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MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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10/4/2006 1 Michael T. Peschel High Voltage, Inc. Copake, NY. USA www.hvinc.com VLF CABLE TESTING INCLUDING TANGENT DELTA & PARTIAL DISCHARGE WITH A BRIEF LOOK AT CABLE FAULT LOCATING.
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Page 1: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 1

Michael T. PeschelHigh Voltage, Inc.Copake, NY. USA

www.hvinc.com

VLF CABLE TESTING INCLUDING TANGENT DELTA & PARTIAL DISCHARGE

WITH A BRIEF LOOK AT CABLE FAULT LOCATING.

Page 2: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 2

SUBJECTS COVEREDWhat Is VLF

VLF ApplicationsIEEE Standards

Lab and Field ResultsHow To Perform The Test

Myths about VLFWho Uses VLF

Selecting a VLF ModelSelecting A Cable Test Method

VLF ConclusionTan Delta Testing

VLF Partial Discharge TestingCable Fault Locating

Page 3: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 3

THIS CAN BE PREVENTED

In-service failures cause great damage to faulted cables and adjacent cables. Not so if failed under a VLF test.

Page 4: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 4

WHAT IS VLF?

Page 5: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 5

A VLF HIPOT IS SIMPLY AN AC OUTPUTINSTRUMENT BUT AT A LOWER FREQUENCY.

THE LOWER THE FREQUENCY OUTPUT, THE LOWER THE CURRENT AND POWER REQUIRED TO TEST HIGH

CAPACITANCE LOADS LIKE CABLES.

DON’T OVERCOMPLICATE IT. IT’S A SIMPLE AC WITHSTAND TEST.

VLF IS THE EASIEST, LEAST EXPENSIVE, MOST CERTAIN WAY OF TESTING THE AC INTEGRITY OF A CABLE.

Page 6: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 6

DROP THE FREQUENCY

Very Low Frequency: 0.1 Hz and lower.By decreasing the frequency, it is possible to test miles of cable with a small and affordable unit.

Output frequencies range from 0.1 – 0.01 Hz.IEEE400.2 recognizes frequencies as low as 0.01Hz.

At 0.1 Hz, it takes 600 times less power to test a cable, or any other high capacitance load, than at 60 Hz. At 0.01 Hz, 6000 times higher capacitive loads can be tested than at 60 Hz with the same power consumption.

Page 7: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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Xc = 12 x pi x f x C

The lower the frequency, the higher the capacitive reactance, or Xc. The higher Xc , or resistance across the power supply output, the lower the current/power needed to apply a voltage.

VLF EXPLAINED

Page 8: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 8

60 Hz vs. 0.1 Hz

At 60 Hz. a 1 µF cable has an Xc of 2.65 kOhms. At 22 kV peak, it requires 8.3 amps of current to test.

Total power supply rating must be 183 kVA.

At 0.1 Hz, the Xc is 1.59 megohms. At 22 kV, the current needed is 14 mA.

Total power supply needed is only .304 kVA.

(22 kV is the typical test voltage for 15 kV cable)

Page 9: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 9

50 kVAC @ 3 kVA

Can test ~ 50’ of cable

60 Hertz

40 kVAC @ 1.2 kVA

Can test ~ 5 miles of cable

0.1 – 0.02 Hertz

60 Hz. vs. 0.1 Hz.

Page 10: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 10

APPLICATIONS

Page 11: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 11

•Power CableIEEE 400-2001 & IEEE 400.2-2004

•Large Rotating MachineryIEEE 433-1974

•Diagnostic Testing:Tan δPartial discharge

IEEE STANDARDS EXIST

Page 12: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 12

CAN OTHER LOADS BE VLF TESTED?

Yes, but no standards exist that define the test.

Most other loads are low in capacitance, permitting60Hz AC hipots to be used.

Sometimes large insulators are VLF tested if apowerful enough 60Hz hipot is not available.

Page 13: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 13

WHY TEST CABLES WITH AC VOLTAGE?

Cables are designed to carry AC voltage.

They are factory tested with AC voltage.

