$'t to t"$ W$st

? as t"$ s!++$ss stori$s o* IM; A*ri+a#

T"$s$ 9$r$ $2-$rts o' i+ro a'd a+ro$+o'oi+s 9"o "ad dra9'

+o-,i+at$d 7ra-"s a'd *i7!r$s a'd 6!ot$d statisti+s5 a'd 9$r$ s!--os$d to

!'d$rsta'd $a+" ot"$rs ,a'7!a7$s#

W"$' ,at$r d!ri'7 a boat rid$ i' t"$ Sto+."o, 9at$rs I $t P$r Wstb$r75

t"$ S9$dis" 'o0$,ist a'd *or$r Pr$sid$'t o* I't$r'atio'a, PEN5 I s!dd$',&

r$a,is$d "o9 7,ad I 9as si-,& to ta,. s"o- 9it" a'ot"$r 9rit$r#

Wstb$r7 is t"$ a!t"or o* Edens Skugga AThe Shado%s of FireB a'd

3ergets 0alla ASource of the MountainB( a'd '!$ro!s ot"$r arti+,$s a'd boo.s

o' A*ri+a# As t"$ boat o0$d to9ards t"$ +$'tr$ o* Sto+."o, "$ ta,.$d abo!t

t"$ -,a+$s o* "is +"i,d"ood 9"i+" 9$r$ a,so t"$ ,a'ds+a-$ o* a '!b$r o* "is

'o0$,s s$t i' Sto+."o,#

Do &o! s$$ t"at stat!$ It is G!sta* III5 t"$ Ki'7 o* S9$d$'5 !rd$r$d i'

1<: at a as6!$rad$ ba,, at Sto+."o, o-$ra# Ma'&# -$o-,$ "a0$ dra9'

-ara,,$,s b$t9$$' "is !rd$r a'd t"at o* O,o* Pa,$# A'd t"$r$ "$ s!dd$',&

sto--$d5 ob0io!s,& r$,i0i'7 t"$ -ai' a'd ot"$r $ori$s *or a -$rso' 9"o 9as

'ot o',& "is +o!'tr&s ,o0$d -r$i$r b!t a,so a -$rso'a, a'd *ai,& *ri$'d#

W"at 9as $$r7i'7 9as Wastb$r7s ,o0$ o* t"$ -"&si+a, a'd so+ia,

,a'ds+a-$ o* "is !-bri'7i'7 as a +iti$' a'd as a 9rit$r5 a'd I *$,t s,i7"t,&

o0$r9"$,$d b& a s$'s$ o* & o9' $2i,$ *ro K$'&a#

;or t"$ ,ast si2 &$ars I "a0$ ,i0$d i' Is,i'7to'5 a'd t"is s$,*?+o'tai'$d !rba'

0i,,a7$ '$ar t"$ "$art o* Lo'do' "as b$+o$ a .i'd o* s$+o'd "o$# M& 'o0$,5

Mati7ari5 9as 9ritt$' i' Gi.!&! at @4+ No$, Road 9"i+" a.$s $ id$'ti*&

9it" Is,i'7to' a,, t"$ or$# W"$' I 9as i'0it$d to Fa,$ ,ast &$ar I "$sitat$d#

Wo!,d t"is 'ot dri0$ $ $0$' *art"$r a9a& *ro K$'&a a'd A*ri+a So as

soo' as I ,a'd$d i' N$9 Ha0$' i' id Ja'!ar&5 I t"r$9 &s$,* i'to 9riti'7 a

*i,s+ri-t5 Kari!.i5 *or a -ro$+t i'0o,0i'7 *i,?a.$rs *ro ibab9$5

Ta'a'ia5 Moabi6!$5 abia a'd S9$d$'#

1<



Writi'7 "as a,9a&s b$$' & 9a& o* r$+o''$+ti'7 &s$,* to t"$ ,a'ds+a-$

o* & birt" a'd !-bri'7i'7# ;or a *$9 9$$.s I +o-,$t$,& s"!t o!t N$9 Ha0$'

*ro & +o's+io!s'$ss# I 9as ba+. i' A*ri+a o* t"$ t9$'ti$s a'd t"irti$s# I

,i0$d its ,a'ds+a-$5 its ri0$rs5 its "istor& a'd o',& a*t$r t"is ia7i'ati0$ r$t!r'

did I 9a.$ !- to 9"$r$ I 9as ? N$9 Ha0$'5 %o''$+ti+!t#

I 9as ,i0i'7 i' t"$ Ta*t a-art$'ts o' %o,,$7$ Str$$t *a+i'7# is"o- T!t!s

+or'$r# is"o- T!t! i' Fa,$ I' *a+t t"$ So!t" A*ri+a iss!$ is a,, aro!'d Fa,$#

M& st!d$'ts ta,. abo!t it# A'd o!tsid$ t"$ o**i+$s o* t"$ Pr$sid$'t o* Fa,$ ar$

s"a+.s ad$ o* +ardboard5 -a-$r a'd sa+.s# T"$s$ 9$r$ b!i,t b& t"$ st!d$'ts

a'd ai'tai'$d t"$r$ as a +o'sta't r$i'd$r t"at Fa,$ s"o!,d di0$st its$,* o*

i't$r$sts i' So!t" A*ri+a#

Fa,$ "as o'$ o* t"$ b$st ,ibrari$s i' t"$ U'it$d Stat$s# I o'$ da& 9a,.

t"ro!7" t"$ +orridors o* its si,$'+$# I ti-to$ to t"$ s$+tio' 9"i+" I "a0$ b$$'

to,d +o'tai's '$ar,& a,, t"$ '$9s-a-$rs i' t"$ 9or,d# I 7o *or t"$ K$'&a

'$9s-a-$rs 9"i+" I "a0$ 'ot s$$' *or a ,o'7 ti$#

It 9as $ar,& Mar+"# A'd 9"at do I s$$ stari'7 at $ *ro t"$ -a7$s o* t"$

'$9s-a-$r Pr$sid$'t Moi o* K$'&a at a -!b,i+ $$ti'7 d$'o!'+i'7 $ a'd

+,aii'7 t"at I 9as i' S!da'5 ob0io!s,& -,otti'7 a7ai'st "i# W$,, ta,. o*

b$i'7 i' t9o -,a+$s at t"$ sa$ ti$# I "a0$ '$0$r b$$' to S!da'#

I s"o!,d 'ot "a0$ 9orri$d abo!t b$i'7 0$r& *ar *ro K$'&a# O' arri0a, i'

N$9 Ha0$'5 o'$ o* t"$ $ar,i$st i't$r'a, ,$tt$rs I 7$t is *ro t"$ dir$+tor o* t"$

-ro7ra$ o* A*ri+a' La'7!a7$s at Fa,$ 9ritt$' i' -$r*$+t Gi.!&!# S"$ is a'

A$ri+a'#

Kis9a"i,i5 For!ba5 Ha!sa a'd !,! ar$ ta!7"t at Fa,$ a'd t"is s!$r t"$&

ar$ i'trod!+i'7 Gi.!&! a'd S"o'a# T"$ -ro7ra$ "as 6!a'titi$s o* t$a+"i'7

at$ria, a'd boo.s i' Gi.!&! a'd Kis9a"i,i# O'$ o* t"$ 3 7rad!at$ st!d$'ts

i' & s$i'ar o' ,it$rat!r$ a'd -o,iti+s "as st!di$d Kis9a"i,i5 Gi.!&! Ha!sa5

o' to- o* "$r .'o9,$d7$ o* E!ro-$a' ,a'7!a7$s#

S"$ is o'$ ao'7 t"$ 1 st!d$'ts aditt$d $0$r& &$ar i'to t"$ 7rad!at$

-ro7ra$ o* t"$ %o-arati0$ Lit$rat!r$ D$-art$'t *ro or$ t"a' a

"!'dr$d a--,i+a'ts# W"$' I "ad di''$r 9it" o'$ o* t"$ $ditors o* t"$

-r$sti7io!s /ale )ournal of Criticism I tri$d to 7$t o!t o* "$r r$6!$st t"at I

+o'trib!t$ a' arti+,$ b& t$,,i'7

1<3



"$r t"at I o',& 9rot$ i' Gi.!&! S"$ ,oo.$d $ i' t"$ $&$ a'd said> 9rit$ i'

Gi.!&! W$ s"a,, -!b,is" it#

I "a0$ $'o&$d b$i'7 i' t"$ +,assroo a7ai' a*t$r or$ t"a' si2 &$ars#

S$i'ars +a' b$ 0$r& sti!,ati'7 a,t"o!7" 0$r& d$a'di'7# T"$ st!d$'ts 9it"

t"$ir -assio'at$ d$bat$s5 6!arr$,s5 s"o!ti'7s5 a'd ar7!$'ts a.$ $ *$$, at

"o$5 a'd I b$7i' ,oo.i'7 *or9ard to $0$r& s$i'ar# !t o* +o!rs$ I a dai,&

str!+. b& t"$ abs!rdit& o* t"$ sit!atio'# I' & o9' +o!'tr& I 9as ba''$d *ro

t$a+"i'7 at t"$ !'i0$rsit&5 or i' a'& s+"oo,#

T"$ .i'd o* iss!$s 9$ ar$ raisi'7 i' t"$ +,assroos o* Fa,$ 9o!,d ,a'd a,,

o* !s i' -riso' *or a'&t"i'7 b$t9$$' o'$ a'd t$' &$ars# I t$,, t"$ st!d$'ts t"is5

a'd t"$& ,oo. aa$d si'+$ 9"at 9$ ar$ sa&i'7 is 'ot"i'7 -arti+!,ar,&

r$0o,!tio'ar&# W$ ar$ o',& ,oo.i'7 at t"$ r$,$0a'+$ o* *i+tio' to t"$ *a+ts o*

,i*$

E0$r& ti$ I 7i0$ a -!b,i+ r$adi'7 *ro t"$ E'7,is" tra's,atio' o* & 'o0$,5

Matigari5 I a i' t9o i'ds abo!t t$,,i'7 t"$ stor& b$"i'd its b$i'7 ba''$d i'

K$'&a i' its Gi.!&! ori7i'a,# !t t"$ stor& do$s i,,!strat$ t"$ abs!rdit& o* a

9rit$rs sit!atio' i' a r$-r$ssi0$ stat$# T"$ 'o0$, 9as *irst -!b,is"$d i' K$'&a

i' O+tob$r 1:@=# Soo' a*t$r5 r$-orts r$a+"$d Pr$sid$'t Moi t"at -$asa'ts i'%$'tra, K$'&a 9$r$ ta,.i'7 abo!t a a' +a,,$d Mati7ari 9"o 9as 7oi'7 ro!'d

t"$ +o!'tr& d$a'di'7 tr!t" a'd !sti+$# Moi ord$r$d t"$ a's i$diat$

arr$st#

T"$ -o,i+$ r$-ort$d t"at Mati7ari 9as o',& a +"ara+t$r i' a boo.# Sti,, i'

