Mt. Etna Volcanic Plume from Aster and Hyperion data by Asi-Srv modules

C. Spinetti, M.F. Buongiorno, M. Silvestri, S. Zoffoli

Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, ItalyAgenzia Spaziale Italiana, Italy

Picture by Italian Astronauts Nespoli from ISS, Etna 14-1-2011

• Volcanic emissions in atmosphereVolcanic emissions in atmosphere

• The Asi-SRV systemThe Asi-SRV system

• Volcanic plume measurements modules Volcanic plume measurements modules Test site Mt. Etna Test site Mt. Etna

• Results in test periodsResults in test periods

• ConclusionsConclusions

Outline

Spinetti et al, IGARSS 23-30 July 2011

Volcanic emissions in atmosphereVolcanic emissions in atmosphere

Spinetti et al, IGARSS 23-30 July 2011

Volcanic Plumes components

Water Vapour Ranges between 70-90 % of plume component;

Carbonic Gas Every year about 130 millions tons of CO2

are emitted by volcanoes;

Sulfur Dioxide Every year about 1 million tons of SO2 are

emitted by volcanoes;

Solid and liquid Particles Solid particles can ranges in size from m to nm (aerosol). Liquid particles are formed by eterogeneous nucleation and condensation of H2SO4 into liquid particles of aerosol

Spinetti et al, IGARSS 23-30 July 2011

ASI-SRV Volcanic Risk System ASI-SRV Volcanic Risk System

The project philosophy is to implement specific modules The project philosophy is to implement specific modules which allow to process, store and visualize through Web which allow to process, store and visualize through Web GIS EO/non EO integrated products in the volcanic GIS EO/non EO integrated products in the volcanic activity phases defined within Civil Protection operations:activity phases defined within Civil Protection operations:

Knowledge and prevention (K&P)Knowledge and prevention (K&P) Crisis (C)Crisis (C) Post Crisis (PC)Post Crisis (PC)

Spinetti et al, IGARSS 23-30 July 2011

Funded by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) with the aims Funded by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) with the aims to develop a system for near real time analysis of Earth to develop a system for near real time analysis of Earth

Observations data for volcanic risk management.Observations data for volcanic risk management.

Logical Architecture

Products publication

Web browser

DATA REPOSITORY

End user

WMSServer

Processing chains

Scientific Operators

Gis desktop

EO Raw data

Direct download

User User LevelLevel

Sources Sources LevelLevel

ProductProduct

Archive Archive and and

validation validation

Non-EOdata

Spinetti et al, IGARSS 23-30 July 2011

ASI - 21/10/2004 Studio di fattibilità - Rischio Vulcanico - PRR

Frequent monitoring with ground networks used to validate and integrate EO products.

Vesuvio

Campi Flegrei

Sites selection compatible with the spatial resolution of EO operative systems

TEST SITES

Spinetti et al, IGARSS 23-30 July 2011Picture courtesy of B. Benchke 14-6-2011

Etna

Aster 3D

Volcanic plume measurementsVolcanic plume measurements using EO data: the SRV modulesusing EO data: the SRV modules

EO Data used to S/S Surveillance and Early Warning of eruptions

Modules Products Satellite - Sensor Satellite Revisit Time

Map Products spatial resolution

VAOT

LAOT

Aerosol Optical Thickness

TERRA ASTEREO-1 HYPERION TERRA AQUA MODIS

16 gg16 gg2 gg

15 m30 m1 km

WV H2O Content (g/cm2)

EO-1 HYPERION 16 gg 30 m

SO2 SO2 Flux (Kg/s) FLAME Ground remote sensing network

Continuous -

SO2 SO2 Content (g/m2)

ASTER 16 gg 90 m

Spinetti et al, IGARSS 23-30 July 2011

Processor Data level scheme

L1A

Digital Count

L1B

Calibratione

Sensor RadianzaSensor Riflettanza

Ritaglio/Coregistrazione

L1C

Sensor RadianzaSensor Riflettanza

DEMShadedSlope

CorrezioneAtmosferica

BoA RadianzaBoA Riflettanza

DEMShadedSlope

Apparent RadianzaApparent Riflettanza

L1D

L2A

MapClassified Mask

sensor Geometry

Proietionesu DEM

Map Classified Mask

DEM Geometry

L2C

Vettorializzazione

L2D

Vectorial Layer

DEM Geometry

GenericoProcessore

Time, spatial Processor

L3A L3B

sensor Geometry DEM Geometry

Livello 1

Livello 2

Livello 3

+ AuxiliariGenerati

Termini di correzione

LupLd.....

L2B +DEM Geometry

MODULES

Spinetti et al, IGARSS 23-30 July 2011

Module Logic workflow

For each sensor a data series of remote sensed data have been processed

By means of specific algorithm and using Auxiliary and Ancillary… …the

parameter is obtained

Before to post on the GIS each raster needs to be converted in a ESRI like vector..

