Mrs. Williams

Peacekeeping (Treaty of Locarno and League of Nations

continued)

Mandate system for League Of NationsWilson’s fourteen points addressed the issue of

distributing colonial powers, the implementation of a mandate system was established to help this delicate subject

This distribution would be handled by the League in order to utilize the well-being of the people living in the territories (self-determination)

3-tier system of readiness was establishedA-Irag, Syria, Palestine then B-African (German)

coloniesC-Pacific Islands

Allocations of the mandates went to Britain and France, Italy received nothing and Germany remained unacknowledged

Absence of PowersThe absence of three powers created serious

consequences for the League and lack of support for the Versailles Treaty

Collective Security depended on collective actionThe Treaty of Rapallo (Germany and USSR)

allowed Germany access to weapons and build factories unknown by the League inspectors

The Treaty of Locarno resolved Franco-German relations and provided hope for lasting peace

Britain was deterred by the lack of American support => Britain pulled support for the Anglo-American guarantee

FranceFrance needed reassurance that Germany was

not and would never be a threat to them Cancellation of the Anglo-American agreement

caused the French premier, Raymond Poincare’, to demand that the League “police the Versailles agreement”

Britain wanted to rebuild Germany to benefit trade and economy while France wanted to bully them into further weakness

With the absence of Russia, Germany, US, and doubts of Britain, other countries considered leaving the League

Collective SecurityThe basis for the League of Nations in which all

the members protected one anotherCollective security was a more abstract terms

and not all nations sees a crisis from the same perspective and can provide the same economic or military support

Draft Treaty of Mutual Assistance (1923) required all members to come to the aid of victims

The League was effective against medium powers but not against strong aggressors (Ruhr invasion by France, Manchuria, Abyssinia)

Versailles FailuresVersailles not only failed to correct the problems

at the conclusion of WWI but created another conflict, reparations

Negative relationships were created between the debtors and the U.S.

This negativity contributed to the Ruhr Crisis and the conflict between France and Britain

Keynes felt that the U.S. was only punishing themselves by creating reparations

Germany asked for revisions of the treaty many times

The Ruhr was the center of German heavy industry and the production path to support reparation payments

Problems with Peace AttemptsAnglo-American Guarantee (1919)Alliance

between U.S. and Britain (to appease France) that if Germany attacked they would support one another

U.S. elected President Harding (1921) with his campaign “return to normalcy” it was a plan to return to isolation (reason for keeping U.S. out of League)

Britain believed that Germany was treated too harshly and believed that Germany would ally herself with Russia

Ruhr CrisisRuhr Crisis was an invasion and occupation of the

Ruhr area of Germany by France in 1923After the collapse of the Anglo-American guarantee

France was concerned about Germany’s power1921 US and Britain were turning towards

isolationismFrance wanted to use the German reparation

payments under the Treaty of Versailles to further weaken Germany and strengthen France by using $ to pay back their debts

France (controlled by a new premier Raymond Poincare’) felt that they had to FORCE Germany to follow through

Ruhr CrisisGermany missed a

delivery/payment and France declared her in default so Belgium and French troops invaded the Ruhr

Located near Rhine river

Who would Germany turn to?

How would he/she solve this conflict?

French CollectionsFrance decided to collect war reparations

themselves by taking the output of all the mines and factories in the Ruhr area

Workers began to strike and sabotage the French, mines were flooded, ships and railroads were destroyed, lives were lost

Inflation ensued and the Weimar government began printing more money to resolve the crisis, paper money lost value

Middle class citizens suffered the most and this allowed for communist desires to erupt and extremist like Hitler to gain power

Gustav StresemanStreseman was appointed new Chancellor of

Germany (1923)Streseman claimed that Germany would comply

with the Versailles treaty, appeasing the FrenchFrance was ready at this point to come to an

agreement with GermanyThe Policy of Fulfillment helped mend her

reputationGermany was the economic engine of Europe

and the economic downfall of Germany added to the stress already placed on the European economy (leads to the Great Depression)

Charles Dawes and Dawes PlanDawes created the idea that Germany

could reschedule reparation paymentsThe US would loan $ for the rebuilding of

the German governmentAmerican capital would support German

business and bankingGermany’s agreement to the terms of the

Versailles treaty was known as the Policy of Fulfillment, this policy remained in place until Hitler took power

Lorcano Treaty 1925French premier Aristide Brian accepted the treaty

with Britain, Germany and BelgiumGermany accepted its borders with France and

BelgiumGermany would join the League of NationsGermany’s eastern borders were open for

discussion and western borders were fixed (Poland, Czechoslavakia)

The treaty established a sense of “euphoria” and the allies removed their remaining troops from the Rhine area, removed Germany’s arms, 1930 Germany became an independent state (Lorcano Spring=optimism)

Kellog-Briand PactSigned in 1928 by 65 countries to renounce

war as international policy and implemented in 1929

Signed because of the success of Lorcano and to display the hopes for a new era