;$br!ar& 1:@< Mati7ari 9as arr$st$d a'd r$o0$d *ro a,, t"$ boo.s"o-s i'

Nairobi a'd *ro t"$ -!b,is"$rs 9ar$"o!s$# W"i+" r$i'ds $ t"at &

-r$0io!s 'o0$, i' Gi.!&! D$0i, O' t"$ %ross5 "ad $t a sii,ar *at$ at Kaiti

Ma2i! S$+!rit& Priso' i' 1:<@# !t t"at 9as o',& 9ritt$' o' toi,$t -a-$r

a'd it 9as ,at$r r$t!r'$d to $ as "ar,$ss# W$,,5 Mati7ari s$$s to b$ ad$ o*

st$r'$r st!**#

A 9rit$r i'"abits t9o -,a+$s at t"$ sa$ ti$> t"$ ,a'd o* *a+ts a'd t"at o*

*i+tio'# !t i' a '$o?+o,o'ia, sit!atio' *i+tio' s$$s to b$ or$ r$a, t"a' t"$

abs!rdit0 o* t"$ *a+t!a, 9or,d o* a di+tator# T"$ 9or,d o* a di+tator "as a'

$,$$'t o* -!r$ *a'tas&# H$ 9i,, .i,,5 ai,5 a'd dri0$ "!'dr$ds i'to $2i,$ a'd

ia7i'$ t"at "$ is a+t!a,,& ,o0$d *or it#

O'$ o* +o!rs$ 9is"$s t"at t"$ 9or,d o* a di+tator 9as o',&

1<4



+o'*i'$d to "ard+o0$rs# !t it is't a'd a di+tator 9i,, $0$' t"i'. o* dra77i'7

+"ara+t$rs *ro *i+tio' i'to t"$ str$$ts# P$r"a-s t"at -ro0$s t"$ r$,$0a'+$ o*

,it$rat!r$ to ,i*$# Or -!t it t"is 9a&> di+tators ar$ t"$ b$st st!d$'ts o* ,it$rat!r$#

Or t"$ ost s$rio!s T"is do$s 'ot $a' t"at t"$& "a0$ ,$ar'$d a'&t"i'7 *ro

$it"$r ,it$rat!r$ or "istor&#

1<=



0/ Mati#ari0

. t&e +reams

of One East Africa

T"$& +a,,$d t"$s$,0$s t"$ Ha--i'$ss %,!b a'd *or $5 a K$'&a'5 r$t!r'i'7 to

t"$ r$7io' o* & birt" *or t"$ *irst ti$ si'+$ I *,$d i'to $2i,$ *ro t"$

di+tatoria, r$7i$ o* Da'i$, Toroiti+" ara- Moi i' J!'$ 1:@5 t"$& s&bo,is$d

t"$ $ss$'tia, East A*ri+a# It 9as A-ri, 1:@<5 I "ad !st arri0$d i' Dar $s Sa,aa

*ro Lo'do' 0ia Harar$5 a 7!$st o* Wa,t$r 7o&a5 a'd "$r$ I 9as i' t"$ idst

o* a 7ro!- d$di+at$d to Ha--i'$ss# O',& t9o o't"s b$*or$5 ;$br!ar&5 t"$

K$'&a -o,i+$ "ad si$$d & 'o0$,5 Matigari5 a'd I 9as 9o'd$ri'7 9"at t"$&

9o!,d do to t"$ a!t"or i* t"$& .'$9 t"at "$ 9as 'o9 !st a+ross t"$ bord$r 9it"

t"$ Ha--i'$ss %,!b# T"$ $b$rs a'd t"$ir 7!$sts 9$r$ 'ot a,, M!s,is b!t

t"$& "ad 7at"$r$d *or di''$r i' t"$ "o!s$ o* a Ta'a'ia' 9oa' o* Asia'

ori7i' to +$,$brat$ t"$ $'d o* t"$ *ast o* Raad"a'i# S"$ 9or$ a ,o'7 .a'7a

+,ot" a'd s"$ s-o.$ *,a9,$ss Kis9a"i,i# M& $&$s .$-t o' o0i'7 *ro "$r to

a'ot"$r 9oa'5 a Ta'a'ia' o* Arab?A*ri+a' ori7i'5 9"os$ $bo'& '$+. a'd

*a+$ 9$r$ +as!a,,& b!t b$a!ti*!,,& -ro*i,$d b& a 9"it$ sati' +,ot" 9"i+" *$,, i'

*o,ds o0$r "$r s"o!,d$rs# S"$ 9as bor' i' a'ibar5 a'd 'o9 ,i0$d i' Dar $s

Sa,aa# T"$ $' 9$r$ ost,& *ro Ta'a'ia5 U7a'da5 Soa,ia a'd I *ro

K$'&a# T9o o* t"$ $' 9or$ ,o'7 9"it$ .a'!s a'd M!s,i +a-s t"$ r$st

9or$ W$st$r' +,ot"$s#

T"$ di''$r 9as a *$ast o* *is"5 ,ab5 +"i+.$' i' +!rri$d +o+o'!t 7ra0&5

+"a-atis5 -arat"as5 s-i'a+"5 -a9-a9s5 a'd ot"$r 0ari$ti$s o* tro-i+a, 7r$$'s a'd

*r!its# A'd o* +o!rs$ ri+$# ;ro a'ot"$r roo 9"$r$ t"$ &o!'7$r -$o-,$ 9$r$5

t"$r$ dri*t$d Tarab! !si+ 9it" its "i'ts o* Arabia5 I'dia5 A*ri+a a'd $0$' %!ba

b,$'d$d i'to o'$# I sa0o!r$d t"$ s$,, o* t"$ *ood t"$ !si+ o* t"$ 0oi+$s t"$

+o,o!rs

1<<



o* t"$ +,ot"$s t"$ a'$+dot$s a'd t"$ stori$s t"$ 9art" o* t"$ ,a!7"t$r o* t"$

$0$'i'75 *or a,, t"$s$5 $0$' t"$ *$ast o* Raad"a'i b$s-o.$ t"$ East A*ri+a o*

& !-bri'7i'7 a'd $2-$ri$'+$#

I 9as bor' i' 1:@ i' Li!r!5 K$'&a5 '$ar Kairiit"!5 9"$r$ t"$' stood

9"at 9$ +a,,$d t"$ S9a"i,i 0i,,a7$ b!t 9"i+" r$a,,& 9as si-,& a M!s,i

s$tt,$$'t# T"$ir st&,$ o* dr$ssi'7 ? $arri'7s5 'os$ri'7s5 b,a+. b!ib!is5

'ta'dios5 +o,o!r*!, .a'7as5 $broid$r$d +a-s ? a'd t"$ir ti'roo*$d "o!s$s 9$r$

0$r& !+" t"$ sa$ as I 9as ,at$r to s$$ i' Mobasa a'd Na.!r!5 K$'&a i'

Ka-a,a5 U7a'da a'd i' Dar $s Sa,aa5 Ta'a'ia# It 9as as i* t"$ +oast "ad

b$$' r$-rod!+$d i' t"$ di**$r$'t -arts o* East A*ri+a# As a +"i,d I -,a&$d 9it"

ot"$rs i' Kairiit"! 9"o bor$ 'a$s ,i.$ J!a5 Abdi5 Oa,i5 Ai'a b$sid$s

ot"$rs 9"o a's9$r$d to 'a$s ,i.$ Jo"'5 P$t$r5 Sa!$,5 a'd Mar7ar$t a'd o*

+o!rs$ t"$ aorit& 9"o "ad t"$ or$ +oo' A*ri+a' 'a$s ,i.$ Kaa!5

O'&a'7o5 M!,9a a'd A.i'&i#

W$ a,9a&s $'0i$d t"$ d9$,,$rs o* t"$ M!s,i 0i,,a7$ 9"$' Raad"a'i

$'d$d# T"$& a,9a&s at$ -,$'t& o* 9"it$ 7,$ai'7 ri+$5 so$t"i'7 9$ "ad o',&

at %"ristas5 b!t $0$' t"$' i' sa,, 6!a'titi$s# T"!s %"ristas a'd Raad"a'i

9$r$ odd,& +o''$+t$d i' & i'd5 9it" ri+$ a'd +"a-atis b$i'7 t"$ r$a,

at$ria, s&bo,i+ ,i'.s# It 9as &$ars5 a'& &$ars ,at$r5 t"at I r$a,is$d t"at

+"a-atis5 -arat"as a'd +!rri$s 9$r$ o* I'dia' ori7i' a'd 9$r$ a,so !s$d i'

Hi'd! *$sti0a,s ,i.$ t"$ Di9a,i5 t"$ *$sti0a, o* ,i7"t5 9"i+" t"$ I'dia' .ids i'

Li!r! to9' !s$d to +$,$brat$ 9it" *ir$9or.s# %"ristas5 Raad"a'i5 Di9a,i5

t"$ Ir!a i'itiatio' +$r$o'& ao'7 t"$ A7i.!&! a,, t"$s$ 9$r$ +o''$+t$d

to7$t"$r b& +!rr& a'd ri+$# T"at 9as i' t"$ *i*ti$s#

I' 1:<@ Raad"a'i a'd Kairiit"! 9$r$ to r$a--$ar i' & ,i*$# I 9as t"$'

i' -o,iti+a, d$t$'tio'?9it"o!t?tria, at Kaiti a2i! s$+!rit& -riso' i'

K$'&a b$+a!s$ o* & a+ti0iti$s i' +o!'it& t"$atr$ at Kairiit"!5 a'd or$

so b$+a!s$ o* 9riti'7 -,a&s i' a ,a'7!a7$5 a' A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$5 t"at -$o-,$ o*

t"$ ar$a +o!,d !'d$rsta'd# T"$ M!s,i 0i,,a7$ "ad ,o'7 disa--$ar$d5 a+t!a,,&

d$stro&$d b& t"$ +o,o'ia, adi'istratio' i' t"$ *i*ti$s d!ri'7 t"$ Ma! Ma!?,$d

ar$d str!77,$# !t i' & +$,, at Kaiti?5 I o'$ da& r$+a,,$d it b$+a!s$ it 9as a

Raad"a'i *$sti0a, t"at i't$rr!-t$d o!r o'oto'o!s r"&t" o* t"$ *i,t"& -riso'