Cables operate under AC voltage stress.

Cables should be tested with AC voltage.

Why would you not use AC if you could?

Page 14: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 14

Can Now AC Stress Test Cable

With VLF, utilities, testing services, industrials, and others can now AC stress test cables in the field.Just like with vacuum bottle or rubber glove testing, now a go/no-go AC stress test can be performed on power cable.If a cable can’t hold 2 – 3 times normal voltage, it’s not healthy. Find the problem, make the repair, and move on.At the very least, every newly installed and repaired cable should be VLF tested before energizing, since many failures are due to installation damage, faulty workmanship, stress from in-service failures, or over voltage thumping.

Page 15: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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Other Methods Don’t Get It Done.

DC Hipot5 kVdc “Megger”

DC Hot stick adaptor24 hour soak

Page 16: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 16

VLF IT!

Page 17: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 17

IEEE STANDARDS

Page 18: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 18

NORTH AMERICAN STANDARDS FOR VLF TESTING

IEEE 400-2001 overall cable testing standard sanctions VLF testing of cables.

IEEE 400.2-2004 standard for VLF cable testing

IEEE 433-1974 covers VLF testing for rotating machinery. Now beingupdated. Standard for smaller motors/gens. under consideration.

Page 19: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 19

• IEEE Std. 433-1974 (1974)Recommended Practice For Insulation Testing of Large AC Rotating Machinery with High Voltage VLF.

Refers to Large AC Machines 10 MVA/6 kV & above.

Test Waveform: Must be Sinusoidal.

Test Frequency: 0.1 Hz.

Test Voltage: 1.63x 60 Hz RMS Level

MOTOR & GENERATOR TESTING

Page 20: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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IEEE400.2-2004Recommends test voltage of 2 - 3V0

(V0 equals line-to-ground voltage)

Test duration is 15 – 60 minutes

Best recommendation is for 30+ minutes

CABLE TESTING

Page 21: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 21

System Voltage

phase to phase

kVrms

5

15

25

35

Installation

phase to ground

kVrms/kVpeak

9/12

18/25

27/38

39/55

Acceptance

phase to ground

kVrms/kVpeak

10/14

20/28

31/44

44/62

Maintenance

phase to ground

kVrms/kVpeak

7/10

16/22

23/33

33/47

---------------------- 0.1 Hz Test Voltage --------------------

IEEE400.2 FIELD TEST VOLTAGESFor Shielded Power Cable Systems

Using Sine Wave Output VLF

Test voltages are generally 2 – 3 time the line-to-ground system voltage.

Page 22: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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Cable Test Voltages Determined

12.5 kV system = 7,217 V0 or line-to-ground.x 3

21.7 kV Maintenance test

The peak of the sine wave is the factor driving the inception of partial discharge. Hence, the 22 kV test spec is used for the peak of a sine wave VLF. The test is equivalent to ~ 2x V0 rms. Also, kV/mm insulation varies greatly. Need at least 2Vo.

Page 23: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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WHY 2Vo – 3VoThe IEEE standard says 2 – 3V0 for 15 - 60 minutes.

Cables routinely see 2x normal voltage due to reflected waves, transients, etc. VLF test voltage

must be at least 2x normal line-to-ground.Must use enough voltage for enough

time to let the VLF do its job of growing electrical trees to failure.

An abbreviated test or a test too low in voltage is worse than no test.

Page 24: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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Growth rate at 0.1-Hzsinusoidal test voltage

(mm/h)2.3

10.9-12.658.3-64.2

Test voltage factor

(V/Vo rms)234

XLPE TREE GROWTH IEEE 400-2001

Sine wave VLF rapidly grows electrical trees to failure.

A 15kV 133% cable has an insulation thickness of 5.9 mm.In a 30 minute test, nearly all defects triggered into pd will grow to failure.

Page 25: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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RESULTS FROM FIELD USE AND LABORATORY RESEARCH

Page 26: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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VLF TEST RESULTS

Numerous case studies show that if a cable passes a properVLF test, there is a > 95% assurance of no in-service failure in the next few years. Nothing is perfect, but only a few percent possible failure rate post VLF testing is very good. Far better by multiples than with other testing methods.

