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Ms. Susan M. Pojer and Miss Raia La Belle Epoque [1871-1914]: “The Beautiful Era”
Ms. Susan M. Pojer and Miss RaiaMs. Susan M. Pojer and Miss Raia
La Belle Epoque
[1871-1914]:
“The Beautiful Era”
La Belle Epoque
[1871-1914]:
“The Beautiful Era”
Characteristics of La Belle Characteristics of La Belle EpochEpoch1.1. MaterialismMaterialism
• Higher standard of livingHigher standard of living
• Increased consumptionIncreased consumption
• Sports attracted increased Sports attracted increased spectators and participantsspectators and participants
• Increased numbers of women took Increased numbers of women took part in bicycling and sports clubspart in bicycling and sports clubs
• Started dressing in more Started dressing in more comfortable clothingcomfortable clothing
• Cafes and Taverns Cafes and Taverns
• Department storesDepartment stores
• Dance Halls and concert hallsDance Halls and concert halls
2.2. Increased European PopulationIncreased European Population
3.3. Growth of Cities & Urban LifeGrowth of Cities & Urban Life
4.4. Migration from EuropeMigration from Europe
1850-1940 1850-1940 60 million left Europe 60 million left Europe
Went to Went to US, Argentina, Brazil, US, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Australia/N. Zeal. Canada, Australia/N. Zeal.
5.5. ““Second” Industrial RevolutionSecond” Industrial Revolution
Steam Steam electricity (Edison) electricity (Edison)
Internal combustion & diesel engines, Internal combustion & diesel engines, DynamoDynamo
Cars, planes, submarinesCars, planes, submarines
Bell & MorseBell & Morse
Characteristics of La Belle Characteristics of La Belle EpochEpoch
5. Rise of Big Business
Corporations Corporations limited liability of limited liability of
investments. investments.
Cartels, Monopolies, StocksCartels, Monopolies, Stocks
Mass production.Mass production.
6.6. Free Trade [esp. in England]Free Trade [esp. in England]
7.7. World Markets [Global Economy, World Markets [Global Economy, Part II]Part II]
8.8. Advance of DemocracyAdvance of Democracy
Extension of the vote to the Extension of the vote to the working class. (Britain 1867)working class. (Britain 1867)
Characteristics of La Belle Characteristics of La Belle EpochEpoch
9.9. The Appeal of SocialismThe Appeal of Socialism
By the 1880s, most socialist By the 1880s, most socialist parties were Marxist [esp. Ger. parties were Marxist [esp. Ger. & Fr.]& Fr.]
Not very successful in England.Not very successful in England.
10.10. Faith in Science AloneFaith in Science Alone
Science at the core of Science at the core of industrialization.industrialization.
Nobel - dyanamiteNobel - dyanamite
Charles DarwinCharles Darwin
• Origin of SpeciesOrigin of Species [1859] [1859]
• ““survival of the fittest”survival of the fittest”
Characteristics of La Belle Characteristics of La Belle EpochEpoch
10.10. Faith in Science Alone [con’t.]Faith in Science Alone [con’t.]
““Social Darwinism” Social Darwinism” Herbert Herbert SpenserSpenser
Pasteur – germ theory, rabies Pasteur – germ theory, rabies vaccinevaccine
Koch – TBKoch – TB
Lister - antisepticsLister - antiseptics
Newtonian Science turned on its Newtonian Science turned on its headhead
• Einstein Einstein “Theory of “Theory of Relativity”Relativity” nature & energy were nature & energy were separate & distinct. separate & distinct.
•Max Planck Max Planck Quantum Physics Quantum Physics
Characteristics of La Belle Characteristics of La Belle EpochEpoch
10.10. Faith in Science Alone [con’t.]Faith in Science Alone [con’t.]
Professionalization of “new” Professionalization of “new” sciences [anthropology, sciences [anthropology, archeaology,etc.]archeaology,etc.]
• PsychologyPsychology
Ivan Pavlov Ivan Pavlov conditioned conditioned responsesresponses
Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud psychoanalysispsychoanalysis
o The Interpretation of The Interpretation of DreamsDreams [1900] [1900]
o The role of the The role of the unconscious [the id, unconscious [the id, ego, super ego].ego, super ego].
Characteristics of La Belle Characteristics of La Belle EpochEpoch
13.13. Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism
Dreyfus AffairDreyfus Affair
Theodore Herzl Theodore Herzl Der JudenstaatDer Judenstaat [[The Jewish StateThe Jewish State], 1896], 1896
• ““Father of Modern Zionism”Father of Modern Zionism”
14.14. WomenWomen
Cult of DomesticityCult of Domesticity
Suffrage MovementSuffrage Movement
Emmeline Pankhurst (BR)Emmeline Pankhurst (BR)
15.15. The “New” ImperialismThe “New” Imperialism
16.16. Militarism Militarism glorification of war glorification of war
Characteristics of La Belle Characteristics of La Belle EpochEpoch
17. Education17. Education• State’s role in education increased leading State’s role in education increased leading
to further secularization of societyto further secularization of society
• By 1900 in England all children 5 to 12 By 1900 in England all children 5 to 12 were required to attend primary schoolwere required to attend primary school
• Education was freeEducation was free
• French Ferry Laws required children ages French Ferry Laws required children ages 3-13 to attend primary schools3-13 to attend primary schools
• Effects? – significant increase in literacyEffects? – significant increase in literacy
• Girls had less access to secondary Girls had less access to secondary education than boys but schools for girls education than boys but schools for girls increasedincreased
Characteristics of La Belle Characteristics of La Belle EpochEpoch
18. New Cities18. New Cities
• Edwin Chadwick’s sanitary ideaEdwin Chadwick’s sanitary idea
• Haussmann urban renewal in Haussmann urban renewal in ParisParis
• Paved streets, gas or electric Paved streets, gas or electric lamps, parks, department stores, lamps, parks, department stores, theatres, electric street carstheatres, electric street cars
• Bessemer – Steel - skyscrapersBessemer – Steel - skyscrapers
Characteristics of La Belle Characteristics of La Belle EpochEpoch