*ood t"at -ass$d *or a di$t# So$ o* t"$ -o,iti+a, -riso'$rs 9$r$ M!s,is a'd

t"$& 9$r$ 7i0$' s-$+ia, -$rissio' to "a0$ ri+$5 9"it$ 7,$ai'7 ri+$5 at t"$ $'d

o* t"$ *$ast# W$ a,, too. -art i' t"$ $ati'7#

1<@



No95 "$r$ i' Dar $s Sa,aa5 I 9as ar.i'7 & t$-orar& r$t!r' to t"$

r$7io' 9it" a Raad"a'i *$ast i' t"$ +o-a'& o* M!s,is5 %"ristia's a'd

ot"$rs 9"o 9$r$ '$it"$r o* t"$s$ b!t 9"o 9$r$ a,, $b$rs or 7!$sts o* t"$

Ha--i'$ss %,!b# T"is 9as East A*ri+a# A .a,$idos+o-$ o* +o,o!rs5 +!,t!r$s5 a'd

+o'to!rs o* "istor&#

A*t$r t"$ *$ast 9$ 9$'t to t"$ I'dia' O+$a' to +a- t"$ $0$'i'7s Ha--i'$ss

9it" *is"i'7 at id'i7"t i' a otorboat b$,o'7i'7 to t"$ ,ad& i' 9"it$ sati'# W$

"$ad$d *or Mb!d&a a'd ot"$r ti'& is,a'ds# T"$ oo' a'd t"$ stars 9$r$

r$*,$+t$d i' t"$ s,i7"t,& o0i'7 *o,ds o* t"$ s!r*a+$ o* t"$ s$a# As t"$ ,a'd

7rad!a,,& r$+$d$d b$"i'd !s I b$7a' to !'d$rsta'd 9"& Dar $s Sa,aa "ad

b$$' 'a$d so> t"$ Ha0$' o* P$a+$# T"$ roari'7 o* t"$ $'7i'$ or $0$' o!r

0oi+$s rais$d i' *is"$r$'s so'7s or a'$+dot$s5 o',& d$$-$'$d t"$ $'+ir+,i'7

-$a+$# T"$ si,$'+$ 9as -r$7'a't 9it" $ori$s#

I' t"$ da&s 9"$' t"$r$ 9$r$ 'o st$as"i-s5 t"$ o'soo' 9i'ds -ro0id$d

t"$ sai,i'7 -o9$r 9"i+" $'ab,$d s$aso'a, i7ratio's b$t9$$' t"is East A*ri+a'

+oast a'd a,, t"$ ot"$rs bord$ri'7 t"$ R$d S$a a'd t"$ I'dia' O+$a'5

-arti+!,ar,& t"os$ o* Arabia5 P$rsia5 I'dia a'd %$&,o'# ;ro Ma& to S$-t$b$r

t"$ s"i-s 9$'t a9a& 9it" t"$ so!t"?9$st$r,& 9i'ds b!t *ro No0$b$r to

Mar+"5 t"$ 'ort" $ast$r,& 9i'ds r$0$rs$d t"$ -ro+$ss# T"$ $'s!i'7 trad$ t!r'$d

East A*ri+a i'to a -ros-$ro!s ar$a5 t"$ s!b$+t att$r o* -o$ti+ ia7i'atio' a'd

tra0$,,$rs ta,$s# $t9$$' t"$ t$'t" a'd *i*t$$'t" +$'t!ri$s5 9it" t"$

i'+or-oratio' o* t"$ ar$a i'to t"$ 9or,d9id$ M!s,i +!,t!r$ a'd +o$r+$

$2t$'di'7 *ro t"$ +oast to t"$ Sa"ara5 W$st A*ri+a a'd S-ai'5 t"$r$ aros$

s$0$ra, +it& stat$s 9it" Is,a as -art o* t"$ 9a& o* ,i*$ a'd Kis9a"i,i as t"$

!'i*&i'7 ,a'7!a7$ o* +!,t!r$ a'd +o$r+$# Pr$$i'$'t ao'7 t"$ 9$r$

Ki,9a5 Mobasa5 a'd Ma,i'di5 +$,$brat$d i' Mi,to's Paradis$ Lost as ao'7

t"$ +iti$s a'd +i0i,isatio's 9"i+" A'7$, Gabri$, s"o9$d Ada a'd E0$ as0isio's o* t"$ *!t!r$ !st b$*or$ t"$ir $2-!,sio' *ro Paradis$# T"$& 9$r$ a

.i'd o* -aradis$ r$7ai'$d t"ro!7" "!a' $**orts aid$d b& t"$ o'soo' 9i'ds#

O' t"$ 'i7"t o* Ha--i'$ss 9$ 9$r$ t"$r$*or$ *is"i'7 i' t"$ 9at$r9a&s o*

"istor&5 9at$rs 9"i+" "ad s$$' t"$ ris$ a'd *a,, o* t"$s$ -$+!,iar,& East A*ri+a'

+iti$s 9"os$ +oso-o,ita' +!,t!r$ 9as so 9$,, r$*,$+t$d i' t"$ *ood5 t"$

+,ot"$s5 t"$ !si+ a'd $0$' t"$ +o-ositio' o* t"$ Ha--i'$ss %,!b#

T"$ boat sto--$d at di**$r$'t -,a+$s a'd 9$ 9o!,d +ast o!r ,i'$s

1<:



a'd baits i'to t"$ 9at$rs# T"$ si,$'+$ o* t"$ s$a 9as 'o9 so -ro*o!'d t"at 9$

9$r$ a,, dra9' i'to it a'd t"$ +o'0$rsatio' 9as r$d!+$d to t"$ ,$0$, o*

9"is-$ri'7s# I* 9$ 9$'t so!t"9ards *ro "$r$5 & "ost is $2-,ai'i'7 to $5 9$

9o!,d $'d !- i' Ki,9a# W$ 7o strai7"t a+ross5 a'd 9$ $'d !- i' a'ibar a'd

P$ba# !t 'ort"9ards 9$ +o$ to a7ao&o a'd $0$' b$&o'd to Mobasa

a'd Ma,i'di# Fo! 9o!,d t"$' b$ ba+. "o$ i' K$'&a# W$,,5 I *$$, at "o$

a,r$ad& # # # I t$,, "i# Fo! ar$ ri7"t # # # East A*ri+a is r$a,,& o'$ +o!'tr&#

A ,i'$ dra9i'7 o* a a- o* t"$ -"&si+a, *$at!r$s o* K$'&a5 U7a'da a'd

Ta'a'ia ,oo.s to $ ,i.$ a s.$t+" o* a b!st o* a "!a' "$ad 9$ari'7 a s,i7"t,&

*,at !s,i +a- 9"os$ s,i7"t,& *,att$'$d to- is t"$ ,o'7 bord$r 9it" Et"io-ia#

T"$ '$+. r$sts o' t"$ R!0!a ri0$r to t"$ so!t"# T"$ ba+. is *or$d b& t"$

ti'& *o,ds o* t"$ +oast,i'$ o' t"$ I'dia' O+$a'# T"$ *a+$ is t"$ ,i'$ o* ,a.$s to

t"$ 9$st *ro Ma,a9i to A,b$rt 9it" La.$ Ta'7a'&i.a a'd Ki0! a.i'7 t"$

o!t,i'$ o* t"$ +"i' a'd o!t"# La.$s Ed9ard a'd A,b$rt *or a r$tr$ati'7

*or$"$ad# T"is stro'7 "!a' s"a-$d "$ad is *a+i'7 i'to t"$ "$art a'd b$,,& o*

t"$ +o'ti'$'t#

I'd$$d t"$ ri0$rs *or a '$t9or. o* 9at$r9a&s ,i'.i'7 East A*ri+a to t"$

+o'ti'$'t a'd t"$& +o'trib!t$ to t"$ o+$a's t"at ,i'. East A*ri+a to t"$ 9or,d#

Ta'a ri0$r 9it" its ori7i' i' s'o9?+a--$d Mo!'t K$'&a At"i ri0$r 9it" its

ori7i' i' t"$ N7o'7 "i,,s a'd Mo!'t Ki,ia'aro Pa'7a'i *ro Ki,ia'aro

a'd M$r! t"$ R!*ii ri0$r a,, *,o9 i'to t"$ I'dia' O+$a'# Ot"$r str$as a'd

ri0$rs *ro La.$ Ta'7a'&i.a oi' t"$ i7"t& %o'7o i'to t"$ At,a'ti+ O+$a'#

T"$ Ni,$5 t"$ ost *ao!s o* t"$ a,,5 ori7i'at$s *ro La.$ i+toria5 t"ro!7"

Kio7a a'd A,b$rt5 i'to t"$ M$dit$rra'$a' S$a# La.$ i+toria its$,* is *$d b&

'!$ro!s ri0$rs 9it" so!r+$s i' t"$ "i7",a'ds o* K$'&a5 U7a'da a'd Ta'a'ia#

La.$ i+toria is tr!,& La.$ East A*ri+a a'd it s"o!,d b$ r$'a$d so#

T"$' t"$r$ ar$ t"$ *ao!s o!'tai's> R!9$'ori5 E,7o'5 K$'&a5

Ki,ia'aro# T"$& ar$ 0$r& East A*ri+a' 9it" Ki,ia'aro s"ar$d b& bot"#

K$'&a a'd Ta'a'ia a'd E,7o' b& K$'&a a'd U7a'da# Sta'di'7 ta,, i'to t"$

s.&5 t"$& ar$ t"$ 'at!ra, 7!ardia's o* o!r ,a'd5 r$a,,& t"$ -$ra'$'t s$at o*

God 9at+"i'7 o0$r A*ri+a# Ki,ia'aro a*t$r a,, is t"$ "i7"$st i' t"$ %o'ti'$'t#

T"$ R!9$'oris ar$ t"$ ,$7$'dar& Mo!'tai's o* t"$ Moo' a'd K$'&a a'd

Ki,ia'aro

1@



$2+it$d 'i'$t$$'t"?+$'t!r& E!ro-$ 9it" t"$ r$-orts o* t"$ir "a0i'7 d$*i$d t"$

$6!atoria, s!' b& 9$ari'7 -$ra'$'t +a-s o* s'o9#

T"$ Gr$at Ri*t a,,$& is a'ot"$r 'at!ra, *$at!r$ t"at is !'i6!$,& East A*ri+a#

;ro $ira to Moabi6!$5 it *or.s i'to a ?s"a-$ at t"$ 'ort" $'d o* La.$

Ma,a9i# T"$ 9$st$r' "a,* o* t"$ +o'tai's t"$ '$+.,a+$ o* ,a.$s t"at a.$ t"$

9$st$r' bo!'dar& *ro Ta'a'ia to U7a'da 9"i,$ t"$ $ast$r' "a,*5 +o'tai'i'7

t"$ ,a.$s *ro E&asi a'd Ma'&ara to T!r.a'a5 7o$s t"ro!7" t"$ "$art,a'ds o*

Ta'a'ia a'd K$'&a a,, t"$ 9a& to t"$ R$d S$a a'd b$&o'd#

T"is ,a'ds+a-$?o* o!'tai's5 ,a.$s5 ri0$rs5 "i,,s5 7r$at 0a,,$&s a'd a

+oast,i'$ $'do9$d 9it" 'at!ra, "arbo!rs "as a**$+t$d East A*ri+a' "istor&

-ro*o!'d,&# ;or &$ars t"$ +oast "ad +o''$+t$d East A*ri+a to t"$ 9or,d5 to as

*ar as %"i'a 9"$r$ 7ira**$s "ad a,r$ad& r$a+"$d5 t"$ 7i*ts o* t"$ Ki'7 o*

Ma,i'di to t"$ %"i'$s$ E-$rors# T"$ 7ood5 t"$ bad a'd $0$' t"$ !7,& "ad

+o$ *ro t"$ s$a5 t"$ !7,i$st b$i'7 t"$ Port!7!$s$ -r$s$'+$ at t"$ $'d o* t"$

*i*t$$'t" +$'t!r& t"at !s"$r$d i' t"$ or$ t"a' *o!r "!'dr$d &$ars o* !'$6!a,

r$,atio's"i- 9it" W$st$r' E!ro-$# I' t"$ 9ars o* r$sista'+$ a7ai'st *or$i7'