Bottom line: If a cable can hold 2 – 3 times normal voltage for 30-60 minutes, it’s good for years.

Page 27: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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XLPE TESTING STATISTICS

TNB in Malaysia 3 V0 @ 60 minutes

17,435 VLF tests performed – 2,179 cable failures

4.9210746 - 60

5.9312931 - 45

21.5446913 - 30

67.6214720 - 12

Minutesto failure Failures % of total

89.16%

2.78% of tested cables failed later in service. (Many cables were PILC)Tests conducted 2001 – 2002. Continue to buy VLF and test all cables.

Page 28: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 28

XLPE TESTING STATISTICS

Japan: Furukawa, Chubu & Tokyo Electric

Research done to determine test voltage and duration versus expected life. Results were:

A 33 kV cable tested at 60 kV peak @ 0.1 Hzhas a 97% probability of no failure for >3 years.

Page 29: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 29

Germany went through extensive research and testing and produced some of the first VLF products more than 20 years ago.

German standard calls for 3Vo rms/peak for 60 minutes.

Following a successful VLF test, there is a >98% chance of no in service failure for the next several years.

Page 30: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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Most US users test at the IEEE recommended voltages for 30 minutes. When in doubt, err on the high side for voltage and/or longer duration

Consensus of data shows that once passing a VLF test, better than 95% of cables will not

fail in service in the next few years.

Page 31: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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The World View Of VLF

DC not recommended by cable companies for cables > 5 years & in moist environments

IEEE 2 – 3Vo for 15-60 minutes30+ minutes @ 3Vo recommended.

Germany 3Vo for 60 minutes

Japan 3Vo for 15 minutes

Malaysia 3Vo for 60 minutes

Over 40 countries have purchased the

HVI VLF

Page 32: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 32

HOW TO PERFORM A VLF TEST

Page 33: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 33

TEST PROCEDUREVLF testing is easier than DC testing.

Isolate cable ends like with DC testing, although no cleaning and bagging is necessary.

Remove all arrestors, capacitors, transformers, etc.

Connect VLF HV lead to conductor & ground to shield.

After selecting appropriate test frequency, apply voltage

There are no leakage currents to read. Test is go/no-go

If cable holds, test is over. Cable is good for years.

If cable fails, make repairs and repeat test, or replace.

If second insulation failure occurs, maybe stop testing and replace.

Most models can test all three phases at once, saving time.

Page 34: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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VLF Test Hookup Per IEEE400.2

Some VLF units have no return wire. HV output and ground cables only.

Page 35: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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CABLES INCLUDED WITH TWO PIECE MODEL

HV outputfrom tank

Phase jumpers Interconnectwith grounds

Scope bnc

2 test leads for capacitance

measurement

Ground hook

Cable connectorshook or clamp

Page 36: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 36

VLF-4022CM

Page 37: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 37

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

1. Select Frequency

2. Turn to mA

3. Rotate to zero(Zero start intl’k)

4. Press Main Power

5. Press HV On

6. Rotate to raise voltage

Page 38: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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WHAT IS CABLE FAILURE INDICATION?

Thermal overload on panel will trip

Voltmeter will indicate breakdown

Current will spike

Page 39: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 39

FAULT LOCATING NECESSARY

When VLF testing, severe cable defects will fail. A thumper will be needed. Trouble trucks should be equipped with a VLF and thumper sized for the cable class.

Page 40: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 40

COMMON VLF MYTHS

Page 41: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 41

VLF IS DESTRUCTIVE TO INSULATION.

NOT TRUE. Cable is factory tested at voltages far higher than field VLF levels. VLF is destructive to existing defects that are severe enough to be triggered into partial discharge during the test. That’s the point of the test – light up defects and let them grow to failure. Minor defects and good insulation are not effected.

