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GABINETE DO DIRECTOR GERAL

REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS FOR CONSULTANCY SERVICES

FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR NAMPULA-CUAMBA ROAD PROJECT (ROADS 3)

RFP No 521/DG/07

Roads and Bridges Management and Maintenance Programme Financed by IDA

January, 2007

STANDARD REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS

CONTENTS

Request for Proposals................................................................................................................ 1

Section 1. Letter of Invitation .................................................................................................... Section 2. Information to Consultants........................................................................................

Section 3. Technical Proposal - Standard Forms ....................................................................... Section 4. Financial Proposal - Standard Forms ........................................................................ Section 5. Terms of Reference ................................................................................................. 7 Section 6. Standard Forms of Contract ...................................................................................... Annexes:

Annex I. Consultants Services: Complex Time-Based Assignments

Section 5. Terms of Reference

1 INTRODUCTION

The Government of Mozambique (GOM) is negotiating with Japan govt. for the purpose of improving the transport infrastructure in Mozambique and strengthening the institutional capacity of the road sub-sector, and intends, through the Administrao Nacional de Estradas (ANE), to apply part of the credit proceeds to eligible payment under the contract for which this request for proposals is issued. As a continuation of the Governments initiatives to improve the quality of the countrys road network, the GOM, through the Administrao Nacional de Estradas (ANE) and the Road Fund, has begun implementation of a major 10-year roads program, Roads and Bridges Management and Maintenance Project (RBMMP or Roads 3). This ten-year program is jointly financed by the GOM and a variety of donors, including JICA which plays its role among financers for the sector. Now the GOM and ANE are preparing the second phase of Roads 3, which will be a three-year program to begin early 2007. ANE requires consultancy services in order to prepare the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the Nampula Cuamba Road Project. (ROADS 3). The consultant shall carry out required surveys and relevant activities based on the legislation and guidelines such as Mozambiques, Japan International Cooperation Agency, Japan Bank for International Cooperation and African Development Bank (hereinafter referred as the guidelines). The consultant is required to read and grasp the guidelines before conducting the study. The environmental and social consideration activities should also consider and follow the Environmental Guidelines for Road Works in Mozambique (1997), the Directive for Road Sector and other Safeguards and documentation, if required.

2 OBJECTIVES

The main objective of the Consultancy is to carry out the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the Nampula Cuamba Road Project (ROADS 3). The Consultant is deemed to identify projected Impacts and establish appropriate mitigation measures. Additionally, the Consultant will develop a monitoring program that will be followed during the project implementation.

Specific Objectives

To collect required information and data regarding upstream plans, natural environment, socio-economic environment and relevant data;

Description of current environmental and social situation and the expected trends in the presence of the road project;

Examination of the legal and administrative framework regarding environmental and social management;

Analyze the environmental and social impacts utilizing the detailed information and data gathered in both environmental and social screening stage and initial environmental and social examination stage on specific substantive parameters covering the natural, human and social environments, and the activities involved in road construction, operation and maintenance;

The preparation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan; The preparation of an Resettlement Plan; The development of a Monitoring Program to be followed during the project

implementation

3 SCOPE OF WORKS

The Consultant will carry out a combination of desktop and field studies in order to fully describe the environmental and social baseline of the affected area. Based on the knowledge of the affected environment the consultant will identify and describe impacts and associated mitigation measures for the design, construction and operation phases.

During the study the Consultant take into account issues and concerns raised through the Public Consultation Process (PCP). These issues and concerns will be incorporated into the environmental and social analysis.

3.1. Desktop Studies

a) The Consultant will review the national environmental policy, legislation and directives relevant to the roads sector programme as well as Japanese, AfDB, World Bank and other relevant Safeguards;

b) The Consultant will analyse 1:250,000 and 1:50,000 vegetation cover, forestry, topographical and geological maps and soils maps of appropriate scale relevant to the alignment. Where possible aerial photographs should be analysed. This analysis will serve the following purposes:

Topography and landforms (with emphasis on slope gradients in relation to erosion and sedimentation risk),

Geology and geomorphology;

Soils (with emphasis on the distribution of soil types, their aptitude and erosion sensitivity);

Land cover and vegetation;

Vegetation cover and use (with emphasis for the floodplain vegetation communities grasslands on floodplains, dune communities, mangroves, etc.)