o++!-atio' t"$ o!'tai's *or$d a 'at!ra, *ortr$ss to 9"i+" o!r *or+$s

r$tr$at$d *or r$*!7$ a'd s!st$'a'+$ a'd as r$ar bas$s# A'd o* +o!rs$ t"$

ri+"'$ss o* t"$ $art" b$+a$ t"$ +$'tra, bo'$ o* +o't$'tio' b$t9$$' E!ro-$

a'd East A*ri+a i' t"$ t9$'ti$t" +$'t!r&# Not s!r-risi'7,& t"$ 'at!ra, ,a'ds+a-$

doi'at$s t"$ East A*ri+a' ,it$rar& ia7i'atio'# T"is a9ar$'$ss o* t"$ ,a'd as

t"$ +$'tra, a+tor i' o!r ,i0$s disti'7!is"$s East A*ri+a' ,it$rat!r$ *ro ot"$rs i'

t"$ +o'ti'$'t a'd it +$rtai',& ,oos ,ar7$ i' & o9' 9riti'7s *ro The River

3et%een to Matigari#

Li!r!5 9"$r$ I 9as bor'5 is o' t"$ $d7$ o* t"$ Ri*t a,,$&# T"$

$s+ar-$'t a'd t"$ *or$st b!s" aro!'d it 9$r$ -art o* & 7ro9i'7 !- a'd I

"a0$ '$0$r sto--$d b$i'7 o0$r9"$,$d b& t"$ si7"t o* t"$ 0a,,$& *ro t"$

Li!r! $'d# It b$+o$s $0$' or$ &st$rio!s 9"$' it is +o0$r$d b& t"$ ist

i' t"$ or'i'7 or $0$'i'7#

T"$ rai,9a& ,i'$ b!i,t b& t"$ ritis" i' 1:1 to +o''$+t K$'&a to U7a'da

d$s+$'ds i'to t"$ i7"t& Ri*t at a -oi't 'ot 0$r& *ar *ro & +"i,d"ood "o$#

W$ !s$d to sta'd o' a "i,, a'd 9at+" t"$ trai's bo!'d *or U7a'da st$ai'7

a9a& a'd it s$$$d to !s t"at t"$& 9$r$ a+t!a,,& si'7i'7 abo!t t"$ir o!r'$&#

W$ ad$ !- a so'7 to t"$ r"&t" o* t"$ o0$$'t o* t"$ trai's>

1@1



Nda?t"ii?a?7a'da

Nda?t"ii?!?7a'da

I?a?7o?i'7?to?!?7a'da

I?a?7o?i'7?to?!?7a'da

W$ 9o!,d 6!i+.$' t"$ -a+$ o* t"$ so'7 to .$$- !- 9it" t"$ s-$$di'7 o* t"$

trai' to a +,ia2 9"$' t"$ trai' s$$$d to b$ sa&i'7 'ot"i'7 or$ t"a' !st t"$

r$-$titio' o* t"$ 9ord U7a'da# U7a'da t"$' s$$$d *ar *ar a9a& a'd r$a,,& it

9o!,d "a0$ b$$' 'i+$ i* t"$ trai' +o!,d "a0$ +arri$d !s t"$r$#

Lat$r i' 1:4: t"$ trai' did +arr& $ to U7a'da5 to Ka-a,a5 a'd o' to

Ma.$r$r$ U'i0$rsit& %o,,$7$5 t"$' a' $2t$r'a, 9i'7 o* t"$ U'i0$rsit& o*

Lo'do'5 9"$r$ I r$ad E'7,is" ,it$rat!r$ a'd 9"$r$ I 9as to dis+o0$r &s$,* as

a 9rit$r#

Ka-a,a is a +it& o* "i7" "i,,s# Ma.$r$r$5 a*t$r 9"i+" t"$ +o,,$7$ 9as

'a$d5 is o'$ o* t"$ 'i'$ "i,,s o' 9"i+" t"$ +it& sta'ds# !t t"$ 'a$ Ma.$r$r$

"ad +o$ to s&bo,is$ "i7"$r ,$ar'i'7 i' East A*ri+a a'd *or t"os$ 9"o

as+$'d$d t"$ "i,, it $a't a -assa7$ i'to t"$ $b$rs"i- o* a ba'd o* t"$ 0$r&

$,$+t# !t t"$ +o,,$7$ 9as or$ t"a' t"at#

I' t"$ *i*ti$s a'd $ar,& si2ti$s Ma.$r$r$ 9as t"$ i't$,,$+t!a, +a-ita, o* East

a'd %$'tra, A*ri+a5 a ro,$ ,at$r ta.$' o0$r b& t"$ Dar $s Sa,aa U'i0$rsit& o*

t"$ $ar,& si2ti$s# T"$ aorit& o* t"$ st!d$'ts +a$ *ro K$'&a5 U7a'da a'd

Ta'a'ia# Ta'a'ia 9as t"$' i' its t9o s$-arat$ id$'titi$s o* Ta'7a'&i.a a'd

a'ibar# !t t"$r$ 9$r$ ot"$rs *ro Ma,a9i (t"$' N&asa,a'd)5 abia (t"$'

Nort"$r' R"od$sia)5 a'd ibab9$ (t"$' So!t"$r' R"od$sia)# As st!d$'ts5

$b$rs o* t"$ sa$ i'stit!tio'5 9$ b$+a$ a++!sto$d to doi'7 t"i'7s

to7$t"$r# A' $2a-,$ o* t"is 9as t"$ r!''i'7 o* t"$ st!d$'ts +,!bs a'd

asso+iatio's a'd -arti+!,ar,& t"$ ai' st!d$'ts bod&5 Ma.$r$r$ St!d$'ts G!i,d#T"$s$ 9$r$ ,$d b& 9"o$0$r +oa'd$d t"$ +o'*id$'+$ o* t"$ aorit& 'o

att$r t"$ +o!'tr& o* t"$ir ori7i's# W$ 9$r$ East A*ri+a's5 Pa'?A*ri+a'ists5 at

,$ast 9$ r$7ard$d o!rs$,0$s as s!+"5 a'd 9$ 9$r$ -ro!d o* it#

;or !s K$'&a's5 U7a'da o* t"$ *i*ti$s "$,d a s-$+ia, si7'i*i+a'+$ a'd

*as+i'atio'# A,, & ,i*$ I "ad b$$' s!rro!'d$d b& a 9"it$ +o,o'ia, s$tt,$r

-r$s$'+$# K$'&a ,i.$ U7a'da "ad b$+o$ a ritis" s-"$r$ o* i'*,!$'+$ 9it" t"$

+ar0i'7 !- o* t"$ +o'ti'$'t at t"$

1@



i'*ao!s $r,i' %o'*$r$'+$ i' 1@@3# !t !',i.$ U7a'da5 K$'&a 9as tar7$t$d

*or 9"it$ s$tt,$$'t# Wit" t"$ b!i,di'7 o* t"$ K$'&a U7a'da rai,9a&5 t"$

s$tt,$rs +a$ a'd .$-t o' +oi'75 a'd t"$& 9$r$ d$t$ri'$d to a.$ K$'&a a

9"it$a's +o!'tr&# or' !st b$*or$ t"$ o!tbr$a. o* t"$ S$+o'd Wor,d War5

7ro9i'7 !- i' Li!r! I ass!$d t"at t"$ 9"it$ -r$s$'+$5 o9'$rs o* t"$ t$a

-,a'tatio's a'd a'sio's a+ross t"$ rai,9a&5 9$r$ a 'ora, -art o* o!r ,i0$s#

T"is 'ora,it& 9as +"a,,$'7$d b& t"$ Ma! Ma! i' 1:4# T"$ s$tt,$r -r$s$'+$

r$a+t$d to t"$ +"a,,$'7$ 9it" 9"it$ t$rror# K$'&a +a$ !'d$r a Stat$ o*

E$r7$'+&# T"ro!7" t"is5 t"$ ritis" +o,o'ia, r$7i$ "ad "o-$d to +o'tai' t"$

Ma! Ma! r$sista'+$ a'd t"$ K$'&a -$o-,$s *i7"t *or i'd$-$'d$'+$# I' -ra+ti+$

t"is $a't t$rrorisi'7 t"$ $'tir$ A*ri+a' -o-!,atio'# T"!s 7oi'7 i'to U7a'da

d!ri'7 t"at -$riod 9as a' $s+a-$ *ro t"$ t$rror t"at sta,.$d o!r dai,& ,i0$s# A'