Page 42: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 42

VLF AGGRAVATES DEFECTS THAT FAIL LATER IN SERVICE

Only if the test is not properly performed, like any testing method. The proper VLF voltage must be applied for a long enough time to permit defects triggered into pd to grow to failure. An improper test is worse than no test at all. The same can be said for 60Hz hipoting, pd testing, and other tests. If done wrong, problems could result. If done correctly - positive results.

Page 43: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 43

VLF IS REALLY ALTERNATING DC

Not true. At 0.1 Hz there are polarity reversals every 5 seconds. Even at 0.01Hz there are reversals every 50 seconds. That does not compare at all to a 15 minute, constantly negative output DC hipot test. Space charges and traveling waves are not developed in insulation during a VLF test. The IEEE recognizes frequencies down to .01Hz as ok.

Page 44: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 44

VLF EFFECTIVENESS IS UNPROVEN

Very wrong. Tell that to the hundreds of users over more than 15 years that have tested tens of thousands of cables with great success. Tell that to the IEEE, CEA, EPRI, cable companies, utilities, and many international organizations that have all endorsed VLF.

A VLF instrument is just a low frequency AC hipot. Simple product – simple test – simple physics. There is nothing to not work.

Page 45: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 45

ONLY 0.1 HZ IS A VALID TEST

The IEEE standard recognizes frequencies down to 0.01Hz. Whileit is true that most of the worldwide research over the last 20 yearsinto testing levels and durations has been done at 0.1Hz, that doesnot mean lower frequencies are ineffective.

It’s a tough argument to make that 60 Hz is ok, DC is ok for a lot of things including new cable, 0.1Hz is ok, but 0.05Hz is not?

60Hz

.1Hz

.05Hz DC

Page 46: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 46

ONE WAVEFORM OUTPUTIS BETTER THAN ANOTHER

Of the three major VLF vendors, two output waveformsare offered: sine wave & cosine-rectangular (trapezoidal).

Both work well to VLF hipot cable, although the sine wave output grows electrical trees faster - see IEEE400.

-However -A sine wave VLF is better suited for use as a voltage source for tan delta and partial discharge testing, both desirable add-ons to VLF testing. Also, a sine wave is necessary for motor/generator testing per IEEE433.

Page 47: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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WHO USES VLF

Page 48: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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UTILITIES TESTING SERVICES

INDUSTRIALS CONTRACTORS

Other methods of cable testing have their place, but VLF is embraced worldwide as the easiest, most effective, most

economical method of cable testing.

Over 500 VLF units have been shipped from High Voltage, Inc. over the last eight years, delivered to 40 countries and

many US locations. Other VLF products have shipped from other vendors for even longer.

Page 49: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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COUNTRIES USING HVI VLF

HVI has shipped over 500 VLF products to the following:

USACanadaTaiwanIndonesiaSo. KoreaAustraliaSaudi ArabiaEnglandCosta RicaBoliviaIsrael

So. AfricaSingaporeHong KongBelgiumPuerto RicoHollandNew ZealandJapanMalaysiaRussiaSpain

Slovak RepublicCzech RepublicChinaUAEVietnamPanamaJordanGermanyCyprusHondurasLithuania

ThailandMexicoIndiaBulgariaFijiVenezuelaFinlandGreeceQatarArgentina

Page 50: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 50

SELECTING A VLF MODEL

Page 51: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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System Voltage

phase to phase

kVrms

5

15

25

35

Installation

phase to ground

kVrms/kVpeak

9/12

18/25

27/38

39/55

Acceptance

phase to ground

kVrms/kVpeak

10/14

20/28

31/44

44/62

Maintenance

phase to ground

kVrms/kVpeak

7/10

16/22

23/33

33/47

WHAT SIZE CABLES ARE TO BE TESTED?

Do you do Install, Acceptance & Maintenance testing?From IEEE400.2

The above chart only covers ratings to 35kV. VLF testers exist that can test cables rated up to 230kV.

Page 52: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 52

WHAT CABLE LENGTHS ARE TO BE TESTED?VLF units are rated by the uF of load they can test.

Model VLF-25CM

0 - 25 kV Peak

0.1 Hz @ 0.4 µf Load

Can test up to 4000’ of 15 kVcable depending on size.