Evaluate existing reports and documents to determine the possible occurrence of plant species of conservation concern and wildlife.

Describe the salient hydrological features to determine the impact on the hydrology;

Make a district-level analysis of the socio economic environment (demography, land use, commercial and social development).

b) overview of biophysical and socio-economic aspects including areas of high priority for conservation of natural habitats, formally protected areas such as national parks, fragile ecosystems, demographics, ethnicity, gender aspects, HIV/AIDS etc. The Consultant will identify distinct biophysical/socio-economic zones within the project area of influence, that would be impacted on.

c) assess ANE capacity and responsibility to implement the EMP, the

Resettlement Plan and its relation with other government institutions and the private sector to implement, monitor and enforce the relevant guidelines to undertake Environmental and Social studies.

3.2. Field Work

From the desktop study, the consultant should be able to define with high degree of certainty the area of influence of the road. The second stage will involve fieldwork in the area of impact of the project where a visual scoping exercise will be conducted. The approach adopted will be to first identify the types of environmental and social impacts that can occur with the project implementation.

The following environmental and social issues will need to be investigated:

3.2.1 Human Environment

3.2.1.1 Social Environment

1. Migration and resettlement

2. Local economy, employment and livelihood (including quality of life, fuel price increase)

3. Land use and local resources utilization

4. Existing social infrastructures and services (including access to them)

5. Local communities/ Ethnic group

6. Benefit and damage misdistribution and Local conflicts of interests

7. Gender (Division of labor (paid and unpaid work), Income generating activities

(money and kind), Access to land control over productive factors, Involvement in societal organization)

8. Childrens rights

9. Cultural heritage (sanctuary, local heritage)

10. Public sanitation

11. Infectious diseases/Communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Non-

communicable diseases (including Malnutrition and Psychosocial disorders and well-being)

12. Water usage and rights

13. Traffic accidents

14. Information, education and communication

15. Democratic trend

16. Participation (Consultations, Civil Society strengthening)

17. Social instability

3.2.1.2 Pollution

18. Air pollution

19. Water pollution

20. Soil contamination

21. Waste

22. Noise and vibration

23. Ground subsidence

24. Offensive odors

25. Bottom sediment in sea and rivers

26. Hazard management 3.2.2 Physical and Natural Environment

27. Global warming

28. Biota (Flora, Fauna), ecosystems and natural heritage

29. Geographical features

30. Soil erosion and stability of slopes

31. Underground water

32. Hydrological situation

33. Coastal zone (mangroves, coral reefs, tidal flats, etc.)

34. Climate

35. Landscape

36. Natural disasters Note-1) Regard to resettlement survey, ANE may provide aerial photograph in 2007

through the Nampula-Cuamba Road Feasibility Study by ANE in cooperation with JICA. The consultant shall adopt methodologies based on Resettlement Policy Framework for the Road Sector, Sep. 2006 World Bank/ANE(hereinafter referred as RFP.

Note-2) above items are adopted from the guidelines

3.3. Analysis of Impacts

The impacts during design, construction and operational phases must be identified and evaluated. The predicted environmental and social impacts should be categorized into primary and secondary effects. The description and quantification of the environmental and social impact will, where possible, be based on scientific methods as follow:

An indication of the magnitude of the impacts; Extent, nature and duration; The provision of criteria by which impacts have been assessed; The consideration of cumulative impacts within the area; Significance in terms of national, regional and local impacts; Presentation and justification of criteria used.

3.4. Public Consultation

Public consultation is an integral part of the EIA process. Initial public consultation will be undertaken with local communities, national and international NGOs, scientific experts, relevant government agencies (at national, provincial and district level) and the private sector. The draft recommendations of the study will be discussed with key stakeholders at workshops to be held. Feed-back from the workshops will be incorporated in the Final Report.

3.4 Environmental and Social Management Plan

The overall mitigation plan will recommend feasible and cost effective measures to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable levels. The Consultant will estimate the impacts and costs of these measures. The Consultant should prepare a short and concise management plan including proposed work programs, budget estimates, schedules, staffing and training requirements, and other necessary support services to implement the mitigating measures.

