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JFIM 2013: The pelvis:
An anatomical comparison in animal species and evolu=on
Jean-‐Denis Laredo MSK radiologist Denis Diderot Paris University And CNRS 7051
Age of the world and animals • Universe: 13.8 billion years (« Big bang ») • Earth: 4.54 billion years • Vertebrates : 500 million years (aqua=c first) • Dinosaurus: 100-‐50 million years • Mammalians: 50 million years • Primates 35 million years • Hominidae-‐Big Monkeys (Apes) 10-‐15 million years • Common ancestor to big monkeys and humans: 7 million years • Australopithecus: 3 million years • Homo Habilis: 1.8 million years • Homo sapiens: 1 million years • Homo sapiens sapiens: 100,000 years
Primates= simiens & prosimiens
Simiens
Catarrhiniens
Hominoïdes
Cercopithécoïdes
Platyrrhiniens Babouin, Macaque
Hominoïdes
Gibbons
Tall Monkeys (grands singes) « Apes »: Orang-‐outan, Chimpanzé,
Gorille
Hominides
Australopithecus Homo
Hominides history Foot steps in Laetoli (Tanzania)
Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy), 3 million years
Rie valley & Yves Copens theory
Primate habitat
• Most primates have their natural environment in the trees
Primates habitat & locomo=on
Tree Brachia=on Tree
Quadrupeds
Ground quadrupeds Big monkeys
Ground bipeds Hominidae
Gibbons (hylobates)
Bonobo (chimpanzee)
Bonobo (chimpanzee)
Tree brachia=on versus quadrupedalism
Gibbons (hylobates) Bonobo (pan paniscus, small chimpanzee)
Human (Bipeds) anatomic characteris=cs?
Bipeds characteris=cs
• Hand and opposing thumb allowing hand grip?
Human (Bipeds) anatomic characteris=cs
• Hand and opposing thumb allowing hand grip: No!
Human (Bipeds) anatomic characteris=cs
1. Foot! Humans have a specific foot anatomy
The Bonobo has 4 hands
Homo Homo : M1-‐M2 joint
Human (Bipeds) anatomic characteris=cs
1. Foot! highly specialised in bipeds
Bonobo Homo, hallux valgus
Foot steps in Laetoli (Tanzania)
Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy), 3 million years
Human (Bipeds) anatomic characteris=cs
Cow Bonobo Lucy(Australopithecus) Homo habilis Homo sapiens
1. Foot! highly specialised in bipeds 2. Long femoral neck
Human femur
• Femoral head: 2/3 of a sphere • Weight-‐bearing
Human femur
• Femoral head: 2/3 of a sphere • Weight-‐bearing Propensity to subchondral fracture
Human femur • Femoral head: 2/3 of a sphere (extended car=lage) • Poor vascularisa=on Propensity to avascular necrosis
1. Foot! highly specialised in bipeds 2. Femoral neck 3. Pelvis
Human (Bipeds) anatomic characteris=cs
Human (Bipeds) anatomic characteris=cs
Lucy Homo sapiens
Cow Bonobo
Quadrupeds
Bipeds
1. Foot! highly specialised in bipeds 2. Femoral neck 3. Pelvis
Pelvis muscles
Lumbar spine extensionL.
abdominal wall muscles
Pelvis equilibrium
Thigh muscles
Lucy Homo
Homo
Lucy
Hip joint
• Any joint is a compromise between mobility and stability
• Tree quadrupeds (Monkeys): Mobility >> stability
Human hip joint • Ground bipeds (homo): ü Shoulder : mobility >> stability ü Hip joint : weight-‐bearing stability >> mobility high joint congruence
Human hip joint
• Weight-‐bearing • High congruence • High fric=on Propensity to wearing : hip osteoarthri=s
Human (Bipeds) anatomic characteris=cs
Symphalangius Homo sapiens
1. Foot 2. Femoral neck 3. Pelvis 4. Lumbar Lordosis 5. Shorter upper limb (70% of the lower limb)
Chimpanzee
Human (Bipeds) anatomic characteris=cs
Orang Homo sapiens
1. Foot 2. Femoral neck 3. Pelvis 4. Lumbar Lordosis 5. Shorter upper limb 6. Foramen magnum below the skull
The standing posi=on La sta=on debout
Georges Charpak discovery: Highly sensi=ve X-‐ray detector in a gazeous phase
Low dose simultaneous standing AP & lateral full body radiographs
Human pelvis is submired to high compression forces
How to resist to these compression forces ?