Perfect URD model

Example: 15 kV XLPE 750mcm 220 mils ~ .1uf/1000’

Page 53: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 53

Most Popular Utility Model VLF-6022CM Can test cables rated to 35 kV.

0 - 60 kV Peak

0.10 Hz @ 1.1 µf Load0.05 Hz @ 2.2 µf Load0.02 Hz @ 5.5 µf Load

Example: 15 kV XLPE 750mcm 220 mils ~ .1uf/1000’

At 0.1 Hz can test ~ 2 miles. At 0.02 Hz can test ~ 10 miles.

Page 54: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 54

MODEL SIZES AVAILABLE(all vendors included)

Voltage ratings from 20 kV – 200 kV

Load ratings from 0.4 uF – 50 uF

For a 15 kV cable, 0.4 uF can test ~ 4000’

Some models can test > 30 miles of cable

Page 55: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 55

Sine wave output is needed to use VLF as a voltage source for td and pd testing.

IEEE433 for VLF testing rotating machinery requires a sine wave output.

Leave all your future testing options open by buying a sine wave VLF.

WILL IT BE USED FOR TAN DELTA& PD TESTING?

Page 56: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 56

120 kV peak up to 5.5 uF

90 kV peak

Up to 2.75 uF

40 kV peak up to 5.5 uF

65 kV peak up to 22 uF

Other Models

200 kV soon available

Page 57: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

10/4/2006 57

VLF THUMPER

Complete URD Cable Care System

Combination VLF AC Hipot and Thumper

VLF Output: 0 - 30 kVAC peak

Load Rating: 1.0 uF @ 0.1 Hz ~ 1.5 miles of 15 kV cable

Discharge: 0 – 12 kV @ 650 J

VLF Cable Burning Mode

Radar Ready

Page 58: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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SELECTING A CABLE TEST METHOD

Page 59: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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CABLE TEST METHODS

• AC Power Frequency.• AC Series & Parallel Resonant.• DC Hipot.• Very Low Frequency (VLF) AC Hipot.• Tan Delta, Partial Discharge, And Other

Diagnostic Methods.

Page 60: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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Ideally, VLF, Tan Delta, and Partial Discharge should all be used.However, there are real world factors affecting the decision.

1. Type of test results desired2. Ease of use3. Cost of equipment

There is no one perfect method that does it all. A variety ofapproaches is needed to meet all the requirements encountered.

SEVERAL METHODS – WHAT TO USE?

Page 61: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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WHAT’S THE GOAL?

Verify new installation?

Verify repaired cable?

Verify critical cable?

Help to prioritize cable replacement or injection?

Page 62: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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WHAT’S THE SITUATION?

Direct buried – must pinpoint problem to repairCable in conduit or trench - replaceableCable in raceways – visible and easily replaceableHow old is cableWhat is the failure historyHow easy is it to repairIs there alternate feed should failure occur during testIs fault location and repair available?How much downtime can be tolerated?

Page 63: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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EXAMPLES OF SITUATION vs. METHOD

New Install: Diagnostic test not appropriate, the insulation is presumed good. VLF it to make sure there are no installation flaws or pulling damage.

Old suspect cable: There may be many defects, don’t VLF. Use TD to see how degraded cable is. If modest degradation, then PD possibly followed by VLF.

Critical cable in conduit: PD test to expose location and severity of defects. If no PD tester available, VLF.

Direct buried, hard to repair: TD test to evaluate condition to prioritize cable injection.

Prioritization for replacement or injection: If a comparative condition assessment test is desired, tan delta is the easiest method.

Post repair test: VLF repaired cable to make sure it holds – no further damage caused by over voltage thumping or from original failure.

Page 64: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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SO, WHAT TO DO?

NO SHORT AND EASY ANSWER.

If an effective method is beyond the economic reach and ability to operate of 90% of the market, then it’s not a

solution. A combination of methods is needed: some easy and economical (VLF) and some more complicated and more expensive (TD & PD), and each yielding different

but important data about your cable.