3.5 The Resettlement Plan

The Consultant will analyze issues regarding resettlement. A Census survey of the expected size of the displaced persons, their socio-economic status including the value of their assets and other sources of livelihood should be carried out. The displaced people and the host population should be consulted about acceptable project alternatives and should be informed about potential impacts on them. Description of compensation options to be offered and other resettlement assistance to be provided should be documented and discussed with resettles including their preferred choice. It would be preferable to use local NGOs in this process. Institutional responsibilities for implementation of the resettlement plan

including involvement of NGOs in monitoring the plan should be established including the Schedules and budget for RO implementation.

3.6. Environmental Monitoring Plan

Additionally to the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, the Consultant is required to prepare a Monitoring Plan. The Monitoring Plan will be an appropriate tool followed by ANE staff or ANEs representative to confirm the implementation of mitigation measures recommended in the study.

The environmental Monitoring Plan should include guidelines for monitoring environmental and social aspects of road construction, rehabilitation and maintenance and this should be since the pre-construction to post-construction phase. In addition the guidelines will also include the main tasks such as the items/parameters to be monitored, the checklist for mitigating potential environmental impacts, and the method to present the report and the results of monitoring.

3.6 Reporting 3.6.1. The Consultant will be required to provide the following outputs:

a) Documents regarding Mozambiques EIA Procedures:

EDPA (Scoping report), TdR (ESIA plan report) and relevant required documents (to be submitted to MICOA) - (2 weeks after commencement)

b) Baseline survey report:

This report shall include General information (3.1), Present Condition (3.2) (2 months after commencement).

c) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Draft Report:

This report shall be included above Baseline survey report, and Impact prediction by the project, evaluation, environmental and social management plan, the monitoring plan and the Resettlement Action Plan: (3 months after commencement).

d) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Draft Final Report:

The Consultant shall submit for review of the National Director of ANE, or his designated representative, a draft final ESIA report including the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, the Environmental and Social Management Plan, the Monitoring Plan and the Resettlement Action Plan. (4 months after commencement)

After any required modifications or additions suggested by ANE and MICOA, the completed documents shall be present for ANE and MICOA final approvals.

The Final EIA Report shall include the following:

- The results of the environmental and social scoping exercise including: overview of relevant policy and legislation; definition of typical ecosystems in the area of impact of the road;

- The full comprehensive ESIA clearly outlining comprehensive formulation of required mitigation measures, cost impacts and assessments with related recommendations;

- Assessment of environmental and social impacts likely to arise from the road project;

- Environmental and Social Management Plan, Monitoring Plan and the Resettlement Action Plan. The Environmental and Social Management Plan will be issued to the Contractor during the implementation Phase;

*** The consultant shall prepare Resettlement Action Plan (hereinafter referred as RAP) Report based on Resettlement Policy Framework for the Road Sector, Sep. 2006 World Bank/ANE.

3.6.2. Coordination and Preparation Documents for Required Meetings

a) Public Consultation regarding ESIA

The consultant shall hold prescript public consultation based on the guidelines in each district/municipality. Frequency and timing: The consultant shall get in trim for effective meetings with ANE in cooperation with JICA Study Team. (Maximum twice in each district/municipality)

b) Stakeholder Meeting regarding RAP

The consultant shall hold meetings with the project affected population, especially with the owners of the displaced structures. The Consultant is also deemed to coordinate with ANE regarding the compensation of such affected persons.

3.7. EIA Presentation

A program of formal presentation of the ESIA procedures and findings must be made to ANE staff. This must be presented at ANEs offices and must be programmed and planned in conjunction with the ANE Project Engineer. This forms part of the ANE Studies approval procedures.

The report must be presented to all the key Design staff. Presentations must be made to coincide with the Draft Final Report.

In addition, all study investigations and findings will be documented and available to interested individuals and organizations. The consultant should display the study for public at various stages including the ESIA Final Report

All intermediate reports shall be submitted both in English and Portuguese, and presented in 10 copies of each language.

The Final Report shall be produced both in Portuguese and English, in 20 copies each.

All reports are to be submitted electronically in PDF format (the entire report, including all tables, graphics, and text), with tables provided also in Excel format. All documents and reports developed by the Consultant and paid for under these services shall become the property of ANE upon completion of the services.