From raw data to plume parameter

Product

Vectorfile

RTMSimulation

Maps

CalibrationGeoreferentiation

Surface reflectanceVertical profilePlume altitude

Optical particle parameters

Convolution with sensor response function

Spinetti et al, IGARSS 23-30 July 2011

Module VAOT (Aerosol optical thickness) and WV (Water Vapour) techniques

VAOT module is based on volcanic aerosol retrieval technique (Spinetti et 2003 and Spinetti and Buongiorno 2007) adapted to analyze Aster and Hyperion.The module output is a map of plume Aerosol Optical Thickness @ 550 nm with medium-high spatial resolution 15m and 30m

WV Module is based on CIBR technique (Carerre and Conel, 1994; Spinetti et al., 2004) using the H2O Hyperion absorption band @1125 nm in the atmospheric spectrum curve. The module output is a map of columnar content of plume water vapour.

Modules has been developed to be “user-driven” . A huge effort has been done to achive the semi-automatic way in order to produce results easly and in short time.

Spinetti et al, IGARSS 23-30 July 2011

AOT_Hy

24-9-2001 09:34GMTAOT mean 0.30+-0.09

AOTmin0.05+-0.02

AOTmax 1.10+-0.33

Plume area 2.25km2

Plume direction NE

EO1-Hyperion VAOT 550nm@30m

EO-1 - Hyperion 24 Sept 2001

Module input

Spinetti et al, IGARSS 23-30 July 2011

TERRA-ASTER VAOT 550nm@15m

TERRA-ASTER 10 May 2010

Module inputModule output Classificated

min0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6max

min0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6max

Spinetti et al, IGARSS 23-30 July 2011

WV 25-10-2006 The map on 25 October 2006 shows a plume structure divided in 3 dinstinct areas of high content in the summit corresponding to the 4 summit craters.

The map on 9 July 2007 shows a dispersed plume over the summit area without any preferential direction.

The map on 8 October 2009 shows a water vapour plume well South directed.

WV 9-7-2007 8-10-2009

EO1-Hyperion WV @30m

Test period Test period EO-1 Hyperion Time series

Swath width 7.5 km

Time series of total 142 data between acquisition period June 2001 to September 2010

17 Sept 2005

Out of scene

GIS Product providedGIS Product provided 49 VAOT maps 49 VAOT maps (90% of selected(90% of selected34% of acquisition)34% of acquisition)

23 WV maps (46%)23 WV maps (46%)

Spinetti et al, IGARSS 23-30 July 2011

TERRA – ASTER Time series

Time series of total 262 data between acquisition period data from April 2000 to August 2010

Swath width 60 km

GIS Product provided: GIS Product provided:

32 VAOT maps 32 VAOT maps (69% of selected(69% of selected12% of acquisition)12% of acquisition)

Spinetti et al, IGARSS 23-30 July 2011

2001 erup

tion

2002 – 2003 erup

tion

2004 – 2005 erup

tion

2006 erup

tion

2008-2009 erup

tion

2001-2010 Hyperion Time series2001-2010 Hyperion Time series VAOT Results VAOT Results

Aster and Hyperion Time series

results VAOT 2000-2010

28 gen 06

16 sett 0213 July 01

2008-2009 erup

tion16 Sept 07

2006 erup

tion

2004 – 2005 erup

tion

2002 – 2003 erup

tion

2001 erup

tion

13 July 01

4 May 00

Impact index AOT max* area

SO2 flux FLAME-DOAS ground network

First SO2 measurements by COSPEC on 1970! From 2005 automatic UV-Doas ground network has been developed.

station scans

Data analysisFLAME-Etna network

ENIC

ECUR

EILI

EVEN

EMIL

Spinetti et al, IGARSS 23-30 July 2011

(Caltabiano et al., 2011; Salerno et al., 2007)

Flame daily average flux SO2 2000-2010

13 July 01 16 Sept 07

4 May 00

WV_Hy Product

16-9-2007 09:32GMTWV mean 0.33+-0.01 (g/m2)

WV min 0.03+-0.01 (g/m2)

WV max 0.8+-0.01 (g/m2)

Plume area 1.25km2

Spinetti et al, IGARSS 23-30 July 2011

12-13 January 2011 Paroxysm

11 -1-20119:16 UTC

11 -1-201112:36 UTC

Input :Dati Modis Terra e Aqua

Output:AOT@550nm 1km

-Modules of the SRV system has been developed in order to be used in near real time for monitoring purpose.

-The VAOT and WV provide information on the degassing status of Etna in the early warning risk management phase.

-Outup maps with 15 to 30 m of resolution give the AOT and vapour content and the plume structure indicating in some cases which crater is the most active. -The analysis of time series indicates high values of AOT correlated with large plume area during an eruption and before an explosive activity as 2000 2001 and 2007 paroxysm. The high values of Aot on a large area indicate aerosol formation that are correlate with high SO2 flux and water vapour .

-The satellite revisiting time is critical to monitoring purpose to derive product maps.

ConclusionsConclusions

Spinetti et al, IGARSS 23-30 July 2011

Thank You Thank You

Etna paroxysm 25-7-2011

Spinetti et al, IGARSS 23-30 July 2011