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Definition of Life & Classifying itThe properties or qualities that distinguishes living organisms from dead organisms and inanimate matter are the living functions. They are:

1. Nutrition2. Transport3. Respiration4. Excretion5. Synthesis6. Regulation7. Growth8. Reproduction

Non-living things do not possess these functions.

Living Non-living

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Nutrition- the activities of an organism by which it obtains materials from it’s environment and processes them for its use

Respiration – processes which provide the energy necessary for maintenance of all the life functions

Transport – the absorption and distribution of materials within an organism

Excretion – the removal of cellular waste products

Synthesis – chemical activities by which large molecules are built from smaller ones

Regulation – the control and coordination of the various activities of an organism

Growth – an increase in cell size or numbers

Reproduction – involves the production of new individuals.Species survival is dependant on this.

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Metabolism is the total of all of the functions/activities needed to sustain life.

Homeostasis – Life functions are carried out by an organism in a way that results in the maintenance of a stable internal environment. Homeostasis means stability and balance in the organism.

In order to study the unity and diversity of life in an organized manner, biologists must classify organisms. The most recent way to classify life is into 6 (new kingdom is controversial) kingdoms. The system is called Taxonomy. Each kingdom is divided into phyla, which distinguishes different structures.

This modern system of classification was created by Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778). It is called bionomial nomenclature.

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1. Names must be Latin or Latinized and are printed in italics. Like everything else printed in italics, they are

underlined when handwritten.

2. The genus name (the Homo in Homo sapiens) is capitalized and must be a single word.

3. The species name ( sapiens in Homo sapiens) can be either a single word or a compound word (a new word

made up of two words).

4. Credit for authorship of names will be given to the person who first publishes it with an accurate and

recognizable description of the organism.

Taxonomy Rules:

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Linnaeus came up with a hierarchy of ways to classify plants and animals. The different levels are called taxa. The different taxa are:

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus

Species

Kingdom is the broadest of the taxa, all animals are in Kingdom Animalia. All plants are in Kingdom Plantae. Phyla are slightly less broad. There are usually a few phyla in each kingdom. Species is the most restricted.

King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

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Kingdom Name Characteristics

Monera Most primitive cell structure; no cell membrane; NO NUCLEUS

Protista Mostly unicellular; plant or animal characteristics

Fungi Organized cells; multinucleated; absorb digested food

Plant Multicellular; photosynthetic

Animal Multicellular; ingest food; possess movement

Archaea(This is the new Kingdom.

It will not be on your test)

Unicellular.  Adapted to unusual and/or extreme conditions, such as very hot, very salty, or no-oxygen

environments

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Kingdoms and Phylums

Kingdom Monera1. Phylum Blue Green Algae

photosynthetic; have ribosomes; produce oxygen

2. Phylum Bacteriadecomposers; pathogens; has cell walls

Bleu Green Algae Escherichia coli bacteria

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Kingdom Protista1. Phylum Protozoa

mostly unicellular; animal-like movement and nutrition

2. Phylum Algaeunicellular; colonizes; photosynthetic; has cell walls

3. Phylum Slime Moldsimilar to protozoa; reproduce by spores

Kingdoms and Phylums continued…

Protozoa Paramecium

Red Algae

Slime Mold

ProtozoaAmoeba

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Kingdoms and Phylums continued…

Kingdom Fungi. No Phylums

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Kingdoms and Phylums continued…

Kingdom Plant1. Phylum Bryophytes

no vascular tissue, roots, stems, or leaves

2. Phylum Tracheophyteshas vascular tissue, roots, stems, and leaves

moss

This Phylum contains the trees and flowering plants

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Kingdoms and Phylums continued…

Kingdom Animal

1.Phylum Coelenterates (hydra, jellyfish)

two cell layers; hollow body cavity; non-moving

2.Phylum Annelids (earthworm, leech)

worms with segmented bodies; openings on both ends

hydra

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3.Phylum Arthropods (grasshopper, spiders, lobster)

segmented body; jointed appendages (legs);exoskeleton

Kingdoms and Phylums continued…

4.Phylum Chordates dorsal nerve cord

Sub-Phylum VertebrataHas a true backbone(mammals, frogs, birds, fish, sharks)