G. Morvan
Economic equilibrium: • Lumbar lordosis • Thoracic kyphosis • C7 Plumb Line
C7 Plumb line
Pelvic anteversion, lumbar lordosis & thoracic kyphosis allow adapta=on to anterior trunk
bending
Pelvic incidence (Duval-‐Beaupère)
How to resist to these compression forces ?
Pelvic incidence: mean 55° (35-‐70)
How to resist to these compression forces ?
G. Morvan
Surgical treatment of degenera=ve sta=c malalignements of the spine
• Pierre Guigui Chief of Orthopaedic surgery Denis Diderot Paris University
1994 1994 1995
2001
2001 2001
2001 2001
2001 2002
Extension
Flexion
2001 2002
Extension
Flexion
2001 2002
Extension
Flexion
Importance du grand cliché
Locomo=on
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Motion
Life is mo=on
E"enne Jules Marey (1830 – 1904)
« Le mouvement est l’acte le plus important en ce sens que toutes les fonc5ons empruntent son concours pour s’accomplir. »
« Mo5on is at the root of all ac5ons »
Primate locomo=on
Tree Brachia=on Tree
Quadrupeds
Ground quadrupeds Big monkeys
Ground bipeds Hominidae
Bipedalism locomo=on
Homo is not the only animal using bipedalism La bipédie n’est pas le propre de l’homme
Foot steps in Laetoli (Tanzania)
Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy), 3 million years
Big monkeys: quadrupeds in trees and on the ground Occasionnal bipeds
Tree brachia=on versus quadrupedalism
Gibbons (hylobates) Bonobo (pan paniscus, small chimpanzee)
Hallux rigidus
Humanoïde Robot
Jean -‐Pau l Laumond
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Faire marcher un robot
Synergie sciences de la vie et robo=que
E n g u i s e d e c o n c l u s i o n
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Capteurs et ac=onneurs
H R P 2
DC Motor with Ironless Rotor
Pulley
Pulley
Timing BeltHarmonic Drive Gear
4 caméras
Gyroscope
Accéléromètres
4 Capteurs d’effort
30 moteurs
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
La marche d’HRP2
L a m a r c h e : n i v e a u c o g n i t i f
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
La marche d’HRP2
Kajita et al, IEEE ICRA, 2003
Centre de pression
Centre de masse
S o u s – a c t i o n n e m e n t : l a m a r c h e
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Robot and human: two different models
Locomotion
A. Berthoz, T. Pozzo, Posture and Gaits ,Elsevier, 1988 Kajita et al, IEEE ICRA, 2003 E"enne Jules Marey © Cinémathèque Française
VALUE OF BILATERAL STANDING OBLIQUE RADIOGRAPHS (« FAUX PROFIL DE LEQUESNE »)
IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF HIP OSTEOARTHRITIS
The acetabulum can be described as a croissant
Posterior Horn
Apical Roof
Anterior Horn
Anterior Roof
However, the AP radiograph only profiles the apical roof of the acetabulum.
Apical Roof
X-‐Ray
65°
Lequesne, M.G.Laredo, J.D. The faux profil (oblique view) of the hip in the standing posi5on. Contribu5on to the evalua5on of osteoarthri5s of the adult hip. Ann Rheum Dis, 1998
Standing oblique of the hip « faux-‐profil » de Lequesne
Target hip
The SO view profiles the posterior horn, apical roof and anterior roof of the hip in contact with the radiographic table, the “target” hip.
Apical Roof
Right Hip
Target Hip
Anterior Roof
Posterior Horn
Anterior Roof
Normal OA
The Lequesne Standing Oblique is more sensi=ve than the AP Pelvis view for the diagnosis of early OA Lequesne M. ARD 1998 Conrozier T. O&C 1998 Vignon E. J Rheumatol 2004
Pa=ent posi=oning in Lyon Schuss (1) Cassere, (2) feet cushion, (3) Fluoroscopy
The SO view profiles the posterior horn, apical roof and anterior roof of the hip in contact with the radiographic table, the “target” hip.
Apical Roof
Right Hip
Target Hip
Anterior Roof
Posterior Horn
Anterior Roof
Double oblique de profil Contre-‐Faux-‐Profil:
Corne antérieure
Faux-‐ Profil: Corne postérieure
65°
Lequesne, M.G.Laredo, J.D. The faux profil (oblique view) of the hip in the standing posi5on. Contribu5on to the evalua5on of osteoarthri5s of the adult hip. Ann Rheum Dis, 1998 Laredo, J.D., Le contre-‐faux-‐profil de hanche. en cours de publica=on
Target Hip
Non-‐target Hip
The SO view profiles the apical roof, anterior roof and anterior horn of the contralateral hip, distant from the table, the “non-‐target” hip.