The draft ESIA report should focus on findings of the environmental and social scoping exercise and preliminary conclusions and recommendations. The final reporting should also include alternative recommendations for the environmental management system for presentation to the stakeholders.

4 Level of Effort and Duration

It is estimated that four months will be required for this consultancy service. It is envisaged that traveling will be required to collect baseline social and environmental data in the different ecological zones within the area of influence. The key personnel expected for this assignment include:

Environmental Specialist Ecologist Socio-economist Hydro geologist Institutional, legal and policy

5 STUDY BACKGROUND INFORMATION

For the preparation of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment the following publications, among others, are deemed necessary and relevant to the envisaged scope of work.

Environmental Impact Assessment of the Next Road Sector Programme in Moambique, February 2001

Road and Environment: A Handbook. World Bank 1994 Road Maintenance and Environment. World Bank 1994 Regulations on the Procedure for environmental impact assessment

(Decreto No 46/04, 29 September 2004) Directiva Ambiental para o Sector de Estradas. Janeiro 2002. Environmental and Social Consideration Guidelines, 2003 JICA

JBIC guidelines JBIC Environmental Guidelines, 2002 JBIC

AfDB guidelines Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures for African Development Banks Public Sector Operations, 2001 AfDB Integrated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Guidelines, 2003 AfDB Involuntary Resettlement Policy, 2003 AfDB African Development Bank Groups Policy on the Environment, 2004 AfDB

The Consultant will be expected to maintain contacts with the following, along with any other relevant contacts developed during the course of the Study:

ANE Social and Environmental Unit I coordination with JICA Study Team; ANE delegates; Local authorities. MICOA (Central and provincial delegations)

N.B. The following methodology should also be applied:

Methodology

As explained in introduction, for this project four guidelines will need to be followed. The consultant shall adopt appropriate method for quantitative data. 1. Collection of General Information and Analysis (Literature Survey) Following information shall be summarized in the report, a half to one page each item at least.

AREA Main Items

Upstream Plans and Position of the project Site (5 districts and Nampula Municipality)

National Development Plan, Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, Environmental Pan and Policy, Forestry Plan, Agricultural Plan, Tourism Plan, Mining Plan, Education Plan/Welfare Plan, Industry/Energy Plan

Environmental Legislation and relevant guidelines

National Environmental Protection Law, National EIA Law, EIA Guidelines (Comprehensive and sector), Land law, Road Ordinance, Resettlement law, Resettlement Framework Policy

Natural Environment information (by district)

Vegetation map, land use map, fauna, flora, covered soil map, rainfall data and temperature by district,

Socio-Economic information (by district)

Population by district, Local economy condition, fatal by causes, main industry by area, disease and number, record of traffic accidents by causes, education system and number of student by district, hazard management

The consultant shall summarize (literature survey) all 36 items which showed in the issues to be considered. Survey Items (Human Environment, Physical and Natural Environment) by above collected data and information. The consultant shall define present conditions, issues and present activities by relevant organizations based on above literature survey and present physical survey in the next article (2. Present Survey Methodology).

2. Present Condition Survey regarding Environmental Impact Assessment Methodology for present condition surveys is as follows. The consultant shall describe each present condition quantitatively based on baseline physical and literature survey.

Table I-2-1 Present Survey Methodology References

- No Item Physical Site Survey Methodology M JI JB AF

1 Migration and resettlement

Count all structures in affected area by re-alignment of the road, and survey resettlement costs based on RFP by WB /ANE. The consultant may use aerial photo, if ANE provide it in 2007. Explain resettlement and compensation procedures based on relevant laws and guidelines such as Land Act and RFP by WB/ANE.

2

Local economy, employment and livelihood (including quality of life, fuel price increase)

Interview survey by district, and rough site survey

3 Land use and local resources utilization Interview survey by district, and rough site survey

4 Existing social infrastructures and services (accesses to

Survey all social infrastructures location by GPS and Mapping in the site survey (school, public buildings, hospitals, meeting place and so on)

5 Local communities/ Ethnic group and aborigine

Survey all communities / tribe / language group (area, population and present issues) in site survey and interview by district office.

