Name: Date:Period:

A.7: The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life.

B.7E Natural SelectionThrough many different types of evidence, scientists have come to understand that all organisms on Earth share a common ancestor and have changed over time through the process of evolution. ______________: the process of species changing over time and it happens mainly through the process of natural selection.______________: individuals who are best adapted to their environments survive and reproduce the best. Decreases genetic variation.

Over time, there will be more of those traits in the population as they survive better and pass their genes on to their children.

__________________: a trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce in its environment. Gene flow: the exchange of genes between two populations. Increases genetic variation

B.7A Evidence of EvolutionThe evidence that scientists have discovered includes fossil evidence, biogeography, homologies, and embryos. Similarities and differences between fossils (the remains or imprints of dead organisms) provide evidence that species have changed over time and that all life on Earth is related to a common ancestor. Looking

at the fossil record can also help scientists figure out the relative age of organisms based on where they are found—fossils in lower rock layers are usually older than fossils in rock layers higher up.

Biogeography (the study of where organisms live) has shown scientists where different organisms first evolved and how they have changed since moving to different places.

One more piece of evidence comes from homologies. _____________________ structures are characteristics that have the same basic structure found in different species because they evolved from a common ancestor, not because they serve the same purpose (like the forelimbs above). _____________________ structures are structures that serve a similar purpose in two distantly related species.

They are a product of convergent evolution- species becoming more similar over time (example: both butterflies and birds have wings, but they evolved wings independently, not because they are closely related. B.8: The student knows that taxonomy is a branching classification based on the shared characteristics of organisms and can change as new discoveries are made.

Because life is so diverse, scientists have created a system for organizing all living things called _____________________. The largest taxa (or groups) of living things are called domains.

There are only 3 domains—Eukarya (all eukaryotic organisms), Archaea, and Bacteria. The next smaller group is a kingdom. There are ____ kingdoms—Bacteria, Archaea, Plants, Animals, Fungi, and Protists. The full classification system is shown to the right—remember that the best way to remember the order of each taxon is to create a mnemonic for yourself such as. The scientific name for a species consists of its __________ and ___________.

D______ - K_____ - P_____ - C_____ - O____ - F_____ - G_____ - S______

Phylogenetic Trees show the relationships between different organisms. The different “nodes” (where they come together) represent common ancestors. Some phylogenetic trees are called ____________ and show when traits were gained or lost. Time moves left-->right

Last common ancestor for salamander and lizard.-both have jaws and lungs, but only lizard has claws or nails

DEFINITIONS:

1. Metabolism - Metabolism is a term that is used to describe all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism

2. Homeostasis - The tendency of the body to seek and maintain a condition of balance or equilibrium within its internal environment, even when faced with external changes

3. Taxonomy - The classification of living things

4. Autotroph - makes own food (like plants, not like making a sandwich) using sunlight energy; can remember meaning because auto means self

5. Heterotroph - gets energy from other organisms (living things)

6. Eukaryote - has a nucleus

7. Prokaryote - “pro= no” has no nucleus

8. Unicellular - made of one cell

9. Multicellular - made of many cells

10. Cell wall - protective structure around cells

11. Evolution – a change in a population over time

12. Reproductive Success – passing on genes to the next generation successfully (so that they too can pass on the genes)

13. Natural Selection – The process where organisms better adapted to the environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

14. Adaptation – (adaptive trait), a trait of a living thing that is maintained and evolved by natural selection

15. Stabilizing selection - a type of natural selection that favors the average individuals in a population.

16. Directional selection - a type of natural selection that favors one of the extreme variations of a trait

17. Disruptive selection - a type of natural selection that favors either extreme of a trait’s variation

18. Artificial Selection – Process in which humans select certain seeds or animals for reproduction in order to influence the traits inherited by the next generation.

19. Genetic Drift – The change of traits in a population due to random chance

20. Bottleneck Effect – A type of genetic drift, Only a small portion of the original population survives after a natural disaster, disease, predators, resource scarcity, etc. (Survival is due to chance and not because individuals were best fit to the environment.)

21. Founder Effect – A type of genetic drift, A few members of the original population start a new colony in an unpopulated area. (Individuals were chosen randomly and not because they possessed certain traits.)

22. Gene Flow – Migration (Movement) of genes from one population to another existing population of the same species

23. Mutation – Change in a gene (DNA)

24. Homologous Structures - structures that are shared by related species and that have been inherited from a common ancestor. similar in structure, but may not perform the same function (ex. Bird wing and human arm)

25. Analogous Structures – Body parts that share a common function, but not structure (ex. Bird wing and insect wing)

26. Vestigial Structures – Structures that are inherited from ancestors but have lost most or all of their original function (ex. Wisdom teeth)

27. Embryology - Study of the earliest stages of growth

28. Biogeography - Closely related species are usually found in areas that are geographically close to each other

29. Gradualism – hypothesis that evolution happens from gradual or slow change over long periods of time

30. Punctuated Equilibrium – hypothesis that evolution happens from long periods with no change, then short periods of quick change

31. Phylogenetic Tree – a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships between organisms

Practice Problems!Use your Notes!

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While hiking in the mountains, a hiker discovers an area of exposed rock layers that contain a variety of fossils. Based on this drawing, what can one conclude?

F. The oldest fossils are contained in layer P and the youngest fossils in layer K.G. The oldest fossils are contained in layer Q and the youngest fossils in layer K.H. The oldest fossils are contained in layer L and the youngest are in layer Q.J. The oldest fossils are contained in layer K and the youngest fossils in layer P.K. The oldest fossils are contained in layer K and the youngest fossils in layer Q.

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A In a population of salamanders, 50% of whom were spotted, went from 500 to only 100 in just a few months when a drought dried up much of the lake they inhabit. The remaining population had a much higher frequency of spotted than non-spotted salamanders compared with the original population. The most likely cause for this change is --

A. genetic drift.B. gene flow.C. mutation.D. artificial selection.E. sexual selection.

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A population of termites initially consists of darkly colored and brightly colored members. After several generations, the termite population consists almost entirely of darkly colored members because the brightly colored termites are easier for a predatory species of insectivores to locate. This situation is an example of--

A. artificial selectionB. convergent evolutionC. natural selectionD. disruptive selectionE. the evolution of a new species

8.9.

Which kingdoms have at least some members that are autotrophs?

F. Animalia, Plantae, and FungiG. Fungi, Protista, and PlantaeH. Protista, Archaea, and AnimaliaJ. Plantae, Protista, and EubacteriaK. Eubacteria, Archaea, and Fungi

The table lists several common turtles. Which two are the most closely related?

Common Name Scientific NameNorth American Wood Turtle Clemmys insculptaFlowerback Box Turtle Cuora galbinifronsSpotted Turtle Clemmys guttataFlorida Three Stripe Mud Turtle Kinosternon bauri

A. Spotted Turtle and Florida Three Stripe Mud TurtleB. North American Wood Turtle and Spotted TurtleC. Flowerback Box Turtle and Florida Three Stripe Mud TurtleD. North American Wood Turtle and Florida Three Stripe Mud TurtleE. Flowerback Box Turtle and Spotted Turtle

Which of these best completes this concept map?

F. a prokaryotic cellG. a fungus cellH. a virusJ. a plant cellK. an animal cell

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