Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Additions by M. Lynde, CCHS, Barco, NC

Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Additions by M. Lynde, CCHS, Barco, NC

AntebellumRevivalism

&Reform

AntebellumRevivalism

&Reform

1. The Second GreatAwakening

1. The Second GreatAwakening

“Spiritual Reform From Within”

[Religious Revivalism]

Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality

Temperance

Asylum &Penal

Reform

Education

Women’s Rights

Abolitionism

In France, I had almost always seen the spirit of religion and the spirit of freedom pursuing courses diametrically opposed to each other; but in America, I found that they were intimately united, and that they reigned in common over the same country… Religion was the foremost of the political institutions of the United States.

-- Alexis de Tocqueville, 1832

The Rise of Popular ReligionThe Rise of Popular Religion

R1-1

“The Pursuit of Perfection”

In Antebellum America

“The Pursuit of Perfection”

In Antebellum America

“The Benevolent Empire”:1825 - 1846

“The Benevolent Empire”:1825 - 1846

The “Burned-Over” Districtin Upstate New York

The “Burned-Over” Districtin Upstate New York

Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting

Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting

The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation.

Charles G. Finney

(1792 – 1895)

Charles G. Finney

(1792 – 1895)

“soul-shaking”

conversionR1-2

The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day

Saints)

The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day

Saints)

Joseph Smith (1805-1844)

1823 Golden Tablets

1830 Book of Mormon

1844 Murdered in Carthage, IL

Violence Against MormonsViolence Against Mormons

The Mormon “Trek”The Mormon “Trek”

The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day

Saints)

The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day

Saints)

Deseret community.

Salt Lake City, Utah

Brigham Young(1801-1877)

Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784)Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784)

If you will take up your crosses against the works of generations, and follow Christ in theregeneration, God will cleanse you from allunrighteousness.

Remember the cries of those who are in need and trouble, that when you are in trouble, God may hear your cries.

If you improve in one talent, God will give you more.

The Shakers

R1-4

Shaker MeetingShaker Meeting

Shaker HymnShaker Hymn

'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free,'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be,And when we find ourselves in the place just right,'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.

When true simplicity is gainedTo bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn will be our delight,'Till by turning, turning we come round right.

Shaker Simplicity & Utility

Shaker Simplicity & Utility

2. Transcendentalism(European Romanticism)

2. Transcendentalism(European Romanticism)

Liberation from understanding and the cultivation of reasoning.”

“Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the Universe.

Transcendentalist ThinkingTranscendentalist Thinking Man must acknowledge a body of

moral truths that were intuitive and must TRANSCEND more sensational proof:

1. The infinite benevolence of God.

2. The infinite benevolence of nature.

3. The divinity of man.

They instinctively rejected all secular authority and the authority of organized churches and the Scriptures, of law, or of conventions

Transcendentalism(European Romanticism)

Transcendentalism(European Romanticism)

Therefore, if man was divine, it would be wicked that he should be held in slavery, or his soul corrupted by superstition, or his mind clouded by ignorance!!

Thus, the role of the reformer was to restore man to that divinity which God had endowed them.

Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers

Concord, MA

Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers

Concord, MA

Ralph WaldoEmerson

Ralph WaldoEmerson

Henry DavidThoreau

Henry DavidThoreau

Nature(1832) Walden

(1854)

Resistance to Civil

Disobedience(1849)

Self-Reliance (1841)

“The American Scholar”

(1837) R3-1/3/4/5

The Transcendentalist AgendaThe Transcendentalist Agenda Give freedom to the slave.

Give well-being to the poor and the miserable.

Give learning to the ignorant.

Give health to the sick.

Give peace and justice to society.

Their pursuit of the ideal led to a distorted view of humannature and possibilities: * The Blithedale Romance

A Transcendentalist Critic:Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-

1864)

A Transcendentalist Critic:Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-

1864)

One should accept the world as an imperfect place: * Scarlet Letter * House of the Seven Gables

3. Utopian Communities3. Utopian

Communities

The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848

The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848

John Humphrey Noyes(1811-1886)

Millenarianism --> the 2nd

coming of Christ had already occurred. Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past.• all residents

married to each other.• carefully regulated “free love.”

Secular Utopian Communities

Secular Utopian Communities

IndividualFreedom

Demands ofCommunity Life

spontaneity

self-fulfillment

discipline

organizationalhierarchy

Brook FarmWest Roxbury, MA

George Ripley (1802-1880)

George Ripley (1802-1880)

Robert Owen (1771-1858)

Robert Owen (1771-1858)

Utopian Socialist

“Village of Cooperation”

Original Plans for New Harmony, IN

Original Plans for New Harmony, IN

New Harmony in 1832

New Harmony, IN

New Harmony, IN

4. Penitentiary Reform4. Penitentiary Reform

Dorothea Dix(1802-1887)

1821 first penitentiary foundedin Auburn, NY

R1-5/7

Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

5. Temperance Movement5. Temperance Movement

Frances WillardThe Beecher Family

1826 - American Temperance Society

“Demon Rum”!

R1-6

Annual Consumption of Alcohol

Annual Consumption of Alcohol

“The Drunkard’s Progress”

“The Drunkard’s Progress”

From the first glass to the grave, 1846

6. Social Reform Prostitution

The “Fallen Woman”

6. Social Reform Prostitution

The “Fallen Woman”Sarah Ingraham

(1802-1887)

1835 Advocate of Moral Reform

Female Moral Reform Society focusedon the “Johns” & pimps, not the girls.