6 Benefit and damage misdistribution and Local conflicts of interests

Survey present local conflicts in interview by district office

7 Gender

Survey in interview with relevant governmental section, key womens group, NGOs and district office (Define present issue and present activities)

8 Childrens rights

Survey in interview with relevant governmental section, NGOs and district office (Define present issue and present activities)

Hum

an E

nviro

nmen

t So

cial

Env

ironm

ent

9 Cultural heritage (sanctuary, local heritage)

Survey all cultural heritages location by GPS and Mapping in the site survey (religious place, preying tree, preying mountain, preying forest, sanctuary, historical monument and so on)

10

Communicable diseases and Non-communicable diseases


11 Public sanitation


12 Water usage and rights

Survey major wells for drinking water and used river as water resources. Record all location by GPS and Mapping in the site survey And confirm existence of water usage rights in interview with relevant governmental section and district office (Define present issue and present activities)

13 Traffic accidents

Survey in interview with police station and relevant governmental section (Define present issue and present activities)

14

Information, education and communication


15 Democratic trend


16

Participation (Consultations, Civil Society strengthening)


17 Social instability


18 Air pollution

Measure dust volume along the road and not along the road for confirmation of impacts. (Measure weight dust per day, 1m2)

Pollu

tion

19 Water pollution

Measure turbidity in rivers which residents are using for dinking, laundry and bathing (rainy season/dry season)

20 Soil contamination

Survey histories of land use along the road in interview with relevant governmental section and district office. (Biochemical factory, leather factory and hazardous material existence)

21 Waste

Survey solid and liquid waste management and system in interview with relevant governmental section and district office

22 Noise and vibration

Measure ambient noise level and traffic noise by sound level meter (equivalent noise dB (A))

23 Ground subsidence

Survey such phenomenon in interview with relevant governmental section and district office

24 Odors


25

Bottom sediment in sea and rivers


26 Hazard management

Survey in interview with relevant governmental section and district office (define existence of management)

27 Global warming No need physical site survey

28

Biota (Flora, Fauna), ecosystems and natural heritage

Flora - Preparation vegetation map by physical site survey (define all vegetation communities along the road) Flora and Fauna - Check considerable species along the road and new alignment based on IUCN list, CITES list and other relevant list by physical site survey and interview with residents and relevant organizations (Mapping by GPS is required) - Define major route of elephant migration (Mapping by GPS is required) - Define major ecosystem by vegetation type

29 Geographical features

Survey precious geographical site in rough site survey

30

Soil erosion and stability of slopes

Survey soil erosion places and destabilizing slopes in rough site survey and mapping by GPS

Phys

ical

and

Nat

ural

Env

ironm

ent

31 Underground water

Survey major wells for drinking water and spring places. Record all location by GPS and Mapping in the site survey.

32 Hydrological situation

Survey major river basin in rough site survey, and show these basins diagrammatically in map.

33

Coastal zone (mangroves, coral reefs, tidal flats, etc.)

Survey major ecotone and precious habitats through fauna-flora survey. And record all location by GPS and mapping them.

34 Climate No need physical site survey 35 Landscape

Take pictures aesthetic landscape and record all locations by GPS.

36 Natural disasters

Survey major disasters (flood, earthquake, typhoon) and show them diagrammatically in map.

References: M: Mozambique EIA Guidelines, JI: JICA, JB: JBIC, AF: AfDB 3. Impact Assessment The consultant shall predict direct / indirect, during/after construction negative and positive impacts as possible as putatively. And if these negative impacts are serious and irreversible, concrete mitigation measures including cost estimation should be proposed. Additionally this impact assessment includes activities regarding borrow pit and quarry.