$s+a-$ T"$r$ 9as a,so a s$'s$ o* arri0a,5 a s$'s$ o* "o$+oi'7# E2+$-t *or a

+o-arati0$,& sa,, I'dia' -r$s$'+$ i' Ka-a,a a'd ot"$r# !rba' +$'tr$s5

U7a'da 9as 0isib,&5 +,$ar,&5 !'ar7!ab,& a' A*ri+a' -$o-,$s +o!'tr&# $*or$

t"is5 I "ad '$0$r "ad t"$ $2-$ri$'+$ o* b$i'7 a'd ,i0i'7 i' a +o!'tr& o* b,a+.s

9it"o!t 9"it$s#

It 9as Ma.$r$r$ a'd U7a'da 9"i+" ad$ $ dis+o0$r & s$'s$ o* b$i'7 a

K$'&a'# It "ad $stab,is"$d a "o$5 a bas$5 a'd a dista'+$ *ro 9"i+" I +o!,d

,oo. ba+. o' & K$'&a' $2-$ri$'+$ a'd tr& to r$+a-t!r$ its $a'i'7 i' 9ords#

T"$r$ 9$r$ ,it$rar& o!r'a,s ,i.$ P$'-oi't a'd ,at$r Tra'sitio' to ta.$ i' so$

o* & $ar,i$st att$-ts i' t"at dir$+tio'# The 3lack 4ermit 5 a -,a& t"$ t9o

'o0$,s5 The River 3et%een a'd Wee' Not( Child '!$ro!s s"ort stori$s a'd

o!r'a,is 9$r$ 9ritt$' 9"i,$ I 9as a st!d$'t at Ma.$r$r$# It 9as a,so at

Ma.$r$r$ t"at 9$ +$,$brat$d t"$ 0$r& *irst I'd$-$'d$'+$ i' East5 %$'tra, a'd

So!t"$r' A*ri+a ? t"$ I'd$-$'d$'+$ o* Ta'7a'&i.a5 ,at$r Ta'a'ia5 i' 1:=1

?9"i+" 9as a,so a +$,$bratio' o* a '$9 da9' i' t"$ r$7io'#Ta'a'ia +a$ to o++!-& a 0$r& s-$+ia, -,a+$ i' t"$ -o,iti+a, ia7i'atio'

o* East A*ri+a's# It 9as 'ot si-,& b$+a!s$ o* "$r "istor& o* a'ti?+o,o'ia,

r$sista'+$5 s&bo,is$d b& t"$ 7r$at Mai Mai ar$d str!77,$ i' 1:4 a'd

i'd$-$'d$'+$ i' 1:=1# It 9as 'ot $0$' b$+a!s$ o* "$r ,at$r ro,$ i' t"$ ,ib$ratio'

o* So!t"$r' A*ri+a a,t"o!7" t"is "as b$$' a 7r$at +o'trib!tio' at 7r$at 'atio'a,

s$,*?sa+ri*i+$# I' t"$ si2ti$s a'd $ar,& s$0$'ti$s Ta'a'ia -ro0id$d a'

a'ti?'$o?+o,o'ia, i't$,,$+t!a, a'd -o,iti+a, ,$ad$rs"i- b$st

1@



s&bo,is$d b& t"$ U'i0$rsit& o* Dar $s Sa,aa b$+oi'7 t"$ i't$,,$+t!a,

r$0o,!tio'ar& "!b o* East A*ri+a5 A*ri+a5 a'd t"$ T"ird Wor,d 7$'$ra,,&# I' its

"$&d$& Dar $s Sa,aa attra+t$d a bri,,ia't +ro9d o* -ro7r$ssi0$ s+"o,ars *ro

a,, o0$r t"$ 9or,d5 A*ri+a i' -arti+!,ar5 9"os$ t"o!7"t a'd a+tio's ar$ sti,,

i'*,!$'+i'7 t"$ s"a-$ o* t"i'7s i' East A*ri+a# Wa,t$r Rod'$&s 4o% Euro'e

:nderdevelo'ed frica, Issa S"i0is The Silent Class Struggle The Dar

De!ate on Im'erialism( Nationality and Class ? t"$s$ a'd or$ -rod!+$d b&

a+ad$i+s 9"o "ad b$$' at t"$ Dar %a-!s a'd a,, -!b,is"$d b& Ta'a'ia

P!b,is"i'7 Ho!s$ i' its da&s o* 7,or& !'d$r Wa,t$r 7o&a5 "a0$ b$+o$ -art o*

t"$ +oo' i't$,,$+t!a, "$rita7$ o* East A*ri+a# J!,i!s N&$r$r$ b$+a$ t"$

-"i,oso-"$r?.i'7 so$ o* 9"os$ 9ords sti,, *ir$ & o9' t"i'.i'7 o' $d!+atio'

a'd +!,t!r$# T"$ '$9 $d!+atio' i' t"$ -ost?+o,o'ia, $ra 9as *or s$,*?r$,ia'+$

$+o'oi+a,,&5 -o,iti+a,,&5 +!,t!ra,,& a'd -s&+"o,o7i+a,,&# Ot"$r9is$ as "$ o'+$

to,d t$a+"$rs at Dar $s Sa,aa5

Fo! 9i,, t$a+" to -rod!+$ +,$r.s as t"$ +o,o'ia,ists did# Fo! 9i,, 'ot b$

t$a+"i'7 *i7"t$rs b!t a b!'+" o* s,a0$s a'd s$i?s,a0$s# G$t &o!r -!-i,s

o!t o* t"$ +o,o'ia, $'ta,it&# Fo! "a0$ to -rod!+$ to!7" -$o-,$ st!bbor'

&o!t"s ? 9"o +a' do so$t"i'7 ? 'ot "o-$,$ss &o!t"s#

J!,i!s N&$r$r$ 9as a st!d$'t at Ma.$r$r$ 9"$' it 9as t"$ i't$,,$+t!a, +a-ita, o*

East A*ri+a# T"$ -r$s$'t da& U7a'da' ,$ad$r5 Fo9$ri M!s$0$'i5 9as a st!d$'t

at Dar $s Sa,aa U'i0$rsit& 9"$' it 9as t"$ r$0o,!tio'ar& $++a o* East

A*ri+a#

U'd$r N&$r$r$5 Ta'a'ia 9as a,so b$"i'd t9o d$+,aratio's5 *irst Nairobi

a'd ,at$r Ar!s"a5 9"i+" ar$ sti,, -art o* t"$ -o,iti+a, a7$'da i' East A*ri+a

b$+a!s$ t"$& addr$ss t"$s$,0$s to t"$ t"$$s o* !'it& a'd so+ia, +"a'7$#

T"$& "$,d a,o*t t"$ ba''$r o* "o-$5 0isio's o* toorro9 to 9"i+" 9$ a,, +o!,d

r$,at$5 b$+a!s$ t"$& s$$$d s!+" a +,$ar a'd ,o7i+a, o!t+o$ o* 9"at 9as

"a--$'i'7 i' t"$ r$7io'# W"at a ti$ it 9as5 t"os$ da&s at Ma.$r$r$5 i' East

A*ri+a It 9as a r$-,i+a o* t"$ Words9ort"ia' b,iss at b$i'7 a,i0$ at t"$ birt" o*

a r$0o,!tio' a'd t"$ -ossibi,iti$s o* a '$9 *!t!r$# A*ri+a5 O!r A*ri+a5 9as

+oi'7 ba+.#

T"$& "ad b$$' $$ti'7 i' Nairobi *or a *$9 da&s a'd t"$' o' 4 J!'$

1@3



1:= t"$& a''o!'+$d t"$ir -,$d7$ to $r7$ t"$ t"r$$ +o!'tri$s i'to a -o,iti+a,

U'io'# W"at A' East A*ri+a' ;$d$ratio' Ta'7a'&i.a5 9it" J!,i!s N&$r$r$ as

t"$ *irst Pri$ Mi'ist$r a'd ,at$r Pr$sid$'t5 "ad b$$' i'd$-$'d$'t *or o0$r a

&$ar U7a'da5 !'d$r A-o,,o Mi,to' Obot$ as t"$ Pr$i$r5 *or s,i7"t,& o0$r si2

o't"s a'd K$'&a "ad !st attai'$d i't$r'a, s$,* r!,$ 9it" Joo K$'&atta5

r$+$'t,& r$,$as$d *ro $i7"t &$ars i' -riso' as a Ma! Ma! +o'0i+t5 as its Pri$

Mi'ist$r# F$t t"$ir d$+,aratio' *or a ,ar7$r -o,iti+a, !'it "ad 'o "$sitatio' a'd

'o abi7!iti$s>

O!r $$ti'75 t"$& said5 is oti0at$d b& t"$ s-irit o* Pa'?A*ri+a'is a'd

'ot b& $r$ s$,*is" r$7io'a, i't$r$st # # # T"$r$ is 'o or$ roo *or s,o7a's

a'd 9ords# T"is is o!r da& o* a+tio' i' t"$ +a!s$ o* t"$ id$a,s 9$ b$,i$0$

i'5 a'd i' t"$ !'it& a'd *r$$do *or 9"i+" 9$ "a0$ s!**$r$d a'd sa+ri*i+$d

so !+"#

It 9as 'ot t"$ *irst ti$ t"at t"$ *$d$ratio' o* t"$ t"r$$ t$rritori$s "ad b$$'

dis+!ss$d# ;ro 1:1:5 or si'+$ Ta'7a'&i.a 9as?ta.$' o0$r *ro t"$ G$ra's5

t"$ ritis" Go0$r'$'t "ad tri$d to bri'7 abo!t a +,os$r !'io' o* t"$ t"r$$

+o,o'i$s# T"$ 0ario!s $**orts r$s!,t$d i' so$ s$r0i+$s ,i.$ tra's-ort a'd

+!stos b$i'7 r!' o' a' East A*ri+a' basis *ro abo!t 1:# T"$ Go0$r'ors o*

t"$ t"r$$ +o!'tri$s b$7a' r$7!,ar $$ti'7s5 9it" K$'&a i' t"$ +"air# I' 1:3@ t"$

Go0$r'ors +o'*$r$'+$ 9as r$-,a+$d b& a Hi7" %oissio' as t"$ $2$+!ti0$

ar5 a'd a' East A*ri+a Ass$b,& as t"$ ,$7is,ati0$ ar# I' 1:=15 t"$ Hi7"

%oissio' +"a'7$d its 'a$ a'd stat!s a'd it 'o9 b$+a$ East A*ri+a

%oo' S$r0i+$s Or7a'isatio' 9it" a Par,ia$'t ? T"$ %$'tra, L$7is,ati0$

Ass$b,&#

W"at "ad $s+a-$d a,, t"$ -r$0io!s $**orts 9as t"$ *ora, a+t o* -o,iti+a,

!'io'# I' +o,o'ia, ti$s t"$ -$o-,$ ost .$$' o' s!+" a !'io' 9it" a +$'tra,

stat$ 9$r$ t"$ 9"it$ s$tt,$rs i' K$'&a# T"$& +o!,d s$$ t"$ir $+o'oi+ "o,d o'

t"$ r$7io' b$i'7 str$'7t"$'$d b& t"$ir +o'tro, o* s!+" a stat$# T"$ A*ri+a'

-$o-,$ "ad a,9a&s o--os$d it *or t"$ sa$ r$aso's# !t 'o95 9it"

i'd$-$'d$'+$ -roisi'7 a '$9 $ra o* -arao!'t+& o* A*ri+a' i't$r$sts5 a

+$'tra,is$d East A*ri+a' stat$ +o!,d o',& str$'7t"$' t"$# O!r ti$ "ad +o$

T"$ d$+,aratio' 9as $t 9it" !,!,atio's b& t"$ -$o-,$ o* t"$ t"r$$

+o!'tri$s# I' t"$ 0i,,a7$s5 i' t"$ to9's5 i' t"$ str$$ts5 $0$r&9"$r$5 t"$ 9or.$rs5

-$asa'ts a'd t"$ &o!t" +o-os$d so'7s i' s!--ort o* it>

1@4



T!,it!a N&$r$r$

K9a U"!r! K$'&a5

U7a'da5 Ta'7a'&i.a

Sisi t9asaidia'a

W$ s$'t N&$r$r$

O' a issio' *or *r$$do

K$'&a5 U7a'da5 Ta'7a'&i.a

W$ s!--ort o'$ a'ot"$r

I 9as t"$' a st!d$'t at Ma.$r$r$ a'd I +a' r$$b$r t"$ $2+it$$'t at t"$

'$9s# A*t$r a,,5 9$ t"$ st!d$'ts "ad b$$' doi'7 t"i'7s to7$t"$r as East

A*ri+a's# O!r !'it& 9as 'o9 abo!t to *,o9$r a'd b$ar a bi7 a'd !i+& -o,iti+a,

*r!it i' t"$ 0$r& +r$atio' o* a' East A*ri+a' *$d$ratio' -rois$d 9it" so !+"

