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Mr. WagnerBiology
Chemistry in Biology
Chapter 6.1 Vocabulary
1. Atom2. Compound3. Electron4. Element5. Nucleus6. Neutron7. Proton
Chapter 6 Notes
Atoms, Elements & CompoundsChemical ReactionsWater & SolutionsThe Building Blocks of Life
Chapter 6 Section 1 Notes
Atoms, Elements & Compounds
What is Chemistry?Chemistry is the study of matter.
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
All organisms in Biology are made up of matter.Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
Atoms, Elements & CompoundsHierarchy of Chemistry:Atoms Matter Organisms
The Structure of AtomsElectrons constantly move around an atom’s
nucleus in energy levels.The basic structure of an atom is the result of
the attraction between protons and electrons. Atoms contain an equal number of
protons and electrons, so the overall charge of an atom is zero.
Basic Structure of Atoms
e-
e-
e-
e-
NUCLEUS
P+
N0
ELECTRON
PROTON
NEUTRON
Electrons are negatively charged particles that are located outside the nucleus.
Protons are positively charged particles
Neutrons are particles that have no charge
The nucleus is the center of the atom consisting of protons and neutrons
Atoms, Elements & CompoundsThere are over 100 known elements, 92
which occur naturally.Each element has:
Atomic massUnique nameUnique symbol
All elements make up the periodic table.An element is a pure substance that
cannot be broken down into other substances by physical or chemical means.
Periodic Table
Horizontal rows PeriodsVertical columns GroupsCategorized by similar chemical & physical
properties.
Atoms, Elements & CompoundsCompounds
Pure substances formed when 2 or more different elements combine.
Two rules about compounds:1. Combine in a fixed ration2. Chemically/physically different than what they combine with.
Cannot tear or crush compounds back into their previous element unless the compound undergoes a chemical reaction.
CheckpointWhat compound forms when combining H+
(hydrogen) and O2 (oxygen)?
H2O, waterWhat compound forms when combining Na
(Sodium) and Cl- (chlorine)?NaCl, sodium chloride, table saltWhat compound forms when combining C
(carbon) and 4 H+ (hydrogen) molecules?CH4, methane
Page 155 Question 2After the textbook questions are done,
write your summary. 3-5 sentences in length.
Chapter 6 Section 2 Notes
Chemical Reactions
Chapter 6.2 Vocabulary
1. Catalyst2. Chemical
Reaction3. Enzyme
Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions are processes by
which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are re-organized into different substances.
This occurs by way of chemical reactions.Examples– photosynthesis, cellular
respirationStructure of chemical reactions:
Reactants ProductsA + B AB
Balancing Chemical ReactionsDue to the fact that matter cannot be
created nor destroyed:The number of atoms each element on
the reactant side must equal the number of atoms of the same element on the product side.
The number of atoms of each element in a molecule is found on the subscript # to the right of each element.
O2
CheckpointBalance the following equation:C6H12O6 + __ O2 __ CO2 + __ H2ORules: count how many molecules you have
each side of the equation.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Reactants Products
C- 6H-12O-8
C- H-O-
Chemical ReactionsSome chemical reactions require
activation energy. This is the minimum amount of energy
needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction.
EnzymesEnzymes are catalysts,
which are substances that lowers the activation energy needed to start a reaction. Enzymes speed up
the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed.
Substrates and enzymes bind together allowing the reaction to take place.
Activation Energy
W/out an enzyme
W/an enzyme
Chapter 6.2 Assessment ?’sPUT WITH YOUR NOTES!!!
On page 160 answer questions 1-4. Please write out the question.
NOW make sure you have 4 ?’s on the left side excluding your checkpoint ?’s and assessment ?’s.
FINALLY you can write your summary, it must be 5 sentences in length.
Chapter 6 Section 3 Notes
Water & Solutions
Chapter 6.3 Vocabulary
1. Hydrogen Bond
2. Solution3. Acid 4. Base 5. pH
WORDDEFINITIONPICTURE—COLORED
MixturesA mixture is a combination of 2 or
more substances that retain their individual characteristics & properties.
Solute (solid substance)
Solvent (liquid substance)
Solute + Solvent Solution
Types of MixturesHomogeneous(Solutions)
Heterogeneous(Suspensions)
Forms 1 uniform solution.
Forms a colloid—doesn’t settle together.
CheckpointGive an example of a homogeneous
solution.Salt WaterGive an example of a heterogeneous
solution.Chocolate chip cookie, salad with all the
fixings, blood etc. Kool-Aid is made by mixing the contents
from the package, sugar and water. Identify the solutes and the solvent.
Solutes: Kool-Aid mix and sugarSolvent: Water
Acids & BasesAcids release H+ ions
when dissolved in H2OBases release OH- ions
when dissolved in H2OMeasure of the
concentration of H+ in a solution is called pH.