Table I-3-1 Prediction Methodology References

- No Item Prediction Items/Methodology M JI JB AF

1 Migration and resettlement

- Number of resettlement (displaced to other community) and setting back structures

- Cost estimation

2

Local economy, employment and livelihood (including quality of life, fuel price increase)

Describe degree of change of present condition

3 Land use and local resources utilization

Describe degree of change of present condition (Forest area, agricultural area and urban area)

4 Existing social infrastructures and services

Describe degree of change of present condition (Accesses to infrastructures, and change of services)

5 Local communities/ Ethnic group and aborigine


6 Benefit and damage misdistribution and Local conflicts of interests


7 Gender Describe degree of change of present condition (change of womens activities)

8 Childrens rights Describe degree of change of present condition (change of childrens works)

9 Cultural heritage (sanctuary, local heritage)

-Number of cultural site and location in the new alignment -Cost estimation of displacement

10

Communicable diseases and Non-communicable diseases

Describe degree of change of present condition (Disease name)

11 Public sanitation


12 Water usage and rights

-Number of cultural site and location in the new alignment

13 Traffic accidents


14

Information, education and communication


Hum

an E

nviro

nmen

t So

cial

Env

ironm

ent

15 Democratic trend


16

Participation (Consultations, Civil Society strengthening)


17 Social instability


18 Air pollution

Calculate density of air quality in 20 years after construction of the road (NO2, SO2, CO, dust) Calculate density of dust during operation borrow pit and quarry

19 Water pollution

Calculate or estimate density of turbid water during construction and operation of borrow pits and quarries

20 Soil contamination

No need (generally such contamination will not be expected for road project)

21 Waste


22 Noise and vibration

After Construction -Calculate density of air quality in 20 years after construction of the road (use planned traffic volume after 20years) During Construction Calculate noise from construction machines

23 Ground subsidence


24 Offensive odors


25

Bottom sediment in sea and rivers


Pollu

tion

26 Hazard management


27 Global warming

Describe degree of change of present condition (no need to calculate green gases volume)

28

Biota (Flora, Fauna), ecosystems and natural heritage

- Calculate loss-vegetation area by types in new alignment, and show them in the map

- Number of loss-considerable species, and their location

- Predicted ecosystem after construction of the road

29 Geographical features - Number of loss precious sites

30

Soil erosion and stability of slopes

Describe degree of change of present condition (pick up predicted areas for occurring erosion)

Phys

ical

and

Nat

ural

Env

ironm

ent

31 Underground water

- Number of loss wells and spring water in new alignment - Estimation of affected area and number of residents

32 Hydrological situation


33

Coastal zone (mangroves, coral reefs, tidal flats, etc.)


34 Climate

Describe degree of change of present condition (impacts by cutting land or mountain)

35 Landscape

Describe degree of change of present condition (Loss of aesthetic landscapes and their location)

36 Natural disasters

Describe degree of change of present condition (Weakness by disasters)

7. General

The services shall be carried out in accordance with generally accepted principles and standards of professional practices. The Consultants Scope of Work is understood to cover all activities necessary to accomplish the stated objectives of these services, while adhering to the aforementioned principles and practices, whether or not a specific activity is cited in this TOR.

The Consultant shall work under the direction of the Office of the Director General of ANE and shall work in close collaboration with ANE appointed Coordinator.

8 Logistical Support

ANE will appoint a liaison officer through whom all requests for information, guidance and assistance should be addressed. All reasonable assistance will be provided, including liaison with other Government agencies and access to any relevant data that is not classified as restricted.

ANE shall provide the Consultant, without charge, such support facilities as may reasonably be needed for the expeditious performance of the required services, including reasonable access to pertinent files, documents and working papers.

9 Consultants Obligations Transport Requirements: The Consultant will be responsible for providing national/international transportation and local land transport for the supplied personnel for the duration of the contract period.

Staff Housing and Accommodation: The Consultant shall be responsible for providing suitable furnished accommodation for personnel assigned to the services to be provided under the contract.

Communications, Office, and Documentation Costs: The Consultant shall be responsible for meeting all costs of office operation, supplies, communications, secretarial services, document translation, and logistical services.

10 Local Taxes

Consistent with the provision of the Terms of Agreement, clause 1.10, the consulting firm and its expatriated personnel providing services under the contract for which these TOR are written shall be required to pay local taxes on the income and profits derived from these services, unless otherwise provided in the respective contract. Should the contract require payment of such taxes, it shall also include provision for reimbursement to said firm and its expatriate personnel exclusively of any amounts actually paid. These taxes must be separately identified and detailed in the contract derived from these services.

REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS FOR CONSULTANCY SERVICES Section 5. Terms of ReferenceMethodology

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