*a'*ar$ at t"$ $'d o* 1:=#

W$ "ad a +"a'+$ to $2-r$ss o!r *$$,i'7s# O'$ da& 9$ "$ard t"at t"$ t"r$$

,$ad$rs5 N&$r$r$5 Obot$ a'd K$'&atta5 9$r$ 7oi'7 to "a0$ a -!b,i+ $$ti'7 at

t"$ %,o+. To9$r i' Ka-a,a# It 9as a Sat!rda&5 t"$ :t" o* J!'$5 1:=# W$

troo-$d to t"$ $$ti'7 7ro!'d si'7i'7 a'd da'+i'7> U"!r! +"a +"a +"a # # #

Uoa +"a +"a +"a # # # T"$ $$ti'7 9as 9$,, att$'d$d a'd o!r st!d$'t 0oi+$s

oi'$d t"os$ o* t"$ 9or.i'7 -$o-,$ 9"o "ad ass$d t"$r$# T"!'d$ro!s

a--,a!s$ 7r$$t$d N&$r$r$5 or Obot$ or K$'&atta 9"$' a'& o* t"$ r$*$rr$d to

t"$ir Nairobi d$+,aratio'# U"!r! +"a +"a +"a # # # U'it& +"a +"a +"a # # #

W"at 9$r$ 9$ r$a,,& +"$$ri'7 T"$ t"r$$ ,$ad$rs +o!,d tab!,at$ a,, t"$

ad0a'ta7$s o* a' East A*ri+a' *$d$ratio'# T"$s$ 9$r$ ob0io!s a'd $0$' t"$

9"it$ s$tt,$rs "ad +orr$+t,& id$'ti*i$d t"$ i' $ar,i$r &$ars# W$st$r' i't$r$sts

9o!,d 'ot "a0$ o--os$d s!+" a +,os$r !'it&5 -arti+!,ar,& i* it $'s!r$d a 7r$at$r

a'd or$ s$+!r$ t$rritor& *or t"$ir o-$ratio's# !t t"$ *a+t is t"at t"$ Nairobi

d$+,aratio' "ad 'ot r$a,,& addr$ss$d its$,* to t"$ id$o,o7& 7!idi'7 t"$

*o!'datio' o* s!+" a *$d$ratio'# W"os$ stat$ 9as it 7oi'7 to b$ W"at so+ia,

i't$r$sts i' East A*ri+a 9as it 7oi'7 to s$r0$ W"$r$ did it sta'd vis7;7vis

'$o?+o,o'ia,is a'd t"$ *!'da$'ta, 6!$stio' o* so+ia, +"a'7$ *or t"$

aorit&5 t"$ 9or.i'7 -$o-,$ o* East A*ri+a so 9$,, r$-r$s$'t$d b& t"$ +ro9d

t"at "ad 7at"$r$d at t"$ %,o+. To9$r

A'd t"$' +a$ t"$ Ar!s"a d$+,aratio'5 addr$ssi'7 its$,* to Ta'a'ia o',&#

!t i' so$ 9a&s it 9as or$ East A*ri+a' t"a' t"$

1@=



Nairobi d$+,aratio'# Ar!s"a r$*,$+t$d r$a,iti$s a'd arti+!,at$d a 0isio' b$&o'd

t"$ bord$rs o* Ta'a'ia>

W$ "a0$ b$$' o--r$ss$d a 7r$at d$a,5 9$ "a0$ b$$' $2-,oit$d a 7r$at d$a,

a'd 9$ "a0$ b$$' d$7rad$d a 7r$at d$a,# It is o!r 9$a.'$ss t"at "as ,$d to

o!r b$i'7 o--r$ss$d5 $2-,oit$d5 disr$7ard$d# No9 9$ 9a't a r$0o,!tio' ? a

r$0o,!tio' 9"i+" bri'7s to a' $'d o!r 9$a.'$ss so t"at 9$ ar$ '$0$r a7ai'

$2-,oit$d5 o--r$ss$d a'd "!i,iat$d#

Wit" t"$ Ar!s"a d$+,aratio'5 N&$r$r$ a'd Ta'a'ia "ad s$+!r$d t"$ir -,a+$ i'

t"$ -o,iti+a, ia7i'atio' o* East A*ri+a *or &$ars to +o$5 *or i' arti+!,ati'7 t"$

0isio' o* t"$ $a'+i-atio' o* t"$ 9or.$rs a'd -$asa'ts o* Ta'a'ia5 t"$& 9$r$

a+t!a,,& stati'7 t"$ ,i'.s t"at r$a,,& bo!'d t"$ -$o-,$s o* t"$ t"r$$ t$rritori$s#

T"$ *a+t is t"at t"$ 9or.i'7 -$o-,$ o* a,, t"r$$ ar$as "ad b$$' $2-,oit$d a 7r$at

d$a,5 o--r$ss$d a 7r$at d$a,5 "!i,iat$d a 7r$at d$a, a'd o',& t"$ !'it& a'd t"$

$+o'oi+5 -o,iti+a, a'd +!,t!ra, $-o9$r$'t o* t"$ ass$s 9o!,d $$t t"$

r$a, '$$ds#

As it t!r'$d o!t5 t"$ Nairobi d$+,aratio' a'd t"$ %,o+. To9$r $$ti'7 at

Ka-a,a 9$r$ to r$ai' t"$ -i''a+,$ o* t"$ dr$as *or a +$'tra,is$d East

A*ri+a' stat$# T"$ Ar!s"a d$+,aratio' 9as to bri'7 o!t s"ar-,& a'd +,$ar,& t"$di**$r$'t -at"s o* so+ia, d$0$,o-$'t o-t$d *or b& t"$ t"r$$ stat$s# Ta'a'ia

9as $2-$ri$'ti'7 9it" so+ia, d$o+ra+&5 !'d$r t"$ 'a$ Uaaa# K$'&a

7r$9 i'to a +,assi+a, '$o?+o,o'&5 -r$*$rri'7 its +os& r$,atio's"i- 9it" t"$ W$st5

as +,i$'t stat$5 to t"$ ris.s o* a di**$r$'t so+ia, ord$r# T"$ K$'&a ,$ad$rs"i-

too. it t"at it 9as b$tt$r to b$ a 9$,,?*$d s,a0$ t"a' to +"a'+$ t"$ s$ar+" *or s$,*

r$,ia'+$ as a *r$$ a'd i'd$-$'d$'t 'atio'# U7a'da !'d$r Obot$ tri$d to *a+$

di**$r$'t dir$+tio's at t"$ sa$ ti$5 si7'a,,i'7 ri7"t5 ,$*t a'd +$'tr$

si!,ta'$o!s,&# A'd t"$' 9it" t"$ cou' d1>tat o* Idi Ai'5 *as+is +a$ to

U7a'da# I' t"$ $'d5 $0$' t"$ East A*ri+a' %o!'it& 9"i+" "ad r$-,a+$d t"$

East A*ri+a' %oo' S$r0i+$s Or7a'isatio' +o!,d 'ot b$ sa0$d# I' 1:<@

Ta'a'ia a'd U7a'da 9$'t to 9ar# T"$ bord$r b$t9$$' K$'&a a'd Ta'a'ia

9as +,os$d b$t9$$' 1:<< a'd 1:@# A'd si'+$ t"$ *a,, o* Idi Ai' a'd o* t"$

s$+o'd r$i7' o* Obot$5 Di+tator Moi "as tri$d "is b$st to -ro0o.$ a 9ar 9it"

M!s$0$'is U7a'da# T"!s toda& i' t"$ 'i'$ti$s5 t"$ t"r$$ +o!'tri$s s$$ 'o

'$ar$r a -o,iti+a, !'io' t"a'

1@<



t"$& 9$r$ i' 1:= 9"$' N&$r$r$5 Obot$ a'd K$'&atta ad$ t"$ Nairobi

d$+,aratio' a'd t"ri,,$d t"$ "$arts o* i,,io's# Do$s it $a' t"at t"$ d$+,aratio'

9as o',& so!'d a'd *!r& si7'i*&i'7 'ot"i'7

East A*ri+a is +o'd$'$d b& t"$ i'"$rita'+$ o* 7$o7ra-"& a'd "istor& to

*or$0$r .$$- o' tr&i'7 to *or7$ !'it& *or its +oo' s!r0i0a, as a stro'7 *or+$

i' A*ri+a a'd 9or,d a**airs or $,s$ b$ doo$d to r$ai' 9$a.5 s!b$+t to

"!i,iatio's a'd a'i-!,atio's b& ot"$r or$ -o9$r*!, 'atio's# O!r "istor&

"as a,r$ad& 7i0$' !s a '!b$r o* ,$7a+i$s5 as 7!id$s a'd 9ar'i'7s5 o' 9"i+"

9$ +a' *or7$ r$a, !'it&# T9o o* t"$ ost +r!+ia, ar$ t"$ 7i*ts o* a +oo'

,a'7!a7$ a'd a +oo' traditio' o* r$sista'+$ to *or$i7' doi'atio' a'd

str!77,$ a7ai'st i't$r'a, r$-r$ssio'#

A' o0$r9"$,i'7 '!b$r o* s+"o,ars 'o9 a++$-t t"at Kis9a"i,i is a'

A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$# It is ori7i'a,,& t"$ ,a'7!a7$ o* t"$ Was9a"i,i at t"$ +oast a'd

it +,$ar,& b$,o'7s to t"$ a't! 7ro!- o* ,a'7!a7$s# !t it "as b$$' $'ri+"$d b&

+!,t!ra, +o'ta+t 9it" t"$ di**$r$'t *or+$s 9"i+" "a0$ i't$ra+t$d 9it" East

A*ri+a# Its +a-a+it& to absorb '$9 9ords5 '$9 $2-r$ssio's5 '$9 $2-$ri$'+$s5

a.$s it #o'$ o* t"$ *ast$st?7ro9i'7 ,a'7!a7$s i' t"$ 9or,d# It is toda& t"$

'atio'a, a'd o**i+ia, ,a'7!a7$ i' Ta'a'ia it is t"$ a,,?K$'&a 'atio'a,

,a'7!a7$5 d$s-it$ t"$ *a+t t"at E'7,is" is sti,, t"$ o**i+ia, ,a'7!a7$ a'd it is

ass!i'7 a sii,ar -ositio' i' U7a'da# W$ "a0$ a'& ,a'7!a7$s i' East

A*ri+a# !t Kis9a"i,i $'ab,$s !s to +o!'i+at$ a+ross a,, t"$ di**$r$'t

,a'7!a7$s# T"$ b$a!t& o* it is t"at t"is is a' A*ri+a' ,a'7!a7$5 a' a!t"$'ti+

-rod!+t o* East A*ri+a5 o* o!r "istor&5 a'd# i' its d$0$,o-$'t at t"$ +oast5 it

a,9a&s *!'+tio'$d as a ,a'7!a7$ o* !'it&5 *a+i,itati'7 +!,t!r$ +o'ta+t a'd

+o$r+$#

R$sista'+$ is &$t a'ot"$r +oo' t"$$ i' o!r "istor&# & t"$ *i*t$$'t"