R2-1

7. Educational Reform7. Educational Reform

Religious Training Secular Education

MA always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools.

By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites. * US had one of the highest literacy rates.

“Father of American Education”

Horace Mann (1796-1859)Horace Mann (1796-1859)

children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials children should be “molded” into a state of perfection discouraged corporal punishment established state teacher- training programs

R3-6

The McGuffey Eclectic Readers

The McGuffey Eclectic Readers

Used religious parables to teach “American values.” Teach middle class morality and respect for order. Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety)

R3-8

Women EducatorsWomen Educators Troy, NY Female Seminary curriculum: math, physics, history, geography. train female teachers

Emma Willard(1787-1870)

Mary Lyons(1797-1849)

1837 she established Mt. Holyoke [So. Hadley, MA] as the first college for women.

7. “Separate Spheres” Concept

7. “Separate Spheres” Concept“Cult of

Domesticity” A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was arefuge from the cruel world outside).

Her role was to “civilize” her husband andfamily.

An 1830s MA minister:The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!

Early 19c WomenEarly 19c Women1. Unable to vote.2. Legal status of a minor.3. Single could own her own

property.4. Married no control over

herproperty or her children.

5. Could not initiate divorce.6. Couldn’t make wills, sign a

contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own

Way!

What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own

Way!

R2-8

Amelia Bloomer

• Amelia Bloomer in the Bloomer Costume, 1850s. Her feminist magazine The

Lily was the first to publicize the costume, which ever

after bore her name. Ironically, Bloomer herself didn't care for the costume, and only wore it to support her friend Libby Smith, the

actual inventor of bloomers.

ELIZABETH BLACKWELL• When she applied for medical school,

twenty-nine schools refused her because she was a woman.

• Elizabeth opened up a "dispensary" in 1853, a forerunner to the modern private practice.

• However, Elizabeth still faced discrimination and prejudices. – Male doctors ignored her and many

hospitals would not let her in the wards and she had very few patients

• opened the New York Infirmary for Women and Children. The Infirmary was run entirely by women physicians

Cult of Domesticity = Slavery

Cult of Domesticity = SlaveryThe 2nd Great Awakening inspired

women to improve society.

Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké

Southern Abolitionists

Lucy Stone

American Women’sSuffrage Assoc.

edited Woman’s Journal

R2-9

8. Women’s Rights8. Women’s Rights1840 split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it.

London World Anti-Slavery Convention

Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton

1848 Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

R2-6/7

Frederick Douglass and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• Frederick Douglass, a former slave and abolitionist leader, stood with Elizabeth Cady Stanton at the Seneca Falls Convention and argued for women's right to vote.

• She wrote The Woman's Bible in which she criticized the treatment of women in the Old Testament.

Seneca Falls DeclarationSeneca Falls Declaration

A series of women’s conventions in various parts of the country

followed the one at Seneca Falls

At one, in 1851, an aged black woman, who had been born a slave in New York, tall, thin, wearing a gray dress and white turban, listed to some male ministers who had been dominating the discussion. She rose to her feet and joined in the indignation of her race to the indignation of her sex. She said….

Howard Zinn A People’s History of the U.S.

That man over there says that woman needs to be helped into carriages and lifted over ditches… Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud puddles or gives me any best place. A’’nt I a woman?

Look at my arm! I have plouged, and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And a’nt I a woman?

I would work as much and eat as much as a man, when I could get it, and bear the lash as well. And a’nt I a woman?

I have borne thirteen children and seen em most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother’s grief, none but Jesus heard me! And a’nt I a woman?

Sojourner Truth

9. Abolitionist Movement

9. Abolitionist Movement 1816 American Colonization

Society created (gradual, voluntary emancipation.

British Colonization Society symbol

Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist Movement

Create a free slave state in Liberia, WestAfrica.

No real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in the 1820s & 1830s.

Gradualists Immediatists

Anti-Slavery AlphabetAnti-Slavery Alphabet

William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)

William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)

Slavery & Masonryundermined republicanvalues.

Immediate emancipation with NO compensation.

Slavery was a moral, notan economic issue. R2-4

The LiberatorThe Liberator

Premiere issue January 1, 1831

R2-5

The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All

Villanies!

The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All

Villanies!

Other White AbolitionistsOther White Abolitionists

Lewis Tappan

Arthur Tappan

James Birney

Liberty Party. Ran for President

in 1840 & 1844.

Black AbolitionistsBlack Abolitionists

David Walker(1785-1830)

1829 Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World

Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites.

Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)

Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)

1845 The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass1847 “The North Star”

R2-12

1852 Speech of Frederick Douglass in honor of signing of Declaration of

Independence,

“This Fourth of July is yours, not mine. You may rejoice, I must mourn….

Above your national, tumultuous joy, I hear the mournful wail of millions”

Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)

or Isabella Baumfree

Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)

or Isabella Baumfree

1850 The Narrative of Sojourner Truth R2-10

Harriet Tubman(1820-1913)Harriet Tubman(1820-1913)

Helped over 300 slaves to freedom.

$40,000 bounty on her head.

Served as a Union spy during the Civil War.

“Moses”

Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground

Railroad

Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground

Railroad

The Underground Railroad

The Underground Railroad

The Underground Railroad

The Underground Railroad “Conductor” ==== leader of the

escape

“Passengers” ==== escaping slaves

“Tracks” ==== routes

“Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves

“Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep