MR. PAGLIAROSEYMOUR HIGH SCHOOL

@PAGSAPUSH

Truman, Ike, and the Cold War in the 1950s

THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE,KENNAN, MARSHALL PLAN, NATO, THE

BERLIN AIRLIFT

Truman & Containment

Containment

Foreign policy – contain/block Soviet expansion Announced w/ Truman Doctrine 1947 Maintained until 1989, fall of Berlin Wall

George Kennan

Post-Soviet/Iran Crisis 1946Long Telegram: “Soviet power, unlike that of

Hitlerite Germany, is neither schematic nor adventuristic. It does not work by fixed plans. It does not take unnecessary risks. Impervious to logic of reason, and it is highly sensitive to logic of force. For this reason it can easily withdraw--and usually does when strong resistance is encountered at any point.”

Kennan’s Views

US Diplomat in Moscow stated Soviets: saw themselves at war with capitalism could control world’s Marxists as allies aggression was not aligned w/ will of Russian government's structure prevented objective view of

realityUS must use economic, political, military

containment

Truman Doctrine

Issued during Greek Civil War, 1947 Block expansion of Soviet influence Sent $400 million aid to Greece &

TurkeyDeclared “economic containment”Avoid Domino Effect in regionSupport for “free peoples resisting

subjugation…by outside pressures”

Marshall Plan

Sec. of State, Gen. George C. MarshallEconomic Recovery Program

$12 billion in aid; 16 nations in W. Europe Recovery from war Resist Soviet influence

Rejected by Eastern Bloc (Soviet influenced)By 1952 – Much success

Marshall Plan

“Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger poverty, desperation and chaos…Any government that is willing to assist in the task of recovery ill find full cooperation…on the part of the U.S. government.” – Truman, justifying the Marshall Plan

Point Four Program

1949 plan for international economic improvement

Jr. Marshall Plan$400 million to underdeveloped nations

Asia, Latin America, Africa Develop: industry, communications, technological

systems Run by Technical Cooperation Administration (TCA)

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization Established 1949; 11 Western Nations

Defensive military allianceAid if outside attack on any member

Break from isolationismSoviet Union reacted w/ Warsaw Pact in 1955

Europe during Cold War

Berlin Airlift

USSR cut off Western access to Berlin Located in Soviet zone of Germany Soviets set up separate currency Wouldn’t allow fuel, water, from

westTruman ordered airlift to West

Berlin Food Fuel Supplies

Successful aid in containment policy Sectors of Berlin

“The Miracle of ‘48”

Airlift Newsreel

CHINA, KOREA, AND ENTRANCE TO VIETNAM

The Cold War in Asia

The “Fall” of China

Mao Zedong; Chinese Communists est. People’s Republic of China – 10/1/49

End of Chinese Nationalist Republic

US wouldn’t recognize Beijing Added to US anti-communist hysteria

The US and Korea

North Korea invaded South Korea, June 25, 1950

UN Security Council condemned it USSR absent from Council hearing Truman pushed for American

involvement First collective UN military action

Division of Korea, post-

WWII

The War

June-Sep. 1950 – North Korean forces push So. Korean to SE corner of peninsula

Sep. 1950-Nov. 1950 – UN Forces under MacArthur push deep into No. Korea

Nov. 1950 – Chinese forces w/ Soviet supplies push back UN forces

Limited War

Extended containment policyBlame: Democrats “lost” China

Truman determined So. Korean defenseMacArthur disagreed w/ Truman’s limited

War Favored invasion/blockade of China Truman fired MacArthur

38th Parallel/DMZ

Forced back to 38th parallel

18 month cease fireJuly 1953 – armistice –

Reestablished DMZ @ 38th par. 33,000 Americans died 110,000 wounded Cost $50 billion First US conflict w/

desegregated military (est. by Executive Order 9981, July 26, 1948)

Images of Korean Conflict (UN Police Action)

The DMZ Today

“Let’s pass the unified country to the next generation” No. Korea

Containment: Vietnam

Causes of US involvement in Vietnam: WWII commitments Containment/Truman Doctrine Fear of Domino Effect

French Withdrawal Ho Chi Minh & the Viet Minh defeated French, 1954 US refused Geneva Accords (1954) to unify Korea &

Vietnam Americans moved into Indochina

Operation Passage to Freedom

The Domino Effect

If 1 nation became communist, neighbors would

Sec. of State, Dean Rusk: “If Indo-China were to fall and if its fall led to the loss of all SE Asia, then the US might be forced back to Hawaii, as it was before the 2nd World War”

IKE, SPUTNIK, AND DIPLOMATIC CRISES

Cold War Events during the Eisenhower Administration

America likes “Ike”

1952 – Won 442-891956 – Won 457-73

Sputnik

USSR launched Sputnik, 1957 – 1st satellite Stunned US

Sputnik II launched 1 month later – carried LaikaEisenhower established:

National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

Education Issue: National Defense Education Act Expanded funding for: math, foreign language, science

Diplomatic Crises

Egypt seized Suez Canal (1956)

Castro gained control of Cuba (1959)

USSR shot down American U2 spy plane (1960)

MCCARTHYISM, CIVIL RIGHTS

Social Issues during the 50s

McCarthyism

Making public accusations w/o sufficient evidence

Sen. Joseph McCarthy Alleged Communists in US State Dept. “Loyalty Risks”

Contributing factors: American fear based on… “fall” of China USSR’s atomic bomb (1949) Soviet spy cases

Alger Hiss (State Dept.) Rosenbergs (Atomic bomb)

McCarthy Tactics

Attack “communists” and sympathizersAccusations created paranoia

Witch huntLoyalty oaths & investigations -HUACHollywood blacklist

Army/McCarthy Hearings

1954-Accused Army of communist infilitration

Televised Americans disapproved of tactics Senate condemned actions

Brown v. Board of Ed. Topeka, 1954

Supreme court ruled against school segregation “Separate but equal” (Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896)

unconstitutional Separate but equal ISN’T equal

Results: NAACP based cases 14th amendment Provided for equal protection

REQUIREDLIMITED

UNREGULATED

FORBIDDEN

Little Rock (AK) Central HS

Ike sent 101 Airborne to escort “Little Rock 9” – ‘57 Governor had Nat’l Guard

blockCivil Rights Act – 1957

Est. Civil Rights Commission; gathered info on discrimination

Little Rock 9 reflection

Montgomery Bus Boycott – 1955-56

Rosa Parks – 12/1/1955 MLK Jr. organized

Led to Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) - 1957

Refuse to ride the busses until segregation policies changed Fed. District court desegregated

6/4/56 Supreme Court upheld 11/13/56Passive

Resistance

Boycott in MLK’s words

The Sit-In Movement

Greensboro, NC – Feb-July 1960 Woolworth Lunch Counter NC A&T students (Greensboro Four)

protested segregation in public facitilies Led to protests in Winston-Salem, Durham,

Raleigh, and Charlotte

Ike said he was…”deeply sympathetic with efforts of any group to enjoy the rights…of equality that they are guaranteed by the Constitution”

Civil Disobedience “Freedom Rides” 1961 – Sponsored by

 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE),  Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

BABY BOOM, AFFLUENT SOCIETY, WOMEN’S ROLES REVERT, INTERSTATES &

SUBURBS

Prosperity & Change

Affluent Society

1945-1955 marked by: Unprecedented prosperity Baby boom Suburbanization

Facts about this decade ---Population: 151,684,000 (U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census)*Unemployed:  3,288,000 (.02%)Life expectancy:   Women 71.1,  men  65.6Car Sales:  6,665,800Average Salary:  $2,992Labor Force male/female: 5/2Cost of a loaf of bread:  $0.14Bomb shelter plans, like the government pamphlet You Can Survive, become widely available

While only 0.5% of U.S. households had a television set in 1946, 55.7% had one in 1954, and 90% by 1962.

The Baby Boom 1946-1964

Year

US population(thousand

s)

Net change(thousands)

% Change

1941 133,121 1,161 0.88

1942 133,920 799 0.60

1943 134,245 325 0.24

1944 132,885 −1,360 −1.01

1945 132,481 −404 −0.30

1946 140,054 7,573 5.72

1947 143,446 3,392 2.42

1948 146,093 2,647 1.85

1949 148,665 2,572 1.76

1950 151,868 3,203 2.15

10 year average

- 1,991 1.43

Children born/1000 US residents

Women & the Workplace

Post WWII – Most women left industryHousewife became new “ideal”

Evidenced in The Honeymooners, Father Knows Best, I Love Lucy, Ozzie & Harriett, Leave it to Beaver

Interstates & Suburbs

Federal Highway Act – 1956 Created interstate system People moved away from work/cities

Suburbs grew rapidly

SOCIAL CRITICS & CULTURAL REBELS

Culture in the 1950s

Social Critics

Criticized American postwar conformity William H. Whyte – The Organization Man Sloan Wilson – The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit John Kenneth Galbraith – The Affluent Society

Criticized TV – “vast wasteland”

Non-Conformists

The Beats rejected Middle class America Suburban conformity

Frank writing on non-traditional sex, drug use, interracial relationships

Jack Kerouac On the Road

Discussed alienation Disilusionment w/ mainstream America

Allen Ginsberg – Howl (1956)William S. Burroughs - Naked Lunch (1959)

Similar to Lost Generation

Cultural Rebels

Rock & Roll – emerged from African-American musical styles

Abstract Expressionism Jackson Pollock Art expressed state of mind

Movie Stars – “youth rebellion” James Dean/Marlon Brando