+$'t!r& at t"$ +oast a'd !- to t"$ $i7"t$$'t" +$'t!r& i' t"$ i't$rior5 t"$

str!77,$s 9it" 'at!r$ its$,* as 9$,, as so+ia, str!77,$s t"ro!7" trad$5 +o$r+$5

a'd $0$' i't$r?+o!'it& 9ars5 9$r$ bri'7i'7 abo!t t"$ i't$7ratio' o* t"$

0ario!s r$7io's i'to $0$r ,ar7$r !'its a'd *oratio's o*t$' 9it" a +$'tra,is$d

a!t"orit&5 t"$ !'&oro?Kitara5 A'.o,$ a'd !7a'da .i'7dos i' U7a'da5 a'd

t"$ Nt$i +"i$*dos i' Ta'a'ia5 b$i'7 t"$ b$st $2a-,$s# T"$ -ro+$ss o* t"$

i't$r'a, 9or.i'7s?o!t o* t"$ +o'tradi+tio's 9it" 'at!r$ o* +o'tradi+tio's

b$t9$$' +o!'iti$s a'd +o'tradi+tio's 9it"i' a +o!'it& 9as i't$rr!-t$d b& t"$ 0ario!s i'0ad$rs *ro

1@@



t"$ s$a# T"$ Port!7!$s$ i' t"$ si2t$$'t" a'd s$0$'t$$'t" +$'t!ri$s 9$r$

*o,,o9$d b& t"os$ o* t"$ Oa'it$ Arabs o* t"$ $i7"t$$'t" +$'t!r& a'd t"$'

t"os$ o* t"$ G$ra's a'd t"$ ritis" i' 'i'$t$$'t" +$'t!r&# Di0id$ a'd r!,$ 9as

t"$ +oo' t"$$ i' t"$ -ra+ti+$ o* t"$s$ +o'6!$rors# Di0isio' o* t"$ East

A*ri+a' +o!'iti$s b& $2t$r'a, *or+$s is b$st s&bo,is$d b& t"$ $r,i'

%o'*$r$'+$ o* 1@@3 9"i+"5 9it" t"$ s!bs$6!$'t tr$ati$s5 sa9 t"$ 0ario!s

bo!'dari$s dra9' ,it$ra,,& t"ro!7" $0$' si'7,$ ,a'7!a7$ +o!'iti$s so t"at

toda& t"$ t"r$$ t$rritori$s s"ar$ +$rtai' 'atio'a,iti$s 9"o ,i0$ o' $it"$r sid$ o*

t"$ir bord$rs# T"$ Maasai5 *or i'sta'+$5 i'"abit bot" Ta'a'ia a'd K$'&a# It is

t"$ str!77,$ a7ai'st t"$s$ $2t$r'a, *or+$s o* o++!-atio' t"at +r$at$d t"$

+oo' traditio' o* r$sista'+$#

K$'&a -ro0id$s o'$ o* t"$ b$st $2a-,$s o* t"is traditio'# I '$$d "ard,&

$'tio' a,, t"$ 9ars *o!7"t b& t"$ Mobasa's a7ai'st t"$ Port!7!$s$ i' t"$

,ast &$ars o* t"$ *i*t$$'t" +$'t!r& a'd t"ro!7"o!t t"$ si2t$$'t"5 a'd t"$

s$0$'t$$'t" +$'t!ri$s# O'$ o* t"$ ost $orab,$ 9as t"$ 1= r$sista'+$ ,$d

b& F!s!* bi' Hasa' a7ai'st t"$ Port!7!$s$ o++!-atio' o* Mobasa# A'ot"$r

$orab,$ $0$'t 9as t"$ t"r$$?&$ar si$7$ o* Mobasa to9ards t"$ $'d o* t"$

s$0$'t$$'t" +$'t!r&5 9"i+" *i'a,,& bro.$ t"$ ba+.bo'$ o* t"$ Port!7!$s$

-r$s$'+$ at t"$ East A*ri+a' +oast# & 1<@ t"$ Port!7!$s$ "ad b$$' dri0$' o!t

o* K$'&a '$0$r to r$t!r'5 ,$a0i'7 b$"i'd ;ort J$s!s5 d$stro&$d +iti$s5 a'd a *$9

9ords as t"$ o',& ar. o* t"$ir t9o "!'dr$d &$ars -r$s$'+$# Sii,ar *$ats o*

r$sista'+$ 9$r$ ,at$r $'a+t$d a7ai'st t"$ Oa'it$s5 t"$ G$ra's5 a'd t"$

ritis"5 i' t"$ t"r$$ +o!'tri$s# T"$ Mai Mai ar$d str!77,$ a7ai'st t"$

G$ra's i' Ta'a'ia i' 1:4 b$7a' t"$ $ra o* ar$d a'ti?+o,o'ia, !-risi'7s# It

9as "o9$0$r t"$ Ma! Ma! ar$d str!77,$ *ro 1:4 to 1:= 9"i+" +a-t!r$d

t"$ ia7i'atio' o* a,, East A*ri+a a'd 9"i+" b$st s&bo,is$d t"$ d$t$ri'atio'

o* t"$ A*ri+a' -$o-,$ to b$ *r$$# A'd !st as t"$ t"r$$?&$ar si$7$ o* Mobasa i't"$ s$0$'t$$'t" +$'t!r& bro.$ t"$ ba+. o* t"$ Port!7!$s$ o++!-atio'5 so did t"$

Ma! Ma! br$a. t"$ ba+. o* t"$ $'tir$ ritis" +o,o'ia, -o,i+& i' East A*ri+a a'd

b$&o'd# %o,o'ia, +o'tro, +o!,d 'o ,o'7$r b$ $**$+t$d i' t"$ o,d 9a&# ;ro t"$

Gr$at Mobasa r$sista'+$ t"ro!7" Mai Mai to Ma! Ma!5 o!r "istor& 7,itt$rs

9it" a'& "$roi+ +"ara+t$rs> F!s!* bi' Hasa'5 Mbara. Ib' Ras"id5 M9a.a9a5

Kabar$7a5 M9a'7a5 a'd K,at"i> a,, t"$s$ "o'o!r t"at 7r$at traditio' o*

r$sista'+$#

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T"$r$ ar$ ot"$r ,$sso's *ro t"at "istor&# T"os$ at t"$ *or$*ro't i' t"$

str!77,$ a7ai'st *or$i7' o++!-atio' a'd doi'atio' 9$r$ t"$ *or+$s ost

+o's+io!s o* t"$ '$$d *or !'it& 9it"i' t"$ 0ario!s 'atio'a, +o!'iti$s# S!+"

a ,$ad$rs"i- a,9a&s *$,t it '$+$ssar& to dra9 +,os$r to t"$ -$o-,$5 7$tti'7 t"$ir

str$'7t" *ro t"$ broad ass$s# T"os$ t"at a,,i$d 9it" *or$i7' o++!-atio' a'd

doi'atio' a,9a&s 9or.$d a7ai'st t"$ !'it& o* t"$ 0ario!s -$o-,$s# %o,,abora?

tio' 9it" t"$ *or$i7' i'0ad$r a,9a&s a,i$'at$d s!+" i'di0id!a,s a'd ,$ad$rs

*ro t"$ -$o-,$# T"$& t"$r$*or$ r!,$d t"ro!7" t&ra''&# Or -!tti'7 it a'ot"$r

9a&5 t&ra''i$s a,9a&s t"ri0$d t"ro!7" di0isio's ao'7 t"$ -$o-,$s a'd

b$t9$$' +o!'iti$s#

Sti,, t"$ -$o-,$ "ad a' a's9$r to t&ra''&# I' "is boo. The Meado%s of

2old and the Mines of 2ems 9ritt$' i' %airo i' :3 AD5 a, Mas!di5 9"o "ad

tra0$,,$d to t"$ East A*ri+a +oast i' :1= AD5 d$s+rib$s t"$ -$o-,$ as b$i'7

r!,$d b& a s!-r$$ .i'7 !'d$r 9"o 9$r$ ot"$r sa,,$r .i'7s# S!+" .i'7s

9$r$ +"os$' o' t"$ +o'ditio' t"at t"$& r!,$d i' !sti+$>

O'+$ t"$ .i'7 b$+o$s a t&ra't5 a'd sto-s r!,i'7 !st,& t"$& .i,, "i a'd

r$*!s$ to a,,o9 "is d$s+$'da'ts to i'"$rit t"$ t"ro'$# T"$& do t"is b$+a!s$

i' +$asi'7 to r!,$ !st,& t"$ .i'7 "as +$as$d to b$ t"$ so' o* t"$ S!-r$$

Lord t"at is to sa& t"$ God o* H$a0$' a'd Eart"#

T"!s o!r "istor& o* r$sista'+$ is *!,, o* 7!id$s a'd 9ar'i'7s abo!t o!r -r$s$'t

a'd o!r *!t!r$# So si-,$ a'd &$t so $as& to *or7$t# I' !'it& ,i$s str$'7t" i'

di0isio's5 9$a.'$ss#

Wit" t"$ i'"$rita'+$ o* a +oo' 7$o7ra-"&5 a +oo' traditio' o*

r$sista'+$5 a +oo' ,a'7!a7$5 a'd 9it" -o,iti+a, !'it& bri'7i'7 abo!t t"$

$+o'oi+ i't$7ratio' o* o!r = i,,io' -$o-,$ !'d$r o'$ stro'7 *$d$ra, stat$5

9"at a 9o'd$r*!, bas$ t"is 9o!,d b$ *ro 9"i+" 9$ +o!,d *a+$ t"$ t9$'t&?*irst

+$'t!r&# T"is s!bsta'tia, "o$ ar.$t 9o!,d $'ab,$ !s to s!stai' bi7 od$r'

i'd!stri$s5 rais$ o!r a7ri+!,t!ra, -rod!+tio' to '$9 "$i7"ts5 o-$' !- i't$r'a,

to!ris5 d$0$,o- +o-,$$'tar& $+o'oi+ a+ti0iti$s i'st$ad o* t"$ +!rr$'t

d!-,i+atio'5 a'd $2-,oit a,, t"$ -ossibi,iti$s o* i't$r'a, +o$r+$ ,o'7 b$*or$

9$ '$$d $2-,or$ *or$i7' ar.$ts# W$ +o!,d i't$ra+t 9it" *or$i7' ar.$ts o'