Chapter 6 Section 4 Notes
The Building Blocks of Life
Chapter 6.4 Vocabulary
1. Macromolecule2. Polymer3. Carbohydrate4. Lipid5. Protein6. Amino Acid7. Nucleic Acid8. Nucleotide
Atoms!The Structure of Atoms
Electrons constantly move around an atom’s nucleus in energy levels.
Atoms have several layers of electrons called “shells”. Different numbers of electrons can fit into each shell.
• 1st level is smallest, can only hold 2 e-• 2nd level can hold 8 e-• 3rd level can hold 18 e-Atoms fill up the first levels with
electrons and then go into next
Can I get your (atomic) number baby?Elements are arranged on the periodic
table by their atomic number, which is the number of protons in the nucleus.
Checkpoint In pairs, tell me the atomic number of hydrogen, helium, and
carbon. Look to your left for clues. Write your answer of your whiteboards.
How many electrons do hydrogen, helium, and carbon have? Write your answer on your whiteboards.
CarbonCarbon is a component of almost all
biological molecules.For this reason, life on earth is often
considered carbon-based!The half-filled outer shell allows for the
formation of straight chains, branches and rings. The different shapes make it able to form lots of different things.
MacromoleculesLarge molecules formed by joining
smaller organic molecules (monomers) into chains.
Polymers are large molecules made up of repeating identical segments of monomers
Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)
Macro-molecule
Building Block
Function Example
Protein
Carbohydrate
Nucleic Acid
Lipid
CarbohydrateCompounds made of C, H, and O, usually
seen as (CH2O)n .N indicates the number of compounds that
are connected. The building blocks of carbohydrates are
monosaccharides (simple sugars) that contain 3 to 7 compounds and:
Polysaccharides that contain 8 or more compounds. Examples include glycogen which can be broken
down into glucose. (Found in liver & skeletal muscles)
Other examples include: Chitin which plays a structural role in crustaceans.
Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO WB!)
Macro-molecule
Building Block
Function Example
Protein
Carbohydrate
FILL IN FILL IN FILL IN
Nucleic Acid
Lipid
Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)
Macro-molecule
Building Block
Function Example
Protein
Carbohydrate
Monosacc-harides
Store energy/ used for structural support in cells
Glucose
Nucleic Acid
Lipid
LipidsLipids are biological molecules made
mostly of C and H; fats, oils, and waxes are all lipids
Lipids are composed of fatty acids, glycerol and other components. Most are insoluble (do not dissolve in water – think of oil and water).
Organisms needs lipids in order to function properly.
PhospholipidsResponsible for the function and structure of the
cell membrane.Hydrophobic—do not dissolve in water.
SteroidsCholesterol and hormones
Saturated & Unsaturated
Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO WB!)
Macro-molecule
Building Block
Function Example
Protein
Carbohydrate
Nucleic Acid
Lipid FILL IN FILL IN FILL IN
Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)
Macro-molecule
Building Block
Function Example
Protein
Carbohydrate
Nucleic Acid
Lipid Fatty acids Store energyProvide barriers
Fats, Oils and Waxes
ProteinsA protein is a compound made of small
carbon compounds called amino acids.Amino acids are small compounds that are
made of C, N, O, H and sometimes S. Amino Acids
There are 22 different types of amino acids.3-D protein structure
The # of amino acids in a chain and the order in which the amino acids are joined define the protein’s primary structure.
Connected by peptide bonds.Protein Function
Make up 15% of your total body mass and are involved in nearly every function of your body.
Examples: muscles, skin and hair and enzymes.
Checkpoint (COPY TO WB!)Macro-molecule
Building Block
Function Example
Protein FILL IN FILL IN FILL IN
Carbohydrate
Nucleic Acid
Lipid
Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)Macro-molecule
Building Block
Function Example
Protein Amino acids Transport substancesSpeed up reactionsStructural support
Enzymes
Carbohydrate
Nucleic Acid
Lipid
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids are complex macromolecules
that store and transmit genetic information.Nucleotides are small repeating units that make up
nucleic acids.Nucleotides are composed of C, N, O, P and H.
There are 6 major nucleotides all contain a phosphate, nitrogenous base and a ribose sugar.
Two major types of nucleic acids that store genetic information:DNA—deoxyribonucleic acid RNA—ribonucleic acid
Another major nucleotide is ATP, which is a storehouse of chemical energy that can be used by cells to carry out chemical reactions.
Checkpoint (COPY TO WB!)Macro-molecule
Building Block
Function Example
Protein
Carbohydrate
Nucleic Acid
FILL IN FILL IN FILL IN
Lipid
Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)Macro-molecule
Building Block
Function Example
Protein
Carbohydrate
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide Store & communicate genetic information
DNARNA
Lipid
Practice!
In pairs, answer #’s 38-41 on page 177. I will call on pairs to give their answers.
Macro-molecule
Building Block
Function Example
Protein Amino Acids Transport substancesSpeed up reactionsStructural support
Enzymes
Carbohydrate Monosacc-harides
Store energy/ used for structural support in cells
Glucose
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide Store & communicate genetic information
DNARNA
Lipid Fatty acids Store energyProvide barriers
Fats, Oils and Waxes