Page 65: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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IT ALL STARTS WITH A VLF

Fact: As more industrial customers, utilities, and specifying engineering companies spec VLF testing, per IEEE400.2, you will need a VLF.

Fact: In addition to performing VLF AC stress tests, a VLF hipot is the foundation for other tests, like partial discharge and tan delta. You need VLF for pd and td.

To learn the most about the health of your cable, all three tests, if economically and logistically feasible, are recommended. If not all possible, VLF should be the fallback.

Page 66: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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SUMMARY &CONCLUSION

Page 67: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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Has the virtues of DC test equipment (low cost, small size, light weight, easy to use) but is AC.

Does not have the negative consequences of DC.

Requires 1/600 – 1/6000 of the kVA of power frequency.

Can be used for breakdown tests and predictive tests such as TanDelta and Partial Discharge. (sine wave VLF units)

Internationally accepted Standards exist and more are in the process of issuance.

VLF TESTING SUMMARY

Page 68: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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CONCLUSION

The surest way to verify the AC integrity of any load is perform an AC stress test.

It’s easy and certain. The load holds voltage or fails.

VLF testing is easily performed with minimal training.

Worldwide standards and decades of history exist.

Some VLF models are very portable and affordable.

VLF makes Tan Delta and Partial Discharge diagnostic testing easier and more economical.

Page 69: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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OTHER CABLE TEST METHODS USING VLF

Page 70: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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YOU HAVE YOUR VLF. WHAT ELSE CAN YOU DO?

Accessorize. Add on a

Tan Delta measurement instrument.

Partial Discharge detection instrument.

Page 71: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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Dissipation Factor or Loss Angle Measurement For Power Cables

Non Destructive Testing To Determine Insulation Quality

(Similar to Power Factor Testing)

TANGENT DELTA or TAN δ

Page 72: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

72

Evaluates overall condition of cable (rather than localized problems as with PD measurement) Absolute values, variations, and trending of values are of interest for predicting insulation integrityTan Delta is more easily measured at VLF (magnitude increases as frequency decreases)Requires VLF sinusoidal applied test voltageExcellent way to evaluate Water TreesUseful to help prioritize replacement, injection and helps to determine what additional test may be useful

TAN DELTA MEASUREMENTUsing VLF @ 0.1 Hz

Page 73: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

73

Addition of a parallel R-C Component

Water trees increase resistive current through insulation

The R component is voltage dependent (non–linear I = V/R)

Tan Delta values increase with increasing voltage

CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER TREES

Page 74: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

74

With perfect insulation, a cable is a near perfect capacitor, with a 90° phase shift between voltage and current. Less than 90° indicates insulation degradation. Cables can be rated good, marginal, or bad. Not extremely precise but valuable for prioritizing cable replacement or injection. Also helps to determine what further tests may be worthwhile.

The tangent of this angle is calculated

δ

I

V

IC

IR

IR IC

= tangent of δ C R

Cable insulation Cable Cross Section

Simplified Cable Model and Phasor DrawingTan Delta = IR/ IC - measured in radians

Page 75: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

75

TAN DELTA VS. VOLTAGE NEW AND AGED XLPE CABLES

New and Aged 15 kV XLPE Cable (Nov 2000)

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0 2.5 5 7.5 10VLF Voltage (kV rms)

Loss

Ang

le (T

an D

elta

)

Aged

New Cable

New cablelinear tan delta #s

versus voltage

Aged cablenon-linear tan

delta #s versus voltage

Page 76: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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0.1 Hz phase 1 phase 2 phase 3 phase 1 phase 2 phase 3x Vo tgdelta L1 tgdelta L2 tgdelta L30.5 0.0018 0.0008 0.0013 (2Uo-Uo) (2Uo-Uo) (2Uo-Uo)1.0 0.0019 0.0009 0.0014 0.0035 0.0018 0.00251.5 0.0026 0.0011 0.0019 0.0019 0.0009 0.00142.0 0.0035 0.0018 0.00252.5 0.0044 0.0026 0.0032 0.0016 0.0009 0.0011