Anterior Horn
Anterior Roof
Apical Roof
Right Hip Non-‐target Hip
Bilateral standing oblique (SO) radiographs of the pelvis profile the full hip joint space.
Anterior Horn
Anterior Roof
Apical Roof
Apical Roof
Right Hip
Non-‐target Hip Target Hip
Anterior Roof
Posterior Horn
Anterior Horn
Anterior Roof
Apical Roof
Apical Roof
Right Hip
Non-‐target Hip Target Hip
Anterior Roof
Posterior Horn
Posterior Horn
Apical Roof
Anterior Horn
Anterior Roof
Anterior Roof
Results 1: AP view
Normal JSW measurements: JSW gradient
Measurement Point
Mean mm ± sd
L 5.02 ± 0.74
Vap 4.65 ± 1.1
M 4.28 ± 1.09
L Vap M
AP view
Results 1: Standing Oblique
Normal JSW measurements: JSW gradient
SO view : Target Hip
Measurement Point
Mean mm±sd
AR 5.18± 1.2
Vct 4.43± 0.92
PS 3.69± 0.69
PH 3± 0.55
AR/PH ratio 1.77± 0.48
AR Vct PS
PH
Results 1: Descrip=ve results Contralateral Standing Oblique
Normal JSW measurements
SO view : Non-‐target Hip
Measurement Point
Mean mm ± sd
IAH 3.83 ± 0.23
SAH 5.34 ± 1.04
Vdt 5.39 ± 1.14
Vdt SAH
IAH
Results 2 ANOVA: Overt OA versus Controls
L Vap M
SO view: Target Hip
AR Vct PS
PH
SO view: Non-‐target Hip
Vdt SAH
IAH
AP
AP View Vap 0.0322*
Standing Oblique
Target Hip
AR 0.00458* Vct 0.0375* PH 0.00029*
AR/PH ratio 0.00007*
Standing Oblique
Non-target Hip
IAH 0.00969* SAH 0.0112*
Results 2 ANOVA: Incipient OA versus Controls
L Vap M
SO view: Target Hip
AR Vct PS
PH
SO view: Non-‐target Hip
Vdt SAH
IAH
AP
Standing Oblique Target Hip
PH 0.02004* AR/PH ratio 0.00446*
Standing Oblique Target Hip
IAH 0.00128* SAH 0.0687
Results 3 Logis=c regression analysis
Logistic Regression to predict
Incipient OA versus Controls
View Measurement Point OR[95%CI]
Antero-Posterior View - -
Standing Oblique Contact Hip PH 2.405 [1.184 ; 4.886]
AR/PH ratio 0.273 [0.095 ; 0.787]
Standing Oblique Distant Hip SAH 0.556 [0.345 ; 0.894]
SO view: Target Hip
AR Vct PS
PH
SO view: Non-‐target Hip
Vdt SAH
IAH
Results 4 Thresholds that maximalize accuracy
View Measurement Point
Threshold that maximizes accuracy
(mm) Sensitivity Specificity PPV NPV ACCURACY
Target Hip SO view
AR 4.4 34,78 (16.38-57.27)
100 (87.66-100)
100 (63,06-100)
58.1 (44.8-70.5)
59.7 (47-71.5)
PH 50 (30.6-69.4)
91.9 (78.1-98.3)
82.4 (56.6-96.2)
70.8 (55.9-83)
73.8 (61.5-84)
AR/PH ratio 1 39,29 (21,5-59,42)
97,3 (85,84-99,03)
91,67 (61,52-99,7
9)
67,92 (53,68-80,0
8)
72,31 (59,81-82,69
)
Non-target Hip
SO view SAH 4,04 41,38
(23,52-61,06) 91,89
(78,09-98,3)
80 (51,91-95,6
7)
66,67 (52,08-79,2
4)
69,7 (57,15-41)
IAH 75 (34.9-96.8)
100 (71.5-100)
100 (54.1-100)
84.6 (54.6-98.1)
89.5 (66.9-98.7)
Conclusions • JSW measurements on bilateral SO radiographs allow diagnosis of early hip OA not shown by the standing AP pelvis radiograph.
• Measurement of the AR/PH JSW ra=o provides the best diagnos=c performances.
SO view: Target Hip
AR Vct PS
PH
SO view: Non-‐target Hip
Vdt SAH
IAH
antero-supero-
lateral OA
postero-infero-medial
OA
antero-supero-
medial OA
• Three different anatomical types of hip osteoarthritis
Avant