t"$ basis o* str$'7t"5 'ot 9$a.'$ss5 $6!a,it& a'd 'ot d$-$'d$'+$# W$ 9o!,d i'

t"$ -ro+$ss sa& *ar$9$,,

1:



to +o,o'ia, bord$rs a'd t"$ di0isio's o* 'atio'a,iti$s as 9$ ,$a- i'to t"$

t9$'t&?*irst +$'t!r&# A id'i7"t dr$a o* a' aat$!r *is"$ra' o' t"$ "i7"

s$as T"$ dr$a 9as 'ot i'$ a,o'$> It "as b$$' 9it" !s o' t"$ ,a'd a'd o' t"$

s$a#

Ta'a'ia5 U7a'da a'd K$'&a o'+$ "ad a dr$a ? or a 0isio' t"at 9$

9o!,d a,, b$+o$ -art o* o'$ ,ar7$ !'it# So$ o* !s sti,, "o,d o' to t"at dr$a5

a'd b$,i$0$ it +a' b$ ad$ i'to a r$a,it&5 so said J!,i!s N&$r$r$ o' < J!'$

1:=@5 -robab,& r$*$rri'7 to t"$ Nairobi d$+,aratio' 9"i+" "ad -rois$d to

bri'7 abo!t a *$d$ratio' at t"$ $'d o* 1:=#

Toda& t"$ ar+"it$+ts o* t"$ Nairobi d$+,aratio' ar$ 'o ,o'7$r o' t"$ s+$'$#

K$'&atta is d$ad5 Obot$ o!t o* -o9$r# N&$r$r$ is 'o ,o'7$r t"$ "$ad o* stat$#

A'd 9"i,$ Ta'a'ia !'d$r M9i'&i5 a'd U7a'da5 !'d$r M!s$0$'i5 ar$ sti,,

$2-$ri$'ti'7 9it" *ors o* d$o+rati+ -arti+i-atio' i' t"$ 'atio'a, ,i*$ a'd

"a0$ ado-t$d a -ro?A*ri+a -o,i+& i' i't$r'atio'a, r$,atio's5 K$'&a5 !'d$r Moi5

"as b$+o$ a di+tators"i- +r!s"i'7 a'& *ors o* -o-!,ar -arti+i-atio' i' t"$

-o,iti+a, a'd +!,t!ra, ,i*$ o* t"$ +o!'tr&# T"$ Moi/Ka'! r$7i$ "as 7i0$'

i,itar& *a+i,iti$s to t"$ USA a'd !'d$r t"$ 7!is$ o* $r$,& -ro0idi'7 tro-i+a,

+o'ditio's *or t"$ir trai'i'75 t"$ r$7i$ "as $'s!r$d a ritis" i,itar& -r$s$'+$

i' t"$ +o!'tr&# T"$ +o!'tr& "as b$+o$ a to!rist -aradis$ *or W$st$r' "!'t$rs

o* s$25 s!' a'd sa'd# Ma,i'di *or i'sta'+$ is 'o9 G$ra' t$rritor&# Ot"$r ar$as

o* t"$ +oast "a0$ b$$' +o,o'is$d b& A$ri+a'5 Ita,ia'5 a'd ritis" to!rists# T"$

di+tators"i- 9it" its 0ast a+"i'$r& o* t$rror ? or$ t"a' *i0$ -$o-,$ +a''ot

$$t $0$' *or a *ai,& t$a -art&5 *!'$ra, or 9$ddi'7 9it"o!t a -o,i+$ ,i+$'+$ ?

9as i' t"$ $ra o* t"$ %o,d War '$0$r $2-os$d i' t"$ W$st b$+a!s$ o* its

a,i7'$'t# H!'dr$ds o* -o,iti+a, -riso'$rs rot i' Mois ai,s# Ot"$rs ar$ i' $2i,$#

T"$ 7a- b$t9$$' t"$ ri+" a'd t"$ -oor is o'$ o* t"$ 9id$st i' A*ri+a# T"$

di+tators"i- "as s$t 'atio'a,iti$s a'd r$7io's a7ai'st o'$ a'ot"$r# I* it is sos+ar$d o* d$o+ra+& a'd !'it& 9it"i' K$'&a5 "o9 +o!,d it -ossib,& 9$,+o$

d$o+ra+& a'd !'it& o' a *ar ,ar7$r s+a,$

!t t"$ dr$a a'd t"$ 0isio' ar$ sti,, t"$r$ ao'7 t"$ -ro7r$ssi0$ &o!t" o*

t"$ t"r$$ +o!'tri$s# ;or i'sta'+$ t"$ 1:@< Dra*t Mi'i! Pro7ra$ o*

M9a.$'&a ? t"$ !'d$r7ro!'d r$sista'+$ o0$$'t i' K$'&a ? stat$s as o'$ o*

its 7oa,s t"$ r$a,isatio' o* t"$ -o,iti+a, !'it& o* t"$ t"r$$ East A*ri+a' +o!'tri$s

o' t"$ basis o* t"$

1:1



i'di0isib,$ +oo' i't$r$sts o* t"$ -$asa'ts a'd 9or.$rs a'd o' t"$ *ir

+o'0i+tio' t"at a'& o* o!r -rob,$s +a' b$ so,0$d or$ $**$+ti0$,& o' a'

East A*ri+a' basis#

W"at $$r7$s is t"at 7$'!i'$ A*ri+a' !'it& o' a +o'ti'$'ta, or r$7io'a,

basis 9i,, 'ot b$ -ossib,$ !',$ss *o!'d$d o' +o'sist$'t a'ti?'$o?+o,o'ia,is

a'd d$o+ra+&# S!+" !'it& 9o!,d "a0$ to b$ so!7"t *ro t"$ sta'd-oi't o* t"$

-$o-,$# It +a''ot b$ i-os$d *ro abo0$ or *ro 9it"o!t# A +oit$'t to

7$'!i'$ i'd$-$'d$'+$5 d$o+ra+& a'd so+ia, +"a'7$ is $ss$'tia, to t"$ s!++$ss

o* a'& '$9 -"as$ i' t"$ str!77,$ *or r$7io'a, a'd $0$' +o'ti'$'ta, $+o'oi+5

-o,iti+a, a'd +!,t!ra, i't$7ratio'# ;or t"at r$aso' I -r$*$r t"$ -o$tr& o* t"$

Ar!s"a d$+,aratio' to t"$ i'*,at$d -ros$ o* t"$ Nairobi d$+,aratio'# ;or o',& o'

t"$ basis o* -ro*o!'d so+ia, +"a'7$5 a' i'+r$as$ i' 9$a,t" a'd t"$ i's!ra'+$

t"at t"$ 9$a,t" r$ai's 9it"i' t"$ +o!'tr& a'd 9it"i' t"$ aorit&5 +a' t"$r$ b$

7$'!i'$ so+ia, !sti+$ a'd "a--i'$ss *or a,, i' a'& o'$ o* t"$ +o!'tri$s or i' o'$

East A*ri+a#

Si'+$ & $2i,$ i' 1:@5 I "a0$ b$$' a 9a'd$r$r# I "a0$ ,i0$d a'd 9or.$d i'

a'& -,a+$s5 & ,at$st b$i'7 as isiti'7 Pro*$ssor at Fa,$ U'i0$rsit& i' t"$

USA# !t t"$r$ is a K$'&a I a,9a&s +arr& 9it" $5 a K$'&a t"at 'obod&5 'ot

$0$' Di+tator Moi5 +a' ta.$ *ro $# It is t"$ K$'&a o* t"$ 9or.i'7 -$o-,$ o*

a,, t"$ 'atio'a,iti$s 9it"i' it a'd t"$ir "$roi+ str!77,$s a7ai'st doi'atio' b&

'at!r$ or ot"$r "!a's5 o0$r t"$ +$'t!ri$s# I' & 'o0$,s5 I "a0$ tri$d to +a-t!r$

t"is s$'s$ o* 'atio'a, -rid$ a'd di7'it&# It is t"$ 9or.i'7 -$o-,$ o* K$'&a 9"o

too. o' t"$ -ost?9ar i7"t o* t"$ ritis" E-ir$ a'd *or+$d +o,o'ia,is to

r$tr$at *or *$ar t"at Ma! Ma!?t&-$ ar$d i's!rr$+tio's i7"t br$a. o!t i' ot"$r

-arts o* t"$ ritis"?+o,o'is$d 9or,d# !t t"$ '$o?+o,o'ia, stat$ !'d$r Moi "as

b$$' at 9ar 9it" t"is as-$+t o* o!r "istor&# T"$ *a+ts t$sti*& to t"is#

W"$' i' 1:<< I +o?a!t"or$d59it" N7!7i 9a Mirii5 a -,a&5 Ngaahika

Ndeenda( +$,$brati'7 t"$ *a+t t"at t"$ ordi'ar& -$o-,$5 a'd 'ot o!tsta'di'7

i'di0id!a,s5 ar$ t"$ a.$rs o* o!r "istor&5 I 9as arr$st$d a'd -,a+$d i' a

a2i! s$+!rit& -riso'# Ho9 dar$ I 9rit$ t"at abo!t -$o-,$ a'd i' a

,a'7!a7$ t"at t"os$ 0$r& -$o-,$ +o!,d !'d$rsta'd W"$' i' 1:@5 9$ tri$d to

-$r*or a'ot"$r -,a&5 Maitu N+ugira5 a7ai' +$,$brati'7 t"$ sa$ .i'd o*

"istor&5 t"$ -o,i+$ +,os$d t"$ t"$atr$ 9"$r$ 9$ 9$r$ d!$ to -$r*or a'd ,at$r

1:



Moi s$'t t"r$$ tr!+.,oads o* ar$d -o,i+$$' to ra$ to t"$ 7ro!'d t"$

Kairiit"! o-$' air t"$atr$# A'd ,ast,& 9"$' ,at$r I 9rot$ a 'o0$,5 Matigari( o'

t"$ sa$ t"$$5 a'd it 9as -!b,is"$d i' Gi.!&! i' K$'&a i' 1:@=5 t"$ r$s!,ts

9$r$ $0$' or$ draati+#

Mati7ari5 t"$ ai' +"ara+t$r5 is -!,$d b& a 9or,d 9"$r$ t"$ -rod!+$r is

'ot t"$ o'$ 9"o "as t"$ ,ast 9ord o' 9"at "$ "as -rod!+$d a 9or,d 9"$r$ ,i$s

ar$ r$9ard$d a'd tr!t" -!'is"$d# H$ 7o$s ro!'d t"$ +o!'tr& as.i'7 6!$stio's

abo!t tr!t" a'd !sti+$# P$o-,$ 9"o "ad r$ad t"$ 'o0$, start$d ta,.i'7 abo!t

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