0.0000.0020.0040.006

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0Voltage x Vo

tand

elta

L2: tg delta 0.1Hz L3: tg delta 0,1HzL1: tg delta 0.1Hz

TAN DELTA NUMBERS VERSUS INCREASING VOLTAGE

& RATIO OF 2Vo/Vo

Page 77: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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Dissipation Factor – Tan DeltaFrom IEEE Std 400-2001

Page 78: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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TAN DELTA LOSS ANALYZER

HV Divider Signal analyzer/controller

60kV model

Used with VLF as voltage source

Page 79: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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TAN DELTA TESTING

AdvantagesLess destructive than VLF, DC, or 60 Hz testingAllows prioritization of cable replacement or injectionEasier to use and interpret than other diagnostic methods

DisadvantagesCan be destructive if cable very degradedGives overall condition of cable, not singularitiesNot best for mixed type cable runsMore useful with historical data

Page 80: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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VLF PARTIAL DISCHARGE

TESTING

Page 81: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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“SEE” UNDERGROUND CABLE DEFECTS

A PD detection system can show you the location and severity of insulation and accessory defects.

Using a VLF as the voltage generator to apply voltages up to 2Vo, long cables can be tested with portable equipment.

Page 82: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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OFF-LINE VS. ON-LINE PD TESTING

Off-line testing using a VLF permits over voltage analysis. Can measure PDIV and PDEV up to 2Vo.

On-line pd testing can only detect pd at operating voltage, missing defects with a PDIV > 100% of operating voltage, yet cables routinely see twice normal voltage due to reflected waves, transients, switching surges, etc. Useful for accessory checking.

Off-line testing may be less convenient, but the information gained is far more valuable.

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0.1Hz vs. 60Hz PD TESTING

Both frequencies initiate pd at defect locations. Both can measure PDIV, PDEV, magnitude, and location.

The benefit of VLF is smaller size, lower weight, far lower cost, and can test longer cables.

A 100lb VLF can do the job of a2000lb 60Hz series resonant

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THE BEST OF EVERYTHING

Start with a VLF tester to perform AC withstand testing.

Add a Tan Delta accessory for evaluating the overall conditionof a cable to help prioritize replacement, injection, or todetermine what other tests might be helpful.

Add a Partial Discharge accessory to map the locationand severity of pd in the insulation and splices, or todetermine what other tests might be helpful.

Perform all three tests to get the most complete profile possibleof your cable.

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CABLE FAULT LOCATING

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FAULT LOCATING ON NETWORK SYSTEMS

GET THE RIGHT TOOLS FOR THE JOB

Thumper Features Needed For PILC

Multiple output voltage taps

High joules >2000

High burn current >200mA

TDR/radar capability w/current pulse

Page 87: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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THUMPING CONCEPT

1. Thump with low voltage but high joules. A powerful burner or VLF is needed to reduce fault voltage. Thumper must have 2 or 3 output voltage taps.

2. Need high joule rating to make loud noise and to generate strong current pulse for tracing.

3. Good use of TDR helpful, even in network systems.

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VLF AIDS FAULT LOCATING

VLF hipoting is the best method of burning down faults.

Permits use of lower voltage, less expensive thumpers.

Utilities should have VLF anyway for cable integrity verification.

Page 89: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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LISTENING DEVICES NECESSARY

Don’t handicap your efforts by not buying a top level listening device.

Acoustical & electro-magnetic needed

TEC X35 from TEC Power Corp

SDAD from Aquatronics

Page 90: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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SDAD X35 Acoustical & Magnetic Electro-Magnetic

Solid & PILC Networks Only

Page 91: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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THE IDEAL SETUP FOR NETWORKS

VLF-6022CM60 kV, 0.1 – 0.05 HzLoad rated to 5.5 uF

CDS-3632U9/18/36 kV @ 3200 joules280 mA burn current

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FAULT LOCATING - A SYSTEM APPROACH

• Properly sized & featured thumper

• Quality listening device

• TDR

• Other knowledge of network system

• Accurate maps

Page 93: MPeschel-VLF Cable Testing

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Thank You

Mike Peschel - High Voltage, Inc.

www.hvinc.com


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